RUNWAY LIMITATIONS

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 RUNWAY LIMITATIONS
Takeoff Distance (TOD)
a) The takeoff distance on a dry runway is the greater of the following values:
• TODN-1 dry = Distance covered from the brake release to a point at which
the aircraft is at 35 feet above the takeoff surface, assuming the failure of
the critical engine at VEF and recognized at V1,
• 1.15 TODN dry = 115% of the distance covered from brake release to a point
at which the aircraft is at 35 feet above the takeoff surface, assuming all
engines operating.

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 RUNWAY LIMITATIONS
Takeoff Distance (TOD)
b) The takeoff distance on a wet runway is the greater of the following
values:
• TODdry = Takeoff distance on a dry runway (see previous),
• TODN-1 wet = Distance covered from brake release to a point at which the
aircraft is at 15 feet above the takeoff surface, ensuring the V2 speed to
be achieved before the airplane is 35 feet above the takeoff surface,
assuming failure of the critical engine at VEF and recognized at V1.

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 RUNWAY LIMITATIONS

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 RUNWAY LIMITATIONS

Takeoff Run (TOR) Runway with Clearway

➢Be centrally located about the extended centerline of the runway, and
➢Under the control of the airport authorities.
➢Upward slope not exceeding 1.25%.
➢Minimum width not less than 152 m (500 feet) wide.
➢Have no protruding objects or terrain.
➢Threshold lights 0.66 m (26 in) or less

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Takeoff Run (TOR) Runway without Clearway

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 RUNWAY LIMITATIONS
Takeoff Run (TOR) Runway with Clearway
a) The takeoff run on a dry runway is the greater of the following values:
• TORN-1 dry = Distance covered from brake release to a point equidistant
between the point at which VLOF is reached and the point at which the
aircraft is 35 feet above the takeoff surface, assuming failure of the
critical engine at VEF and recognized at V1
• 1.15 TORN dry = 115 % of the distance covered from brake release to a
point equidistant between the point at which VLOF is reached and the
point at which the aircraft is 35 feet above the takeoff surface, assuming
all engines operating.

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 RUNWAY LIMITATIONS

b) The takeoff run on a wet runway is the greater of the following values:
• TORN-1 wet = Distance covered from the brake release to a point at which the
aircraft is at 15ft above the takeoff surface, ensuring the V2 speed to be achieved
before the airplane is 35 feet above the takeoff surface, assuming the failure of the
critical engine at VEF and recognized at V1. It is equal to TODN-1 wet .
• 1.15 TORN wet = 115 % of the distance covered from brake release to a point
equidistant between the point at which VLOF is reached and the point at which the
aircraft is 35 feet above the takeoff surface, assuming all engines operating.

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 RUNWAY LIMITATIONS

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 RUNWAY LIMITATIONS
Takeoff Run (TOR) Runway without Clearway

The takeoff run is equal to the takeoff distance, whatever the takeoff
surface (dry or wet).

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 RUNWAY LIMITATIONS
Clearway Influence on a Wet Runway

With a wet runway, the takeoff run with one engine-out is always equal to
the takeoff distance with one engine-out (i.e. from brake release to 15
feet). Therefore, a clearway does not give any performance benefit on a
wet runway.

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 RUNWAY LIMITATIONS
Accelerate-Stop Distance (ASD)

a) The accelerate-stop distance on a dry runway is the greater of the following values:
ASD N-1 dry = Sum of the distances necessary to:
- Accelerate the airplane with all engines operating to VEF,
- Accelerate from VEF to V1 assuming the critical engine fails at VEF and the pilot takes the first
action to reject the takeoff at V1
- Come to a full stop
- Plus a distance equivalent to 2 seconds at constant V1 speed
ASDN dry = Sum of the distances necessary to:
- Accelerate the airplane with all engines operating to V1, assuming the pilot takes the first

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action to reject the takeoff at V1
- With all engines still operating come to a full stop
- Plus a distance equivalent to 2 seconds at constant V1 speed
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 RUNWAY LIMITATIONS

• Accelerate-Stop Distance (ASD)

b) The accelerate-stop distance on a wet runway is the greater of the
following values:
ASDdry
ASDN-1 wet = same definition as ASDN-1 dry except the runway is wet
ASDN wet = same definition as ASDN dry except the runway is wet

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 RUNWAY LIMITATIONS

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ASD determination on a wet runway may include the use of

the reverse thrust provided it is safe and reliable [JAR/FAR 25-
109 (e)(f)]

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Influence of V1 on Accelerate-Go/Stop

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TakeOff Run Available (TORA):
The length of runway which is declared available by the appropriate
authority and suitable for the ground run of an aeroplane taking off.”

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 RUNWAY LIMITATIONS
Takeoff Distance Available (TODA)
The length of the takeoff run available plus the length of the clearway
available.”

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 RUNWAY LIMITATIONS
Accelerate-Stop Distance Available (ASDA)…
() stopway: is an area beyond the runway, which should have the following
characteristics. It must be:

➢At least as wide as the runway, and centered with the runway
➢Able to support the airplane during an abortive takeoff, without causing
structural damage to the airplane.
➢Designated by the airport authorities for use in decelerating the airplane

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during an abortive takeoff.

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EMAS??
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 RUNWAY LIMITATIONS
Accelerate-Stop Distance Available (ASDA)
The length of the takeoff run available plus the length of the stopway, if
such stopway is declared available by the appropriate Authority and is
capable of bearing the mass of the aeroplane under the prevailing
operating conditions.”

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 RUNWAY LIMITATIONS
Loss of Runway Length due to Alignment

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 RUNWAY LIMITATIONS

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 CLIMB AND OBSTACLE LIMITATIONS

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