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In this module, you will know the history of Social Science and Philosophy.
Social Sciences study the social behavior of the mammalian species, Homo
sapiens. It is also a study of human behavior by scientific method. The way in
which people have tried to develop a scientific approach to the investigation of
human social behavior.
So, read this module and understand the information through the pages of
this module.
Learning Competencies:
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
1. Familiarize the history of Social Science and Philophy;
2. Explain the Nature and Scope of Social Science and Philosophy; and
3. Explain the Branches of Social Sciences and Philosophy.
1
General Objectives:
PRE-TEST
Let us determine how much you already know about the history of Social
Science and Philosophy.
!.___________________is the study of general and fundamental problems
concernin g matters such as the nature knowledge, truth, justice, mind and
language.
2. Philosophy is the root of all ______________________.
3. Philosophy is considered as ______________________.
4. Philosophy helps to coordinate the various activities of the
__________________ and the society.
5. Philosophy helps us to understand the significance of all ________________.
6. Philosophy develops a ________________________system of thoughts about
the universe and the life as a whole.
7. ________________study the social behavior of the mammalian species,
Homo sapiens.
7. It is also a study of ____________________by scientific method.
8. The way in which people have tried to develop a ____________________to
the investigation of human social behavior.
8. ________________ helps us to understand the significance of all human
experiences.
9. The study of knowledge and knowing about the world around us called
__________________.
10. People of all ages rely on these _________________ways of knowing about
the world-experiential, cognitive and experimental.
2
LEARNING OUTCOME 1.1 THE HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND
PHILOSOPHY
Introduction
Social Sciences study the social behavior of the mammalian species, Homo
sapiens. It is also a study of human behavior by scientific method. The way in
which people have tried to develop a scientific approach to the investigation of
human social behavior.
Materials/Resources:
Computer/Laptop
Internet Access
PowerPoint Presentation
Video Clips
Handouts
Journal in NGEC 10
The history of social sciences has origin in the common stock of Western
philosophy and shares precursors, but began most intentionally in the early 19 th
century with the positivist philosophy of science. Since the mid-20th century, the
term “social science” has come to refer more generally, not just to sociology, but
3
to all those disciplines which analyze society and culture; from anthropology to
linguistics to media studies.
History of Philosophy
Philosophy has been around since the dawn of Western Civilization. The
golden age of Greek pgilosophy took place in Athens in the 5 th century BC. The
works of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle informed thousands of years of
thought,becoming central to thought in the Roman world, the Middle Ages, and
then resurfacing in the renaissance and later.
4
Starting at the height of the Roman Republic, Christian thought was central to
philosophy at least until the enlightenment. In the 18 th century, questions of how
we believe we know (epistemology), and new ethical schools began to form. By
the late 1800’s, questions of language, logic and meaning took center stage, and
the 20th century played host to one of the largest bursts of philosophical work
ever seen. Today philosophical thought is applied to almost every component of
life, from science to warfare, politics to artificial intelligence.
Multiple Choice. Read the questions/statements below and write your answer in
the space provided for each item.
1. The study the social behavior of the mammalian species, Homo sapiens.
a. Social Sciences b. Biosociology c. Philosophy d. Social Studies
2. Social Sciences is a study of human behavior by _________________.
a. Scientific Method b. Research c. Statistics d. Theory
3. The way in which people have tried to develop a scientific approach to the
investigation of human _______________.
a. social behavior b. human ethics c. human appearance d. Human virtues
4. The study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as
the nature knowledge, truth, justice, mind and language.
a. Social Sciences b. Biosociology c. Philosophy d. Social Studies
5. The root of all knowledge and considered as mother of all sciences.
a. Social Sciences b. Biosociology c. Philosophy d. Social Studies
6. Philosophy helps to coordinate the various activities of the individual and the
____________.
a. people b. community c. society d. organization
7. Year when the term “social science” has come to refer more generally, not just
to sociology, but to all those disciplines which analyze society and culture.
a. 19th century b. 20th century c. mid-20th century d. 18th century
8. Philosopher who had long theorized on topics such as social roles, the
scientific analysis of “Man” is peculiar to the intellectual break away from the Age
of Enlightenment and toward the discourses of Modernity.
a. Aristotle b. Plato c. Confucius d. Socrates
9. Philosophy has been around since the dawn of ____________.
a. Eastern civilization b. Mid-civilization c. Western civilization d. a & b
10. Today it is applied to almost every component of life, from science to warfare,
politics to artificial intelligence.
a. Philosophical thought b. Sociological thought c. Western thought d. b & c
5
POST-TEST
A. Fill in the blank. Provide the correct answer/information needed for each
item.
1. 1. ___________________is the study of general and fundamental problems
concernin g matters such as the nature knowledge, truth, justice, mind and
language.
2. Philosophy is the root of all ______________________.
3. Philosophy is considered as ______________________.
4. Philosophy helps to coordinate the various activities of the
__________________ and the society.
5. Philosophy helps us to understand the significance of all
________________.
6. Philosophy develops a ________________________system of thoughts
about the universe and the life as a whole.
7. ________________study the social behavior of the mammalian species,
Homo sapiens.
8. It is also a study of ____________________by scientific method.
9. The way in which people have tried to develop a ____________________to
the investigation of human social behavior.
10. ________________ helps us to understand the significance of all human
experiences.
11. The study of knowledge and knowing about the world around us called
__________________.
12. People of all ages rely on these _________________ways of knowing about
the world-experiential, cognitive and experimental.
B. Multiple Choice. Read the questions/statements below and write your answer
in the space provided for each item.
2. The study the social behavior of the mammalian species, Homo sapiens.
a. Social Sciences b. Biosociology c. Philosophy d. Social Studies
2. Social Sciences is a study of human behavior by _________________.
a. Scientific Method b. Research c. Statistics d. Theory
3. The way in which people have tried to develop a scientific approach to the
investigation of human _______________.
a. social behavior b. human ethics c. human appearance d. Human virtues
4. The study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as
the nature knowledge, truth, justice, mind and language.
a. Social Sciences b. Biosociology c. Philosophy d. Social Studies
5. The root of all knowledge and considered as mother of all sciences.
6
a. Social Sciences b. Biosociology c. Philosophy d. Social Studies
6. Philosophy helps to coordinate the various activities of the individual and the
____________.
a. people b. community c. society d. organization
7. Year when the term “social science” has come to refer more generally, not just
to sociology, but to all those disciplines which analyze society and culture.
a. 19th century b. 20th century c. mid-20th century d. 18th century
8. Philosopher who had long theorized on topics such as social roles, the
scientific analysis of “Man” is peculiar to the intellectual break away from the Age
of Enlightenment and toward the discourses of Modernity.
a. Aristotle b. Plato c. Confucius d. Socrates
9. Philosophy has been around since the dawn of ____________.
a. Eastern civilization b. Mid-civilization c. Western civilization d. a & b
10. Today it is applied to almost every component of life, from science to warfare,
politics to artificial intelligence.
a. Philosophical thought b. Sociological thought c. Western thought d. b & c
EXTENSION
Directions:
1. Read again the history of Social Sciences and Philosophy.
2. Find the similarities and differences of the two.
7
Social Sciences and Differentiated Differentiated
Philosophy. No Answer
Total
5 – Very satisfactory
3 - Satisfactory
1 - Poor
Comments/Suggestions:
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY;
B. History of Philosophy
8
References:
Websites:
https://www.wikipedia.com/history-of-socialsciences/content/uploads/2020/05/
History-of-SocialSciences
https://www.superscholar.org/history-of-philosophy/content/uploads/2014/09/
History-of-Philosophy
9
LEARNING OUTCOME 1.2 NATURE AND SCOPE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
AND PHILOSOPHY
Introduction
Social Science is a branch of science that deals with the institutions and
functioning of human society and with the interpersonal relationships of
individuals as members of society. It is also a science (such as economics or
political science) dealing with a particular phase or aspect of human society.
Philosophy uses the tools of logic and reason to analyze the ways in which
humans experience the world. It teaches critical thinking, close reading, clear
writing and logical analysis. It uses these to understand the language we use to
describe the world and our place within it.
Materials/Resources:
Computer/Laptop
Internet Access
PowerPoint Presentation
Video Clips
Handouts
Journal in NGEC 10
Social Science is a branch of science that deals with the institutions and
functioning of human society and with the interpersonal relationships of
individuals as members of society. It is also a science (such as economics or
political science) dealing with a particular phase or aspect of human society.
10
economics, history, musicology, human geography, jurisprudence, linguistics,
political science, psychology, public health and sociology.
Philosophy uses the tools of logic and reason to analyze the ways in which
humans experience the world. It teaches critical thinking, close reading, clear
writing and logical analysis. It uses these to understand the language we use to
describe the world and our place within it.
Scope of Philosophy
11
ASSESSMENT L.O. 1.2
Matching Type. Match Column A to Column B by writing the answer in the space provided
for each item.
Column A Column B
______2. It uses the tools of logic and reason to analyze B. General Problem
the ways in which humans experience the world. Solving Skills
12
POST-TEST
True or False. Write True if the sentence is correct and False if not.
13
EXTENSION
Directions:
5 - Very satisfactory
3 - Satisfactory
1 - Poor
Comments/Suggestions:
________________________________________________________________
14
________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY;
15
References:
Websites:
https://www.wikipedia.com/history-of-socialsciences/content/uploads/2020/05/
History-of-SocialSciences
https://www.superscholar.org/history-of-philosophy/content/uploads/2014/09/
History-of-Philosophy
16
LEARNING OUTCOME 1.3 BRANCHES OF SCOCIAL SCIENCES AND
PHILOSOPHY
Introduction
Social Science is a branch of science that deals with the institutions and
functioning of human society and with the interpersonal relationships of
individuals as members of society.Social Science has many branches. These
include, but are not limited to: anthropology, archealogy, communication studies,
economics, history, musicology, human geography, jurisprudence, linguistics,
political science, psychology, public health and sociology.
Materials/Resources:
Computer/Laptop
Internet Access
PowerPoint Presentation
Video Clips
Handouts
Journal in NGEC 10
Social Science has many branches. These include, but are not limited to: anthropology,
archeaology, communication, economics, history, musicology, human geography, jurisprudence,
linguistics, political science, psychology, public health and sociology.
Branches Description
Anthropology The word anthropology comes from the Latin term
antropologia which means “human races” and logos
17
meaning “science”. Thus, anthropology study the science
of human races. It is not only the study of human races
but also origins, societies and culture. The study of
human beings and their ancestors through time and
space and in relation to physical character,
environmental and social relations and culture.
Archeaology The word archeaology comes from the Greek term
archaeologia which means “past human life ” and logos
meaning “science”. Thus, archeaology study the science
of past human life. It is the study of the ancient people,
activities and culture.
Communication The communication was first use in 14th century. This
refers to act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or
behaviors to express or exchange information or to
express ides, thoughts, feelings, etc. to someone else. It
is the way of sending message/information through letter,
telephone or any technological tools for communications.
Economics The word economics was first used in 17 th century. It is a
social science concerned chiefly with description and
analysis of the production, distribution, and consumption
of goods and services.
History The word history comes from the Latin term historia
which means “past events” and logos meaning “science”.
Thus, history is science of past events. The study of past
events that relate to a particular subjects, place,
organization, etc.
Musicology The word musicology comes from the Latin term musica
which means “music” and logos meaning “science”. It
was first used in 19th century. Thus, musicology is the
study the science of music. It is the study of music as a
branch of knowledge or field of research as distinct from
composition or performance.
Human geography The word human comes from the Greek term homo
which means “human being”, georgraphy from the Latin
term geographia meaning “location” and logos meaning
“science”. Thus, human geography pertains to the
discription, distribution and interactions of the diverse
physical, biological and cultural features of the earth’s
surface and of human beings.
Jurisprudence The word jurisprudence was first used in 16th century.
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Jurisprudence is the science or philosophy of law. Law is
the whole system or set of rules made by the government
of a town, state, country, etc. A rule or order that is
advisable or obligatory to observe.
Linguistics The word linguistics was first used in 18th century. It
comes from the Latin term linguistica which means
“language”. Thus, linguistics is the study of language and
of the way languages work. It is the study of human
speech including the units, nature, structure and
modification of language.
Political science The word political is derived from the Greek polis,
meaning a “city” of what today would be equivalent of
sovereign state and Science comes from the Latin scire,
“to know”. Thus, Political Science is the systematic study
of the state and government.
Psychology The word psychology comes from the Greek term psyche
which means “soul” and logos meaning “science”. Thus,
psychology study the science of soul. It is not only the
study of soul but also body and mind on how man sense
the value of his life and life of others.
Public health The word public health was first used in 16th century.
Public health is the art and science dealing with the
protection and improvement of community health by
organized community effort and including preventive
medicine and sanitary and social science.
Sociology The word sociology comes from the Latin term sociologia
which means “society” and logos meaning “science”.
Thus, sociology is the study of science of society. It is the
science of society, social institutions and social
relationships, specifically the development, structure,
interaction, and collective behavior of organized groups
of human beings.
Branches of Philosophy
Branches Description
Epistemology The word epistemology comes from the two Greek terms
19
episteme which means “knowledge” and logos meaning
“science”. Thus, it is a science of knowledge. The
science of truth and knowledge. The truth behind
statement and problem’s solution.
Metaphysics The word metaphysics comes from the Greek terms
meta which means “after” and physikon meaning
“nature”. Thus, metaphysics studies the nature of the
mind, the self, and consciousness. It is a science of
nature of human being and being a human.
Logic The word logic comes from the Greek term logike which
means “thought”. Thus, logic studies the laws of thought.
Laws of thought pertains to science and art of correct
thinking and reasoning from a certain arguments.
Ethics The word ethics is derived from the Greek term ethos
which means “character”. It deals with moral values or
morality of humans. Human morality pertains to good
manners and right conducts (GMRC).
Aesthetics The word aesthetics comes from the Greek term
aisthetikos which means “sense of perception”. Thus, it is
the science of beauty and art. Beauty not for physical
appearance but the quality of human behavior. Art is the
actual or physical output created by man using skills and
talents.
Matching Type. Match Column A to Column B by writing the answer in the space provided
for each item.
Column A Column B
20
______3. It is the way of sending message/information C. Anthropology
through letter, telephone or any technological tools for
communications.
______11. It is not only the study of soul but also body K. Psychology
and mind on how man sense the value of his life and life
of others.
______12. It is the art and science dealing with the L. Public Health
protection and improvement of community health by
organized community effort and including preventive
medicine and sanitary and social science.
21
_____15. It studies the nature of the mind, the self, and O. Psychology
consciousness.
POST-TEST
True or False. Write True if the sentence is correct and False if not.
_______1. The word epistemology comes from the two Greek terms episteme
which means “knowledge” and logos meaning “science”.
_______2. Aesthetics is the study of the nature of the mind, the self, and
consciousness.
_______3.The word logic comes from the Greek term logike which means
“thought”.
_______4. The word ethics is derived from the Greek term ethos which means
“character”.
______5.Ethics is the science of beauty and art.
_______6. Jurisprudence is the science or philosophy of law. Law is the whole
system or set of rules made by the government of a town, state, country, etc.
_______7. Linguistics comes from the Latin term linguistica which means
“language”.
_______8. Political science derived from the Greek polis, meaning a “city” of
what today would be equivalent of sovereign state and science comes from the
Latin scire, “to know”.
_______9. Sociology is the study of soul , body and mind on how man sense the
value of his life and life of others.
______10. Public health is the art and science dealing with the protection and
improvement of community health by organized community effort and including
preventive medicine and sanitary and social science.
22
EXTENSION
Directions:
5 - Very satisfactory
3 - Satisfactory
1 - Poor
Comments/Suggestions:
_______________________________________________________________
23
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY;
References:
24
LASLETT, PETER (Ed.), Philosophy, Politics and Society, Blackwell, 1956.
MALCOLM, NORMAN, Article in the Philosophical Review, Vol. LXIII, 1954, pp.
530-559.
MANDELBAUM, MAURICE, ‘Societal Facts’, B.J.Sociol., VI,4 (1955).
NEWCOMB, T.M., Social Psychology, Tavistock publications, 1952.
OAKESHOTT, MICHAEL., Political Education, Bowes and Bowes, 1951
PALMIANO, DARIEL A.. (2015) Philosophy of the Human Person. Prince Chariel
Publishing House,San Isidro, Pili, Camarines Sur.
PARETO, VILFREDO, The Mind and Society, New York, Harcourt Brace, 1935.
PARSONS, TALCOTT, The Structure of Social Action, Allen & Unwin, 1949.
POPPER, KARL, The Open Society and Its Enemies, Routledge & Kegan Paul,
1945.
RHEES, RUSH, ‘Can There be a Private Language?’, Proceedings of Aristotelian
Society, Supplementary Volume XXVIII.
SHERIF, M. & SHERIF, C., An Outline of Social Psychology, New York, Harper,
1956.
STRAWSON, P.F., Critical Notice in Mind , Vol. LXIII, No. 249, pp.84 ff.
Websites:
https://www.wikipedia.com/history-of-socialsciences/content/uploads/2020/05/
History-of-SocialSciences
https://www.superscholar.org/history-of-philosophy/content/uploads/2014/09/
History-of-Philosophy
Module 2
25
What this module is about
In this module, you will know the Political Theory and Political Philosophy.
Political Theory refers to the entire body of doctrines relating to the origin,
form, behaviour, and purposes of the state are dealt with the study of political
theory.
So, read this module and understand the information through the pages of
this module.
26
1. Read and understand the module very well.
2. Follow directions accurately.
3. Perform every activity exercises in each lesson.
4. Answer the self-check exercises as honestly as you can.
PRE-TEST
Let us determine how much you already know about the Political Theory
and Political Philosophy.
True or False. Write true if the sentence is correct and false if not.
_________1. Political philosophy refers to the entire body of doctrines relating to
the origin, form, behaviour, and purposes of the state and government.
_________2. Political theory is the systematic study of and reflection upon
human politics.
_________3. Human politics usually describes the processes by which people
and institutions exercise and resist power.
________4. Political theory deals with the general theory of constitution and
citizenship.
________5. Political philosophy deals with the duties of citizens towards a
legitimate government.
________6. It is said that Aristotle formed the constitutional theory based on the
theory of justice.
________7. The conception of universal justice forms the basis of political theory.
________8. Great thinkers of past have said that politics is based on universal
justice.
________9. Epitemology and metaphysics are used in the study of political
philosophy.
________10. Political theory is logical in its explanation and conclusions while
political philosophy is metaphysical in its explanation and conclusions.
Introduction
27
Political theory refers to the entire body of doctrines relating to the origin,
form, behaviour, and purposes of the state and government.
Materials/Resources:
Computer/Laptop
Internet Access
PowerPoint Presentation
Video Clips
Handouts
Journal in NGEC 10
Political philosophy and Political theory are two subjects that differ from each
other in certain aspects. Political philosophy deals with topics, namely justice,
property, rights, liberty and law. On the other hand, political theory deals with the
theory of politics and how it originated. This is the basic difference between
political philosophy and political theory.
Political theory deals with the general theory of constitution and citizenship.
In other words, it can be said that political theory defines and explains the various
forms of government, namely, kinship, tyranny, aristocracy, oligarchy, polity and
democracy. On the other hand, political philosophy deals with the duties of
citizens towards a legitimate government.
It is said that Aristotle formed the constitutional theory based on the theory of
justice. The conception of universal justice forms the basis of political theory.
Great thinkers of past have said that politics is based on universal justice. On the
other hand, epitemology and metaphysics are used in the study of political
philosophy. This is not the case with the political theory.
28
Political theory is logical in its explanation and conclusions. On the other
hand, political philosophy is metaphysical in its explanation and conclusions. The
explanation of the disposition of power in society form the crux of political theory.
Power has to be nicely balanced among three entities, namely, states, groups
and individuals. Political theory deeply studies the balancing of these thee
entities.
Political philosophers had been thinkers all through their life. On the onther
hand, the experts of political theory had been practitioners all through their life.
Political theory develops a materialistic outlook whereas political philosophy
develops a philosophical look. These are the differences between political
philosophy and political theory.
Completion Type. Read the paragraph below and write the needed information
in the space provided to complete it.
Political theory deals with the general theory of constitution and citizenship.
In other words, it can be said that political theory 6)______________and
7)____________the various forms of government, namely, kinship, tyranny,
aristocracy, oligarchy, polity and democracy. On the other hand,
8)____________deals with the duties of citizens towards a legitimate
government.
29
namely, states, groups and individuals. Political theory deeply studies the
balancing of these thee entities.
Political philosophers had been thinkers all through their life. On the onther
hand, the experts of political theory had been practitioners all through their life.
Political theory develops a materialistic outlook whereas political philosophy
develops a philosophical look. These are the differences between political
philosophy and political theory.
POST-TEST
True or False. Write true if the sentence is correct and false if not.
_________1. Political philosophy refers to the entire body of doctrines relating to
the origin, form, behaviour, and purposes of the state and government.
_________2. Political theory is the systematic study of and reflection upon
human politics.
_________3. Human politics usually describes the processes by which people
and institutions exercise and resist power.
________4. Political theory deals with the general theory of constitution and
citizenship.
________5. Political philosophy deals with the duties of citizens towards a
legitimate government.
________6. It is said that Aristotle formed the constitutional theory based on the
theory of justice.
________7. The conception of universal justice forms the basis of political theory.
________8. Great thinkers of past have said that politics is based on universal
justice.
________9. Epitemology and metaphysics are used in the study of political
philosophy.
________10. Political theory is logical in its explanation and conclusions while
political philosophy is metaphysical in its explanation and conclusions.
EXTENSION
30
Show that you learned something by doing this activity.
Directions:
1. Read again the the Information Sheet 2.1 Political theory and Poltical
philosophy.
2. Make a Venn Diagram. (Venn Diagram is an activity tool used to show the
main differences and similarities of the subject/topic being discussed in the
lesson)
5 – Very satisfactory
3 - Satisfactory
1 - Poor
Comments/Suggestions:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
31
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY;
Watch: “Political Theory by John Locke vs. Political Theory by Clark Maxwell” at
https//www.youtube.com.ph
References:
32
COLLINGWOOD, R,G., The Idea of History, OUP, 1946.
COLLINGWOOD, R,G., The Principles of Art, OUP, 1938.
CRANSTON, MAURICE, Freedom: A New Analysis, Longmans, 1953.
HUME, DAVID, Enquiry into Human Understanding.
LASLETT, PETER (Ed.), Philosophy, Politics and Society, Blackwell, 1956.
LEVI, E.H., An Introduction to Legal Reasoning, University of Chicago, Phoenix
Books, 1961.
LYND, R.S., Knowledge for What?, Princeton, 1945.
MALCOLM, NORMAN, Article in the Philosophical Review, Vol. LXIII, 1954, pp.
530-559.
MANDELBAUM, MAURICE, ‘Societal Facts’, B.J.Sociol., VI,4 (1955).
MILL, J.S., A System of Logic.
NEWCOMB, T.M., Social Psychology, Tavistock publications, 1952.
OAKESHOTT, MICHAEL., Political Education, Bowes and Bowes, 1951
PARSONS, TALCOTT, The Structure of Social Action, Allen & Unwin, 1949.
POPPER, KARL, The Open Society and Its Enemies, Routledge & Kegan Paul,
1945.
RENNER, KARL (with Introduction by O.KAHNFREUND), The Instituitions of
Private Law and Their Social Function, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1949.
RHEES, RUSH, ‘Can There be a Private Language?’, Proceedings of Aristotelian
Society, Supplementary Volume XXVIII.
RYLE, GILBERT, The Concept of Mind, Hutchinson, 1949.
SHERIF, M. & SHERIF, C., An Outline of Social Psychology, New York, Harper,
1956.
SIMMEL, GEORG, Conflict, Glencoe, Free Press, 1955.
STRAWSON, P.F., Critical Notice in Mind , Vol. LXIII, No. 249, pp.84 ff.
WELDON, T.D., The Vocabulary of Politics. Penguin Books, 1953.
Introduction
33
Political science is the systematic study of and reflection upon human
politics.
Human politics usually describes the processes by which people and
institutions exercise and resist power.
Materials/Resources:
Computer/Laptop
Internet Access
PowerPoint Presentation
Video Clips
Handouts
Journal in NGEC 10
The word political is derived from the Greek polis, meaning a city, of what
today would be equivalent of sovereign state.Science comes from the Latin scire,
“to know”.
The Scope of Political Science are 1) Political theory; 2) Public Law; and 3)
Public Administration.
Political Theory refers to the entire body of doctrines relating to the origin,
form, behavior, and purposes of the state are dealt with the study of political
theory.
34
Public Administration - attention is focused upon methods and techniques
used in the actual management of the state affairs by executive, legislative, and
judicial branches of government.
POST-TEST
True or False. Write true if the sentence is correct and false if not.
35
HOW DO YOU APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED?
Directions:
1. Read again the the Information Sheet 2.2 Scope of Political Science.
2. Make a reflective essay about political career of candidate from a well-known
political party and a solo candidadte with non-member of political party.
5 - Very satisfactory
36
3 - Satisfactory
1 - Poor
Comments/Suggestions:
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY;
References:
37
AYER, A.J., The Problem of Knowledge, Macmillan and Penguin Books, 1996
COLLINGWOOD, R,G., The Idea of History, OUP, 1946.
COLLINGWOOD, R,G., The Principles of Art, OUP, 1938.
CRANSTON, MAURICE, Freedom: A New Analysis, Longmans, 1953.
HUME, DAVID, Enquiry into Human Understanding.
LASLETT, PETER (Ed.), Philosophy, Politics and Society, Blackwell, 1956.
LEVI, E.H., An Introduction to Legal Reasoning, University of Chicago, Phoenix
Books, 1961.
LYND, R.S., Knowledge for What?, Princeton, 1945.
MALCOLM, NORMAN, Article in the Philosophical Review, Vol. LXIII, 1954, pp.
530-559.
MANDELBAUM, MAURICE, ‘Societal Facts’, B.J.Sociol., VI,4 (1955).
MILL, J.S., A System of Logic.
NEWCOMB, T.M., Social Psychology, Tavistock publications, 1952.
OAKESHOTT, MICHAEL., Political Education, Bowes and Bowes, 1951
PARSONS, TALCOTT, The Structure of Social Action, Allen & Unwin, 1949.
POPPER, KARL, The Open Society and Its Enemies, Routledge & Kegan Paul,
1945.
RENNER, KARL (with Introduction by O.KAHNFREUND), The Instituitions of
Private Law and Their Social Function, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1949.
RHEES, RUSH, ‘Can There be a Private Language?’, Proceedings of Aristotelian
Society, Supplementary Volume XXVIII.
RYLE, GILBERT, The Concept of Mind, Hutchinson, 1949.
SHERIF, M. & SHERIF, C., An Outline of Social Psychology, New York, Harper,
1956.
SIMMEL, GEORG, Conflict, Glencoe, Free Press, 1955.
STRAWSON, P.F., Critical Notice in Mind , Vol. LXIII, No. 249, pp.84 ff.
WELDON, T.D., The Vocabulary of Politics. Penguin Books, 1953.
Introduction
38
Political science is the systematic study of and reflection upon human
politics.
Public Law, public administration and economics are the main aspects for
development of a country.
Materials/Resources:
Computer/Laptop
Internet Access
PowerPoint Presentation
Video Clips
Handouts
Journal in NGEC 10
Public Law, public administration and economics are the main aspects for
development of a country.
39
Private Laws are the one which govern the relations among individuals,
public law is so specialized that separate courses offered in each of its
subdivisions, namely: (a) constitutional law, (b) administrative law, and (c)
international Law.
N.B, today, legislative bodies have been forced to delegate greater discretion
to executive officers responsible for the conduct of government policies and
powers. Thus we find many administrative agencies exercising quasi-legislative
and quasi-judicial powers.
1. History
“History is past politics and politics is present history.”
Political Scientist adopts a “historical approach and employs knowledge of
the past when he seeks to interpret present and probable developments in
political phenomena.
2. Economics
Economics is the study of production, distribution, and conservation, and
consumption of wealth.
Political Scientist adopts an “economic approach” when seeking to interpret
matters like public financial policies and government regulation of business.
3. Geography Geopolitics
It is concerned with the study of the influences of physical factors such as
population pressures, sources of raw materials, geography, etc. Upon domestic
and foreign politics.
5. Psychology
It promotes studies of the mental and emotional processes motivating the
political behavior of individuals and groups. Particular topics under this are: public
opinion, pressure groups, and propaganda.
6. Philosophy
The concepts and doctrines of Plato, Aristotle & Locke are important to the
specialist in academic philosophy and also to the political scientist.
40
7. Statistics and Logic
Political theorist must have abroad background & knowledge of current
political problems and he must employ scientific methods in gathering and
evaluating the data & in drawing conclusions.
8. Jurisprudence
This branch of public law is concerned with the analysis of existing legal
systems & also with the ethical, historical, sociological, & psychological
foundations of law.
Matching Type. Match Column A to Column B by writing the answer in the space provided
for each item.
Column A Column B
41
emotional processes motivating the political behavior of
individuals and groups. Particular topics under this are:
public opinion, pressure groups, and propaganda.
______9.The concepts and doctrines of Plato, Aristotle I. Statistics and
& Locke are important to the specialist in academic Logic
philosophy and also to the political scientist.
______10.Political theorist must have abroad J. Philosophy
background & knowledge of current political problems
and he must employ scientific methods in gathering and
evaluating the data & in drawing conclusions.
______11. This branch of public law is concerned with K. Jurisprudence
the analysis of existing legal systems & also with the
ethical, historical, sociological, & psychological
foundations of law.
POST-TEST
True or False. Write true if the sentence is correct and false if not.
42
________10. Political theorist must have no broad background & knowledge of
current political problems and he must employ scientific methods in gathering
and evaluating the data & in drawing conclusions.
________11. Jurisprudence is a branch of a public law.
________12. Jurisprudence is concerned with the analysis of existing legal
systems & also with the ethical, historical, sociological, & psychological
foundations of law.
________13. Doctrines of Plato, Aristotle & Locke are important to the specialist
in academic philosophy and also to the political scientist.
________14. Public Administration is a sytem where attention is focused upon
methods and techniques used in the actual management of the state affairs by
executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government.
________15. Many of the administrative agencies exercising quasi-legislative
and quasi-judicial powers.
EXTENSION
Public Law, Public Administration and Political Science with Other Branches of
Learning
Directions:
1. Read again the the Information Sheet 2.3 Scope of Political Science.
2. Make a reflective essay about political career of candidate from a well-known
political party and a solo candidadte with non-member of political party.
43
of a reflection Specified Parts Given the Specified
(introduction, body and Specified
conclusion).. Parts
Provide and explain the Well Provided Not Fully Not
theme of essay. and Explained Provided/Expl Provided/Ex
ained plained
With originality Original Work Copy from a No Work
source &
Paste/Copied
from Others
Total
5 - Very satisfactory
3 - Satisfactory
1 - Poor
Comments/Suggestions:
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY:
References:
44
AYER, A.J., The Problem of Knowledge, Macmillan and Penguin Books, 1996
AYER, A.J., ‘Can There be a Private Language?’, Proceedings of the Aristotelian
Society, Supplementary Volume XXVII.
COLLINGWOOD, R,G., The Idea of History, OUP, 1946.
COLLINGWOOD, R,G., The Principles of Art, OUP, 1938.
CRANSTON, MAURICE, Administration: A New Analysis, Longmans, 1953.
DURKHEIM, EMILE, Suicide, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1952.
GEACH, PETER., Mental Acts, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1957.
GINSBERG, MORRIS, On the Diversity of Morals, Heinemann, 1956.
HUME, DAVID, Enquiry into Human Understanding.
LASLETT, PETER (Ed.), Philosophy, Politics and Society, Blackwell, 1956.
LEVI, E.H., An Introduction to Legal Reasoning, University of Chicago, Phoenix
Books, 1961.
LYND, R.S., Knowledge for What?, Princeton, 1945.
MALCOLM, NORMAN, Article in the Philosophical Review, Vol. LXIII, 1954, pp.
530-559.
MANDELBAUM, MAURICE, ‘Societal Facts’, B.J.Sociol., VI,4 (1955).
MILL, J.S., A System of Logic.
NEWCOMB, T.M., Social Psychology, Tavistock publications, 1952.
OAKESHOTT, Michael, ‘The Tower of Babel’, Cambridge Journal, Vol. 2.
OAKESHOTT, MICHAEL., Rational Conduct, Cambridge Journal, Vol, 3.
OAKESHOTT, MICHAEL., Political Education, Bowes and Bowes, 1951
PARETO, VILFREDO, The Mind and Society, New York, Harcourt Brace, 1935.
PARSONS, TALCOTT, The Structure of Social Action, Allen & Unwin, 1949.
POPPER, KARL, The Open Society and Its Enemies, Routledge & Kegan Paul,
1945.
POPPER, KARL, The Poverty of Historicism, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1957.
RENNER, KARL (with Introduction by O.KAHNFREUND), The Instituitions of
Private Law and Their Social Function, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1949.
RHEES, RUSH, ‘Can There be a Private Language?’, Proceedings of Aristotelian
Society, Supplementary Volume XXVIII.
RYLE, GILBERT, The Concept of Mind, Hutchinson, 1949.
SHERIF, M. & SHERIF, C., An Outline of Social Psychology, New York, Harper,
1956.
SIMMEL, GEORG, Conflict, Glencoe, Free Press, 1955.
STRAWSON, P.F., Critical Notice in Mind , Vol. LXIII, No. 249, pp.84 ff.
WEBER, MAX, Wirstschaft und Gesselschaft, Tübingen, Mohr, 1956.
WEBER, MAX, Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Wissensschaftslehre, Tübingen, Mohr,
1922.
WELDON, T.D., The Vocabulary of Politics. Penguin Books, 1953.
Module 3
45
What this module is about
Social Works are any activities, projects and programs related to the prior
needs of people in the area where they are needed more. It is usually one of the
duties of Department of Social Welfare and Depelopment.
So, read this module and understand the information through the pages of
this module.
46
How to learn from this module
PRE-TEST
Let us determine how much you already know about the Knowledge,
Social Works and Ways of Knowing.
_________5. any activities, projects and programs related to the prior needs of
people in the area where they are needed more
47
_________6. A great deal of the _______________activity centered around
building knowledge based on facts and provable “truths” rather than spirituality,
mythology and religion. .
_________8. People of all ages rely on these ___________of knowing about the
world-experiential, cognitive and experimental. .
48
Introduction
Knowledge is an information, understanding, or skill that you get from
experience or education. It is also a state of being aware of something.
Types of knowledge differ from the interests, skills and talents of every
individual or group.
Materials/Resources:
Computer/Laptop
Internet Access
PowerPoint Presentation
Video Clips
Handouts
Journal in NGEC 10
The study of knowledge and knowing about the world around us called
epistemology, and represents one of the more branches of philosophy.
Throughout much of human history, philosophers have dedicated a great deal of
thought to understanding knowledge and its role in the human experience.
Ancient Greek and western philosophers like Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, as well as
those came before and after them, made lasting contributions to the way we think
about knowledge and its applications in daily life. A great deal of the western
philosophical activity centered around building knowledge based on facts and
provable “truths” rather than spirituality, mythology and religion. These
49
philosophical efforts contributed greatly to the evolution of rational thought,
science, theory and scientific methods that we use in our everyday and
professional lives lives to make sennse of the world around us.
Human have many different ways of developing our knowledge about the
world around us. Think about how young children come to understand the world
and all kinds of phenomena they experience.
First, they utilize all five senses to explore the world: vision, hearing, smell,
taste and touch. For example, a baby might hear food being prepared, see and
smell the food, touch it and taste it. Sensosry evidence provides people of all
ages with a graet deal of experiential knowledge about the physical and social
world.
50
People of all ages rely on these multiple ways of knowing about the world-
experiential, cognitive and experimental. What additional ways of knowing are
important for social workers to understand? Answer to this question can help us
better understand the diverse people with whom we engage and can help us
better understand our own sources of knowledge as applied in professional
practice. By the way, thinking about our thinking is called metacognition-havinng
an awareness of your own processes of thinking and knowing.
True or False. Write true if the sentence is correct and false if not.
_________1. The study of knowledge and knowing about the world around us
called epistemology, and represents one of the more branches of philosophy.
_________2. Pyschologists have dedicated a great deal of thought to
understanding knowledge and its role in the human experience.
_________3. A great deal of the western philosophical activity centered around
building knowledge based on facts and provable “truths” rather than spirituality,
mythology and religion.
________4. Ancient Greek and western philosophers like Socrates, Plato,
Aristotle, as well as those came before and after them, made lasting contributions
to the way we think about knowledge and its applications in daily life.
________5. Auditory evidence provides people of all ages with a graet deal of
experiential knowledge about the physical and social world.
________6. People engage in internal mental operations we call cognition-they
engage in thinking and problem solving to create meaning from their
experiences. ________7. Knowledge comes through basic learning principles
involving reinforcement and punishment of behavior, as well as observational
learning of other’s behaviors.
________8. People of all ages rely on these multiple ways of knowing about the
world-experiential, cognitive and experimental.
________9. Knowledge could be sourced out from vision, hearing, smell, taste
and touch.
________10. Human have many different ways of developing our knowledge
about the world around us.
POST-TEST
51
_________1. It is an information, understanding, or skill that you get from
experience or education. It is also a state of being aware of something..
a. Knowledge b. Fact C. Data d.Experience
_________2. the act or technique of getting and understanding the fact or
condition of something with familiarity gained through experience or association..
a. Understanding b. Getting c.Knowing D. Informing
_________3. The first hand sources of knowledge data or information.
a. Primary sources b. Secondary C. Tertiary D. a & b
sources sources
_________4. sources that are presented in the printed materials, second
person/s who handed-down the sources of knowledge data or information.
a. Primary sources b. Secondary C. Tertiary D. a & b
sources sources
_________5. The study of knowledge and knowing about the world around us
called .
a. Epistemology b. Empiricism c.Positivism D. None of these
_________6. A great deal of the _______________activity centered around
building knowledge based on facts and provable “truths” rather than spirituality,
mythology and religion. .
a. Western b. Eastern C. Ancient D. Classical
philosophy philosophy philosophy Modern
Philosophy
_________7. It provides people of all ages with a graet deal of experiential
knowledge about the physical and social world.
a. Sensosry b. Cognition C. Reinforcement D. Observation
evidence
_________8. People of all ages rely on these ___________of knowing about the
world-experiential, cognitive and experimental. .
a. single ways b. multiple ways c. simple ways d. experiential
ways
_________9. Knowing is the act or __________of getting and understanding the
fact or condition of something with familiarity gained through experience or
association.
a. technique b. tool c. way d.innovation
_________10. Contributed greatly to the evolution of rational thought, science,
theory and scientific methods that we use in our everyday and professional lives
lives to make sennse of the world around us.
a. Philosophical b. Psychological c. Historical efforts D. None of these
efforts efforts
EXTENSION
52
Show that you learned something by doing this activity.
Directions:
1. Read again the the Information Sheet 3.1 Sources and Types of Knowledge.
2. Make a Concept Map of Sources and Types of Knowledge.
3. Explain the Concept Map.
Total
5 – Very satisfactory
3 - Satisfactory
1 - Poor
Comments/Suggestions:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY:
53
Question to Answer: (Send to GC Messenger or email of the teacher)
References:
54
AYER, A.J., ‘Can There be a Private Language?’, Proceedings of the Aristotelian
Society, Supplementary Volume XXVII.
CARROLL, LEWIS, ‘What the Tortoise Said to Achilles’, Complete Works,
Nonesuch press.
COLLINGWOOD, R,G., The Idea of History, OUP, 1946.
COLLINGWOOD, R,G., The Principles of Art, OUP, 1938.
CRANSTON, MAURICE, Freedom: A New Analysis, Longmans, 1953.
DURKHEIM, EMILE, Suicide, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1952.
GEACH, PETER., Mental Acts, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1957.
GINSBERG, MORRIS, On the Diversity of Morals, Heinemann, 1956.
HUME, DAVID, Enquiry into Human Understanding.
LASLETT, PETER (Ed.), Philosophy, Politics and Society, Blackwell, 1956.
LEVI, E.H., An Introduction to Legal Reasoning, University of Chicago, Phoenix
Books, 1961.
LYND, R.S., Knowledge for What?, Princeton, 1945.
MALCOLM, NORMAN, Article in the Philosophical Review, Vol. LXIII, 1954, pp.
530-559.
MANDELBAUM, MAURICE, ‘Societal Facts’, B.J.Sociol., VI,4 (1955).
MILL, J.S., A System of Logic.
NEWCOMB, T.M., Social Psychology, Tavistock publications, 1952.
OAKESHOTT, Michael, ‘The Tower of Babel’, Cambridge Journal, Vol. 2.
OAKESHOTT, MICHAEL., Rational Conduct, Cambridge Journal, Vol, 3.
OAKESHOTT, MICHAEL., Political Education, Bowes and Bowes, 1951
PARETO, VILFREDO, The Mind and Society, New York, Harcourt Brace, 1935.
PARSONS, TALCOTT, The Structure of Social Action, Allen & Unwin, 1949.
POPPER, KARL, The Open Society and Its Enemies, Routledge & Kegan Paul,
1945.
POPPER, KARL, The Poverty of Historicism, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1957.
RENNER, KARL (with Introduction by O.KAHNFREUND), The Instituitions of
Private Law and Their Social Function, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1949.
RHEES, RUSH, ‘Can There be a Private Language?’, Proceedings of Aristotelian
Society, Supplementary Volume XXVIII.
RYLE, GILBERT, The Concept of Mind, Hutchinson, 1949.
SHERIF, M. & SHERIF, C., An Outline of Social Psychology, New York, Harper,
1956.
SIMMEL, GEORG, Conflict, Glencoe, Free Press, 1955.
STRAWSON, P.F., Critical Notice in Mind , Vol. LXIII, No. 249, pp.84 ff.
WEBER, MAX, Wirstschaft und Gesselschaft, Tübingen, Mohr, 1956.
WEBER, MAX, Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Wissensschaftslehre, Tübingen, Mohr,
1922.
WELDON, T.D., The Vocabulary of Politics. Penguin Books, 1953.
55
Introduction
Scial work is a job-related to life contexts, experiences, opportunities, and
biology all interact in complext ways in contributing to diverse outcomes
Social workers are persons who are working to help those who are in need
like poor individuals in a community.
Implications for social works varies in some aspects like quality of help or
services offered by the social workers. One implication of this obseravtion might
be that social workers should expect worldviews held by individuals with vastly
different lived experiences to differ, too.
Materials/Resources:
Computer/Laptop
Internet Access
PowerPoint Presentation
Video Clips
Handouts
Journal in NGEC 10
56
differences include differences in knowledge and understanding of the world-
differences, not deficiencies. For example, we understand that the elements of a
parenting education program delivered to two-parent, well-resourced, privileged,
reasonably empowered families of one racial or ethic background may be grossly
inappropriate for families existing in a far different reality, facing very different
challenges very differently resourced or privileged, and responding to different
experiences of discrimination, oppression, exploitation, threats of violence, and
micro-aggression. The pre-existing knowledge different families bring to their
parenting situations and their parenting knowledge needs differ significantly even
their parenting goals, approaches, and means of learning and developing
knowledge may differ.
57
phenomena. This idea fits into the social work practice mandate to “know
yourself” (e.g., see Birkenmaier & Berg-Wegner, 2017).
True or False. Write true if the sentence is correct and false if not.
________7. Eastern philosophy, rational logic and science are situated within
this context as one of the multitude of epistemologies that exist, not as the first or
the most significant, but simply as one of many.
58
________8. Social work professionals engage with individuals from many diverse
backgrounds and social contexts.
POST-TEST
1. Social works-
2. Social workers-
3. Privilege-
4. Discrimination-
5. Oppression-
6. Exploitation-
7. Threats of violence-
8. Micro-aggression-
9. Leaders-
10. Academics-
11. Scientists-
12. Colleagues-
13. Authorities-
14. Social problem-
15. Social phenomena-
EXTENSION
59
Show that you learned something by doing this activity.
Directions:
1. Read again the the Information Sheet 3.2 Implications for Social Works.
2. Make a Summary of Implications for Social Works.
3. Explain the the Importance of Social Workers.
Total
5 - Very satisfactory
3 - Satisfactory
1 - Poor
Comments/Suggestions:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY:
60
Question to Answer: (Send to GC Messenger or email of the teacher)
References:
ACTON, H.B., The Illusion of the Epoch, Cohen & West, 1955.
ARON, RAYMOND, German Sociology, Heinemann, 1957.
61
AYER, A.J., The Problem of Knowledge, Macmillan and Penguin Books, 1996
AYER, A.J., ‘Can There be a Private Language?’, Proceedings of the Aristotelian
Society, Supplementary Volume XXVII.
CARROLL, LEWIS, ‘What the Tortoise Said to Achilles’, Complete Works,
Nonesuch press.
COLLINGWOOD, R,G., The Idea of History, OUP, 1946.
COLLINGWOOD, R,G., The Principles of Art, OUP, 1938.
CRANSTON, MAURICE, Freedom: A New Analysis, Longmans, 1953.
DURKHEIM, EMILE, Suicide, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1952.
GEACH, PETER., Mental Acts, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1957.
GINSBERG, MORRIS, On the Diversity of Morals, Heinemann, 1956.
HUME, DAVID, Enquiry into Human Understanding.
LASLETT, PETER (Ed.), Philosophy, Politics and Society, Blackwell, 1956.
LEVI, E.H., An Introduction to Legal Reasoning, University of Chicago, Phoenix
Books, 1961.
LYND, R.S., Knowledge for What?, Princeton, 1945.
MALCOLM, NORMAN, Article in the Philosophical Review, Vol. LXIII, 1954, pp.
530-559.
MANDELBAUM, MAURICE, ‘Societal Facts’, B.J.Sociol., VI,4 (1955).
MILL, J.S., A System of Logic.
NEWCOMB, T.M., Social Psychology, Tavistock publications, 1952.
OAKESHOTT, Michael, ‘The Tower of Babel’, Cambridge Journal, Vol. 2.
OAKESHOTT, MICHAEL., Rational Conduct, Cambridge Journal, Vol, 3.
OAKESHOTT, MICHAEL., Political Education, Bowes and Bowes, 1951
PARETO, VILFREDO, The Mind and Society, New York, Harcourt Brace, 1935.
PARSONS, TALCOTT, The Structure of Social Action, Allen & Unwin, 1949.
POPPER, KARL, The Open Society and Its Enemies, Routledge & Kegan Paul,
1945.
POPPER, KARL, The Poverty of Historicism, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1957.
RENNER, KARL (with Introduction by O.KAHNFREUND), The Instituitions of
Private Law and Their Social Function, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1949.
RHEES, RUSH, ‘Can There be a Private Language?’, Proceedings of Aristotelian
Society, Supplementary Volume XXVIII.
RYLE, GILBERT, The Concept of Mind, Hutchinson, 1949.
SHERIF, M. & SHERIF, C., An Outline of Social Psychology, New York, Harper,
1956.
SIMMEL, GEORG, Conflict, Glencoe, Free Press, 1955.
STRAWSON, P.F., Critical Notice in Mind , Vol. LXIII, No. 249, pp.84 ff.
WEBER, MAX, Wirstschaft und Gesselschaft, Tübingen, Mohr, 1956.
WEBER, MAX, Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Wissensschaftslehre, Tübingen, Mohr,
1922.
WELDON, T.D., The Vocabulary of Politics. Penguin Books, 1953.
LEARNING OUTCOME 3.3 WAYS OF KNOWING
Introduction
62
The study of knowledge and knowing about the world around us called
epistemology, and represents one of the more branches of philosophy.
Throughout much of human history, philosophers have dedicated a great deal of
thought to understanding knowledge and its role in the human experience.
Materials/Resources:
Computer/Laptop
Internet Access
PowerPoint Presentation
Video Clips
Handouts
Journal in NGEC 10
63
Read the Information Sheet L.O.3.3
WAYS OF KNOWING
Textbook about the Theory of Knowledge offer various ways through which
human beings derive knowledge (see for example IB, n.d.; TOK network, n.d.)
These ways of knowing include:
Memory and memory bias. You might argue that memory is not really a way of
knowing, that it is only a tool in the progress of knowing. You would be partially
correct in this argument-it is a tool in the process. However, it is not ONLY a tool.
Memoryu is an integral and dynamic part of the human mind’s informative
processing system. The process begins with the sensory systems (stimulus of
event-----perception input-----memory storage----retrieval/recall----behavior
output). In terms of the information processing model, once something has been
perceived or an event has been experienced by an individual (perception), the
perception moves to the memory system. A peception first moves into short-term
memory as something the person is actively aware of or thinking about. The
short-term memory “buffer” is typically limited in space to around 5-7 items at a
time and lasts for only about 18-30 seconds. After that, the memory either is
cleared from the “buffer” zone and forgotten forever, or it is moved to longer term
memory. If a memory is not converted into a long-term memory, it cannot be
retrieved later. The long-term memory system has been a tremendous storage
capacity and can store lasting memories. The nature of a memory also may be
(re)shaped by internally generated cognition based on our pre-existing
understanding of the world-our thoughts. Memory reshapes itself over time and
sometimes people lose the connections needed to retrieve a memory. As a
result, what we “think” we know and remember is influenced by other external
and internal information.
64
with others. But, language also has the power to shape our understanding, as
well. Linguistics determinism is about how the structures of language constrain or
place boundaries on human knowledge.
Reason and Logic. Humans may come to “know” something through their own
internal cognitive processing and introspection about it. Logic and reasoning
represent thought processes that can result in knowledge. You may call the
important piece of reasoned logic offered by Rene Descartes (1637): “ I Think
therefore I am”. This piece of reasoning was the first assumption undserlying his
building of an ordely system of “truth” where one conclusion could be deduced
from other conclusions.
Types of Reasoning:
Deductive reasoning-deduced conclusion.
Inductive reasoning-assembled observations.
Abductive reasoning-not entirely inductive or deductive in nature. It generates
a hypothesis based on a set of incomplete obseravations (inductive
raesoning) and then proceeds to examine that hypothesis through deductive
logic.
Fallacious argument-an unsound argument caharacterized by faulty
reasoning.
Emotion and affect. Human feelings have a powerful influence on what we think
and understand about the world around us. Another word for emotion is affect
(not to be confused with effect, pronounced with an “ a as in apple”). For
example, the advertising, entertainment and news media have long recognized
that individuals more strongly rememeber information to which they have
developed an emotional response.
Faith. Religious faith is only one aspect of how faith relates to knowledge. For
some individuals, religious teachings provide them with knowledge surrounding
certain topics. What a person knows through faith is considered to require no
further analysis or proof-that is the nature of faith. For this reason, we can include
other sources of knowledge derived through faith.This includes relying on
knowledge attained through information shared by a mentor, expert, or authority.
Identifying someone as an authority is intensely personal and individualized. Just
an “beauty is in the eye of the beholder”, perceptions of another person’s
expertise are relative.
65
Imagination and Intuition. Sometimes what a person “knows” is not based on
external events or objects, knowledge might be generated as new ideas or
concepts completely through internal processes. Imagination , creativity and
intuition are special forms of cognitive activity, resulting in the creation of unique
forms of knowledge.
Identification. Fill in the blank the correct information needed for each item.
66
symbols with meaning that exists because of conventional agreement on that
meaning.
13.______________________________It helps describe what we know about
the world, both for ourselves and to communcate with others.
14.______________________________It is about how the structures of
language constrain or place boundaries on human knowledge.
15.______________________________Humans may come to “know” something
through their own internal cognitive processing and introspection about it.
16.______________________________Human feelings have a powerful
influence on what we think and understand about the world around us.
17.______________________________Religious faith is only one aspect of how
faith relates to knowledge.
18.______________________________It provides people with knowledge
surrounding certain topics like what a person knows.
19.______________________________It was in the eye of the beholder”,
perceptions of another person’s expertise are relative.
20.______________________________Sometimes what a person “knows” is
not based on external events or objects, knowledge might be generated as new
ideas or concepts completely through internal processes. Imagination , creativity
and intuition are special forms of cognitive activity, resulting in the creation of
unique forms of knowledge.
POST-TEST
1. Sensory perception
2. Selective attention
3. Memory
4. Memory bias
5. Language
6. Reason
7. Logic
8. Deductive reasoning
9. Inductive reasoning
10. Abductive reasoning
11. Fallacious argument
67
14. Imagination
15. Intuition
EXTENSION
Ways of Knowing
Directions:
1. Read again the the Information Sheet 3.3 Ways of Knowing.
2. Make a Reaction Paper on Ways of Knowing.
3. Explain the the Importance of Ways of Knowing.
Total
5 - Very satisfactory
3 - Satisfactory
1 - Poor
Comments/Suggestions:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
68
________________________________________________________________
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY:
References:
ACTON, H.B., The Illusion of the Epoch, Cohen & West, 1955.
69
ARON, RAYMOND, German Sociology, Heinemann, 1957.
AYER, A.J., The Problem of Knowledge, Macmillan and Penguin Books, 1996
AYER, A.J., ‘Can There be a Private Language?’, Proceedings of the Aristotelian
Society, Supplementary Volume XXVII.
CARROLL, LEWIS, ‘What the Tortoise Said to Achilles’, Complete Works,
Nonesuch press.
COLLINGWOOD, R,G., The Idea of History, OUP, 1946.
COLLINGWOOD, R,G., The Principles of Art, OUP, 1938.
CRANSTON, MAURICE, Freedom: A New Analysis, Longmans, 1953.
DURKHEIM, EMILE, Suicide, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1952.
GEACH, PETER., Mental Acts, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1957.
GINSBERG, MORRIS, On the Diversity of Morals, Heinemann, 1956.
HUME, DAVID, Enquiry into Human Understanding.
LASLETT, PETER (Ed.), Philosophy, Politics and Society, Blackwell, 1956.
LEVI, E.H., An Introduction to Legal Reasoning, University of Chicago, Phoenix
Books, 1961.
LYND, R.S., Knowledge for What?, Princeton, 1945.
MALCOLM, NORMAN, Article in the Philosophical Review, Vol. LXIII, 1954, pp.
530-559.
MANDELBAUM, MAURICE, ‘Societal Facts’, B.J.Sociol., VI,4 (1955).
MILL, J.S., A System of Logic.
NEWCOMB, T.M., Social Psychology, Tavistock publications, 1952.
OAKESHOTT, Michael, ‘The Tower of Babel’, Cambridge Journal, Vol. 2.
OAKESHOTT, MICHAEL., Rational Conduct, Cambridge Journal, Vol, 3.
OAKESHOTT, MICHAEL., Political Education, Bowes and Bowes, 1951
PARETO, VILFREDO, The Mind and Society, New York, Harcourt Brace, 1935.
PARSONS, TALCOTT, The Structure of Social Action, Allen & Unwin, 1949.
POPPER, KARL, The Open Society and Its Enemies, Routledge & Kegan Paul,
1945.
POPPER, KARL, The Poverty of Historicism, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1957.
RENNER, KARL (with Introduction by O.KAHNFREUND), The Instituitions of
Private Law and Their Social Function, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1949.
RHEES, RUSH, ‘Can There be a Private Language?’, Proceedings of Aristotelian
Society, Supplementary Volume XXVIII.
RYLE, GILBERT, The Concept of Mind, Hutchinson, 1949.
SHERIF, M. & SHERIF, C., An Outline of Social Psychology, New York, Harper,
1956.
SIMMEL, GEORG, Conflict, Glencoe, Free Press, 1955.
STRAWSON, P.F., Critical Notice in Mind , Vol. LXIII, No. 249, pp.84 ff.
WEBER, MAX, Wirstschaft und Gesselschaft, Tübingen, Mohr, 1956.
WEBER, MAX, Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Wissensschaftslehre, Tübingen, Mohr,
1922.
WELDON, T.D., The Vocabulary of Politics. Penguin Books, 1953.
Module 4
70
What this module is about
In this module, you will know the Philosophy of Science and Social
Sciences..
Social Sciences study the social behavior of the mammalian species, Homo
sapiens. It is also a study of human behavior by scientific method. The way in
which people have tried to develop a scientific approach to the investigation of
human social behavior.
So, read this module and understand the information through the pages of
this module.
General Objectives:
This module will enable you to:
71
1. Define Positivism and Empiricism;
2. Explain the Epistemology, Ontology and Axiology;
3. Describe the Nature of Meaningful Behavior;
4. Describe the Culture and Human Persons in the Society; and
5. Explain the Theories of Social Stratification.
PRE-TEST
Let us determine how much you already know about the Philosophy of
Science and Social Sciences.
_________1. The study the social behavior of the mammalian species, Homo
sapiens.
72
_________5. Positivism has been subjected to criticism by those scientists and
scholars who give importance to the role of interpretation, who deny simplistic
caus-effect relationships to explain phenomena
_________9. The idea that methodological discussions cannot be subjected to ‘scientific reason’,
and that methodology is not a normative discipline has been pushed to a much greater extent.
Introduction
73
We usually take the philosophical views of Ancient Greek and western
philosophers like Socrates, Plato, Aristotle to the way we think about knowledge
and its applications in our daily life.
Empiricism is about proven knowledge, but contends that proof also may
come through the application of logic or through direct observable evidence.
Materials/Resources:
Computer/Laptop
Internet Access
PowerPoint Presentation
Video Clips
Handouts
Journal in NGEC 10
Positivism
74
Postulates of Positivism
75
sciences intersect to a much greater degree.
76
important role in success and effectiveness of
research. He showed that there are no standardized
methodological rules or guidelines that were always
used by scientists in their research. Arguing for
Methodological individualism/pluralism in his work
“Againsts Method”, he stated that any prescriptions
regarding methodology would tend to limit the
activists of researchers, and thus result in restricting
scientific progress. Instead he proposed theoretical
anarchism, which according to him promotes
scientific activity that would be more humanitarian
way, allow for greater creativity and rejects
imposition of authoritarian perspectives and views.
Freedom in society and for scientists would make it
possible to for researchers to have a more
subjective understanding of both natuiral and social
phenomena, of human beings and natural entities,
and thereby avoid the pitfalls of an ‘onjective’
approach which by being insensitive and
unsympathetic can cause harm to humans, society
and environment.
Empiricism
77
community offer a different perspective: living within deaf culture and linguistic
structures (i.e., using sign language to communicate) conveys specific social and
cultural implications for human development, behavior, thinking and worldview
(Jones, 2002). These implications are viewed the same way other cultures are
viewed-as cultural differences when being compared, not as deficiencies, or
“otherness”. This diversity of experience perspective (rather than disability
perspective) could be applied to other topics, such as autism, reflecting human
neurodiversity rather than disorder.
_________5. The study of knowledge and knowing about the world around us
called .
78
a. Western b. Eastern C. Ancient D. Classical
philosophy philosophy philosophy Modern
Philosophy
_________8. People of all ages rely on these ___________of knowing about the
world-experiential, cognitive and experimental. .
POST-TEST
Identification. Read the each statement/question below and provide the the
needed information.
79
5. Philosophy helps us to understand the significance of all
________________.
6. Philosophy develops a ________________________system of thoughts
about the universe and the life as a whole.
7. The study of knowledge and knowing about the world around us called
__________________.
8. People of all ages rely on these _________________ways of knowing about
the world-experiential, cognitive and experimental.
9. ______________________essentially involves adopting a stance where
valid knowledge, or “truth”. Is based on systematic scientific evidence and
proof: in order to be positive about knowing something, that something must
be proven through scientific evidence.
10. _______________________is about proven knowledge, but contends that
proof also may come through the application of logic or through direct
observable evidence.
11. ______________________who adopt an antropological, ethnoepistemology
perspective are open to considering the beliefs of ordinary people around the
world alongside those of leaders, academics, scientists, colleagues and
authorities.
12. ______________________considered the ways that individuals across the
lifespan come to know about the world through engaging their five senses.
13. ______________________is not really a way of knowing, that it is only a tool
in the progress of knowing. You would be partially correct in this argument-it
is a tool in the process. However, it is not ONLY a tool.
14. ______________________Like memory, language is both a product and a
producer of knowledge.
15. ______________________Humans may come to “know” something through
their own internal cognitive processing and introspection about it.
EXTENSION
80
Show that you learned something by doing this activity.
Directions:
1. Read again the the Information Sheet 4.1 Positivism and Empiricism.
2. Compare and Contrast the Positivism and Empiricism.
3. Explain the similarities and differences of Positivism and Empiricism.
5 – Very satisfactory
3 - Satisfactory
1 - Poor
Comments/Suggestions:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
81
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY;
References:
82
AYER, A.J., The Problem of Knowledge, Macmillan and Penguin Books, 1996
AYER, A.J., ‘Can There be a Private Language?’, Proceedings of the Aristotelian
Society, Supplementary Volume XXVII.
COLLINGWOOD, R,G., The Idea of History, OUP, 1946.
DURKHEIM, EMILE, Suicide, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1952.
GEACH, PETER., Mental Acts, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1957.
GINSBERG, MORRIS, On the Diversity of Morals, Heinemann, 1956.
HUME, DAVID, Enquiry into Human Understanding.
LASLETT, PETER (Ed.), Philosophy, Politics and Society, Blackwell, 1956.
LEVI, E.H., An Introduction to Legal Reasoning, University of Chicago, Phoenix
Books, 1961.
LYND, R.S., Knowledge for What?, Princeton, 1945.
MALCOLM, NORMAN, Article in the Philosophical Review, Vol. LXIII, 1954, pp.
530-559.
MANDELBAUM, MAURICE, ‘Societal Facts’, B.J.Sociol., VI,4 (1955).
MILL, J.S., A System of Logic.
NEWCOMB, T.M., Social Psychology, Tavistock publications, 1952.
OAKESHOTT, Michael, ‘The Tower of Babel’, Cambridge Journal, Vol. 2.
OAKESHOTT, MICHAEL., Rational Conduct, Cambridge Journal, Vol, 3.
OAKESHOTT, MICHAEL., Positivism and Empiricism, Bowes and Bowes, 1951
PARETO, VILFREDO, The Mind and Society, New York, Harcourt Brace, 1935.
PARSONS, TALCOTT, The Structure of Social Action, Allen & Unwin, 1949.
POPPER, KARL, The Open Society and Its Enemies, Routledge & Kegan Paul,
1945.
POPPER, KARL, The Poverty of Historicism, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1957.
RENNER, KARL (with Introduction by O.KAHNFREUND), The Instituitions of
Private Law and Their Social Function, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1949.
RHEES, RUSH, ‘Can There be a Private Language?’, Proceedings of Aristotelian
Society, Supplementary Volume XXVIII.
RYLE, GILBERT, The Concept of Mind, Hutchinson, 1949.
83
SHERIF, M. & SHERIF, C., An Outline of Social Psychology, New York, Harper,
1956.
SIMMEL, GEORG, Conflict, Glencoe, Free Press, 1955.
STRAWSON, P.F., Critical Notice in Mind , Vol. LXIII, No. 249, pp.84 ff.
WEBER, MAX, Wirstschaft und Gesselschaft, Tübingen, Mohr, 1956.
WEBER, MAX, Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Wissensschaftslehre, Tübingen, Mohr,
1922.
WELDON, T.D., The Vocabulary of Politics. Penguin Books, 1953.
Introduction
In conducting a research, we usually have our assumptions. Assumptions is
the act of laying claim or taking possession of something or an assuming that
something is true.
Axiology is the study of the nature, types, and criteria of values and of value
judgments especially in ethics.
Materials/Resources:
Computer/Laptop
Internet Access
PowerPoint Presentation
Video Clips
Handouts
84
Journal in NGEC 10
Most researchers don’t come right out and state their Epistemological
Assumptions directly and their work leaves clues, especially how they approach
their research methods.
The other ontological questions are “Do we make real freewill choices? Or,
are external forces controlling our outcome?”; Are humans best understood as
individuals? Or, are we best understood as existing in a group social system?”.
For example, the simple communication that occurs in a movie
85
i,ROBOT...’Sonny, do you know why Dr. Lanning built you?”...”No, but I believe
my father made me for a purpose”.
The other axiological questions are “ What value(s) or outcomes will result
from our research?”; “Can research be neutral or do our personal values shape
how we do research?” and “Should we seek just to understand or seek to chane
the world for the better?”. For example, the values between I-THOU.
_________4. The study of the nature, types, and criteria of values and of value
judgments especially in ethics.
86
_________5. The study of knowledge and knowing about the world around us
called .
_________9. Are humans best understood as individuals? Or, are we best understood as existing
in a group social system?”
POST-TEST
EXTENSION
87
Show that you learned something by doing this activity.
Directions:
1. Read again the the Information Sheet 4.2 Epistemology, Ontology and
Axiology.
2. Make a Reaction Paper on Epistemology, Ontology and Axiology.
3. Explain the importance of Epistemology, Ontology and Axiology.
5 – Very satisfactory
3 - Satisfactory
1 - Poor
Comments/Suggestions:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
88
________________________________________________________________
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY;
References:
89
OAKESHOTT, MICHAEL., Rational Conduct, Cambridge Journal, Vol, 3.
OAKESHOTT, MICHAEL., Political Education, Bowes and Bowes, 1951
PARETO, VILFREDO, The Mind and Society, New York, Harcourt Brace, 1935.
PARSONS, TALCOTT, The Structure of Social Action, Allen & Unwin, 1949.
POPPER, KARL, The Open Society and Its Enemies, Routledge & Kegan Paul,
1945.
POPPER, KARL, Epistemology, Ontology and Axiology, Routledge & Kegan
Paul, 1957.
RENNER, KARL (with Introduction by O.KAHNFREUND), The Instituitions of
Private Law and Their Social Function, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1949.
RHEES, RUSH, ‘Can There be a Private Language?’, Proceedings of Aristotelian
Society, Supplementary Volume XXVIII.
RYLE, GILBERT, The Concept of Mind, Hutchinson, 1949.
SHERIF, M. & SHERIF, C., An Outline of Social Psychology, New York, Harper,
1956.
SIMMEL, GEORG, Conflict, Glencoe, Free Press, 1955.
STRAWSON, P.F., Critical Notice in Mind , Vol. LXIII, No. 249, pp.84 ff.
WELDON, T.D., The Vocabulary of Politics. Penguin Books, 1953.
Introduction
In the words of Max Weber, we are concerned with human behavior “if and in
so far as the agent or agents associate a subjective sense. (Sinn) with it”. (33:
Chapter I ).
Materials/Resources:
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Internet Access
PowerPoint Presentation
Video Clips
Handouts
Journal in NGEC 10
90
WHAT DO YOU NEED TO KNOW?
The nature of meaningful human behavior was derived from different kinds of
Human Geography such as cultural, population, history and urban:
1.Cultural Geography – deals with the study of the distribution of cultural traits
such as customs, traditions, taboos, dialects, and dwellings.
2. Population Geography – deals with the study of the numbers and distribution
of people. It is related to demography, the statistical study of population. The
population geographer deals with regional differences in numbers, ethnic
groupings, religious compositions, and rate of population growth.
5. Urban Geography – is the study of cities with the important roles cities play in
the life of a nation. This is also one of the latest growing kinds of human
geography. It is concerned with the study of the site of city.
91
The fields of Human knowledge divided into three (3), namely: a) Natural
Sciences, b) Social Sciences, and c) Humanities.
Social Science is a branch of science that deals with the institutions and
functioning of human society and with the relationships of individuals as
members of society. It is also a science (as economics or political science)
dealing with a particular phase or aspect of human behavior and society.
92
8._____________________________It integrates and provides the connecting
links between and among various disciplines that have something links between
among disciplines that have something to do with the Eatrh’s surface.
9._____________________________a British planner, called the Geography as
“ the synthesis and mother of all sciences.
10._____________________________a great philosopher called the Geography
as “ the basis of history”.
11._____________________________is any of the sciences (as physics,
chemistry, or biology) that deal with matter , and their interrelations and
transformations or with objectively measurable phenomena.
12._____________________________is a branch of science that deals with the
institutions and functioning of human society and with the relationships of
individuals as members of society.
13._____________________________It is also a science (as economics or
political science) dealing with a particular phase or aspect of human behavior
and society.
14._____________________________is the quality or state of being human or
being kind to other people or to animals.
15._____________________________The study of human races, origins,
societies and cultures.
POST-TEST
1. Define GEOGRAPHY.
2. Why it is the study of Geography important to man?
3. Differentiate Physical Geography and Human Geography
4. Give at least 5 examples of the varieties found within the human habitat.
EXTENSION
Directions:
1. Read again the the Information Sheet 4.3 Nature of Meaningful Behavior;
2. Make a Reaction Paper on Human Geography as Nature of Meaningful
Behavior.
93
3. Explain the importance of Human Behavior.
5 – Very satisfactory
3 - Satisfactory
1 - Poor
Comments/Suggestions:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY;
94
References:
95
OAKESHOTT, MICHAEL., Rational Conduct, Cambridge Journal, Vol, 3.
OAKESHOTT, MICHAEL., Political Education, Bowes and Bowes, 1951
PARETO, VILFREDO, The Mind and Society, New York, Harcourt Brace, 1935.
PARSONS, TALCOTT, The Structure of Social Action, Allen & Unwin, 1949.
POPPER, KARL, The Open Society and Its Enemies, Routledge & Kegan Paul,
1945.
POPPER, KARL, The Poverty of Historicism, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1957.
RENNER, KARL (with Introduction by O.KAHNFREUND), The Instituitions of
Private Law and Their Social Function, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1949.
RHEES, RUSH, ‘Can There be a Private Language?’, Proceedings of Aristotelian
Society, Supplementary Volume XXVIII.
RYLE, GILBERT, The Concept of Mind, Hutchinson, 1949.
SHERIF, M. & SHERIF, C., An Outline of Social Psychology, New York, Harper,
1956.
SIMMEL, GEORG, Conflict, Glencoe, Free Press, 1955.
STRAWSON, P.F., Critical Notice in Mind , Vol. LXIII, No. 249, pp.84 ff.
WEBER, MAX, Wirstschaft und Gesselschaft, Tübingen, Mohr, 1956.
WEBER, MAX, Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Wissensschaftslehre, Tübingen, Mohr,
1922.
WELDON, T.D., The Vocabulary of Politics. Penguin Books, 1953
Introduction
Society is pertaining to the people in general thought of as living together in
an organized communities with shared laws, traditions and values.
In the society, there are varied kinds of people, there are fashionable and
wealthy, middle class people, and poor/deprived people.
Cultures of people as per general observation but not all are usually changed
and adapted depends on their economic status, level of education, behavior and
ways of thinking.
Materials/Resources:
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Internet Access
96
PowerPoint Presentation
Video Clips
Handouts
Journal in NGEC 10
“Humans view the society as a necessity in developing and living a full and
meaningful life”
Society is a group of people involved in persistent social interaction. Typically
subjected to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. The
society develops the human beings’ potential (SHS)
•Social exchange
•Mutual service
•Dialogue among others
Aristotle
Plato
•Envisioned a society where a philosopher was a king who ruled over people who
were grouped by their personal attributes
“An ideal society should always have a place for everyone and that no one
should feel like an outcast”
Karl Marx
97
•Believes that consciousness, sociality, and purposiveness build up a human
person
•Believes that it is the human person himself that produces ‘human nature’ being
taken from ‘social relations’
•Individuals live their lives through social activities
•Man must take part in the collective process at the same time strive with one
another so that they can be considered as a ‘human being’
•Feelings and roles must be acknowledged
“It is through joined activities through mutual relations that humans make and
remake themselves”
1. Confucianism
-‘A person can only become truly human when man attends to his social
duties’
Two Types of Human Relationships
1.Exchange Relationships – there is an expectance
2.Communal Relationships – there is willingness/ genuineness
3. Attachment Theory
• believes that people normally feel secure when a ‘significant other’ is
present
and will feel anxious if not around
•Human contact is desired
1. Need for attachment
2. Need for affiliation
5. Equity Theory
•Concerned not only in rewards but also in fairness
•People value fair or equal treatment which motivates them to maintain their
fairness in their relationships
98
•Happiness in a relationship is created in the mind
•Has 5 components of a satisfying relationship:
1. Self-disclosure
2. Respect and acceptance
3. Cultivating relationship
4. The principle of reciprocality
5. Continuity
6. Self-disclosure
•Partners share intimate information with each other to increase trust which
make couples grow together over time
8. Cultivating Relationship
•Enhancing attributions for behaviors people in a minding relationship should
make positive attributions, description, and/ or explanation of each other’s
behavior
9. Principle of Reciprocity
•No matter how hard one person tries to establish a positive foundation in a
relationship, the lack of matching response from the partner will ultimately
undermine the overall quality of the relationship
10. Continuity
•For the relationship to last, all 5 must continue throughout the relationship’s
life.
Cultures
Why bother with societies and cultures? Humans are weak. Societies are
mutual support pacts. Weakness of humans lead to social movement. Social
movement action is one example of diverse forms of collective behavior,
including fads, rumors, strikes, panics, rubber-necking, football riots, lynch mobs,
herd stamped, etc.
99
eruption and spread of collective behaviors depends on relations within a group
and on the imitators’ identification with the instigators.
100
7.__________________believes that people normally feel secure when a
‘significant other’ is present and will feel anxious if not around
8.__________________Humans reduce their anxiety by getting to know them
better and by knowing people together, behavior can be predicted and trust will
be built eventually.
9.__________________Concerned not only in rewards but also in fairness.
10._________________Happiness in a relationship is created in the mind.
11._________________Partners share intimate information with each other to
increase trust which make couples grow together over time
12._________________must be maintained no matter how negative the
information that was shared by their partners
13._________________Enhancing attributions for behaviors people in a minding
relationship should make positive attributions, description, and/ or explanation of
each other’s behavior
14._________________No matter how hard one person tries to establish a
positive foundation in a relationship, the lack of matching response from the
partner will ultimately undermine the overall quality of the relationship
15._________________For the relationship to last, all 5 must continue
throughout the relationship’s life.
16._________________is the beliefs, customs, arts, etc., of a particular society.
17._________________ They tried to understand collective behaviors as mass
social psychology.
18._________________are mutual support pacts.
19._________________is one example of diverse forms of collective behavior,
including fads, rumors, strikes, panics, rubber-necking, football riots, lynch mobs,
herd stamped, etc.
20._________________they are weak.
POST-TEST
1. ______________________.
2. ______________________.
3. ______________________.
4. ______________________.
5. ______________________.
6. ______________________.
7. ______________________.
1. ______________________.
101
2. ______________________.
a. ______________________.
b. ______________________.
c. ______________________.
d. ______________________.
EXTENSION
102
5 – Very satisfactory
3 - Satisfactory
1 - Poor
Comments/Suggestions:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY;
References:
103
OAKESHOTT, MICHAEL., Rational Conduct, Cambridge Journal, Vol, 3.
OAKESHOTT, MICHAEL., Political Education, Bowes and Bowes, 1951
PARETO, VILFREDO, The Mind and Society, New York, Harcourt Brace, 1935.
PARSONS, TALCOTT, The Structure of Social Action, Allen & Unwin, 1949.
POPPER, KARL, The Open Society and Its Enemies, Routledge & Kegan Paul,
1945.
POPPER, KARL, The Poverty of Historicism, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1957.
RENNER, KARL (with Introduction by O.KAHNFREUND), The Instituitions of
Private Law and Their Social Function, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1949.
RYLE, GILBERT, The Concept of Mind, Hutchinson, 1949.
SHERIF, M. & SHERIF, C., An Outline of Social Psychology, New York, Harper,
1956.
SIMMEL, GEORG, Social Conflict, Glencoe, Free Press, 1955.
STRAWSON, P.F., Critical Notice in Mind , Vol. LXIII, No. 249, pp.84 ff.
Introduction
Society is pertaining to the people in general thought of as living together in
an organized communities with shared laws, traditions and values.
Materials/Resources:
Computer/Laptop
Internet Access
PowerPoint Presentation
Video Clips
Handouts
104
Journal in NGEC 10
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
Life Chances refers to the chances throughout one’s life cycle to live and to
experience the good things in life.
Traditionally, the family has been viewed as the principal unit in the class
system.
Social Class
Social classes are formed when a number of people occupy the same
relative economic rank in the stratification system. Privilege refers to the
distribution of goods and services, situations and experiences that are highly
valued and beneficial. Class privileges are based on the systematic linkages
between families and society.
105
Gender
The sex-gender system is the stratification system that assigns women’s and
men’s role unequally. Sex roles refers to behaviors determined by an individual’s
biological sex. Patriarchy is the term for forms of social organization in which men
are dominant over women.
Theories of Stratification
Order Theory
Order theorists argue that social inequality is universal and natural. They
argue that inequality serves as a basic function by motivating the most talented
people to perform the most important tasks.
Conflict Theory
Conflict theorists argues that social inequality is basically unjust and the
source of many social problems. They argues that the oppressed often accept
their deprivation as the result of false consciousness.
Biological Inferiority
The biological explanation of poverty is that the poor are innately inferior.
Some theorists have argued that certain categories of people are disadvantaged
because they are less well endowed mentally (a theoretical version of social
Darwinism).
Cultural Inferiority
106
The culture of poverty thesis contends that the poor are qualitatively different
in values and lifestyles from the successful and that these differences explain the
persistence of poverty from generation to generation.
Critics of innate inferiority and culture-of-poverty explanations charge that, in
blaming the victim, both theories ignore how social conditions trap individuals and
groups in poverty. The source of the problem lies not in the victims but in the way
society is organized to advantage some and disadvantage others.
Structural Theories
107
(Source: https//www.linked.com)
108
Stratification Differentiation
______3. Refers to the chances throughout one’s life cycle to live and to
experience the good things in life.
a.Social b.Social c. Life Chances d. Social Classes
Stratification Differentiation
______4. The principal unit in the class system.
a.Privelege b.Family c. Race d. Social Classes
______5. Formed when a number of people occupy the same relative economic
rank in the stratification system.
a.Privelege b.Family c. Race d. Social Classes
______6. Race is socially defined on the basis of a presumed common genetic
heritage resulting in distinguishing physical characteristics.
a.Privelege b.Family c. Race d. Ethnicity
______7. Refers to the condition of being culturally rather than physically
distinctive.
a.Gender b.Family c. Race d. Ethnicity
______8. The stratification system that assigns women’s and men’s role
unequally.
a.Gender b.Family c. Race d. Ethnicity
______9. Argue that inequality serves as a basic function by motivating the
most talented people to perform the most important tasks.
a.Order Theory b.Conflict Theory c. Biological d. Cultural
Inferiority Inferiority
______10. They argues that the oppressed often accept their deprivation as the
result of false consciousness.
a.Order Theory b.Conflict Theory c. Biological d. Cultural
Inferiority Inferiority
______11. They have argued that certain categories of people are
disadvantaged because they are less well endowed mentally (a theoretical
version of social Darwinism).
a.Order Theory b.Conflict Theory c. Biological d. Cultural
Inferiority Inferiority
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______12. The culture of poverty thesis contends that the poor are qualitatively
different in values and lifestyles from the successful and that these differences
explain the persistence of poverty from generation to generation.
a.Order Theory b.Conflict Theory c. Biological d. Cultural
Inferiority Inferiority
______13. Institutional Discrimination occurs when the customary ways of doing
things, prevailing attitudes and expectations, and accepted structural
arrangements work to the disadvantage of the poor.
a.Order Theory b.Structural c. Biological d. Cultural
Theory Inferiority Inferiority
______14. The basic tenet of capitalism--the primacy of maximizing profit--
promotes poverty in several ways.
a.Political Economy of b.Structural c. Biological d. Cultural
Society Theory Inferiority Inferiority
______15. The are constrained to pay their workers the least possible in wages
and benefits and make investment decisions without regard for their employees.
a.Employees b.Employers c. Laborers d. Agency
POST-TEST
EXTENSION
Social Stratification
Directions:
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2. Determine the difference between social stratification and social
differentiation.
3. Explain the importance of Social Stratification.
5 - Very satisfactory
3 - Satisfactory
1 - Poor
Comments/Suggestions:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY;
111
References:
112
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NEWCOMB, T.M., Social Psychology, Tavistock publications, 1952.
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OAKESHOTT, MICHAEL., Political Education, Bowes and Bowes, 1951
PALMIANO, DARIEL A. , Philosophy of a Human Person, 2015
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1945.
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RENNER, KARL (with Introduction by O.KAHNFREUND), The Instituitions of
Private Law and Their Social Function, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1949.
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Society, Supplementary Volume XXVIII.
RYLE, GILBERT, The Concept of Mind, Hutchinson, 1949.
SHERIF, M. & SHERIF, C., An Outline of Social Psychology, New York, Harper,
1956.
SIMMEL, GEORG, Conflict, Glencoe, Free Press, 1955.
STRAWSON, P.F., Critical Notice in Mind , Vol. LXIII, No. 249, pp.84 ff.
WEBER, MAX, Wirstschaft und Gesselschaft, Tübingen, Mohr, 1956.
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1922.
WELDON, T.D., The Vocabulary of Politics. Penguin Books, 1953.
AUTHOR’S VITAE
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Contact No. : 09305221129/09091962338
Email: Grace.veridiano78@yahoo.com
Bithplace: Castilla, Sorsogon
Address: Zone 2 Buendia St. Malitbog, Minalabac, 4414 Camarines Sur
Position: MPCF Associate Professor 1/DEPED -ANHS SHS Science Teacher
Husband: Jorge Solares Veridiano
Children: Jamil Lyka B. Veridiano
Yul Francis B. Veridiano
Marc Ringo B. Veridiano
Nova Jyn B. vERIDIANO
Parents: Loreta Latap Salomon
Ernesto Bustilla Baldovia
Address: Zone 4 Sto. Domingo, Bula 4430 Camarines Sur
Educational Background:
Primary Sto. Domingo Elem. School, Bula, C.S., 186-1992 Valedictorian
Secondary Pili Nationa HS, Pili, C.S., 1992-1996 Fifth Honors
Tertiary Central Bicol State University of Agriculture, Pili Main Campus,
1996-2000
Post-graduate Studies MSAED @ CBSUA Pili Main Campus, 2003-2004/20015-2016
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