1. Coastal Processes 4.

Coastal Erosion and Transportation The shape of the Key

coast is determined
Waves are formed by wind blowing over the sea. The size of wave Erosion is the removal of material and sculpting of landforms
by geology. Hard Words
is determined by the strength of the wind, the duration of the rocks (chalk, granite) (highlighted)
wind and the distance the wind blows over(fetch). erode slowly. Clay
Constructive waves are low and sandstone are
with long wavelengths. The softer and erode
swash is stronger than the faster
backwash. They build beaches
This leads to the creation of headlands and bays. Hard rocks will form
Destructive waves are higher headlands and erode slowly. Soft rocks will form bays and erode quickly
LINK
with shorter wavelengths. The Caves, arches andstacks and
backwash is stronger than the Stumps
swash eroding the coast. Extended
Stage 1: Processes of erosion
2. Weathering attack a weakness in the cliff
reading
(crack)
Weathering is the decomposition or disintegration of rockin its
Stage 2: Over time the crack
original place (erosion involves moving rock)
widens to form a cave.
Chemical Mechanical Stage 3: The cave erodes thought
he headland creating an arch. Durdle Door
• Carbonation. Carbon • Freeze thaw. LINK
dioxide dissolved in Stage 4: The arch collapses under
rainwater forms a weak its weight leaving a stack.
Stage 5: Erosional processes attack 4-6 mark
acid. Reacts with limestone
and chalk to form a solution
Paper 1 Coasts LINK the base of the stack causing it to exam
• fall and leave a stump.
Hydrolysis – acidic • Salt weathering – salt in sea questions
rainwater reacts with water expands to form 7. Depositional Landforms
minerals in granite cracks. 5. Coastal Transportation
• Oxidation – oxygen in rain Sand Dunes: Sand is blown inland by onshore winds creating
reacts with iron Longshore Drift sand dunes. Sand is captured by objects. Further back from
The movement of the shore, grass and roots flourish holding together the
3. Mass Movement sediment on a beach dunes. LINK
Mass movement is the movement of material downslope under the 5.Response to tectonic hazards depends on the angle
influence of gravity. It is the falling, sliding or flowing of rock, that the waves Video
sediment or soil most often along a slip plane (line of weakness). approach the beach.
Different types of mass movement can include rockfall, landslides LSD is responsible for links
and rotational slumping. the creation of
beaches and spits.

Deposition: Sediment dropped by the waves. Creates beach. The

beach is made of material transported by longshore drift. LINK
6. Erosional Landforms
Spits: A spit is a long, narrow Revision
Wave Cut
finger of sand or shingle jutting techniques
Plateform
When a out into the sea from the land.
wave These form when there is a lot
crashes of longshore drift. If the spit
against a hits the land again it is called a
cliff, bar. These can have lagoons
erosion close to the high tide line will appear causing a wave cut notch.
behind them. A change in wind
Over time this will become deeper and collapse under it’s own weight. LINK
Gradually the cliff retreats leaving a wave cut platform.
direction causes the hook or
recurved end.
 8. Coastal Management Strategies 10. Managing Lyme Regis Key
Hard Engineering Words
Image (highlighted)
Strategy Benefits Costs
Sea wall – concretestructure at top • very effective • £5000 - £10000 / metre
of beach acts as a barrier to sea • Can develop top for walking, • very expensive
stalls etc • Ugly

Rock Armour – large boulders at foot • Relatively effective at • £2000 000 / 100metres
of cliff to reduce force of waves reducing force of waves • Ugly
• Relatively cheap • Can be dangerous to public LINK

Gabions – wire cages filled with • Flexible • Not attractive Extended

rocks. Permeable so improve cliff • Cheaper £50 000 / 100
drainage metres
• Quick to construct
Groynes – wooden or stone fences • Create wider beaches
built at right angles to coast to stop • Cheap
longshore drift
Soft Engineering
Beach nourishment / reprofiling. • Looks natural
Adding sand to a beach or changing its • Creates amenity for tourism
shape eg high ridges • Cheap
DuneRegeneration • Considered natural
• Creates area for picnics etc
• May increase biodiversity
Managed Retreat
Managed retreat - Doing nothing. • Long term solution with
Allow sea to move into area. low maintenance
• A naturalbuffer
• New ecosystem created
• Biodiversity improves, eg
bird watching
• More attractive
9. OS Map Skills
An OS Map scale is 1:50,000. Every square on a map is 1 km in all
directions, meaning it’s 1km squared.
Tourism symbols are blue and shown on a key on an OS map. 4
figure grid references aim for the bottom left hand corner of the
square. They always give the number along the bottom first (x
axis), and then along the side (y axis).
You’ll need to be able to locate coastal features on an OS Map.
• Cages can break
• Need replacing every 10 years
• Starve beaches further down
the coast making them
narrower and so more likely
to erode
• Need some maintenance
• £50 000 / 100 metres but can
vary
• Needs constant maintenance
• Less effective than hard
engineering
• £2000 per 100metres. Time
consuming to plant and
maintain
• Easily damaged by storms
• Not particularly effective.
• Low value land is lost to
sea
• Local people have to
move so need to be
compensated
• Some ecosystems maybe
lost
reading
What is the problem?
• Much of the town has been built on unstable cliffs.
• The coastline is eroding fastest than any in Europe.
• Many properties have been destroyed of damaged.
• The sea wall has be breached many times.
LINK
Managementstrategies Negative Outcomes 4-6 mark
• New sea wall and • Increased visitor numbers exam
promenade constructed. has led to conflict with local questions
• £1.4 million emergency people.
project was completed to • Some criticism of the
stabilise the cliff. impact on the natural look
• Creation of wide sand and of the area.
shingle beach to absorb • New sea wall may interfere
wave energy. with coastal processes LINK
• Extension to rock armour at affecting neighbouring
the Cobb (Eastern end of stretches of coastline. Video
seafront)
• Extension drainage to cliff links
to protect 480 homes.
Positives Outcomes
• The new beach has increased visit number to the area –
seafront business is thriving.
• New defences have stood up well to winter storms.
• Better protection of the harbour benefitting local boat owners
LINK
and fishermen.
Revision
techniques
Paper 1 Coasts LINK
LINK