NAMES: KHUMISO MOKAO

ID : O78524525

COURSE: BAECDE

MODULE: RESEARCH CHAPTER 3

 CHAPTER 3

3.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter present research design, population of the study, sampling of study, sampling
and sampling procedure, data collection instrument, data analysis. Reliability and validity of
the instruments and ethical consideration were also described in this study.

3.1 RESEACH DESIGN

The research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate the different
components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring you will effectively
address the research problem. (De Vaus,2001)

QUANTITATIVE DESIGN

Quantitative data analysis is a systematic process of both collecting and evaluating

measurable and verifiable data. It contains a statistical mechanism of assessing or analyzing
quantitative data (Creswell, 2007). A quantitative research analyst’s main purpose is to
quantify a hypothetical situation.

ADVANTAGES
 As it involves numbers and figures, the data collected through quantitative research
can be tested and is more reliable than any other data.
 There are fewer chances of errors in the outcomes of quantitative research.

DISAVANTAGES

 It requires a clear hypothesis and a research model, which can be difficult to set up
and test.
 It can create unnatural environments or situations that affect the results.
 It can be misleading, inaccurate, or incomplete due to errors in measurement,
sampling, or analysis.

3.2 POPULATION OF THE STUDY

The population of the study were the in public primary schools in Botswana.

3.3 SAMPLING SIZE OF THE STUDY

Is the number of observation or individuals included in the study or experiment.
My sample size will be 2 public schools where I will be picking 5 teachers from each school.
3.4 SAMLING AND SAMPLING PROCEDURE

Sampling is one of the most important factors which determines the accuracy of a study. This
article review the sampling techniques used in research including Probability sampling
techniques, which include simple random sampling, systematic random sampling and
stratified random sampling and Non-probability sampling, which include quota sampling,
self-selection sampling, convenience sampling, snowball sampling and purposive sampling

Probability sampling is a sampling technique that involves randomly selecting a small group
of people (a sample) from a larger population, and then predicting the likelihood that all their
responses put together will match those of the overall population.

Simple random sampling is selected for populations which are highly homogeneous where
the members of the research are randomly selected to participate in the research
(Bhardwaj, 2019). Simple Random Sampling is the “simplest and most common method of
selecting a sample, in which the sample is selected unit by unit, with equal probability of
selection for each unit at each draw” . According to Acharya (2013), “In this method, every
individual has an equal chance of being selected in the sample from the population.

How is done ( example)

1. Identify the N units in the population with the numbers 1 to N.

2. Choose any random number arbitrarily in the random number table and start reading
numbers.

3. Choose the sampling unit whose serial number corresponds to the random number drawn
from the table of random numbers.

4. In the case of SRSWR, all the random numbers are accepted ever if repeated more than
once. In the case of SRSWOR, if any random number is repeated, then it is ignored, and more
numbers are drawn

3.5DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS

Is a systematic process of gathering observation and measurement. Questionnaire were used

in this research study. Questionnaire was used because is very effective in quantifying from
the sample group and its very cheap and easy where budget is problem(BAEZ, 2012)

3.6 PILOT STUDY

According to Julie Stahowiak a pilot study is a smaller version of a large study that is
conducted to prepare for that study. A pilot study needs to incorporate each feature or activity
of the project. It should break down the project into task that are then tested. However a pilot
study can also be the per testing or trying out of a particular research project (Backer
1994).The researcher was using questionnaire to pilot study where by question was to
sharpen the pilot study. The importance of pilot study in the case study research cannot be
under emphasized because pilot study provide practical steps in solving real
problems(Whithely 2005)

3.7 DATA ANALYSIS

The data was analyzed and organized using descriptions, percentages tables and graphs as it
makes studying data a lot simpler and more accurate

3.8 VALIDITY AND RELIBILITY

Reliability and validity are concepts used to evaluate the quality of research. They indicate
how well a method, technique. or test measures something.Validity refers to how accurately a
method measures what it is intended to measure. If research has high validity, that means it
produces results that correspond to real properties, characteristics, and variations in the
physical or social world

3.9 EHIAL CONSIDERATION

Are the moral principles guiding research from its inceptions through to completion and
publication of its results (Baez 2012) The researcher was guided by the following data.

 Informed consent

Make sure that participants understand what they are agreeing and gie their onstent freely and
voluntary.

 Privacy and confidentiality

Protect privacy and confidentiality in their data for example not writing their names.

 Respect

It promotes openness and flexibility by participants when giving out information