Chapter-1

Sensor
What is sensor?
A sensor is a device which detects or measures a physical property and records,
indicates, or otherwise responds to it.
The purpose of a sensor is to detect a physical quantity and translate it into a
signal.

Active and Passive Sensor

Active sensors: Require an external source of
power (excitation voltage) that provides the
majority of the output power of the signal.

Passive sensors: The output power is almost

entirely provided by the measured signal
without an excitation voltage.

Analog and Digital Sensor

Analog sensor: There are different types of sensors that produce continuous
analog output signal and these sensors are considered as analog sensors. This
continuous output signal produced by the analog sensors is proportional to the
measurand.

Eg:-Temperature sensor, Accelerometer, Pulse rate heart sensor, Humidity

sensor.

Digital sensor:Electronic sensors or electrochemical sensors in which data

conversion and data transmission takes place digitally are called as digital
sensors. These digital sensors are replacing analog sensors as they are capable
of overcoming the drawbacks of analog sensors.

Note: Digital produce discrete signal &Analog produce continuous signal

Ultrasonic Sensor
An ultrasonic sensor is an instrument that measures the distance to an
object using ultrasonic sound waves.
An ultrasonic sensor uses a transducer to send and receive ultrasonic
pulses that relay back information about an object’s proximity.
High-frequency sound waves reflect from boundaries to produce distinct
echo patterns.

Ultrasonic Sensor Pin Configuration

HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor - Working
The HC-SR04 Ultrasonic (US) sensor is a 4 pin module, whose pin names are
Vcc, Trigger, Echo and Ground respectively. This sensor is a very popular sensor
used in many applications where measuring distance or sensing objects are
required. The module has two eyes like projects in the front which forms the
Ultrasonic transmitter and Receiver. The sensor works with the simple high
school formula that
Distance = Speed × Time
The Ultrasonic transmitter transmits an ultrasonic wave, this wave travels in air
and when it gets objected by any material it gets reflected back toward the
sensor this reflected wave is observed by the Ultrasonic receiver module.

HC-SR04 Sensor Features

 Operating voltage: +5V
 Theoretical Measuring Distance: 2cm to 450cm
 Practical Measuring Distance: 2cm to 80cm
 Accuracy: 3mm
 Measuring angle covered: <15°
 Operating Current: <15mA
 Operating Frequency: 40Hz

Applications
 Used to avoid and detect obstacles
with robots like biped robot, obstacle
avoider robot, path finding robot etc.
 Used to measure the distance within a
wide range of 2cm to 400cm
 Can be used to map the objects
surrounding the sensor by rotating it
 Depth of certain places like wells, pits
etc can be measured since the waves
can penetrate through water
PIR Sensor
The PIR sensor stands for Passive Infrared sensor. It is a low cost sensor which
can detect the presence of Human beings or animals. This sensor has three
output pins Vcc, Output and Ground.

Since the output pin is 3.3V TTL logic it can be used with any platforms like
Arduino, Raspberry, etc.
here are two important materials present in the sensor one is the pyroelectric
crystal which can detect the heat signatures from a living organism
(humans/animals) and the other is a Fresnel lenses which can widen the
range of the sensor. The white colour things is just a lense that is used to
widen the range of the sensor, if you remove the lense you can find the
Pyroelectric sensor inside it covered inside a protective metal casing.

Pin Configuration

PIR Sensor Features

 Wide range on input voltage varying from 4.V to 12V (+5V recommended)
 Output voltage is High/Low (3.3V TTL)
 Can distinguish between object movement and human movement.
 Has to operating modes - Repeatable(H) and Non- Repeatable(H).
 Cover distance of about 120° and 7 meters.
 Low power consumption of 65mA.
 Operating temperature from -20° to +80° Celsius.

Applications
 Automatic
Street/Garage/Warehouse
or Garden Lights
 Burglar Alarms
 Security cams as motion
detectors
 Industrial Automation
Control
IR Sensor
The IR (Infrared Sensor) sensor
module consists mainly of the IR
Transmitter and Receiver,
Opamp,Variable Resistor (Trimmer
pot), output LED.
IR LED Transmitter
IR LED emits light, in the range of
Infrared frequency. IR light is invisible
to us as its wavelength (700nm –
1mm) is much higher than the visible
light range. IR LEDs have light
emitting angle of approx. 20-60
degree and range of approx. few centimeters to several feets, it depends upon
the type of IR transmitter and the manufacturer. Some transmitters have the
range in kilometers. IR LED white or transparent in colour, so it can give out
amount of maximum light.
Photodiode Receiver
Photodiode acts as the IR receiver as its conducts when light falls on it.
Photodiode is a semiconductor which has a P-N junction, operated in Reverse
Bias, means it start conducting the current in reverse direction when Light falls
on it, and the amount of current flow is proportional to the amount of Light.
This property makes it useful for IR detection. Photodiode looks like a LED,
with a black colour coating on its outer side, Black colour absorbs the highest
amount of light.
Pin Configuration

IR Sensor Module Features

 5VDC Operating voltage
 I/O pins are 5V and 3.3V compliant
 Range: Up to 20cm
 Adjustable Sensing range
 Built-in Ambient Light Sensor
 20mA supply current
 Mounting hole

Applications

 Obstacle Detection
 Industrial safety devices
 Wheel encoder
IR Array Sensor
The IR array is an array of five IR sensors that are configured and read as
digital bits.(no. of array sensor varies)

IR ARRAY SENSOR

Pin Configuration

IR transmitter & receiver TSOP 1738

The TSOP1738. – series are miniaturized receivers for
infrared remote control systems. PIN diode and
preamplifier are assembled on lead frame, the epoxy
package is designed as IR filter. The demodulated output
signal can directly be decoded by a microprocessor.

Pin Configuration

TSOP-1738 Characteristics
 Minimum and Maximum Input Voltage is -0.3 and 5V respectively. Typically
+5V is used.
 Can detect IR signals from Remotes (38kHz)
 Operating current: 5mA
 High Range and wide coverage area.
 Will respond only to IR signals, due to high immunity against ambient light
 Low power consumption
 Has in-built pre amplifier
 TTL and CMOS compatible

TSOP-1738 Applications
 Receive IR signals
 Decode Remote signals
 Analyse, re-create or duplicate remote Signals
 Wireless control applications
 Receiver circuit for IR remote controls
 IR Remote tester circuits

MQ Sensor
The MQ series of gas sensors use a small heater inside with an electro-
chemical sensor.

They are sensitive for a range of gasses and are used indoors at room
temperature.They can be calibrated more or less (see the section about "Load-
resistor" and "Burn-in") but a know concentration of the measured gas or
gasses is needed for that.
The output is an analog signal and can be read with an analog input of the
Arduino.

List of MQ series sensors

MQ-2
 Sensitive for Methane, Butane, LPG, smoke.
 This sensor is sensitive for flammable and combustible gasses.
 The heater uses 5V.

MQ-3
 Sensitive for Alcohol, Ethanol, smoke
 The heater uses 5V

MQ-4
 Sensitive for Methane, CNG Gas
 The heater uses 5V.

MQ-5
 Sensitive for Natural gas, LPG
 The heater uses 5V.

MQ-6
 Sensitive for LPG, butane gas
 The heater uses 5V.

MQ-7
 Sensitive for Carbon Monoxide
 The heater uses an alternating voltage of 5V and
1.4V.

MQ-8
 Sensitive for Hydrogen Gas
 The heater uses 5V.
MQ135
 For Air Quality
 Sensitive for Benzene, Alcohol, smoke.
 The heater uses 5V.
Pin Configuration

s.no Pin Description

no.

Features:

 Operating Voltage is +5V

 Can be used to Measure or detect LPG, Alcohol, Propane, Hydrogen, CO
and even methane.
 Analog output voltage: 0V to 5V
 Digital Output Voltage: 0V or 5V (TTL Logic)
 Preheat duration 20 seconds
 Can be used as a Digital or analog sensor

NOTE: The Sensitivity of Digital pin can be varied using the potentiometer.
.

Soil Moisture Sensor

The soil moisture sensor consists of
two probes which are used to
measure the volumetric content of
water. The two probes allow the
current to pass through the soil and
then it gets the resistance value to
measure the moisture value.

When there is more water, the soil

will conduct more electricity which
means that there will be less
resistance. Therefore, the moisture
level will be higher. Dry soil
conducts electricity poorly, so when
there will be less water, then the
soil will conduct less electricity which means that there will be more
resistance. Therefore, the moisture level will be lower.

This sensor can be connected in two modes; Analog mode and digital mode.
First, we will connect it in Analog mode and then we will use it in Digital mode.

Features:
 Input voltage – 3.3 – 5V.
 Output Voltage –0 – 4.2V.
 Input Current–35mA.
 Output Signal–Both Analog and Digital.

Pin Configuration
The soil Moisture sensor FC-28 has four pins
 VCC: For power
 A0: AnALOg output
 D0: Digital output
 GND: Ground
Application:

 Automatic water filling in farms or pots.

  Water level detection in soil.
 Smart farming
 Automatic water supply.

Raindrop Sensor
The rain sensor module is an easy tool for
rain detection. It can be used as a switch
when raindrop falls through the raining
board and also for measuring rainfall
intensity. The module features, a rain
board and the control board that is
separate for more convenience, power
indicator LED and an adjustable sensitivity
though a potentiometer.

The analog output is used in detection of

drops in the amount of rainfall. Connected
to 5V power supply, the LED will turn on when induction board has no rain
drop, and DO output is high. When dropping a little amount water, DO output
is low, the switch indicator will turn on. Brush off the water droplets, and when
restored to the initial state, outputs high level.

Features:

 Operating voltage:5V
 Provide both digital and analog output
 Adjustable sensitivity
 Output LED indicator
 Compatible with Arduino
 TTL Compatible
Pin Configuration
  VCC: 5V DC
 GND: ground
 DO: high/low output
 AO: analog output

Application:

 For making rain alarm.

 It will help us to save rain water.
Flex Sensor
A flex sensor or bend sensor is
a sensor that measures the
amount of deflection or bending.
Usually, the sensor is stuck to the
surface, and resistance of sensor
element is varied by bending the
surface. Since the resistance is
directly proportional to the
amount of bend it is used
as goniometer, and often called
flexible potentiometer.

Flex sensors are usually available

in two sizes. One is 2.2 inch and another is 4.5 inch. Although the sizes are
different the basic function remains the same. They are also divided based on
resistance. There are LOW resistance, MEDIUM resistance and HIGH resistance
types. Choose the appropriate type depending on requirement. Here we are
going to discuss 2.2inch Flex sensor that is FS-L-0055.
FLEX SENSOR terminal resistance changes when it is bent.

Pin Configuration
Flex sensor is a two terminal device. The Flex sensor does not have polarized
terminals like diode. So there is no positive and negative

Pin Number Description

P1 Usually connected to positive of power source.

P2 Usually connected to ground.

Features and Specifications

 Operating voltage of FLEX SENSOR: 0-5V

 Can operate on LOW voltages
 Power rating : 0.5Watt (continuous), 1 Watt (peak)
 Life: 1 million
 Operating temperature: -45ºC to +80ºC
 Flat Resistance: 25K Ω
 Resistance Tolerance: ±30%
 Bend Resistance Range: 45K to 125K Ohms(depending on bend)

Applications

 Robotics
 Gaming (Virtual Motion)
 Medical Devices
 Computer Peripherals
 Musical Instruments
 Physical Therapy
Force Pressure Sensor
Force Pressure Sensor are a polymer thick
film (PTF) device which exhibits a decrease in
resistance with an increase in the force
applied to the active surface. Its force
sensitivity is optimized for use in human
touch control of electronic devices. These are
not suitable for precision measurements.

Force sensors are available in different sizes

and shapes. Although the sizes and shapes
are different the basic function remains the
same.
FORCE SENSOR terminal resistance decreases when pressure is applied on the surface.

Pin Configuration
FORCE sensor is a two terminal device. The Force sensor does not have
polarized terminals like diode. So there is no positive and negative.

Pin Number Description

P1 Terminal one of sensor

P2 Terminal two of sensor

Features and Specifications

 Actuation force as low as 0.2N

 Sensitivity range up to 20N
 Cost effective
 Ultra thin
 Simple and easy to integrate
 Operating temperature: -40ºC to +85ºC
 Bend Resistance Range: 100K to 1K Ohms(depending on force)
Applications

 Escalators
 We can me smart shoes using it.

Color Recognition Sensor

1. This Arduino compatible TCS3200 color sensor module consist of a
TAOS TCS3200 RGB sensor chip and 4 white LEDs. The main part of the
module is the TCS3200 chip which is a Color Light-to-Frequency
Converter.
2. The white LEDs are used for providing proper lighting for the sensor to
detect the object colour correctly. This chip can sense a wide variety of
colours and it gives the output in the form of corresponding frequency.
3. The sensor has four different types of filter covered diodes. In the 8 x 8
array of photodiodes, 16 photodiodes have Red filters, 16 have Blue
filters, 16 have Green filters and the rest 16 photodiodes are clear with
no filters.
4. Each type can be activated using the S2, S3 selection inputs. Since each
photodiodes are coated with different filters each of them can detect
the corresponding colours. For example, when choosing the red filter,
only red incident light can get through, blue and green will be
prevented.
5. By measuring the frequency, we get the red light intensity. Similarly,
when choose other filters we can get blue or green light.
6. We can also set the frequency scaling option by using the S0, S1 select
lines. Normally, in Arduino 20% frequency scaling is used.
Pin Configuration

PINNAME PINNUMBER DESCRIPTION

GND 4 Power supply ground. All voltages are reference to the ground.

VCC 5 Supply voltage

OE 3 Enable for FO (Active low)

OUT 6 Output frequency (fo)

S0, S1 1, 2 Select lines for output frequency scaling

S2, S3 7,8 Select lines for photodiode type.

Features and Specifications

 Input voltage: (2.7V to 5.5V)

 Interface: Digital TTL
 High-resolution conversion of light intensity to frequency
 Programmable colour and full-scale output frequency
 No need of ADC(Can be directly connected to the digital pins of the
microcontroller)
 Power down feature
 Working temperature: -40oC to 85oC
 Size: 28.4x28.4mm(1.12x1.12")

Application
 True colour recognition
 Colour mark detection
Sound Sensor
The sound sensor is one type of module used to notice the sound. Generally,
this module is used to detect the intensity of sound. The applications of this
module mainly include switch, security, as well as monitoring. The accuracy of
this sensor can be changed for the ease of usage.

This sensor employs a microphone to provide input to buffer, peak detector

and an amplifier. This sensor notices a sound, & processes an o/p voltage
signal to a microcontroller. After that, it executes required processing.

This sensor is capable to determine noise levels within DB’s or decibels at 3 kHz
6 kHz frequencies approximately wherever the human ear is sensitive. In
smartphones, there is an android application namely decibel meter used to
measure the sound level.

Pin Configuration
 Pin1 (DO): This is an Digital output pin.
 Pin2 (VCC): 3.3V DC to 5V DC.
 Pin3 (GND): This is aground pin.
 Pin4 (AO): This is an Analog output pin.

Features
  These sensors are very simple to use
 It gives analog o/p signal
 Simply incorporates using logic modules on the input area.

Specifications
 The range of operating voltage is 3.⅗ V
 The operating current is 4~5 mA
 The voltage gain 26 dB ((V=6V, f=1kHz)
 The sensitivity of the microphone (1kHz) is 52 to 48 dB
 The impedance of the microphone is 2.2k Ohm
 The frequency of m microphone is16 to 20 kHz
 The signal to noise ratio is 54 dB

Applications
 Security system for Office or Home
 Spy Circuit
 Home Automation
 Robotics
 Smart Phones
 Ambient sound recognition
 Audio amplifier
 Sound level recognition (not capable to
obtain precise dB value)
Temperature Sensor(LM35)
LM35 is a precession Integrated circuit Temperature
sensor, whose output voltage varies, based on the
temperature around it. It is a small and cheap IC which
can be used to measure temperature anywhere
between -55°C to 150°C. The LM35 device does not
require any external calibration or trimming.

Pin Configuration:

Pin Pin Description

Number Name

1 Vcc Input voltage is +5V for typical applications

2 Analog There will be increase in 10mV for raise of every 1°C.

Out
Can range from -1V(-55°C) to 6V(150°C)

3 Ground Connected to ground of circuit

Features:

 Can measure temperature ranging from -55°C to 150°C

 ±0.5°C Accuracy
 Drain current is less than 60uA
 Low cost temperature sensor
 Small and hence suitable for remote applications

Applications:

 Measuring temperature of a particular

environment
 Providing thermal shutdown for a
circuit/component
 Monitoring Battery Temperature
Humidity & Temperature Sensor
The DHT11 is a commonly
used Temperature and humidity
sensor. The sensor comes with a dedicated
NTC to measure temperature and an 8-bit
microcontroller to output the values of
temperature and humidity as serial data.
The sensor is also factory calibrated and
hence easy to interface with other
microcontrollers.
The sensor can measure temperature from
0°C to 50°C and humidity from 20% to 90%
with an accuracy of ±1°C and ±1%.

Pin Configuration:

No: Pin Name Description

For Sensor

1 Vcc Power supply 3.5V to 5.5V

2 Data Outputs both Temperature and Humidity through serial Data

3 NC No Connection and hence not used

4 Ground Connected to the ground of the circuit

For module

1 Vcc Power supply 3.5V to 5.5V

2 Data Outputs both Temperature and Humidity through serial Data

3 Ground Connected to the ground of the circuit

Specifications:

 Operating Voltage: 3.5V to 5.5V

 Operating current: 0.3mA (measuring) 60uA (standby)
 Output: Serial data
 Temperature Range: 0°C to 50°C
 Humidity Range: 20% to 90%
 Resolution: Temperature and Humidity both are 16-bit
 Accuracy: ±1°C and ±1%

Other Temperature Sensors:

Thermocouple, TMP100, LM75, DS18820, SHT15, LM35DZ, TPA81, D6T

Applications:

 Measure temperature and humidity

 Local Weather station
 Automatic climate control
 Environment monitoring.
Water Flow Sensor
Water Flow sensor is basically used to take a note of how much water has
been transferred from one area to the other. Water flow sensor consists of a
plastic valve body, a water rotor and a hall-effect sensor. When water flows
through the rotor, the rotor start rolling after feeling the pressure. Its speed
changes with different rate of flow. The hall-effect sensor outputs the
corresponding pulse signal.

This sensor sits in line with your water line and contains a pinwheel sensor to
measure how much liquid has moved through it. There’s an integrated
magnetic hall effect sensor that outputs an electrical pulse with every
revolution. The hall effect sensor is sealed from the water pipe and allows the
sensor to stay safe and dry.

The sensor comes with three wires: red

(5-24VDC power), black (ground) and
yellow (Hall effect pulse output). By
counting the pulses from the output of
the sensor, you can easily
calculate water flow rate. Each pulse is
approximately 2.25 millilitres. Note this
isn’t a precision sensor, and the pulse
rate does vary a bit depending on the
flow rate, fluid pressure and sensor
orientation. It will need careful calibration if better than 10% precision is
required.

Features:
 Sensor Type: Hall effect
 Working Voltage: 5 to 18V DC (min tested working voltage 4.5V)
 Max current draw: 15mA @ 5V
 Output Type: 5V TTL
 Working Flow Rate: 1 to 30 Liters /Minute
 Working Temperature range: -25 to +80℃
 Working Humidity Range: 35%-80% RH
 Accuracy: ±10%
 Maximum water pressure: 2.0 MPa
 Output duty cycle: 50% +-10%
 Output rise time: 0.04us
 Output fall time: 0.18us
 Flow rate pulse characteristics: Frequency (Hz) = 7.5 * Flow rate (L/min)
 Pulses per Liter: 450
 Durability: minimum 300,000 cycles

Applications:

 Paddlewheel Sensors

 Positive Displacement Flow

Meter
Touch Sensor

Touch Sensors are the electronic sensors that can detect touch. They operate
as a switch when touched. These sensors are used in lamps, touch screens of
the mobile, etc… Touch sensors offer an intuitive user interface.

Touch sensors work similar to a switch. When they are subjected to touch,
pressure or force they get activated and acts as a closed switch. When the
pressure or contact is removed they act as an open switch.

Capacitive touch sensor

Capacitive sensors work by
measuring capacitance and are
seen in portable devices. These are
durable, robust and attractive with
low cost. Resistive sensors don’t
depend on any electrical
properties for operation. These
sensors work by measuring the
pressure applied to their surface.

Applications

Capacitor sensors are easily available and are

of very low cost. These sensors are highly
used in mobile phones, iPods, automotive,
small home appliances, etc… These are also
used for measuring pressure, distance, etc…

NOTE:A drawback of these sensors is that

they can give a false alarm.
MPR121

MPR121 Proximity Capacitive Touch Sensor Controller features 12 electrodes

with an independent calibration feature.
The independent calibration simplifies designing touch applications for
portable low-power electronic products.
This proximity capacitive touch sensor controller builds on the MPR031
proximity touch sensor, adding an updated configuration system without
increasing complexity.
MPR121 also includes a hardware configurable I²C address, an expanded
filtering system with debounce, and independent electrodes with auto-
configuration built in.

Features:

 1.71V to 3.6V operation

 29μA supply current at 16ms sample period
 3μA shutdown current
 12 electrodes
 I²C interface, with IRQ output to advise electrode status changes
 3mm x 3mm x 0.65mm 20-lead QFN package
 LED driver functionality with 8 shared LEDs
 -40°C to +85°C operating temperature range.

Applications

 PC Peripherals
 MP3 Players
 Remote Controls
 Mobile Phones
 Lighting Controls
Metal Touch Sensor
A metal touch sensor is a type of switch that only operates when it's touched
by a charged body. It has a high-frequency transistor which can conduct
electricity when receiving electromagnetic signals.

Pin Configuration
 Pin1 (DO): This is an Digital output pin.
 Pin2 (+): 3.3V DC to 5V DC.
 Pin3 (G): This is aground pin.
 Pin4 (AO): This is an Analog output pin.
Pulse Rate Heart Sensor
Pulse Sensor is a well-designed plug-and-play heart-rate
sensor for Arduino. It can be used by students, artists,
athletes, makers, and game & mobile developers who
want to easily incorporate live heart rate data into their
projects.
The working of the Pulse/Heart beat sensor is very
simple. The sensor has two sides, on one side the LED is
placed along with an ambient light sensor and on the
other side we have some circuitry.
This circuitry is responsible for the amplification and
noise cancellation work. The LED on the front side of
the sensor is placed over a vein in our human body.
This can either be your Finger tip or you ear tips, but it
should be placed directly on top of a vein.
Now the LED emits light which will fall on the vein
directly. The veins will have blood flow inside them
only when the heart is pumping, so if we monitor the
flow of blood we can monitor the heart beats as well.

Pin Configuration

Pin Number Pin Name Wire Colour Description

1 Ground Black Connected to the ground of the system

2 Vcc Red Connect to +5V or +3.3V supply voltage

3 Signal Purple Pulsating output signal.

Features:

 Biometric Pulse Rate or Heart Rate detecting sensor

 Plug and Play type sensor
  Operating Voltage: +5V or +3.3V
 Current Consumption: 4mA
 Inbuilt Amplification and Noise cancellation circuit.
 Diameter: 0.625”
 Thickness: 0.125” Thick

NOTE:This sensor is not medical or FDA approved. It is purely intended for

hobby projects/demos and should not be use for health critical applications.
Applications

 Sleep Tracking.
 Anxiety monitoring.
 Remote patient monitoring/alarm
system.
 Health bands.
 Advanced gaming consoles.
Light Dependent Resister
A photo-resistor or LDR is an active component that
decreases resistance with
respect to receiving luminosity on the component's sensitive
surface. The resistance of a photo-resistor decreases with
increase in incident light intensity.
The Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)has no polarity. Meaning
they can be connected in any direction.

LDR Module
Photosensitive sensor module is the most
sensitive for the environmental light
intensity and it is generally used for
detecting the ambient brightness and
intensity of the environment. Without
light intensity it will not reach the
threshold resulting for low level output
but, when the external environment light
intensity exceeds the set threshold it will
result for a high level output.

Specifications
 Operating Voltage: 3.3V to 5V DC
 Operating Current: 15ma
 Output Digital - 0V to 5V, Adjustable trigger level from preset
 Output Analog - 0V to 5V based on light falling on the LDR
 LEDs indicating output and power
 PCB Size: 3.2cm x 1.4cm
 LM393 based design

Pin Configuration

 VCC = 3.3V to 5V DC
 GND = Ground
 DO = Digital Output
 AO = Analog Output
Application
 LDRs are used in Light Sensors
 LDR is also used in some cameras
to detect the presence of the
light.
 LDRs are used Ligh Intensity
measurement meters.
 In the manufacturing industry,
LDR is used as a sensor for the
counting of the packets moving on
a conveyor belt.
 LDRs are also used in Light Activated Control Circuits.
 LDRs are used in Street Lights which are automatically turn ON in the
night time.

Global Positioning System (GPS)

GPS (Global Positioning
System) module simply checks
its location on earthand
provides output data which is
longitude and latitude of its
position.

Pin Configuration

Pin Name Description

VCC Positive power pin

RX UART receive pin

TX UART transmit pin

GND Ground
Features:
 Standalone GPS receiver
 Anti-jamming technology
 UART Interface at the output pins (Can use SPI ,I2C and USB by soldering
pins to the chip core)
 Under 1 second time-to-first-fix for hot and aided starts
 Receiver type: 50 Channels - GPS L1 frequency - SBAS (WAAS, EGNOS,
MSAS, GAGAN)
 Time-To-First-fix: For Cold Start 32s, For Warm Start 23s, For Hot Start
<1s
 Maximum navigation update rate: 5Hz
 Default baud rate: 9600bps
 EEPROM with battery backup
 Sensitivity: -160dBm
 Supply voltage: 3.6V
 Maximum DC current at any output: 10mA
 Operation limits: Gravity-4g, Altitude-50000m, Velocity-500m/s
 Operating temperature range: -40ºC TO 85°C
Applications
 GPS application
 Smart phone and tablets
 Navigation systems
 Drones
 Hobby projects

Global System for

Mobile Communication (GSM)
GSM is a mobile communication modem; it is stands for global system for
mobile communication (GSM).

There are various cell sizes in a GSM system such as macro, micro, pico and
umbrella cells. Each cell varies as per the implementation domain. There are
five different cell sizes in a GSM network macro, micro, pico and umbrella cells.
The coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementation
environment

SIM900A GSM Module

The SIM900A is a readily
available GSM/GPRS
module,used in many mobile
phones and PDA. The module
can also be used for
developing IOT (Internet of
Things) and Embedded
Applications. SIM900A is a
dual-band GSM/GPRS engine
that works on frequencies
EGSM 900MHz and DCS
1800MHz.
Features:
 Single supply voltage: 3.4V – 4.5V
 Power saving mode: Typical power consumption in SLEEP mode is 1.5mA
 Frequency bands: SIM900A Dual-band: EGSM900, DCS1800. The
SIM900A can search the two frequency bands automatically. The
frequency bands also can be set by AT command.
 GSM class: Small MS
 GPRS connectivity: GPRS multi-slot class 10 (default) , GPRS multi-slot
class 8 (option)
 Transmitting power: Class 4 (2W) at EGSM 900, Class 1 (1W) at DCS 1800
 Operating Temperature: -30ºC to +80ºC
 Storage Temperature: -5ºC to +90ºC
 DATA GPRS: download transfer max is 85.6KBps, Upload transfer max
42.8KBps
 Supports CSD, USSD, SMS, FAX
 Supports MIC and Audio Input.
 Speaker Input.
 Features keypad interface.
 Features display interface.
 Features Real Time Clock.
 Supports UART interface.
 Supports single SIM card.
 Firmware upgrade by debug port.
 Communication by using AT commands.

Pin Configuration
 RXD – Pin10 – To receive the data
 TXD – Pin 9- To send the data
 RTS – Pin8 – To send the request of data transmission
 CTS – Pin7 – To clear the send request
 RI – Pin4 – Ring indicator
 DSR – Pin6 – To indicate that data set ready
 DCD – Pin5 – To indicate data carry detect
 DTR – Pin3 – To indicate data terminal ready

Applications
 Cellular Communication
 Robotics
 Mobile Phone Accessories
  Servers
 Computer Peripherals
 Automobile
 USB Dongles

Bluetooth Module
The HC-05 is a very cool module which can add two-way (full-duplex) wireless
functionality to your projects. You can use this module to communicate
between two microcontrollers like Arduino or
communicate with any device with Bluetooth
functionality like a Phone or Laptop. There are
many android applications that are already
available which makes this process a lot easier.
The module communicates with the help of
USART at 9600 baud rate hence it is easy to
interface with any microcontroller that supports
USART.

Pin Configuration

Pin Pin Name Description

Number

1 Enable / This pin is used to toggle between Data Mode (set low) and
Key
AT command mode (set high). By default it is in Data mode

2 Vcc Powers the module. Connect to +5V Supply voltage

3 Ground Ground pin of module, connect to system ground.

4 TX – Transmits Serial Data. Everything received via Bluetooth

Transmitter
will be given out by this pin as serial data.
5 RX – Receive Serial Data. Every serial data given to this pin will be
Receiver broadcasted via Bluetooth

6 State The state pin is connected to on board LED, it can be used as a

feedback to check if Bluetooth is working properly.

7 LED Indicates the status of Module

 Blink once in 2 sec: Module has entered Command Mode
 Repeated Blinking: Waiting for connection in Data Mode
 Blink twice in 1 sec: Connection successful in Data Mode

8 Button Used to control the Key/Enable pin to toggle between Data and
command Mode

HC-05 Default Settings

 Default Bluetooth Name: “HC-05”
 Default Password: 1234 or 0000
 Default Communication: Slave
 Default Mode: Data Mode
 Data Mode Baud Rate: 9600, 8, N, 1
 Command Mode Baud Rate: 38400, 8, N, 1
  Default firmware: LINVOR

HC-05 Technical Specifications

 Serial Bluetooth module for Arduino and other microcontrollers

 Operating Voltage: 4V to 6V (Typically +5V)
 Operating Current: 30mA
 Range: <100m
 Works with Serial communication (USART) and TTL compatible
 Follows IEEE 802.15.1 standardized protocol
 Uses Frequency-Hopping Spread spectrum (FHSS)
 Can operate in Master, Slave or Master/Slave mode
 Can be easily interfaced with Laptop or Mobile phones with Bluetooth
 Supported baud rate: 9600,19200,38400,57600,115200,230400,460800.

Applications
 Wireless communication between two
microcontrollers
 Communicate with Laptop, Desktops
and mobile phones
 Data Logging application
 Consumer applications
 Wireless Robots
 Home Automation

Wi-fi module (ESP8266)

The ESP8266 is a very user friendly and low cost device to provide internet
connectivity to your projects. The module can work both as a Access point (can
create hotspot) and as a station
(can connect to Wi-Fi), hence it can
easily fetch data and upload it to
the internet making Internet of
Things as easy as possible.

It can also fetch data from internet

using API’s hence your project
could access any information that is
available in the internet, thus
making it smarter. Another exciting
feature of this module is that it can
be programmed using the Arduino IDE which makes it a lot more user
friendly.There are so many methods and IDEs available to with ESP modules,
but the most commonly used on is the Arduino IDE.

Features
 Low cost, compact and powerful Wi-Fi Module
 Power Supply: +3.3V only
 Current Consumption: 100mA
 I/O Voltage: 3.6V (max)
 I/O source current: 12mA (max)
 Built-in low power 32-bit MCU @ 80MHz
 512kB Flash Memory
 Can be used as Station or Access Point or both combined
 Supports Deep sleep (<10uA)
 Supports serial communication hence compatible with many
development platform like Arduino
 Can be programmed using Arduino IDE or AT-commands or Lua Script

Pin Configuration
 Pin Pin Name Alternate Normally used for Alternate purpose
Number Name

1 Ground - Connected to the ground of the -

circuit

2 TX GPIO – 1 Connected to Rx pin of Can act as a General purpose

programmer/uC to upload program Input/output pin when not used as
TX

7 RX GPIO - 3 General purpose Input/output pin Can act as a General purpose

Input/output pin when not used as
RX

8 Vcc - Connect to +3.3V only

Applications
 IOT Projects
 Access Point Portals
 Wireless Data logging
 Smart Home Automation
 Learn basics of networking
 Portable Electronics
 Smart bulbs and Sockets
Triple Axis Accelerometer
Accelerometer :
An accelerometer is an electromechanical device used to measure
acceleration forces. Such forces may be static, like the continuous
force of gravity or, as is the case with many mobile devices, dynamic
to sense movement or vibrations. Acceleration is the measurement of
the change in velocity, or speed divided by time.

Triple Axis Accelerometer :

This Accelerometer module is based on the popular ADXL335 three-axis analog
accelerometer IC, which reads off the X, Y and Z acceleration as analog
voltages. By measuring the amount of acceleration due to gravity, an
accelerometer can figure out the angle it is tilted at with respect to the earth.
By sensing the amount of dynamic acceleration, the accelerometer can find out
how fast and in what direction the device is moving.

ADXL335 is 3 axis accelerometer with on board

voltage regulator IC and signal conditioned
Analog voltage output. The module is made up
of ADXL335 from Analog Devices. The product
measures acceleration with a minimum full-
scale range of ±3 g. It can measure the static
acceleration of gravity in tilt-sensing
applications, as well as dynamic acceleration resulting from motion, shock, or
vibration.

Pin Configuration

Features:
 3V-6V DC Supply Voltage
 Onboard LDO Voltage regulator
 Can be interface with 3V3 or 5V Microcontroller.
 All necessary Components are populated.
 Ultra Low Power: 40uA in measurement mode, 0.1uA in standby@ 2.5V
 Tap/Double Tap Detection
 Free-Fall Detection
 Analog output
Triple Axis Magnetometer
Magnetometer:
The magnetometer sensor in your tablet or smartphone also utilizes the
modern solid state technology to create a miniature Hall-effect sensor that
detects the Earth's magnetic field along three vertical axes X, Y and Z.

Triple Axis Magnetometer:

It provides advantages over other
magnetic sensor technologies. These
anisotropic, directional sensors feature
precision in-axis sensitivity and linearity.
These sensors’ solid-state construction
with very low cross-axis sensitivity is
designed to measure both the direction
and the magnitude of Earth’s magnetic
fields, from milli-gauss to 8 gauss.

Its circuit is a trio of sensors and

application specific support circuits to
measure magnetic fields. With power supply applied, the sensor converts any
incident magnetic field in the sensitive axis directions to a differential voltage
output. These are made of a nickel-iron thin-film and patterned as a resistive
strip element. In the presence of a magnetic field, a change in the bridge
resistive elements causes a corresponding change in voltage across the bridge
outputs.

Pin Configuration
 GND: Power supply ground
 +5v :Power supply input
 sda: Data line
 scl: Clock line
Features:
 I2C digital interface.
 3-axis magnetorestive sensors.
 Low voltage operations(2.16 to 3.6v) and low power
consumption(100micro A).
 Sensors can be used in strong magnetic field environments.
 12 bit ADC coupled with low noise level AMR sensors achieves 2 milli
gauss field resolution in +/-8 gauss fields.
 Popular two wire serial data interface for consumer electronics.
 Wide magnetic field range(+/-8 Oe).

Applications
 Weapon systems positioning.
 Heart beat monitors.
 Locating objects such as submarines,
sunken ships.
 Can be deployed in spacecraft.
 Weather prediction.
315Mhz RF Transmitter &Reciever
Module
This wireless transmitter and receiver pair operate at 315Mhz. They can easily
fit into a breadboard and work well with microcontrollers to create a very
simple wireless data link. Since these are only transmitters, they will only work
communicating data one-way, you would need two pairs (of different
frequencies) to act as a transmitter/receiver pair.

These modules are indiscriminate and will receive a fair amount of noise.Â
Both the transmitter and receiver work at common frequencies and don’t have
IDs. Therefore, a method of filtering this noise and pairing transmitter and
receiver will be necessary.

Receiver module parameters

 Product Model: MX-05V
 Operating voltage: DC5V
 Quiescent Current: 4mA
 Receiving frequency:315Mhz
 Receiver sensitivity:-105DB
 Size: 30 * 14 * 7mm
Technical parameters of the transmitter module
 Product Model: MX-FS-03V
 Launch distance :20-200 meters (different voltage, different results)
 Operating voltage :3.5-12V
 Dimensions: 19 * 19mm
 Operating mode: AM
 Transfer rate: 4KB / S
 Transmitting power: 10mW
 Transmitting frequency: 315Mhz
 An external antenna: 25cm ordinary multi-core or single-core line
 Pinout from left → right: (DATA; VCC; GND)

Pin Configuration
RF Transmitter part

 GND: Power supply ground

 +5v :Power supply input
 Data: for data transmission

RF Receiver part

 GND: Power supply ground

 +5v :Power supply input
 Data: to receive the data

Applications
 Remote control switch
 automobile anti-theft products,
 home security products, electric
doors, shutter doors, windows,
garage door
 remote control socket, remote
control LED,
RFID
The RC522 is a 13.56MHz RFID module that is based on the MFRC522
controller from NXP semiconductors. The module can supports I2C, SPI and
UART and normally is shipped with a RFID card and key fob.
It is commonly used in attendance systems and other person/object
identification applications.
The RC522 is a RF Module that consists of a RFID reader, RFID card and a key
chain. The module operates 13.56MHz which is industrial (ISM) band and
hence can be used without any license problem.
The module operates at 3.3V typically and hence commonly used in 3.3V
designs. It is normally used in application where certain person/object has to
be identified with a unique ID.
The keychain has 1kB memory in it which can be used to stored unique data.
The RC522 reader module can both read and write data into these memory
elements. The reader can read data only form passive tags that operate on
13.56MHz.
Pin Configuration

Pin Pin Name Description

Number

1 Vcc Used to Power the module, typically 3.3V is used

2 RST Reset pin – used to reset or power down the module

3 Ground Connected to Ground of system

4 IRQ Interrupt pin – used to wake up the module when a device comes
into range

5 MISO/SCL/Tx MISO pin when used for SPI communication, acts as SCL for I2c
and Tx for UART.

6 MOSI Master out slave in pin for SPI communication

7 SCK Serial Clock pin – used to provide clock source

8 SS/SDA/Rx Acts as Serial input (SS) for SPI communication, SDA for IIC and
Rx during UART

Features:
 13.56MHz RFID module
 Operating voltage: 2.5V to 3.3V
 Communication : SPI, I2C protocol, UART
 Maximum Data Rate: 10Mbps
 Read Range: 5cm
 Current Consumption: 13-26mA
 Power down mode consumption: 10uA (min)
Applications
 Automatic billing systems
 Attendance systems
 Verification/Identification system/security system
 Access control systems

Piezoelectric Plate
Piezoelectric plate is a
device that uses the
piezoelectric effect to
measure pressure,
acceleration, strain or
force by converting them
to an electrical charge.
Piezoelectricity is the
electricity generated by
piezo element by effect
called the piezoelectric effect.It is the ability of certain materials to generate an
AC (alternating current) voltage when
subjected to mechanical stress or
vibration, or to vibrate when subjected
to an AC voltage, or both.

Application
 Smart Tiles, smart shoes.
 Walking Energy Project
 Sonar
 Engine Testing
 Hearing Aids
Sound Playback Module
The Voice Record Module is based
message record/playback device.
It can offer true single‐chip voice
playback capability for 8 to 20
8.0 KHz to 3.2 KHz for the duration
This module use is very easy to use,
push button on board or by
STM32, Chip-Kit etc.
on the ISD1820 chip, a multiple‐
recording, non-volatile storage, and
seconds. The sample rate is between
of 8 to 20 Seconds for the Recorder.
which you could direct control by the
Microcontroller such as Arduino,

Specifications
 Push-button interface, playback can be edge or level activated
 Automatic power-down mode
 On-chip 8Ω speaker driver
 Signal 3V Power Supply
 Can be controlled both manually or by MCU
 Sample rate and duration changeable by replacing a single resistor
 Record up to 20 seconds of audio
 Dimensions: 37 x 54 mm

Pin-out
1. VCC– 3.3V power supply
2. GND– Power ground
3. REC – The REC input is an active‐HIGH record signal. The module starts
recording whenever REC is HIGH. This pin must remain HIGH for the
duration of the recording.
4. REC takes precedence over either playback (PLAYL or PLAYE) signal.
5. PLAYE – Playback, Edge‐activated: When a HIGH‐going transition is
detected on continues until an End‐of-Message (EOM) marker is
encountered or the end of the memory space is reached.
6. PLAYL – Playback, Level‐activated, when this input pin level transits for
LOW to HIGH, a playback cycle is initiated.
7. Speaker Outputs – The SP+ and SP‐ pins provide a direct drive for
loudspeakers with impedances as low as 8Ω.
8. MIC – Microphone Input, the microphone input transfers its signals to
the on‐chip preamplifier.
 9. FT – Feed Through: This mode enable the Microphone to drive the
speaker directly.
10.P‐E – Play the records endlessly.

You can control the Voice Recorder Module ISD1820 directly with onboard
Buttons.

 Connect VCC from ISD1820 to any 3V power supply. In our case, we have
connected to 3.3V on Arduino
 Connect GND to GND on Arduino.

Start using the Module!!

1. Push REC button then the RECLED will light and keep push until record
end.
2. Release the REC button
3. Select Playback mode:
o PLAYE, just need push one time, and will playback all of the
records and until the pre-record sound end.
o PLAYL, you need always push this button until you want to stop
playback record or end.
4. P-E mode, when short P‐E jumper the record will playback repeatedly
until jumper off or power down.
5. FT mode, when short FT jumper, that means all of you speak to MIC will
direct playback to Speaker.

Application
 It is used in various robotic projects.

Water Pump Module

Domestic water pumps are great for improving water pressure at home. It is
great if they are compact in size but it is a factor
that depends on the dimensions of the
building. Mini water pumps are good if the
quantity of water is less. They are cost effective
and you can save a lot by using such pump.
This is lightweight, small size, high efficiency, low
consumption and low noise water pump. It has
been used widely, in household include cooking, cleaning, bathing, space
heating and water flowers, etc.

Application
 In buildings
 Circulating hot water
 Sump pits
 Protection of fire systems
 Chapter 2
Passive Elements
A passive element is an electrical component that does not generate power,
but instead dissipates, stores, and/or releases it.

Eg:- resistors, capacitor etc.

Resistor:
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In
electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current
flow.Pass current in proportion to voltage (Ohm's law) and
oppose current.

Symbol:-

Ohm’s law
Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is
directly proportional to the voltage across the two points.

Mathematically it can be represented as,

Potential difference ∝ Current

V∝I

( When the value of V increases the value of I increases simultaneously)

V = IR
Where,

 V is Voltage in volts (V)

 R is Resistance in ohm (Ω)
 I is Current in Ampere (A)
Resistors Colour Code
The resistor colour code markings are always read one band at a time
starting from the left to the right, with the larger width tolerance band
oriented to the right side indicating its tolerance. By matching the colour of
the first band with its associated number in the digit column of the colour
chart below the first digit is identified and this represents the first digit of the
resistance value.
Again, by matching the colour of the second band with its associated
number in the digit column of the colour chart we get the second digit of the
resistance value and so on. Then the resistor colour code is read from left
to right as illustrated below:
The Resistor Colour Code Table

Calculating Resistor Values

The “left-hand” or the most significant coloured band is the band which is
nearest to a connecting lead with the colour coded bands being read from left-
to-right as follows:
Digit, Digit, Multiplier = Colour, Colour x 10 colour in Ohm’s (Ω)

For example, a resistor has the following coloured markings;

Yellow Violet Red = 4 7 2 = 4 7 x 102 = 4700Ω or 4k7 Ohm.

The fourth and fifth bands are used to determine the percentage tolerance of
the resistor.
Potentiometer:
Potentiometers also known as
POT, are nothing but variable
resistors. They can provide a
variable resistance by simply
varying the knob on top of its
head. It can be classified based on
two main parameters. One is
their Resistance (R-ohms) itself
and the other is its Power (P-
Watts) rating.The value or
resistance decides how much opposition it provides to the flow of current. The
greater the resistor value the smaller the current will flow. Some standard
values for a potentiometer are 500Ω, 1K, 2K, 5K, 10K, 22K, 47K etc

Pin Configuration

Pin No. Pin Name Description

1 Fixed End This end is connected to one end of the resistive track

2 Variable End This end is connected to the wiper, to provide variable voltage

3 Fixed End This end is connected to another end of the resistive track

Features
 Type: Rotary a.k.a Radio POT
 Available in different resistance values like 500Ω, 1K, 2K, 5K, 10K, 22K,
47K, 50K, 100K, 220K, 470K, 500K, 1 M.
 Power Rating: 0.3W
 Maximum Input Voltage: 200Vdc
 Rotational Life: 2000K cycles

Applications
 Voltage and Current Control Circuits
 Used as volume control knobs in radios
 Tuning or controlling circuits
 Analog input control knobs
Linear Voltage regulator:
7805 is a three terminal linear voltage
regulator IC with a fixed output voltage
of 5V which is useful in a wide range of
applications. Currently, the 7805 Voltage
Regulator IC is manufactured by Texas
Instruments, ON Semiconductor, Diodes
incorporated, Infineon Technologies,
etc.

Features:
 It can deliver up to 1.5 A of current (with heat sink).
 Has both internal current limiting and thermal shutdown features.
 Requires very minimum external components to fully function.

Pin Configuration:

PIN PIN NO. PIN NO.

NO.

1 INPUT Pin 1 is the INPUT Pin. A positive unregulated voltage is given as input to

this pin.

2 GROUN Pin 2 is the GROUND Pin. It is common to both Input and Output.

3 OUTPUT Pin 3 is the OUTPUT Pin. The output regulated 5V is taken at this pin of the

IC.

Important Points on 7805 Voltage Regulator IC

 The first important point to note is that the input voltage should always
be greater than the output voltage (atleast by 2.5V).
  The input current and output current are almost identical. This means
that when a 7.5V 1A supply is given at input, the output will be 5V 1A.
 The remaining power is dissipated as heat and hence a heat sink like the
one shown below must be used with 7805 IC.

Capacitors:
A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It is a
passive electronic component with two terminals. The effect of a capacitor is
known as capacitance.

A capacitor is made up of two metallic

plates. With a dielectric material
In-between the plates.When you apply a
voltage over the two plates, an electric field
is created. Positive charge will collect on
one plate and negative charge on the other.
And this is what the physicists mean when
they say that “a capacitor works by storing
energy electrostatically in an electric field”.
Buzzer:
A Piezoelectric buzzer is a small yet efficient
component to add sound features to our
project/system. It is very small and compact
2-pin structure hence can be easily used
on breadboard, and even on PCBs which
makes this a widely used component in most
electronic applications.
INTERNAL STRUCTURE

Features and Specifications

 Rated Voltage: 6V DC
 Operating Voltage: 4-8V DC
 Rated current: <30mA
 Sound Type: Continuous Beep
  Resonant Frequency: ~2300 Hz
 Small and neat sealed package
 Breadboard and Perf board friendly

Applications of Buzzer
 Alarming Circuits, where the user has to be alarmed about something
 Communication equipments, Automobile electronics
 Portable equipments, due to its compact size.

Keypad Module:
A4x4 keypad will have eight terminals.in them four are rows of
matrix and four are columns of matrix. these 8 pins are driven
out from 16 buttons present in the module. those 16
alphanumeric digits on the module surface are the 16 buttons
arranged in matrix formation.

configuration

Pin Number Description

ROWS

1 PIN1 is taken out from 1st ROW

2 PIN2 is taken out from 2nd ROW

3 PIN3 is taken out from 3rd ROW

4 PIN4 is taken out from 4th ROW

COLUMN

5 PIN5 is taken out from 1st COLUMN

6 PIN6 is taken out from 2nd COLUMN

 7 PIN7 is taken out from 3rd COLUMN

8 PIN8 is taken out from 4th COLUMN

Features and Specifications

 Maximum Voltage across EACH SEGMENT or BUTTON: 24V

 Maximum Current through EACH SEGMENT or BUTTON: 30mA
 Maximum operating temperature: 0°C to + 50°C
 Ultra-thin design
 Adhesive backing
 Easy interface

 Long life.

Applications

 Security systems.
 Vending machines.
 Industrial machines.
 Engineering systems.
 Measuring instruments.
 Data entry for Embedded Systems
 Hobby projects.
 Basically anywhere INPUT device is needed.

Multimeter:
A multimeter, also known as a volt-ohm meter, is a handheld tester used to
measure electrical voltage,

The basic functions and operations of a multimeter are similar for both digital
and analog testers. The tester has two leads—red and black—and three ports.
The black lead plugs into the "common" port. The red lead plugs into either of
the other ports, depending on the desired function.

After plugging in the leads, you turn the knob in the center of the tester to
select the function and appropriate range for the specific test. For example,
when the knob is set to "20V DC," the tester will detect DC (direct current)
voltage up to 20 volts. To measure smaller voltages, you would set the knob to
the 2V or 200mV range.

To take a reading, you touch the bare metal pointed end of each lead to one of
the terminals or wires to be tested. The voltage (or other value) will read out
on the tester.

Multimeters are safe to use on energized circuits and equipment, provided the
voltage or current does not exceed the maximum rating of the tester. Also, you
must be careful never to touch the bare metal ends of the tester leads during
an energized test because you can receive an electrical shock.

Relay:
Relay is basically a switch which opens and closes the circuit either
electronically or mechanically. In other words we can say that a relay is an
electromechanical switch which uses electromagnetism from small current or
voltage to switch higher current or voltage for different appliances. When a
relay is in Normally Open (NO) contact, there is actually an open circuit until
the relay is energized.

If a relay is in Normally Close (NC) contact, there is a closed circuit until a relay
is energized. If we apply current to the relay contact in any of the above cases
(NO, NC), they will change their states i.e. NC will become NO and vice versa.

Relay is used for switching smaller currents in an electronic circuit. It can not
be used for in power consuming devices.

Features

 It can be used for switching smaller voltage to higher.

 It can not be used in power consuming devices.

Application

 It can be used in home appliances, electronic circuits where there is a

need of protection,
 Robotics for controlling its motors for the proper motion
Switches:
A device for making and breaking the connection in an electric circuit.

Push Button Switch:

A push button switch is an electrical switch that is
activated by pressing. Push button switches may be
momentary or maintained operation.
A momentary push button stays activated for only as
long as it is pressed. A push on push off switch has a
maintained operation.

Toggle Switch:

The toggle switch is a type of electrical switch that is

identified by the presence of handle or lever that
makes it possible to control the flow of electric
current/signal from a power supply to a device or
within a device. It is a hinged switch that can assume
either of two positions i.e. ON or OFF.

Rocker Switch:
Rocker switches are commonly used to directly power a
device. They are available in many shapes, sizes and
colors, with both standard and custom symbols.

Joystick
 When we listen the word “Joystick” we think of
Game controllers. If we talk about Electronics there
are many useful application of Joystick. These type
of module are mostly used in Arduino based DIY
projects and Robot Control.
 As we know, the module gives analog output so it
can be used for feeding the analog input based on
direction or movement. It can also be connected to a movable camera to
control its movement.

Features

 Two independent Potentiometer: one for each axis ( X and Y)

  Auto return to center position
 Low weight
 Cup-type Knob
 Compatible to interface with Arduino or with most microcontrollers

Technical Specifications

 Operating Voltage: 5V
 Internal Potentiometer value: 10k
 2.54mm pin interface leads
 Dimensions: 1.57 in x 1.02 in x 1.26 in (4.0 cm x 2.6 cm x 3.2 cm)
 Operating temperature: 0 to 70 °C

Pin Configuration
Pin No. Pin Name Description

1 Gnd Ground terminal of Module

2 +5v Positive supply terminal of Module

3 VRx Voltage Proportional to X axis

4 VRy Voltage Proportional to Y axis

5 SW Switch

Application

 Camera Pan/Tilt Control.

 Game Input/Control.
 Robot Control.
 Analog Input of Parameters.
 Widely use in DIY projects.
Display
Display devices are the output devices for presentation of
information in text or image form.

Display Using Led:

Light emitting diode (LED) is the most commonly
used device for displaying the status of
microcontroller pins. These display devices are
commonly used for the indication of alarms, inputs
and timers.

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light

source that emits light when current flows through it. Electrons in the
semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing energy in the form of
photons.
RGB Led:
An RGB LED is actually three LEDs, red, green, and blue inside one package.
LEDs need to be turned on and off very fast for dimming (changing the voltage
across it does not work like it does in incandescent bulbs).

The on and off times are so

fast that human vision does
not see a flicker on the LED
and only the average value is
perceived.
Three PWM output bits
would normally be used so
that the brightness of each of
the three LEDs can be
controlled independently.

RGB LED means red, blue and

green LEDs. RGB LED products combine these three colors to produce over 16
million hues of light.

Note:That not all colors are possible. Some colors are “outside” the triangle
formed by the RGB LEDs. Also, pigment colors such as brown or pink are
difficult, or impossible, to achieve.

Pin Configuration

Pin No. Pin Name Description

1 R This terminal used for glowing LED in Red color

2 Gnd Common Cathode terminal (Ground)

3 G This terminal used for glowing LED in Green color

4 B This terminal used for glowing LED in Blue color

Features and Specifications
 Low Thermal Resistance
 No UV rays
 Super High flux Output and High luminance
 Forward Current for Red, Blue and Green color: 20mA
 Forward Voltage
o Red: 2v (typical)
o Blue: 3.2(typical)
o Green: 3.2(typical)
 Luminous Intensity
o Red: 800 mcd
o Blue: 4000 mcd
o Green: 900 mcd
 Wavelength
o Red: 625 nm
o Blue: 520 nm
o Green: 467.5 nm
 Operating Temperature: -25 ℃ to 85 ℃
 Storage Temperature: -30 ℃ to 85 ℃

Applications

 Industrial Application
 Portable Flashlight/ torchlight
 Light guides
 Decorative Lighting
 LCD backlight
 Multi-color Light
7 Segment Led Display:
7-Segment LED display can be used for
displaying digits and few characters. A
seven segment display consists of 7
LEDs arranged in the form of Square ‘8’
and a single LED as dot character.
Different characters can be displayed by
selecting the required LED segments. A
7 seven segment display is an electronic
display, which displays 0-9 digital
information. They are available in
common cathode mode and common
anode mode. There are state lines in
LED, anode is given to positive terminal and cathode is given to negative
terminal then LED will glow.

LED pattern for displaying digits using 7-segment display

Features

 Available in two modes Common Cathode (CC) and Common Anode (CA)
 Available in many different sizes like
9.14mm,14.20mm,20.40mm,38.10mm,57.0mm and 100mm (Commonly
used/available size is 14.20mm)
  Available colours: White, Blue, Red, Yellow and Green (Res is commonly
used)
 Low current operation
 Better, brighter and larger display than conventional LCD displays.
 Current consumption : 30mA / segment
 Peak current : 70mA

Pin Configuration

Applications

 Used in applications where font size is required to be bigger

 Microcontroller Independent, hence used in small circuit projects
 Used in combination with four segments to display measurement/sensor
value with four characters
 Has bright illumination, hence used where display are required to work in
low light or dark conditions

8*8 Led Matrix Display:

LED matrix displays can be used to display almost anything. Most modern LED

sign boards uses various types of matrix boards with controllers. 8×8 matrix
consists of 64 dots or pixels. There is a LED for each pixel and these LEDs are
connected to total of 16 pins.

C1 – C8 – Column pinsR1 – R8 – Row pins

As you can see all anodes of same row is connected to one pin and all cathodes
of same column are connected to another pin.

We have 8 row pins and 8 column pins. If a positive voltage is applied to R1 pin
and negative to C1, we can see that the first pixel turns on.

If we apply negative to C2 then the second pixel turns on. Like this we can turn
each pixel by hanging the supply pins.

However we have 64 supply combinations, and doing it manually is practically

impossible. This is why Arduino is interfaced with the 8×8 matrix.
As shown above, we tuned ON a segment (LED) placed on FOURTH ROW and
THIRD COLUMN. For turning it ON we have taken a +1.5v voltage source and
connected the POSITIVE terminal to ROW4 PIN (FOURTH ROW pin) and
NEGATIVE terminal to C3 PIN (THIRD COLUMN pin ). When the connections are
done, the voltage source forms a closed loop with that LED SEGMENT tuning it
ON.

Features and Specifications

 Forward Voltage for EACH SEGMENT or LED turning ON: 1.5V-2.0V (2.0V
being absolute maximum forward voltage)
 EACH SEGMENT or LED Forward Current during ON: 10mA - 15mA
(Typically 10mA, 15mA being absolute maximum forward current)
 EACH SEGMENT or LED Reverse Voltage Maximum: 5V
 Maximum operating temperature: - 25°C to + 60°

Applications

 OUTDOOR displays
 POSTER display.
 PIXEL gaming.
 Character design.
 Measuring instruments.
 Hobby projects.
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
A liquid crystal display or
LCD draws its definition
from its name itself. It is
combination of two states
of matter, the solid and
the liquid. LCD uses a
liquid crystal to produce a
visible image.

The LCD is much more

informative output device than a single
LED. The LCD is a display that can easily
show characters on its screen. They have
a couple of lines to large displays.

Some LCDs are specially designed for

specific applications to display graphic
images. 16×2 LCD (HD44780) module is
commonly used. These modules are
replacing 7-segments and other multi-
segment LEDs.

Features

 Operating Voltage is 4.7V to 5.3V

 Current consumption is 1mA without backlight
 Alphanumeric LCD display module, meaning can display alphabets and
numbers
 Consists of two rows and each row can print 16 characters.
 Each character is build by a 5×8 pixel box
 Can work on both 8-bit and 4-bit mode
 It can also display any custom generated characters
 Available in Green and Blue Backlight

Pin Configuration
Pin No: Pin Name: Description

1 Vss Ground pin connected to system ground

(Ground)

2 Vdd (+5 Powers the LCD with +5V (4.7V – 5.3V)

Volt)

3 VE (Contrast Decides the contrast level of display. Grounded to get maximum contrast.
V)

4 Register Connected to Microcontroller to shift between command/data register

Select

5 Read/Write Used to read or write data. Normally grounded to write data to LCD

6 Enable Connected to Microcontroller Pin and toggled between 1 and 0 for data
acknowledgement

7 Data Pin 0 Data pins 0 to 7 forms a 8-bit data line. They can be connected to Microcontroller to
send 8-bit data.These LCD’s can also operate on 4-bit mode in such case Data pin 4,5,6
and 7 will be left free.

8 Data Pin 1
9 Data Pin 2
10 Data Pin 3
11 Data Pin 4
12 Data Pin 5
13 Data Pin 6
14 Data Pin 7

15 LED Backlight LED pin positive terminal

Positive

16 LED Backlight LED pin negative terminal

Negative
 Chapter 3
Motors
An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical
energy into mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate through the
interaction between the motor's magnetic field and electric current in a wire
winding to generate force in the form of rotation of a shaft.

AC Motors:
AC motors are highly flexible in many features including speed control and
have a much larger installed base compared to DC motors, some of the key
advantages are:
 Low power demand on start
 Controlled acceleration
 Adjustable operational speed
 Controlled starting current
 Adjustable torque limit
 Reduced power line disturbances
DC Motors:

DC motors were the first type of motor widely used and the systems (motors
and drive) initial costs tend to be typically less than AC systems for low power
units, but with higher power the overall maintenance costs increase and would
need to be taken into consideration. The DC Motors speed can be controlled
by varying the supply voltage and are available in a wide range of voltages,
however the most popular type are 12 & 24V, with some of the advantages
being:

 Easy installation
 Speed control over a wide range
 Quick Starting, Stopping, Reversing and Acceleration
 High Starting Torque
 Linear speed-torque curve
TYPES OF DC Motor

 Brushed
 Brushless

Brushed DC Motor:

These are the more traditional type of motor and are typically used in
cost-sensitive applications, where the control system is relatively simple, such
as in consumer applications and more basic industrial equipment.

1.GEARED MOTOR 150 RPM:

150 RPM Single Shaft Plastic Gear

Motor. This is a 150 RPM low cost single
shaft DC geared motor. It is most suitable for
light weight robot requiring small power.
This motor can be used with 69mm Diameter
Wheel for Plastic Gear Motors and 87mm
Diameter Multipurpose Wheel for Plastic Gear
Motors.
2.BO MOTOR 150 RPM:

BO (Battery Operated) light weight DC

geared motor which gives good torque and rpm at lower
voltages. This motor can run at approximately 200 rpm
when driven by a single Li-Ion cell. Great for battery
operated light weight robots. It can do reverse and forward
directions.

3. SERVO MOTOR:

A Servo is a small device that has an output shaft. This shaft can be positioned
to specific angular positions by sending the servo a coded signal. As long as the
coded signal exists on the input line, the servo will maintain the angular
position of the shaft. The angular position of the shaft is determined by the
duration of a pulse that is applied to the control wire. This is called Pulse
Coded Modulation.A servomotor is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that
allows for precise control of angular or linear position, velocity and
acceleration. It consists of a suitable motor coupled to a sensor for position
feedback.

Pin configuration
 PWM (Signal) is Orange
 VCC (Power) is Red
 GND (Ground) is Brown

PLASTIC GEAR
This servo is great for scanning type sensors, tiny
robots, and more! Each servo comes with a
variety of horns. These servos use a standard
PWM signal to control them. The Arduino does a
great job of controlling PWM Servos, making
it ideal for a variety of robotic projects. But
sometimes powering these servos can be
problematic. Powering servos from the Arduino's
5v regulator leads to underpowered servos,
limited by both voltage and current.
METAL GEAR
Metal Gear Servo Motor is a high-speed
standard servo can rotate approximately 180
degrees (60 in each direction). It comes in a
standard size and its metal gears mean when the
motor is in a jam, the gears aren’t likely to strip.

Types of metal gear servo motor:

 Small metal gear servo motor
o Power: 4.8V - 6V DC max (5V works well)
o Average Speed: 60 degrees in 0.20 sec (@ 4.8V), 60 degrees in
0.16 sec (@ 6.0V)
o Weight: 62.41g
o Torque: At 4.8V: 8.5 kg-cm / 120 oz-in, and at 6V: 10 kg-cm /
140 oz-in.
o Size mm: (L x W x H) 40.7 x 19.7 x 42.9
o Spline Count: 25
 Continuous metal gear servo motor
o Operating Speed: 0.18sec / 60degree (4.8V), 0.16sec / 60degree
(6V)
o Stall Torque: 3kg.cm / 41.74oz.in(4.8V), 3.2kg.cm / 44.52oz.in(6V)
o Operating Voltage: 4.8V~6V
o Control System: Analog / Direction: CCW
o Operating Angle: 360degree / Required Pulse: 500us-2500us
 Position metal gear servo motor.
o Operating Voltage is +5V typically
o Current: 2.5A (6V)
o Stall Torque: 9.4 kg/cm (at 4.8V)
o Maximum Stall Torque: 11 kg/cm (6V)
o Operating speed is 0.17 s/60°
o Gear Type: Metal
o Rotation : 0°-180°
o Weight of motor : 55gm
o Package includes gear horns and screws
3. SERVO MOTOR TESTER:

When using a servo

motor in a project, if the
servo motor does not
respond as per the input,
how to make sure that
the fault is not in the
servo motor but the
circuit or logic? One way
is to isolate the servo
motor from the circuit
and check its proper
working by feeding it
pulses of varying width and checking the angle that the servo motor turns to.
For example, a 1.5ms pulse should make the motor turn to a 90-degree
position (neutral position).

Servo Motor Tester can be used to manually operate a servo motor clockwise
and anti-clockwise direction. By pushing the forward or reverse button for a
short period of time you can control the rotation of the servo.

Brushless DC Motor:

Brushless motors alleviate some of the issues associated with the more
common brushed motors (short life span for high use applications) and are
mechanically much simpler in design (not having brushes). The motor
controller uses Hall Effect sensors to detect the rotors position and using this
the controller can accurately control the motor via current in the rotor coils) to
regulate the speed.

1.STEPPER MOTOR

Stepper motor is an actuator transforming electric pulse

into angular displacement. Popularly, when receiving a
pulse signal, the stepper motor will rotate a fixed angle
(namely "stepping angle") according to the direction set
for the stepper motor. The angular displacement volume
can be controlled by controlling the pulse number to achieve the purpose of
positioning accurately. In the meantime, the rotational velocity and
acceleration of motor can be controlled by controlling the pulse frequency to
achieve the purpose of speed control.

Advantages:

 long life, little maintenance

 high efficiency (85-90%),

Disadvantages:

 Higher initial costs

 More complicated controllers.

Specifications
2. STEPPER MOTOR WITH DRIVER BOARD:

Stepper motor drivers are specifically designed to

drive stepper motors, which are capable of continuous
rotation with precise position control, even without a
feedback system.
The 5V DC Stepper Motor with ULN2003 Driver Board is
a small and versatile motor and driver set. This 5 VDC
stepper motor can be used with any Arduino or
compatible boards via jumper leads. Four-phase led
indicates the status of the stepper motor.
Specifications

 Operating Voltage: 5 VDC

 Steps / revolution: 64
 Motor diameter: 28 mm
 Reduction ratio: 1:64
 Number of phases: 4
 Angle of a turn: 5.625°
 Frequency: 100HZ

L298N Motor Driver (H-Bridge):

H bridge supports an
exchange of polarities on
its outputs and therefore
enables control of motor
spins in both directions in
a very simple way. It can
also direct other devices
that for certain usage
require the exchange of
polarities on their inputs.

Specifications:
 Max. power: 25W
 Voltage: 5 - 35V(for engine), 5V for logic
 Current: 2A
 Dimensions: 43 x 43 x 23 mm
L293D Motor Driver:
The Motor Driver is a module for motors
that allows you to control the working
speed and direction of two motors
simultaneously .This Motor Driver is
designed and developed based on L293D IC.
L293D is a 16 Pin Motor Driver IC. This is
designed to provide bidirectional drive
currents at voltages from 5 V to 36 V.
A motor driver is a small Current Amplifier
whose function is to take a low-current
control signal and then turn it into a higher-
current signal that can drive a motor.
The L293D is a typical Motor Driver which
can drive 2 DC motors simultaneously. Motor Driver ICs are primarily used in
autonomous robotics only.
 Chapter-4
Active Element
Active components control the charge flow in electronic circuits. By definition,
active elements generate energy for any device. It is the core component to
operate any device. The two parameters to consider for proper device
operation are current and voltage.
Hence the voltage and current in a circuit may be boosted or stepped down
based on the flow of electrons injected by an active device.

Battery:
Batteries are a collection of one or
more cells whose chemical reactions
create a flow of electrons in a
circuit. All batteries are made up of
three basic components: an anode
(the '-' side), a cathode (the '+' side),
and some kind of electrolyte (a
substance that chemically reacts
with the anode and cathode).
Batteries are a collection of one or
more cells whose chemical reactions
create a flow of electrons in a
circuit. All batteries are made up of three basic components: an anode (the '-'
side), a cathode (the '+' side), and some kind of electrolyte (a substance that
chemically reacts with the anode and cathode).
Batteries that must be thrown away after use are known as primary batteries.
Batteries that can be recharged are called secondary batteries.

Transistor:
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or
switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed
of semiconductor material usually with at least three
terminals for connection to an external circuit.
Diode:

A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts current

primarily in one direction; it has low resistance in one direction, and high
resistance in the other.
Diodes can be used as rectifiers, signal limiters, voltage regulators, switches,
signal modulators, signal mixers, signal demodulators, and oscillators. The
fundamental property of a diode is its tendency to conduct electric current in
only one direction.
Soldering
Soldering is a process in which two
or more items are joined together
by melting and putting a filler
metal into the joint, the filler metal
having a lower melting point than
the adjoining metal. Unlike
welding, soldering does not involve
melting the work pieces.

Soldering Tools
Soldering Iron
A soldering iron is a hand tool
that plugs into a standard 120v
AC outlet and heats up in order to
melt solder around electrical
connections. This is one of the
most important tools used in
soldering and it can come in a few
variations such as pen or gun
form. For beginners, it’s
recommended that you use the
pen style soldering iron in the
15W to 30W range. Most soldering irons have interchangeable tips that can be
used for different soldering applications. Be very cautious when using any type
of soldering iron because it can heat up to 896′ F which is extremely hot.

Soldering Station

A soldering station is a more

advanced version of the basic
standalone soldering pen. If you
are going to be doing a lot of
soldering, these are great to have
as they offer more flexibility and
control. The main benefit of a
soldering station is the ability to
precisely adjust the temperature
of the soldering iron which is great for a range of projects. These stations can
also create a safer workspace as some include advanced temperature sensors,
alert settings and even password protection for safety.

Soldering Iron Tips

At the end of most soldering irons is an interchangeable part known as a

soldering tip. There are many variations of this tip and they come in a wide
variety of shapes and sizes. Each tip is used for a specific purpose and offers a
distinct advantage over another. The most common tips you will use in
electronics projects are the conical tip and the chisel tip.

Conical Tip – Used in precision electronics soldering because of the fine tip.
Because of its pointed end, it’s able to deliver heat to smaller areas without
affecting its surroundings.

Chisel Tip – This tip is well-suited to soldering wires or other larger

components because of its broad flat tip.

Brass or Conventional Sponge

Using a sponge will help to keep the soldering iron tip clean by removing the
oxidation that forms. Tips with oxidation will tend to turn black and not accept
solder as it did when it was new. You could use a conventional wet sponge but
this tends to shorten the lifespan of the tip due to expansion and contraction.
Also, a wet sponge will drop the temperature of the tip temporarily when
wiped. A better alternative is to use a brass sponge as shown on the left.
Soldering Iron Stand

A soldering iron stand is very basic but very useful and

handy to have. This stand helps prevent the hot iron tip
from coming in contact with flammable materials or
causing accidental injury to your hand. Most soldering
stations come with this built in and also include a
sponge or brass sponge for cleaning the tip.

Solder

Solder is a metal alloy material that is melted to

create a permanent bond between electrical
parts. It comes in both lead and lead-free
variations with diameters of .032″ and .062″ being
the most common. Inside the solder core is a
material known as flux which helps improve
electrical contact and its mechanical strength.

Helping Hand (Third Hand)

A helping hand is a device that has 2 or more

alligator clips and sometimes a magnifying
glass/light attached. This clips will assist you by
holding the items you are trying to solder while
you use the soldering iron and solder. A very
helpful tool to have in your makerspace.

Soldering Safety

 Now that you know

what tools and materials
are required, it’s time to
briefly discuss ways of
staying safe while
soldering.
 Soldering irons can
reach temperatures of
800′ F so it’s very
important to know where your iron is at all times. We always
 recommend you use a soldering iron stand to help prevent accidental
burns or damage.
 Make sure you are soldering in a well ventilated area. When solder is
heated, there are fumes released that are harmful to your eyes and
lungs. It’s recommended to use a fume extractor which is a fan with a
charcoal filter that absorbs the harmful solder smoke you can visit sites
like Integrated Air Systems for air filtration systems.
 It’s always a good idea to wear protective eye wear in case of accidental
splashes of hot solder. Lastly, make sure to wash your hands when done
soldering especially if using lead solder.

Tinning The Tip

Before you can start soldering,

you need to prep your soldering
iron by tinning the tip with
solder. This process will help
improve the heat transfer from
the iron to the item you’re
soldering. Tinning will also help to protect the tip and reduce wear.

Step 1: Begin by making sure the tip is attached to the iron and screwed tightly
in place.

Step 2: Turn on your soldering iron and let it heat up. If you have a soldering
station with an adjustable temp control, set it to 400′ C/ 752′ F.

Step 3: Wipe the tip of the soldering iron on a damp wet sponge to clean it.
Wait a few seconds to let the tip heat up again before proceeding to step 4.

Step 4: Hold the soldering iron in one hand and solder in the other. Touch the
solder to the tip of the iron and make sure the solder flows evenly around the
tip.You should tin the tip of your iron before and after each soldering session
to extend its life. Eventually, every tip will wear out and will need replacing
when it becomes rough or pitted.
 Chapter-4
Controllers
ARDUINO:
Arduino is a prototype platform (open-source) based on an easy-to-use
hardware and software. It consists of a circuit board, which can be programed
(referred to as a microcontroller) and a ready-made software called Arduino
IDE (Integrated Development Environment), which is used to write and upload
the computer code to the physical board.
Features
 Arduino boards are able to read analog or digital input signals from
different sensors and turn it into an output such as activating a motor,
turning LED on/off, connect to the cloud and many other actions.
 You can control your board functions by sending a set of instructions to
the microcontroller on the board via Arduino IDE (referred to as
uploading software).
 Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, Arduino does not
need an extra piece of hardware (called a programmer) in order to load
a new code onto the board. You can simply use a USB cable.
 Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making it
easier to learn to program.
 Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks the
functions of the micro-controller into a more accessible package.
We will study the Arduino UNO board because it is the most popular board in
the Arduino board family. In addition, it is the best board to get started with
electronics and coding.

1. POWER USB:Arduino board can be powered by using the USB

cable from your computer. All you need to do is connect the USB
cable to the USB connection
2. POWER(BARREL JACK):Arduino boards can be powered directly
from the AC mains power supply by connecting it to the Barrel
Jack.
3. VOLTAGE REGULATOR: The function of the voltage regulator is to
control the voltage given to the Arduino board and stabilize the
DC voltages used by the processor and other elements.
4. CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR:The crystal oscillator helps Arduino in
dealing with time issues. How does Arduino calculate time? The
answer is, by using the crystal oscillator. The number printed on
top of the Arduino crystal is 16.000H9H. It tells us that the
frequency is 16,000,000 Hertz or 16 MHz.
5. ARDUINO RESET:You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., start
your program from the beginning. You can reset the UNO board
in two ways. First, by using the reset button (17) on the board.
Second, you can connect an external reset button to the Arduino
pin labelled RESET

6. POWER PINS(6): 3.3V (6) − Supply 3.3 output volt

7. POWER PINS(7):5V (7) − Supply 5 output volt, Most of the
components used with Arduino board works fine with 3.3 volt and
5 volt.
8. POWER PINS(8):GND (8)(Ground) − There are several GND pins
on the Arduino, any of which can be used to ground your circuit.
9. POWER PINS(9):Vin (9) − This pin also can be used to power the
Arduino board from an external power source, like AC mains
power supply.
10.ANALOG PINS:The Arduino UNO board has six analog input pins
A0 through A5. These pins can read the signal from an analog
sensor like the humidity sensor or temperature sensor and
convert it into a digital value that can be read by the
microprocessor.
11.MICROCONTROLLER:Each Arduino board has its own
microcontroller (11). You can assume it as the brain of your
board. The main IC (integrated circuit) on the Arduino is slightly
different from board to board. The microcontrollers are usually of
the ATMEL Company. You must know what IC your board has
before loading up a new program from the Arduino IDE. This
information is available on the top of the IC. For more details
about the IC construction and functions, you can refer to the data
sheet.
12.ICSP PIN:Mostly, ICSP (12) is an AVR, a tiny programming header
for the Arduino consisting of MOSI, MISO, SCK, RESET, VCC, and
GND. It is often referred to as an SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface),
which could be considered as an "expansion" of the output.
Actually, you are slaving the output device to the master of the
SPI bus.
13.POWER LED INDICATOR:This LED should light up when you plug
your Arduino into a power source to indicate that your board is
powered up correctly. If this light does not turn on, then there is
something wrong with the connection.
14.TX & RX LED:On your board, you will find two labels: TX (transmit)
and RX (receive). They appear in two places on the Arduino UNO
board. First, at the digital pins 0 and 1, to indicate the pins
responsible for serial communication. Second, the TX and RX led
(13). The TX led flashes with different speed while sending the
serial data. The speed of flashing depends on the baud rate used
by the board. RX flashes during the receiving process.
15.DIGITAL INPUT OUTPUT PINS:The Arduino UNO board has 14
digital I/O pins (15) (of which 6 provide PWM (Pulse Width
Modulation) output. These pins can be configured to work as
input digital pins to read logic values (0 or 1) or as digital output
pins to drive different modules like LEDs, relays, etc. The pins
labeled “~” can be used to generate PWM.
 16.AREF:AREF stands for Analog Reference. It is sometimes, used to
set an external reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the
upper limit for the analog input pins.
17.RESET BUTTON:You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., start your
program from the beginning. You can reset the UNO board in two
ways. First, by using the reset button (17) on the board. Second,
you can connect an external reset button to the Arduino pin
labelled RESET.

Types of Arduino:
Many types of Arduino boards are available in the market, here we
study about some common Arduino boards-

1. Arduino Mega:The Arduino

Mega is a microcontroller
board based on the
ATmega2560. It has 54 digital
input/output pins (of which 14
can be used as PWM outputs),
16 analog inputs, 4 UARTs
(hardware serial ports), a 16
MHz crystal oscillator, a USB
connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button.

2. Arduino UNO: The Arduino Uno is

an open-source microcontroller
board based on the Microchip
ATmega328P microcontroller and
developed by Arduino. The board
has 14 digital I/O pins (six capable
of PWM output), 6 analog I/O pins,
and is programmable with
the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment), via a type B
USB cable.
 3. Arduino Nano: The Arduino
Nano is a small, complete, and
breadboard-friendly board based on
the ATmega328P (Arduino Nano 3.
x). It has more or less the same
functionality of
the Arduino Duemilanove, but in a
different package. It lacks only a DC
power jack, and works with a Mini-B USB cable instead of a standard
one.

ARDUINO IDE:
The Arduino Integrated Development Environment is a cross-platform
application that is written in functions from C and C++. It is used to write and
upload programs to Arduino compatible boards,

INSTALLATION:

After learning about the main parts of the Arduino UNO board, we are ready
to learn how to set up the Arduino IDE. Once we learn this, we will be ready to
upload our program on the Arduino board.
In this section, we will learn in easy steps, how to set up the Arduino IDE on
our computer and prepare the board to receive the program via USB cable.
Step 1 − First you must have your Arduino board (you
can choose your favorite board) and a USB cable. In
case you use Arduino UNO, Arduino Duemilanove,
Nano, Arduino Mega 2560, or Diecimila, you will need
a standard USB cable (A plug to B plug), the kind you
would connect to a USB printer as shown in the
following image.

In case you use Arduino Nano, you will need an A to

Mini-B cable instead as shown in the following image.

Step 2 − Download Arduino IDE Software.

You can get different versions of Arduino IDE from the Download page on the
Arduino Official website. You must select your software, which is compatible
with your operating system (Windows, IOS, or Linux). After your file download
is

complete, unzip the file.

Step 3 − Power up your board.

The Arduino Uno, Mega, and Arduino Nano automatically draw power from
either, the USB connection to the computer or an external power supplyThe
power source is selected with a jumper, a small piece of plastic that fits onto
two of the three pins between the USB and power jacks. Check that it is on
the two pins closest to the USB port.
Connect the Arduino board to your computer using the USB cable. The green
power LED (labeled PWR) should glow.
Step 4 − Launch Arduino IDE.
After your Arduino IDE software is downloaded, you need to unzip the folder.
Inside the folder, you can find the application icon with an infinity label
(application.exe). Double-click the icon to start the IDE.
Step 5 − Open your first project.
Once the software starts, you have two options −

 Create a new project.

 Open an existing project example.
To create a new project, select File → New.
To open an existing project example, select File → Example → Basics → Blink.

Here, we are selecting just one of the examples with the name Blink. It turns
the LED on and off with some time delay. You can select any other example
from the list.
Step 6 − Select your Arduino board.
To avoid any error while uploading your program to the board, you must
select the correct Arduino board name, which matches with the board
connected to your computer.
Go to Tools → Board and select your board.
you must select the name matching the board that you are using.
Step 7 − Select your serial port.
Select the serial device of the Arduino board. Go to Tools → Serial Port menu.
This is likely to be COM3 or higher (COM1 and COM2 are usually reserved for
hardware serial ports). To find out, you can disconnect your Arduino board
and re-open the menu, the entry that disappears should be of the Arduino
board. Reconnect the board and select that serial port.
Step 8 − Upload the program to your board.
Before explaining how we can upload our program to the board, we
must demonstrate the function of each symbol appearing in the
Arduino IDE toolbar.

A − Used to check if there is any compilation error.

B − Used to upload a program to the Arduino board.
C − Shortcut used to create a new sketch.
D − Used to directly open one of the example sketch.
E − Used to save your sketch.
F − Serial monitor used to receive serial data from the board and send the
serial data to the board.
Now, simply click the "Upload" button in the environment. Wait a few
seconds; you will see the RX and TX LEDs on the board, flashing. If the upload
is successful, the message "Done uploading" will appear in the status bar.
WeMos D1 R1:
This WeMos development
board is based on the ESP8266,
which is a Wi-Fi communication
IC built by Espressif. At its core
is a microcontroller that runs at
a blazing 80 Mhz and includes a
built-in TCP/IP stack and
transceiver, which allows for
Wi-Fi communication.

This low-cost option can, not

only, add Wi-Fi capability to
your next project, it can run it.
This board is a standalone
microcontroller
development board that can be easily programmed using the Arduino IDE.

Some of the peripherals provided by that ESP8266 include 9 GPIOs, 1 analog

input, UART, SPI, and TWI/I2C, and WiFi. It operates at a 3.3V logic level and it
can be powered from the USB voltage or AC adapter input.

Specification:

 Microcontroller: ESP-8266EX
 Operating Voltage: 3.3V
 Digital I/O Pins: 11
 Analog Input Pins: 1
 Clock Speed: 80MHz/160MHz
 Flash: 4M bytes

NodeMCU:
NodeMCU is an open source development
board and firmware based in the widely
used ESP8266 -12E WiFi module. It allows
you to program the ESP8266 WiFi module
with the Arduino IDE.
With just a few lines of code you can
establish a WiFi connection and define
input/output pins according to your needs exactly like arduino, turning
yourESP8266 into a web server and a lot more.
It is the WiFi equivalent of ethernet module. Now you have internet of things
(iot) real tool.
With its USB-TTL , the nodeMCUDev board supports directly flashing from USB
port. It combines features of WIFI accesspoint and station + microcontroller.
These features make the NodeMCUextremlypowerful tool for Wifi
networking. It can be used as access point and/or station, host a webserver or
connect to internet to fetch or upload data.
Features
 Finally, programableWiFi module.
 Arduino-like (software defined) hardware IO.
 Can be programmed with the simple and powerful Lua programming
language or Arduino IDE.
 USB-TTL included, plug & play.
 10 GPIOs D0-D10, PWM functionality, IIC and SPI communication, 1-
Wire and ADC A0 etc. all in one board.
 Wifi networking (can be used as access point and/or station, host a web
server), connect to internet to fetch or upload data.
 Event-driven API for network applications.
 PCB antenna.
Pin Configuration
Here we will make groups of pins with similar functionalities.

1. Power PinsThere are four power pins viz. one VIN pin & three 3.3V
pins. The VIN pin can be used to directly supply the ESP8266 and its
peripherals, if you have a regulated 5V voltage source. The 3.3V pins are
the output of an on-board voltage regulator. These pins can be used to
supply power to external components.
2. GNDis a ground pin of ESP8266 NodeMCU development board.
3. I2C Pins are used to hook up all sorts of I2C sensors and peripherals in
your project. Both I2C Master and I2C Slave are supported. I2C interface
functionality can be realized programmatically, and the clock frequency
is 100 kHz at a maximum. It should be noted that I2C clock frequency
should be higher than the slowest clock frequency of the slave device.
4. GPIO PINS ESP8266 NodeMCU has 17 GPIO pins which can be
assigned to various functions such as I2C, I2S, UART, PWM, IR Remote
Control, LED Light and Button programmatically. Each digital enabled
GPIO can be configured to internal pull-up or pull-down, or set to high
impedance. When configured as an input, it can also be set to edge-
trigger or level-trigger to generate CPU interrupts.
5. ADC CHANNEL The NodeMCU is embedded with a 10-bit precision
SAR ADC. The two functions can be implemented using ADC viz.
Testing power supply voltage of VDD3P3 pin and testing input voltage
of TOUT pin. However, they cannot be implemented at the same time.
6. UART ESP8266 NodeMCU has 2 UART interfaces, i.e. UART0 and
UART1, which provide asynchronous communication (RS232 and
RS485), and can communicate at up to 4.5 Mbps. UART0 (TXD0,
RXD0, RST0 & CTS0 pins) can be used for communication. It supports
fluid control. However, UART1 (TXD1 pin) features only data transmit
signal so, it is usually used for printing log.
7. SPI PINS ESP8266 features two SPIs (SPI and HSPI) in slave and master
modes. These SPIs also support the following general-purpose
SPI features:
 timing modes of the SPI format transfer
 Up to 80 MHz and the divided clocks of 80 MHz
 Up to 64-Byte FIFO
 8. SDIO PINS ESP8266 features Secure Digital Input/Output Interface
(SDIO) which is used to directly interface SD cards. 4-bit 25 MHz SDIO
v1.1 and 4-bit 50 MHz SDIO v2.0 are supported
9. PWM PINS The board has 4 channels of Pulse Width Modulation
(PWM). The PWM output can be implemented programmatically and
used for driving digital motors and LEDs. PWM frequency range is
adjustable from 1000 μs to 10000 μs, i.e., between 100 Hz and 1 kHz..
10. CONTROL PINS are used to control ESP8266. These pins include Chip
Enable pin (EN), Reset pin (RST) and WAKE pin.
 EN pin – The ESP8266 chip is enabled when EN pin is pulled
HIGH. When pulled LOW the chip works at minimum power.
 RST pin – RST pin is used to reset the ESP8266 chip.
 WAKE pin – Wake pin is used to wake the chip from deep-sleep.

RASPBERRY Pi:
The Raspberry pi is a single
computer board with credit card
size, that can be used for many tasks
that your computer does, like
games, word processing,
spreadsheets and also to play HD
video.
It was established by the Raspberry
pi foundation from the UK. It has
been ready for public consumption since 2012 with the idea of making a low-
cost educational microcomputer for students and children.
The main purpose of designing the raspberry pi board is, to encourage
learning, experimentation and innovation for school level students. The
raspberry pi board is a portable and low cost.
Maximum of the raspberry pi computers is used in mobile phones. In the 21st
century, the growth of mobile computing technologies is very high, a huge
segment of this being driven by the mobile industries. The 98% of the mobile
phones were using ARM technology.
The raspberry pi comes in two models, they are model A and model B. The
main difference between model A and model B is USB port.
Model A board will consume less power and that does not include an Ethernet
port. But, the model B board includes an Ethernet port and designed in china.

The raspberry pi comes with a set of open source technologies, i.e.

communication and multimedia web technologies.In the year 2014, the
foundation of the raspberry pi board launched the computer module, that
packages a model B raspberry pi board into module for use as a part of
embedded systems, to encourage their use.

Pin Configuration
Monitor
The raspberry pi model Aboard is designed with 256MB of SDRAM and model B
is designed with 51MB.Raspberry pi is a small size PC compare with other PCs.
The normal PCs RAM memory is available in gigabytes. But in raspberry pi
board, the RAM memory is available more than 256MB or 512MB
CPU (Central Processing Unit)

The Central processing unit is the brain of the raspberry pi board and that is
responsible for carrying out the instructions of the computer through logical
and mathematical operations. The raspberry pi uses ARM11 series processor,
which has joined the ranks of the Samsung galaxy phone

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

The Central processing unit is the brain of the raspberry pi board and that is
responsible for carrying out the instructions of the computer through logical
and mathematical operations. The raspberry pi uses ARM11 series processor,
which has joined the ranks of the Samsung galaxy phone

Ethernet Port

The Ethernet port of the raspberry pi is the main gateway for communicating
with additional devices. The raspberry pi Ethernet port is used to plug your
home router to access the internet

GPIO Pins

The general purpose input & output pins are used in the raspberry pi to
associate with the other electronic boards. These pins can accept input &
output commands based on programming raspberry pi. The raspberry pi
affords digital GPIO pins. These pins are used to connect other electronic
components. For example, you can connect it to the temperature sensor to
transmit digital data

XBee Socket

The XBee socket is used in raspberry pi board for the wireless communication
purpose
Power Source Connector

The power source cable is a small switch, which is placed on side of the shield.
The main purpose of the power source connector is to enable an external
power source

UART

The Universal Asynchronous Receiver/ Transmitter is a serial input & output

port. That can be used to transfer the serial data in the form of text and it is
useful for converting the debugging code.

Display

The connection options of the raspberry pi board are two types such as HDMI
and Composite.Many LCD and HD TV monitors can be attached using an HDMI
male cable and with a low-cost adaptor. The versions of HDMI are 1.3 and 1.4
are supported and 1.4 version cable is recommended. The O/Ps of the
Raspberry Pi audio and video through HMDI, but does not support HDMI I/p.
Older TVs can be connected using composite video. When using a composite
video connection, audio is available from the 3.5mm jack socket and can be
sent to your TV. To send audio to your TV, you need a cable which adjusts from
3.5mm to double RCA connectors

Features
 512 MB SDRAM memory
 Broadcom BCM2835 SoC full high definition multimedia processor
 Dual Core Video Core IV Multimedia coprocessor
 Single 2.0 USB connector
 HDMI (rev 1.3 and 1.4) Composite RCA (PAL & NTSC) Video Out
 3.5 MM Jack, HDMI Audio Out
 MMC, SD, SDIO Card slot on board storage
 Linux Operating system
 Dimensions are 8.6cm*5.4cm*1.7cm
 On board 10/100 Ethernet RJ45 jack

To setup and start R-Pi

 The Raspberry Pi board comes equipped with an SD card. This slot
permits us to insert an SD card and that can use it as our devices. The SD
 card is a main storage device for raspberry pi board like a hard disk of a
personal computer.
 The bootable Linux operating system is loaded onto the card, you are
planning to use. The raspberry pi supports Linux, Qtonpi, ARM, Mac
operating systems.
 You can select one OS; you will need to write it to an SD card using a
Disk manager application. You can also use other storage mechanism,
like USB external hard drive or USB drive. There are a numerous brands
of SD cards are available in the market in different sizes. The raspberry
pi supports max 64 GB SD card.
 Before you start your raspberry pi, you are going to need to connect a
display, keyboard, mouse like as a PC.
 It supports three different O/Ps like HDMI video, composite video, and
DSI video, where the DSI video needs some specific hardware.
 When you buy a raspberry pi board it may sold with or without an SD
card. It is a very important specification in raspberry pi board. Because,
it keeps its operating system, documents and programs.
 If your raspberry pi did not come with an SD card, then the min size you
should get is 4GB.
 Advantages of the raspberry pi is, it is small in size, and it works as a
normal computer at low cost server to handle web traffic.

Application
The raspberry pi boards are used in many applications like Media streamer,
Arcade machine, Tablet computer, Home automation, Carputer, Internet radio,
Controlling robots, Cosmic Computer, Hunting for meteorites, Coffee and also
in raspberry pi based projects.
 Chapter
3D printing technology
The 3D printing process builds a three-dimensional object from a computer-
aided design model, usually by successively adding material layer by layer.The
3D printing is a process of making three dimensional solid objects from a digital
file.

How do 3D printer works?

3D printing is based on FDM- Fuel Deposition Modelling, it uses spool of

filament plastic and extruder with hot nozzle, which is heated upto 180-220
degree C. Printer move around in X,Y& Z direction and print the object.

Types of 3D printer

 RepRep
 Delta
 SLA

Note: Here we are using RepRep.

What can be printed?

Basically any solid object can be printed like sunglasses, cube, cone, screw etc.

Process:
3D printing is basically 3 step process-

1. Designing of object
2. Slicing of object
3. Printing of object

Designing

3D object is designed by using designing software like—

 123D Designing software

 Auto cad

The designed 3Dmodel is saved in .stl format, for example cube.stl.

We can find 3D models online also. Thingivers & MyMinifactory.com is the most popular open
source website for 3D model.

Slicing

For slicing of 3D model the most popular software is CURA. Here we slice our model.
  Slice file is saved in .gcode format.
 We can directly connect cura through printer.

Printing

3D printer is consists of different parts

Extruder :The filament extruder on a FDM printer is the part that extrudes the plastic
filament in a liquid form and deposits it on a printing platform by adding successive layers.

Extruder itself consists of nozzle, thermistor, fan, condenser etc.

Printing Bed: there are two type of bed-

1. Heated bed or glass bed

2. Painters tape Bed

3D printer has 3 axis to move in all direction, extruder melt a plastic filament through small
nozzle above the bed.

Before printing the model, we have to prepare the printer following are the steps:-

 Save file in SD card and place it inside the printer.

 Preheat nozzle upto (180-220)C.
 Preheat Bed (60-70)C.
 Then go to print from SD card select file and press ok, then printer will start printing.

While printing sometimes we need to adjust the bed using wingnut.

Infill percentage for 3Dmodel

Support

S. Product Description Image

no.

1. Hacksaw Regular hacksaw for manual

cutting operation
2. Extra Hacksaw manual cutting operation
Blade

3. Mini HackSaw For cutting of intricate parts

and components

4. Hacksaw Blade
Minni

5. External straight Types of Pliers & tools for

pliers various operation

6. Nose circlip plier Types of Pliers & tools for

various operation

7. Long Nose Plier Types of Pliers & tools for

various operation
8. COMBINATION Types of Pliers & tools for
MINI PLIER various operation

9. WIRE STRIPPING Types of Pliers & tools for

PLIER various operation like cutting
wires, for removing
insulation of wire

10. BENT NOSE Types of Pliers & tools for

PLIER various operation

11. NEEDLENOSE Types of Pliers & tools for

PLIER various operation

12. Tweezer Set Non-magnetic (can be use

them on computers or
electronic items) ----the
body is made of stainless
steel, acid resistant and
corrosion resistant. great for
beading and other fine
crafts, medical, laboratory
work
13. Ball Pen For basic hammering &
Hammer carpentry operations

14. Steel shaft claw For basic hammering &

Hammer carpentry operations

15. C-Clamp For holding of fix of

equipment to strong
supports.

16. Allen Key Set Set of Allen keys used for

basis screw operations.
17. DRILLING Used for drilling objects and
MACHINE many industrial use.

18. Workstation Workstation drill helps to

Drill make a precision drill in the
objects

19. Spanner Set Open & ring spanner for

basic screw operations

20. VICE NORMAL For holding an object

stationary to a support.
21. 6 Piece Precision Precision Screw drivers for
Screw Driver different nut arrangements

22. Adjustable Open end wrench for

Spanner different size of fasteners.

23. Wire Strippers For chipping & cutting of

wires.

24. 40-piece Screw & spanner for basic

ratcheting Screw screw operations
driver
25. Cordless Drill The cordless drill is the
perfect power tool for both
amateur and professional
handyman alike. Indeed, it’s
as suitable for light drilling in
wood, plastic and metal, as it
is for precision screwing.

26. Air Blower Electric Air Blower is a

variable speed electric air
blower that also can be used
as a vacuum cleaner. This
power tool is ideal for
cleaning your car or clearing
out the dust and waste in
your workshop.

27. Drill Bit Set In this different size of drill

bits are available.
28. File Set Multi-tool sets are ideal for
most sharpening and
material removal needs
Round, flat and triangle files
for filing flat, round and less
than 90-degree angles

29. Mini File Set Multi-tool sets are ideal for

most sharpening and
material removal needs
Round, flat and triangle files
for filing flat, round and less
than 90-degree angles.

Flexible Cutting mats feature

30. Flexible Cutting a wide variety of
Mat advantages. Anti-bacterial
properties are built into the
plastic material that the
cutting mats are made out
of. Our cutting mats extend
the life of your knife. They
also protect your
countertops, as well as other
surfaces.
31. Plastic Tool Box Tool box is used to store
tools safely and organized.

32. Peg Board Pegboard is used to organize

the tools and other
equipments

33. Hot glue gun Hot glue gun for pasting &
adhesive purpose.

34. Glue Stick Used for sticking.

35. Soldering Iron Complete soldering kit for all
station & kit kinds of electronics
soldering.

36. 5 V Adapters Convert AC to DC

37. Eletric Screw Screw driver set for different

drivers size of screw .

38. 1800W Heat 1800 W heat gun for

Gun shrinking operations

39. Soldering Helping Hand

Helping Hand Soldering Stand Magnifying
5 LED Auxiliary Clamp Clip
Magnifier Welding Rework
Repair Solder
40. Measuring tape General Measurement tape

41. 150mm Rule Steel ruler for measurement

42. Digital Vernier Electronic Vernier caliper for

Caliper accurate measurement.

43. 12” Spirit Level Spirit Level for level

measurement

44. Digital pen For accurate current & signal

electric measurement.
Tester(Voltage
Tester)

45. Microscope Microscope is an instrument

used to see objects that are
too small to be seen by the
naked eye.
46. Telescope A telescope is an optical
instrument that makes
distant objects appear
magnified by using an
arrangement of lenses or
curved mirrors and lenses, or
various devices used to
observe distant objects by
their emission, absorption,
or reflection of
electromagnetic radiation

47. Sewing Kit A machine with a

mechanically driven needle
for sewing or stitching cloth.

48. Oscilloscope Oscilloscope is used to view

the signals coming directly
from devices & allowing real
time display of wave.

49. Nut, Bolt and For hardware purpose.

Screw
50. Cable Tie A cable tie is a type of
fastener, for holding items
together, primarily electrical
cables or wires.

51. Sand Paper Sandpaper is produced in a

range of grit sizes and is
used to remove material
from surfaces, either to
make them smoother or
sonmetimes rougher.

52. Power Strip For High Current extension

power adaptors chords

53. Bulb Holder For holding bulb

54. ELETRIC WIRES Use in various projects and
connection.

55. USB To DC Jack There's two standard ways

Cable to power electronics –
USB or
5.5mm/2.1mm DC barrel jac
k.

56. Standard first It consist of all medical

aid kit essentialsfor the basis
protection against injury

57. Fire A foam or CO2 based fire

extinguisher extinguisher system.
58. Safety Goggles Safety against unidentified
(with/ without flying dust objects or any
LED torch) other alien particles.

59. Safety Gloves Safety against unidentified

flying dust objects or any
other alien particles and
prevents from burning .

60. Safety Masks Anti-Flu and Saw Dust Masks