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33088 R29 32736 S29
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5190697 4675034 xJQy VywSB u}= QO "OwW|t XNWt R}v `]kt u; QO xQB p}iwQB |}=yx}q O=H}=
 number of elements xO=iDU= OQwt |=yx}q O=OaD 'OW=@ QDW}@ OwQW =D ?=y `]kt R= =yxQB u=R}t VNQJ
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C Qm W |D=w=ot 160 Q=N@ u}@QwD |xOt; CUO x@ C=aq]= R= 'Q=N@ u}@QwD Q=Wism "6 pmW CU= xOW |UQQ@ QN; h}OQ lQLDt |xQB pw]
\UwDt |xm@W R= xOt; CUO x@ G}=Dv OwW|t xOy=Wt 6 pmW QO xm u=vJ
\w@ Qt C=aq]= u}= "CU= xOW xO=iDU= =owD =vBt u}@QwD CN=U w |UOvyt
h}OQ |=Q@ ?U=vt |xm@W u}= Q@=v@ w OQ=Ov R}Q pwrU =@ |xm@W =@ |O=}R Cw=iD
G}=Dv |xU}=kt w |UQQ@ "CU= u}@QwD hrDNt pL=Qt Q=N@ C}i}m w Q=Wi x@
Q@=Q@ OvDUy pL R= pkDUt G}=Dv u; QO xm lQLDt w C@=F xQB l} pt=W u}@QwD QN;
C=aq]= =@ VywSB u}= |OOa |R=Ux}@W R= xOt; CUO x@ G}=Dv xm OyO|t u=Wv
G}=Dv w C=aq]= xU}=kt u}= QO xD@r= "OQ=O Ck@=]t Q=}U@ u}@QwD xOW |Q}oxR=Ov=
|xm@W |=ypwrU O=OaD T=U= u}= Q@ "OwW ?=NDv= Ov=wD|t pwrU 135000 =@
xQB l} R= xO=iDU= =@ =yvD Q=N@ u}@QwD |xrLQt Ciy |R=Ux}@W R= xOt; CUO x@ "OwW|t XNWt 2 pwOH j@=]t =yh}OQ Q}=U |O}rwD
|=yxQB u=Um} `=]k =@ |R=Ux}@W swRr =D CU= xOW xOv=Hvo R}v h}OQ Qy QO
CUO x@ Q=Wi G}=Dv 5 pwOH QO "OwW XNWt Q=N@ u}@QwD hrDNt |=yh}OQ |RQt \}=QW "4"2
|=]N w |@ QHD G}=Dv w lQDWt `=]k l} w h}OQ Qy R= xQB l} |R=Ux}@W R= xOt; xOW xO=iDU= |OwQw `]kt QO pm |=tO w pm Q=Wi |RQt \QW R= VywSB u}= QO
"CU= xOW x=Q= xrLQt Qy p=}U C}i}m w CU= u}@QwD QwDwQ QwLt |R=wt |OwQw p=}U CyH xwqax@ "CU=
u=Um} `=]k =@ |R=Ux}@W |=]N OYQO OwW|t xOy=Wt 5 pwOH QO xm u=vJ uOw@ |R=wt |rm Qw]x@ "CU= xOW xDiQo Q_v QO 1 =@ Q@=Q@ `]kt u}= QO R}v |OwQw
w OYQO 1 R= QDsm pL=Qt QDW}@ QO w sm Q=}U@ 'CU= xDW=O OQ@Q=m xSwQB u}= QO xm
R= xOt; CUO x@ G}=Dv xm CU= |DQwY QO u}= "CU= 1 2 pO=at \UwDt Qw]x@
OYQO x=HvB x@ |v=}t pL=Qt QO |DL w xDW=O |O=}R |=]N xQB l} =@ |R=Ux}@W

"OUQ|t R}v xOW |Q}oxR=Ov= Q}O=kt

|=Q@ xOt; CUO x@ x Q=N@ C}i}m |@ QHD G}=Dv |=]N OYQO 6 pwOH QO
"CU= xOW x=Q= lQDWt `=]k l} w h}OQ Qy R= xQB l} |R=Ux}@W =@ 'h}OQ Qy
OQwt IAPWS IF97 |rO=aD Q=N@ pOt T=U=Q@ Q=N@ C}i}m CU= QmP x@ sRq
s}UkD R= Q=N@ C}i}m xm ?}DQD u}O@ "OwW|t x@U=Lt CFX Q=Ri=sQv QO xO=iDU=

"O};|t CUO x@ `}=t w Q=N@ sQH pm x@ Q=N@ VN@ sQH

|R=Ux}@W 'Q=N@ C}i}m |=Q@ xm OyO|t u=Wv 6 pwOH QO xOW x=Q= G}=Dv
`=]k =@ |R=Ux}@W CkO xJQo= 'CU= |rw@k p@=k CkO |=Q=O VwQ wO Qy x@
R= xOt; CUO x@ G}=Dv |rm Qw]x@ "CU= xOW QDsm =]N \UwDt w QDy@ lQDWt
1 `=]k C@Uv w u=Um} `=]k =@ |R=Ux}@W xm OyO|t u=Wv |HvUQ=@Da= VN@ h}OQ lQLDt xQB pw] QO Q=Wi Q@ |O}rwD xm@W u=tr= O=OaD Q}F-=D |UQQ@ "6 pmW
R=}v OQwt CkO |=Q=O 'CU= xDW=O OQ@Q=m xSwQB u}= QO xm xHQO 30 x}w=R =@ Q@=Q@ "Q=N@ u}@QwD QN;

88
C=Hv Q}t= w Q=kw =[QOtLt

"u}@QwD Q=Wism xrLQt |OOa |R=Ux}@W QO xO=iDU= OQwt |RQt \}=QW "4 pwOH
|RQt \}=QW RQt }OQ
h

Q=@ 7 8 %pm Q=Wi

u wr} m 481 %pm |=tO 25 xrLQt C@=F xQB |OwQw 1
C}yQB wU Q=N@ 1 %Q=N@ C}i}m u}@QwD QwLt |R=wt u=} QH CyH
Q=@ 0 14 %|L=Q] l}D=DU= Q=Wi 31 xrLQt lQLDt xQB |HwQN 2
xOW |Q}o\UwDt Stage |RQt \QW lQLDt w C@=F xQB |=yp=}U x_iLt p=YD= 3
l}Ow} QB p=}U |=yx_iLt |Q=vm xQ=w}O wO 4
C@=F C@=F |=yxQB p=}U x_iLt OwQW w ?=y `]=kt 5
t a U =@ |w=Ut %?=y
x_iL C Q
lQLDt |=yxQB p=}U x_iLt OwQW w ?=y `]=kt 6
C@=F %OwQW

"Q=N@ u}@QwD hrDNt |=y|R=Ux}@W Q=Wi G}=Dv |=]N OYQO "5 pwOH
xQBlD |R=Ux}@W u=Um} `=]k =@ |R=Ux}@W =vB t u}@QwD Q=Wi
Lt
xr Q
OYQO =]N Q=@ Q=Wi OYQO =]N Q=@ Q=Wi Q=@
4 074 6 11 0 228 5 88 5 87 25
8 731 4 56 0 633 4 22 42 26
14 310 3 26 0 588 2 87 2 85 27
18 763 2 22 2 159 1 84 1 87 28
35 984 1 29 2 346 0 92 0 95 29
53 254 0 64 0 279 0 42 0 42 30
3 506 0 14 0 658 0 137 0 1369 31
19 803 - 1 213 - - =]N \UwDt

"Q=N@ u}@QwD hrDNt |=y|R=Ux}@W Q=N@ C}i}m G}=Dv |=]N OYQO "6 pwOH
xQBlD |R=Ux}@W u=Um} `=]k =@ |R=Ux}@W Q=N@ C}i}m
Lt
xr Q
OYQO =]N Q=N@ C}i}m OYQO =]N Q=N@ C}i}m =vBt u}@QwD
0 1 0 1 1 25
0 1 0 0171 0 099 1 26
0 0 98 0 292 0 97 0 98 27
0 546 0 96 0 0 95 0 95 28
1 000 0 93 0 0 92 0 92 29
1 090 0 91 0 886 0 89 09 30
1 200 0 85 1 453 0 85 0 86 31
1 129 - 0 587 - - =]N \UwDt

89
 % };|t CUOx@ 1 |x]@=Q R= pm l}D=DU=
[19] O U t Q=N@ C}i}m Q}_v =yQDt=Q=B R= |[a@ |=Q@ =yvD xQB l} =@ |R=Ux}@W w CU=

"""|}=Q=m Q@ QwUv=Ovm Q=Wi V}=Ri= Q}F-=D |UQQ@

? =v

h0 h4
xDU @=w Q=Wi |=Q@ xOt; CUO x@ G}=Dv x@ xm xSwQB u}= h=Oy= u}t-=D |=Q@ w CU=
total twostages = ( 1) "CU}v ?U=vt 'CU=
h0 h4ts
uwmU |Br=Dv; h4 'CUNv um =U xQB x@ |OwQw QO uwmU |Br=Dv; h0 u; QO xm
R= |HwQN QO uwmU |Br=Dv; h4ts w QN; xrLQt lQLDt xQB R= |HwQN QO |ak=w
xOW |] C@=F |BwQDv; Ov}=Qi xm u; Q@ \wQWt CU= QN; |xrLQt lQLDt |xQB } v "3
G =D

%O};|t CUO x@ 2 |x]@=Q R= QN; |xrLQt l} u=tOv=Q u}vJty "OW=@
h2 h4
total onestages = ( 2)
h2 h4ss
l } C@=F |BwQDv; Ov}=Qi \QW x@ lQLDt xQB R= |HwQN QO |Br=Dv; h4ss u; QO xm
xHwD =@ "CU= 6 pmW QO swO |xrLQt |OwQw QO uwmU |Br=Dv; h2 w |}xrLQt
xrLQt l} R= pL=Qt pm |=Q@ C@=F |BwQDv; Ov}=Qi |Br=Dv; R= h=QLv= C@Uv xm u}= x@
|=yxQB |=Q@ pL=Qt pm |yOR=@ R= R}v xrLQt l} |yOR=@ '6 pmW CU= QDW}@
%CU= QDsm 29 |rtar=Tma
total twostages > total onestages ( 3)
90 u}@ QO w q=@ 'xv=o=OH Qw]x@ =yu}@QwD u=tOv=Q xm CU= |QwQ[ R}v xDmv u}= QmP
"CU= u}@QwD QO pmWt w O}OW Ci= Qou=Wv Q=Okt u}= R= QDsm w CU= OYQO 95 =D
|xrLQt QN; |xrLQt w Q=N@ u}@QwD Q=Wism |x}L=v pm |=yu=tOv=Q xt=O= QO
|HwQN Q=Wi QO VywSB u}= QO |UQQ@ OQwt Q=N@ u}@QwD |=Q@ xOt; CUO x@ 31
lQLDt xQB |wQ Q@ =yx@=OQo u}R=e; Q=Wi 0 375 'Q=@ 0 3 'Q=@ 0 1369 '|L=Q]
'OwW|t xOy=Wt xm u=vJ "CU= xOW x=Q= 7 pwOH QO A} QD Q=@s}v w QN; xrLQt
94 =D 92 OwOLQO CUq=@ |UQQ@ OQwt Q=N@ u}@QwD Q=Wism |x}L=v pm u=tOv=Q
u}@QwD u=tOv=Q uOw@ q=@ "Ovm|tv |v=OvJ Q}}eD |HwQN Q=Wi Q}}eD =@ w OYQO
Q=N@ pm}U QO xv=o=OH Qw]x@ u}@QwD u=tOv=Q w CU= |k]vt OW xDio xm u=vJ
"CU= OYQO 90 R= QDW}@
u}@QwD |}xrLQtlD u=tOv=Q 'OwW|t xOy=Wt R}v 7 pwOH QO xm u=vJ xwqax@
V}=Ri= =@ xD@r= "CU= QDsm Q=Wi u; QO u}@QwD |rm u=tOv=Q R= QN; |xrLQt Q=N@
|x}w=R Q}}eD x@ xHwD =@ u}@QwD QN; |xrLQt u=tOv=Q 'Q=N@ u}@QwD |HwQN Q=Wi
Qou=Wv xm Ovm|t =O}B Vy=m OYQO 6 |}x_Lqt p@=k Qw]x@ u=} QH \w]N
xrtH R= hrDNt |=yC}tm '|OOa |R=Ux}@W G}=Dv CLY R= u=v}t]= R= Oa@
@Q D HwQN Q=Wi Q}}eD x@ xHwD =@ =Q u}@QwD |=yxQB |wQ Q=Wi `}RwD w =yx@=OQo
u} w |
Q=Wi T=U=Q@ =Q Q=N@ u}@QwD ut}= OQmrta |xOwOLt j} Q] u}= R= =D s}vm|t |UQQ@
Q=N@ u}@QwD |L=Q] |HwQN Q=Wi |=Q@ G}=Dv VywSB u}= QO "s}vm u}}aD |HwQN
CUO x@ Q=@ 0 5 w 0 375 '0 3 Q=Okt u}= R= QDq=@ |=yQ=Wi w Q=@ 0 1369
sRq "CU= xDiQo Q=Qk |UQQ@ OQwt =yv; G}=Dv xt=O= QO xm CU= xOW |UQQ@ w xOt;
|v=yo =v Qw]x@ Q=@ 0 5 |HwQN Q=Wi QO u}@QwD '|rai C}a[w QO CU= QmP x@
"OwW|t 27 A} QD w Vwt=N
Q=N@ u}@QwD QN; xQB w Q=Wism |x}L=v pm u=tOv=Q |UQQ@ "1"3
=@ Q=N@ u}@QwD |xrLQt l} QO p=}U Cr=L C=Q}}eD |xwLv w |m}t=v}OwtQD Ov}=Qi
R}v
28 Q}rwt Q=Owtv x@ xm |BwQDv;  |Br=Dv; Q=Owtv QO u=wD|t =Q |rtar=Tma |=yxQB
'Q=N@ u}@QwD R= xrLQt wO R= l}D=tW |}=tv 7 pmW QO "O=O u=Wv 'CU= hwQat
XNWt pmW QO xm u=vJ "CU= xOW xO=O u=Wv C@=F w lQLDt xQB wO pt=W
QO 'CU= C@=F |BwQDv; C=irD uwO@ w p;xO}= Ov}=Qi 4ts w 0 \=kv u}@ Ov}=Qi CU=
u}@ hqDN= "CU= C=irD pt=W |ak=w Ov}=Qi l} 4 w 0 \=kv u}@ Ov}=Qi xm |r=L
"OwW|t pY=L C=irD QF= Q@ Ck}kL QO u}@QwD |HwQN QO |ak=w w p;xO}= \=kv
\=kv w pw= |xrLQt pt=W 2 =D 0 \=kv 'OwW|t xOy=Wt 7 pmW QO xm u=vJ
xm `=@W= \N 7 pmW QO u}vJty "CU= u}@QwD swO |xrLQt x@ \w@ Qt 4 =D 2
QO "CU= xOW xO=O u=Wv R}v CU= R=iwO Q=N@ w `=@W= Q=N@ |x}L=v |xOvvm=OH
p}O@D w =yxQB x@ p=}U R= |SQv= p=kDv= Ov}=Qi |tm |@=}RQ= |=Q@ '=yu}@QwD |UQQ@
"OvQ@|t xQy@ xOR=@ R= p}O@D u}= Q@ C=irD QF= uDiQo Q_v QO w |SQv=
R= TB p=}U |SQv= R= Q=Okt xJ OyO|t u=Wv xm CU= |Q=}at xOR=@ `k=w QO
xOR=@ 'h} QaD j@] "CU= xOW p}O@D |m}v=mt Q=m x@ C=irD |t=tD uDiQo Q_v QO

A} QD Q=@s}v =D |HwQN Q=Wi QDW}@ V}=Ri= =@ xD@r= "CU= Q=Wi u}= QO O=}R C=irD
,=D}=yv QN; |xrLQt u=tOv=Q 'QN; xrLQt lQLDt |xQB QU=QU QO |}=yx@=OQo O}rwD w
"OwW|t R}v |ivt |DL w xOQm p}t QiY x@
"|HwQN Q=Wi Q}}eD =@ QN; h}OQ lQLDt |xQB Q@ OQ=w |QwLt |wQ}v "7 pwOH
|xrLQt u=tOv=Q |x}L=v pm u=tOv=Q | HwQN Q=Wi
u}@QwD QN; u}@QwD Q=Wism Q=N@ u}@QwD
OYQO Q=N@ OYQO Q=N@ Q=@
93 84 94 49 |L=Q] 0 1369
91 58 94 31 03
87 57 94 01 0 37
 92 12 05 [19] "|rtar=Tma |=yxQB =@ Q=N@ u}@QwD x@ \w@ Qt Q}rwt Q=Owtv "7 pmW

90
C=Hv Q}t= w Q=kw =[QOtLt

|x}L=v pm x@ u}@QwD QN; |xrLQt QO xOW s=Hv= Q=m C@Uv "2"3

Q=Wism
@ Q=N@ u}@QwD QN; |xrLQt QO |O}rwD Q=m u=R}t w u=tOv=Q Ci= QDy@ lQO Qw_vtx@
=

QN; |xrLQt QO |O}rwD Q=m C@Uv |UQQ@ x@ VN@ u}= QO '|HwQN Q=Wi V}=Ri=

"s}R=OQB|t Q=N@ u}@QwD Q=Wism |x}L=v QO |O}rwD Q=m pm x@ Q=N@ u}@QwD

\UwD 5 pmW QO xOW xO=O u=Wv xrLQt wO u}@ xrY=i QO |O}rwD Q=m u=R}t

"OwW|t x@U=Lt 4 |x]@=Q

Wtotal twostages = m_ (h0 h4 ) ( 4)
uwmU |Br=Dv; hqDN= ?Q[ R= u}@QwD hrDNt pL=Qt QO |O}rwD Q=m T=U= u}=Q@
QO |O}rwD Q=m C@Uv xH}DvQO "O};|t CUO x@ |tQH |@O QO GwQN w OwQw QO
u}@QwD |HwQN =D Q=Wism |x}L=v |=OD@= R= Q=N@ C}i}m C=Q}}eD Q=Owtv "8 pmW
pL=Qt QO |O}rwD Q=m pm x@ VywSB u}= QO |UQQ@ OQwt Q=N@ u}@QwD QN; |xrLQt
"hrDNt |HwQN |=yQ=Wi QO %O};|t CUO x@ 5 |x]@=Q R= Q=N@ u}@QwD Q=Wism
Q=Wism |x}L=v Q=m pm x@ QN; |xrLQt Q=m C@Uv = ((hhSS3125 hR31 )
hR31 )
(5)

xOW hPL QUm GQNt w CQwY QO uOw@ C@=F x@ xHwD =@ |tQH |@O u; QO xm
|L=Q] |HwQN Q=Wi |=Q@ QN; |xrLQt |O}rwD Q=m C@Uv R}v 8 pwOH QO "CU=

"CU= xOW x=Q= Q=@s}v w 0 375 'Q=@ 0 3 'Q=@ 0 1369

|x}L=v |O}rwD Q=m sQ=yJl} |L=Q] \}=QW QO 'OwW|t xOy=Wt xm u=vJ
|=yxQB QDnQR@ xR=Ov= x@ xHwD =@ xm 'CU= QN; |xrLQt x@ \w@ Qt Q=N@ u}@QwD Q=Wism
"OUQ|t Q_v x@ |k]vt Qt= u}= '|}=OD@= pL=Qt x@ C@Uv u}@QwD |}=yDv= |=yh}OQ
h}OQ lQLDt xQB |xrtL |x}w=R Q}}eD w CaQU Vy=m =@ w |HwQN Q=Wi V}=Ri= =@

|xO}OB RwQ@ =@ C}=yv QO =D OwW|t xDU=m QN; |xrLQt |O}rwD Q=m u=R}t R= 'QN;
"Q=@ 0 13 Q=Wi QO QN; |=yh}OQ |v=}t `]kt QO u=} QH \w]N p}iwQB "9 pmW R}v |ivt xmr@ 'OwW|t QiY =yvDxv xrLQt u}= QO |O}rwD Q=m p=DU= |oOv=t=w
QN; |xrLQt R= |Q=m =yvDxv C}a[w u}= QO u}@QwD xm CU=vat u=O@ u}= "OwW|t

w Q=@ 0 3 '|L=Q] Q=@ 0 14 u}@QwD |HwQN Q=Wi xU QO Q=N@ C}i}m C=Q}}eD lQLDt |=yxQB uOv=NQJ hQY u; |O}rwD |SQv= R= |WN@ xmr@ 'Ovm|tv Ci=}QO
"CU= xOW s}UQD Q=@ 0 5 "OwW|t R}v QN; h}OQ
CLD ,=t}kDUt |v=}=B |xrLQt xU QO Q=N@ C}i}m 'OwW|t xOy=Wt xm u=vJ

Q=N@ C}i}m '|HwQN Q=Wi V}=Ri= =@ w CU= Q=N@ u}@QwD |HwQN Q=Wi Q}F-=D u}@QwD Q=Wism |x}L=v |=yDv= =D =OD@= R= Q=N@ C}i}m |UQQ@ "3"3
pw] QO xm CU= |DQwY QO V}=Ri= u}= "O@=}|t V}=Ri= R}v QN; pL=Qt QO u=tOv=Q w |O}rwD Q=m QwUv=Ovm Q=Wi V}=Ri= =@ xm OW xOy=Wt |r@k VN@ wO QO
C}i}m 8 pmW QO 14 =D 12 h}OQ |=yxQB u}@ Q=N@ u}@QwD QN; |xrLQt xOW xO=O u=Wv u}vJty "O@=}|t Vy=m QN; |xrLQt QO XwYNx@ 'Q=N@ u}@QwD
p=@vO x@ w Q=N@ C}i}m Qo}O CQ=@ax@ "Ovm|t p}t uOW C@=F CtU x@ Q=N@ =@ "CU= \=@DQ= QO u}@QwD R= xrLQt Qy |Br=Dv; =@ ,=t}kDUt u=tOv=Q w |O}rwD Q=m xm
xm CU=vat u=O@ u}= &Ov=t|t C@=F xrLQt u}= |HwQN w =OD@= QO |Br=Dv; 'u; \=@DQ= QO pL=Qt u}= R= |Qw@a Q=N@ C}i}m =@ |R=iwO p=}U |Br=Dv; xm u}= x@ xHwD
Q=@s}v QDq=@ |=yQ=Wi QO |DL w QiY xrLQt u}= QO u=tOv=Q w |O}rwD Q=m Q=Owtv 8 pmW QO "s}R=OQB|t xOt; CUO x@ u=tOv=Q w Q=m p}rLD w |UQQ@ x@ CU=
|xrLQt |OwQw QO Q=N@ C}i}m R= QDW}@ 14 xQ=tW xQB |HwQN QO Q=N@ C}i}m
R}v |ivt u=tOv=Q w |O}rwD Q=m Ea=@ w OwW|t 8 pmW QO 12 xQB QN; "Q=N@ u}@QwD Q=Wism |x}L=v pm x@ QN; |xrLQt QO |O}rwD Q=m C@Uv "8 pwOH
"OwW|t Q=m C@Uv u}@QwD |HwQN Q=Wi
OYQO |O}rwD Q=@ Q=N@
u=} QH \w]N p}iwQB |UQQ@ "4"3 25 5 |L=Q] 0 1369
'u}@QwD |O}rwD Q=m C@Uv w u=tOv=Q Q@ |HwQN Q=Wi C=Q}F-=D QDy@ lQO |=Q@ xt=O= QO 9 45 03
Q=N@ u}@QwD h}OQ lQLDt xQB |=Q@ hrDNt `]=kt QO CaQU p}iwQB |UQQ@ x@ 4 98 0 37
`]kt QO u=} QH \w]N p}iwQB 9 pmW QO "s}R=OQB|t VywSB u}= QO |UQQ@ OQwt
|ivt 05
"CU= xOW xO=O u=Wv Q=N@ u}@QwD |=yxQB |v=}t

91
 xOW xO=O u=Wv |=ypmW QO u=} QH \w]N p}iwQB OwW|t xOy=Wt xm u=vJ

"""|}=Q=m Q@ QwUv=Ovm Q=Wi V}=Ri= Q}F-=D |UQQ@

|=yxQB u}@ |=[i QO CaQU |=yp}iwQB CUmW w xOw@ |@Uv CaQU |=v@tQ@
CQwY |=y|UQQ@ QO 'u}= Q@ uwRi= "CU= Qt= u}ty x@ \w@ Qt R}v lQLDt w C@=F
0 13 Q=Wi QO xm OW XNWt 9 pmW OwQW =D ?=y R= `]=kt Q}=U |=Q@ xDiQo
u=} QH \w]N uwJ w CU= xOt=}v O}OB =yxQB CQw=Ht QO |}x@=OQo xvwoI}y Q=@
=@ xU}=kt QO u; Q=Wi =Pr 'CU= QDl}ORv sy x@
30 =yxQB Q=Wism u}}wQ |x}L=v QO
xQB Q@ xOQ=w |wQ}v xH}DvQO w CU= QDsm |rN=O Twk 31 xQB Q=WiQB u} Q}R |x}L=v
"CU= u=} QH |=DU=Q QO
QO "CU= xOt=}v OwHw x@ |}x@=OQo xvwoI}y 'Qo}O `]=kt Q}=U w `]kt u}= QO
u}@QwD pm w xrLQtlD u=tOv=Q 'OW xO=O u=Wv R}v 8 w 7 pw=OH QO xm u=vJ xH}Dv

xR=@ QO OwN u=wD xv}W}@ =@ u}@QwD w xOw@ q=@ C}a[w u}= QO |O}rwD Q=m C@Uv w
0 13 Q=Wi |=Q@ QN; |=yh}OQ |v=}t `]kt QO u=} QH \w]N p}iwQB "10 pmW \w]N p}iwQB 10 pmW QO "CU= Q=m x@ pweWt Q=@ 0 5 =D 0 13 |HwQN Q=Wi
"Q=@
|=Q@ xm CU= QmP x@ sRq "CU= xOW xO=O u=Wv =yxQB |v=}t `]kt |=Q@ u=} QH
|=Q@ u=} QH \w]N =yvD '=ypmW Q}=U Ovv=ty '10 w 9 pmW wO QO 'QDy@ Kw[w
"CU= xOW xO=O u=Wv Q=N@ u}@QwD QN; |xrLQt wO
Q}=U |UQQ@ QO xm xJv; Q@ xwqa 'OwW|t xOy=Wt 10 pmW QO xm u=vJ

|a[wt Q=Wism |x}L=v w x@=OQo xvwoI}y R}v Q=Wi u}= QO 'OW pY=L =yxQB `]=kt

|H}QOD Vy=m xD@r= "CU= Q=m p=L QO |vt}= =@ u=vJty u}@QwD w OwW|tv xO}O

?}W V}=Ri= R= |W=v 'p@k Cr=L =@ xU}=kt QO QN; |xrLQt QO |O}rwD Q=m C@Uv

|xU}=kt QO |@ wNx@ xm CU= QN; |xrLQt lQLDt |xQB QO |@Uv u=} QH \w]N
"CU= xOy=Wt p@=k 10 w 9 pmW wO
R= 0 2 w 0 5 `]=kt QO u=} QH \w]N p}iwQB R}v 12 w 11 |=ypmW QO
11 pmW QO "CU= xOW xO=O u=Wv ?}DQDx@ Q=@ 0 5 |HwQN Q=Wi |=Q@ =yxQB
"Q=@ 0 5 Q=Wi |=Q@ QN; |=yh}OQ 0 5 `]kt QO u=} QH \w]N p}iwQB "11 pmW lQLDt |xQB hQ] wO QO |}=yx@=OQo R}v w |rN=O Twk QO |}=yx@=OQo Kw[wx@
x@ "Ov=xOQm O=H}= xQB h=Q]= QO =Q |Q=Wism |L=wv xm OwW|t xO}O QN; h}OQ

QO w xOW |oOv=t=w Q=JO QN; |xrLQt lQLDt |xQB Cio u=wD|t ?}DQD u}=
|Qw@a CaQU Vy=m w Q=Wi V}=Ri= R= |W=v Qt= u}= "OQ=O Q=Qk |a}@]Q}e C}a[w
Q=PoQ}F-=D QN; h}OQ lQLDt xQB |xrtL |x}w=R Q@ ,=t}kDUt xm CU=yxQB u=}t R=
"CU=
|@ wNx@ u=} QH \w]N ?}W |UQQ@ =@ w 11 |r= 9 |=ypmW |xU}=kt R=

R= |O}rwD Q=m '|oOv=t=w |xO}OB `wkw =@ "OwW|t xOy=Wt xrtL |x}w=R V}=Ri=
Q=N@ u}@QwD |rm u=tOv=Q xH}DvQO w OwW|t |ivt |DL w 'QiY QN; |xrLQt
|xrLQt |O}rwD Q=m uOW |ivt x@ xHwD =@ C}a[w u}= QO "O@=}|t Vy=m COWx@
"7 pwOH OwW|t =vat|@ ,qta R}v C}a[w u}= QO |}xrLQtlD u=tOv=Q 'QN;
R= |Q}owrH |=Q@ 'QN; |xrLQt QO |oOv=t=w |xO}OB `wkw x@ xHwD =@ Q=Wi u}= QO
"OwW|t GQ=N Q=Ot R= w A} QD u}@QwD '|r=tDL= |=yCQ=UN
"Q=@ 0 5 Q=Wi |=Q@ QN; |=yh}OQ 0 2 `]kt QO u=} QH \w]N p}iwQB "12 pmW
31 h}OQ QN; h}OQ lQLDt xQB |v=}t `]kt QO Q=Wi `}RwD 13 pmW QO Q N; h}OQ xQB |wQ Q@ Q=Wi `}RwD |UQQ@ "5"3
"CU= xOW xO=O u=Wv Q=@ 0 1369 Q=N@ u}@QwD |L=Q] |HwQN Q=Wi QO u=wD|t 'u}@QwD |HwQN hrDNt |=yQ=Wi QO u=} QH \w]N p}iwQB |UQQ@ R= Q}e
u}@QwD |xOW |L=Q] |Q=m Cr=L QO Q=Wi `}RwD 'OwW|t xOy=Wt xm u=vJ C=Q}}eD x@ xHwD =@ w OQm |UQQ@ R}v =Q QN; h}OQ lQLDt xQB |wQ Q=Wi `}RwD |xwLv
|x}L=v R= QDW}@ xQB Q=WiQB u} Q}R |x}L=v QO Q=Wi w CU= |a}@] Qw]x@ 'Q=N@ "OQm xU}=kt =Q |L=Q] Q}e |Q=m \}=QW w u}@QwD p=tQv w |O=a OQmQ=m \}=QW 'u;
u}= R= |O}rwD Q=m 'OW xQ=W= R}v QDW}B xm u=vJ 'u}= Q@=v@ "CU= u; Q=Wism u}}wQ |=OD@= CtU x@ u}@QwD |=yDv= R= ?QNt |=yxO}OB OWQ 'Q=Wi V}=Ri= =@ xm =Hv; R=
R}v Q=@ 0 3 |HwQN Q=Wi |=Q@ Q=Wi `}RwD "CUq=@ u}@QwD u=tOv=Q w C@Ft xrLQt xOW |UQQ@ QN; h}OQ lQLDt xQB pwL Q=Wi p}iwQB =yvD VN@ u}= QO 'CU= u;
"14 pmW CU= jwi pmW Ovv=ty Q}}eD |mOv= x@ "CU=

92
 |x}L=v Q=Wi \=kv |NQ@ QO w CU= l}ORv sy x@ \=kv R= |Q=}U@ QO QN; h}OQ
C=Hv Q}t= w Q=kw =[QOtLt

QO xm CU= u; Qou=Wv Qt= u}= "CU= QDsm u; Q=Wism |x}L=v R= xQB Q=WiQB u} Q}R
O=H}= xD@r= "CU= xOW pY=L |oOv=t=w w OwW|tv O}rwD |D@Ft Q=m Qo}O xrLQt u}=
u}@QwD u=tOv=Q Vy=m w |SQv= O}OW hqD= Q@ xwqa '|ivt Q=m w p=DU= |xO}OB

VQDUo w =yxQB QO VRQr O=H}= Q}_v  CqmWt R= |}xQ}HvR QoR=e; Ov=wD|t 'Q=N@
R= CaQU x@ u=tR u}= QO u}@QwD =Pr &OwW  =yxQB Q}=U x@ =yx@=OQo w C=W=WDe=
"OwW|t A} QD ,=Lq]Y= w xOW GQ=N Q=Ot

|Q}oxH}Dv "4
w |UOvyt CmQW |D=w=ot 160 Q=N@ u}@QwD Q=Wism VN@ pm VywSB u}= QO "Q=@ 0 1369 GwQN Q=Wi |=Q@ QN; h}OQ xQB |v=}t `]kt QO Q=Wi `}RwD "13 pmW
|HwQN hrDNt |=yQ=Wi |=Q@ w 'xOW |OOa |R=Ux}@W =owD =vBt u}@QwD CN=U

lQO x@ u=wD@ j} Q] u}= R= =D CU= xOW pL CU= QwUv=Ovm Q=Wi u=ty xm u}@QwD
=Q C=Q}}eD u}= QO QFw-t pt=wa w Ci=} CUO |O}rwD Q=m w u=tOv=Q C=Q}}eD R= |L}LY
xDiQo CQwY |R=Ux}@W xm OW xO=O u=Wv |HvUQ=@Da= VN@ QO "OQm |}=U=vW R}v

G}=Dv |xU}=kt u}vJty "CU= Q=OQwNQ@ |rw@k p@=k w q=@ CkO R= VywSB u}= QO

R= lQDWt `=]k l} |R=Ux}@W T=U=Q@ xm VywSB u}= QO xOWs=Hv= |R=Ux}@W

|OOa |R=Ux}@W G}=Dv =@ 'xDiQ}PB CQwY xHQO 30 |x}w=R =@ h}OQ Qy |=yxQB
XwYNx@ |R=Ux}@W u}= CkO xm O=O u=Wv 'OwW pOt h}OQ Qy QO xQB l} =yvD xm
h}OQ Qy QO xQB l} =@ |R=Ux}@W R= QDj}kO Q=}U@ |@O w Q=Wi |=yQDt=Q=B |=Q@

"CU=
xQB h}OQ 14 |=Q@ ?U=vt |xm@W O}rwD |xwLv VywSB u}= |=}=Rt Qo}O R=
=@ xU}=kt QO xm CU= ANSYS-TurboGrid Q=Ri=sQv \UwD xOW |R=Ux}@W "Q=@ 0 3 |HwQN Q=Wi |=Q@ QN; h}OQ xQB |v=}t `]kt QO Q=Wi `}RwD "14 pmW
Q=}U@ 'xm@W O}rwD |=yQ=Ri=sQv Q}=U =} Q=Ri=sQv u}= =@ xm@W O}rwD |=yVwQ Q}=U
=@ w s_vt CQwYx@ =Q pL |=[i s=tD u=wD|t w CU= CkO u} QDW}@ =@ w QD`} QU

"OQm |Ov@xm@W |ar[VW |=yu=tr=

QO Q=N@ u}@QwD Q=Wism VN@ |=yxO}OB |UQQ@ |R=Ux}@W u}= R= hOy
w u=tOv=Q xwqax@ "CU= Q=Okt u}= R= QDW}@ |HwQN |=yQ=Wi w |L=Q] \}=QW
u}= QO =Pr "CU= xOW xU}=kt Qo}Om} =@ R}v Q=Wi Qy QO xOt; CUO x@ |O}rwD Q=m

u=Wv w 'K} QWD Q=N@ u}@QwD |xrLQtlD w |rm u=tOv=Q |x@U=Lt |xwLv VywSB
|=yxQB |=Q@ pL=Qt lDlD u=tOv=Q R= pm u=tOv=Q 'u}at \}=QW QO xm OW xO=O
|O}rwD Q=m x@U=Lt |xwLv VywSB u}= QO xwqax@ "CU= QDW}@ |rtar=Tma
xOW K} QWD R}v u}@QwD Q=Wism |x}L=v pm x@ QN; xrLQt |O}rwD Q=m C@Uv w
"CU=
QO 'Q=N@ u}@QwD OQmQ=m |O=a \}=QW QO xm OW xO=O u=Wv Q=DWwv u}= QO "Q=@ 0 5 Q=Wi |=Q@ QN; h}OQ xQB |v=}t `]kt QO Q=Wi `}RwD "15 pmW
O}rwD Q=N@ u}@QwD QN; |xrLQt QO 'Q=Wism |x}L=v |O}rwD Q=m sQ=yJl} OwOL

p@=k \}=QW QO w OYQO 90 R= V}@ u}@QwD QN; |xrLQt w pm u=tOv=Q w OwW|t v y R}v Q=@ 0 3 |HwQN Q=Wi QO QN; xrLQt lQLDt xQB |wQ Q=Wi p}iwQB
Ov =t

|HwQN Q=Wi V}=Ri= =@ xm OW xO=O u=Wv VywSB u}= QO xwqax@ "OQ=O Q=Qk |rw@k
lQLDt xQB QO xrtL |x}w=R w O@=}|t Vy=m |Qw@a p=}U |@Uv CaQU 'u}@QwD
Q=N@ u}@QwD |O}rwD Q=m w |rm u=tOv=Q R= xH}DvQO "O@=}|t V}=Ri= QN; |xrLQt
QN; |xrLQt |O}rwD Q=m 'Q=@ 0 5 =@ Q@=Q@ |HwQN Q=Wi QO xm u}= =D OwW|t xDU=m
Vy=m COWx@ u}@QwD u=tOv=Q w OwW|t |ivt |oOv=t=w |xO}OB `wkw x@ xHwD =@
u }= R= |O}rwD Q=m =Pr w CU= Q=@ 0 13 |HwQN Q=Wi x@ \w@ Qt 13 pmW
Q=Wi u}= QO xQB |wQ Q=Wi |xrY=i xm =Hv; R= =t= 'CU= C@Ft u=vJty xrLQt
xOR=@ w |O}rwD Q=m C@Uv 'CU= Q=@ 0 13 Q=Wi R= QDsm 14 w 13 |=ypmW
"CU= xDi=} Vy=m QN; |xrLQt
QN; h}OQ lQLDt xQB |v=}t `]kt QO Q=Wi `}RwD 15 pmW QO 'xt=O= QO

`]kt |wQ Q=Wi p}iwQB 'xO=O MQ u=tOv=Q Vy=m Cra lQO |=Q@ xwqax@ "O@=}|t "CU= xOW xO=O u=Wv Q=@ 0 5 Q=Wi |=Q@ ?}DQDx@
"OW |UQQ@ |HwQN Q=Wi hrDNt |=yQ=Wi QO u}@QwD QN; h}OQ lQLDt xQB |v=}t xQB CWB w wrH QO Q=Wi 'Q=@ 0 5 |HwQN Q=Wi QO 'OwW|t xOy=Wt xm u=vJ

93
 |HwQN Q=Wi V}=Ri= |L=Q] Q}e w |L=Q] \}=QW QO Q=Wi |=yp}iwQB u}vJty

"""|}=Q=m Q@ QwUv=Ovm Q=Wi V}=Ri= Q}F-=D |UQQ@

QmW D w Q}OkD "OW xOy=Wt QN; xrLQt |O}rwD Q=m w u=tOv=Q Q@ u; Q}F-=D w OW xU}=kt Qo}Om} =@
RD-THM-91-16|xQ=tW |WywSBO=OQ=QkT=U=Q@ VywSB u}= CU= QmP x@sRq QO |oOv=t=w \}=QW w Q=@ 0 5 |HwQN Q=Wi QO p}iwQB u}= O}OW C=Q}}eD xwqax@
=owD =vBt u}@QwD CN=U w |UOvyt CmQW w l}v=mt xOmWv=O u=QyD x=oWv=O u}@ u}= QO |ivt Q=m O}rwD |}=QJ R= |DUQO lQO x@ u=wD@ =D OW xO=O u=Wv 15 pmW

u}= x@ C@Uv Q}OkD w T=BU ?D=Qt "CU= xDiQ}PB CQwY =owD CmQW C}=tL =@ w "Ci=} CUO Q=Wi
|=Q@ |UQQ@ OQwt Q=N@ u}@QwD R=}v OQwt C=aq]= uO=O Q=Qk Q=}DN= QO R}v w C}=tL Q=Wi V}=Ri= s}v=O@ xm OwW|t Q=mW; QDW}@ |v=tR |R=Ux}@W u}= C}ty=
|DWy@ TOvyt ?=vH QOkv=Qo CUwO |}=tvy=Q R= u}vJty "OwW|t sqa= A=J CLD =yxQB O}OW VRQr Ea=@ sy '=yxQB Kw]U |wQ =yx@=OQo O=H}= w |HwQN

"OwW|t QmWD R}v |Q}t= Ovm|t O=H}= u}@QwD QwDwQ |wQ |O}OW |=yVvD sy w OwW|t QDqi |xO}OB u=wva

xv=DN@WwN "CU= |QwQ[ w |D=}L Q=}U@ u}@QwD |=Q@ u; O=H}= u=tR R= |y=o; xm

CQwYx@ Q=N@ u}@QwD 'Q=@ 0 5 x@ u}@QwD |HwQN Q=Wi uO}UQ =@ Q[=L p=L QO
sq a CUQyi x@ =Q Q=Wi u}= R= V}@ =@ u}@QwD OQmrta |xR=H= QwD=QB= w OwW|t hkwDt |v=yo =v

&(Pa) l}D=DU= Q=Wi %p "OyO|tv u}@QwD

&(J/kg) uwmU |Br=Dv; %h
&(J/kg.s) |BwQDv; %s
&(kgs 1 ) |tQH |@O %m_
|D; |=yVywSB
&(K) =tO %T
&(J) |O}rwD Q=m %W CN=vW 'u; |=}=B=v pL w xrUt u}ty |R=Ux}@W R= xO=iDU= =@ u=wD|t xOv}; QO
&Q=N@ C}i}m %x C}=yv QO w OQw; CUO x@ u; hrDNt |=yxO}OB w Q=N@ u}@QwD OQmrta R= |QDj}ta
&(R31; R30) lQLDt xQB %R Q=}DN= QO sRrDUt Qt= u}= xD@r= "OQm u}}aD =Q Q=N@ u}@QwD u=v}t]= p@=k |HwQN Q=Wi
"(S 31; S 30) C@=F xQB %S 'CU= pL ?wr]t |}=Qoty |=Q@ O=}R u=tR hQY w ?U=vt |D=@U=Lt Q=R@= uDW=O
VywSB u}ty R= xOt; CUO x@ G}=Dv R= xO=iDU= w xrUt |R=UxO=U =@ u=wD|t |rw

|v=vw} s}qa
pOt =Q Q=N@ u}@QwD R= |QDsm pL=Qt O=OaD '=}=B=v |xrUt |x}rw= \}=QW u=wvax@
Vy=m pL u=tR sy w OwW QDsm QDxDiQW}B |=yxv=}=Q x@ R=}v sy ?}DQDu}O@ =D OQm
&(kgm 3 ) |r=oJ % "O@=}
"OYQO u=tOv=Q % MQ Q=N@ u}@QwD QO xm |}=yxO}OB Q}=U u=wD|t |Oa@ |=yVywSB QO u}vJty
|=yxO}OB Q}=Uw |}=tOC=Q}}eDQ=N@ C}i}mQ=N@QO `}=tC=Q]kO=H}= Q}_v'OyO|t
=yT} wvQ}R umttQ}e =} u=W|@ QHD |UQQ@ pwtat Qw]x@ xm |Qt= &OQm |UQQ@ R}v =Q \@DQt

&|rm l}BwQDvR}; %T s QO XwYNx@ =Q u}@QwD |=yxQB |=}=wR u=wD|t xwqax@ "CU= Q@xv} Ry Q=}U@ =} w
&|}xrLQt l} l}BwQDvR}; %Ss |HwQN Q=Wi T=U=Q@ =yx@=OQo `wkw u=tR Q@ =Q u; QF= w OQm Zwa |}=yDv= |=yh}OQ
"=yvD lQLDt xQB l}BwQDvR}; %S "OQm |UQQ@ u}@QwD

13. region
y W vB
= C w= 14.
15.
stream line
steady state
1. stall 16. interface
2. trailing side 17. CFD
3. Windage 18. implicit nite-volume
4. vortex ow eld 19. algebraic multi-grid
5. Turbulence model 20. high resolution
6. realizable 21. Kutta-Lundra
7. Spalart-Allmaras 22. equilibrium
8. Biswas 23. Hub
9. Fukuyama 24. Shroud
10. fully implicit 25. twisted
11. time marching 26. periodic
12. stage 27. Trip

94
C=Hv Q}t= w Q=kw =[QOtLt
28. Mollier chart
29. reaction blade
30. suction side
31. pressure side
References `@=vt
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