Website: www.laikipia.ac.

ke
P.O. Box 1100-20300,
NYAHURURU,
KENYA

MATH 211: CALCULUS II

COURSE LECTURER:
Dr. Joshua K. Limo
Bsc.(JKUAT),Msc(KU),PhD(UoE)

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Sir Isaac Newton and Leibnitz Gottfriend Wilhelm were involved in the development of
Calculus.

1.1What is Calculus?
-Calculus is simply a branch of mathematics that deals with change
-Calculus has two main branches namely;
a) Differential Calculus /Differentiation which deals with obtaining derivatives using
differentiation rules.

b) Integral calculus/ Integration which deals with obtaining anti- derivatives using
integration process.

1.2 Course overview

-In this course we focus on integral calculus
-Using integration rules we try to find the area of a region with curves boundaries.
-The course therefore introduces us to basic integration methods and their applications.
-This course is divided into 4 parts
Part 1: Introduction
Part 2: Focuses on the basic integration methods (procedures) and these includes –
integration formulae
-Techniques of integration such as substitution method integration by parts and partial
fraction decomposition.
-Fundamental theorem of calculus
-Improper integrals
Part 3: Deals with applications of integration in finding;
-Area under curve and between 2 curves
-Length of a curve and arc
-Surface area of revolution.
-Volumes of solids of revolution
Part 4: Focuses on numerical integration
-These are methods of approximating areas under curves whose integrals cannot be
evaluated in the normal integration process.
-we look at trapezoidal rule and Simpson’s method.

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NOTE: A prerequisite knowledge of differential calculus/ Math 111 calculus 1 is vital in
this course.

2.0 PART TWO : INTEGRATION PROCESS

2.1Notation
Leibnitz replaced (sigma for riemam sums) with the symbol whose origin is in the letter
S meaning summation
Thus  ydx means the integral of y w.r.t x
b
We use the notation 
a
f(x)dx, the

Definite integral where

a-lower limit of integration
b-upper limit of integration
-  is the integration sign

f(x) –is the function which is the integrand and x-is the variable of integration
-Also  x dx is called the indefinite integral.

-indefinite integrals when evaluated give a function in the form g(x)+c while a definite
integral gives a number or definite value K.

2.2 Integration formula

Theorem
If dy =xn then y=xn+1
+c
dx n+1
Where c is the constant of integration and is true for all values of n except n= -1

2.3 Basic rules of integration

b a
a) Order of integration  f(x)dx= -  f(x)dx
a b

a
b. Zero width interval 
a
f(x)dx=0

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c) Constant multiple  kf(x)dx=k  f(x)dx for any k

d) Sum and difference  ((f(x)+g(x))dx=  f(x)dx+  g(x)dx

2.4 APPLICATIONS OF BASIC RULES OF INTEGRATION

EXERCISE
1. Find
(i)  (2x3+x1/2-3x-2) dx
4 3 1
1 1 
(ii) 0 2 p 2  4 p 2 dp
dv t 3  3t  4
2. Solve 
dt t3
dp
3. If  4r  3 and p=5 when r=1;
dr
(i) Find p when r= -2
(ii) Find r when p=0
4. A curve passes through the point(-1/2,0) and it is such that its gradient function is
6x2-14x-2, Find the equation of the curve.

ASSIGNMENT
1. Integrate 2 y 4  5 y 3  3 y 2  4 y  7 with respect to y.
dy
2. Given that  2 x  4 and y=2 when x=-1, find;
dx
(i) y when x=3
(ii) x when y=0
3. Determine;

(i) ∫(t4 - 3t3+4t-6)t -4dt

3 1 3

4t  2t  t
4 2 2 2
(ii) 
1
1
2
dt
4t

x 3 + 5 x 2 + 2 x- 8)
(iii)  x- 1
dx

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 4. A curve passes through the point (-2, 1) and it is such that its gradient
dy
function is  3x2-4x+5, Find the equation of the curve. (3mks)
dx

2.6 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

Objectives
By the end of this section you should be able to apply the techniques of integration in
evaluating both definite and indefinite integrals

2.7 Substitution Rule (Technique ) or Change of variable formula

This technique involves running the chain rule backwards.
dy dy du dy dy dx
Recall the chain rule  . this is equivalent to  . or
dx du dx du dx du
dy du
dy  . du ………………………………………………….*
du dx

Integrating both sides of * gives

dy dx
y . du
dx du
dy
 y   du
du
EXAMPLE
Use substitution technique to integrate;

 3x x 3  1dx
2
(i)

x
(ii) x 2
2
dx

 
2
(iii)  t t  3 dt
2

1
y
(iv)  dy
0
y4

Solution: We let u=x2 + 1

Then y=u3 dy=3u2, du=2x

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 du dx
so dy=dy . du =3u 2x= 3(x2+1)2 2x
dx du dx
= 6x(x2 + 1)2…………………………………….(i)

To apply substitution method in(i) we have

Theorem 2: If  f(g(x))dx= f(u) du

=F(u)+c

2.8 Steps to be followed when executing substitution rule

(i) Choose a substitution u=g(x) ie choose inner part of a composite function, such as a
quantity raised to a power.
(ii) Compute du=g1(x) dx ie du of g(x)
(iii)Rewrite the integral in terms of the variable u
(iv) Evaluate the resulting integral in terms of u
(v) Replace u by g(x) to obtain an anti derivative in terms of x
Let us apply steps (i)to (v) on function (i) ie  6 x(x2+1)2dx

Step 1 set g(x) =u

Let u=x2+1, then u2=(x2+1)2
du=2x, du=2xdx
dx
Step 2: Substitute for u and dx

 6x(x2+ 1)2dx=  3 2x(x2+1)2dx =  3 u2du

Step 3: Integrating resulting integral w.r.t. u

u3
3u2du=3 +c
3
=u3+ c

Step 4: Replace u with g(x)

=(x2+1)3 + c

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Example 2: Evaluate  3x2 (x3-2) dx----(1)

Step 1: Choose u let u = x3 -2

du
Step 2¨Compute du; =3x2; du= 3x2dx
dx
dx= du
3x2
Step 3: Rewrite the integral in terms of variable U
1

 2
3x (x -2) 3 2
dx=  3x2 u1/2 du=  u1/2 du…………..(ii)

Step 4 : Evaluate (ii) in terms of u

 u1/2 du +c

Step 5 replace u by g(x)

1
Therefore  3x2 (x3-2) 2 dx =2/3(x3-2)3/2+c

2.9 Definite integrals using substitution

When using u-substitution with a definite integral it is often convenient to determine the
limits of integration for the variable u, rather than to convert the anti-derivative back to
the variable x and evaluate at the original limits. This change of limits is stated explicitly
in theorem 3
Theorem 3: If function u=g(x) has a continuous derivative on the closed interval [a,b] and
f is continuous on the range of g then
F(g(x) g1(x) dx= f(u) dx

ASSIGNMENT
Integrate the following;

 2t 1  t dt
3 4
1.
1
t2
2.  dt
2  t 
1
1 3 3

3
2x
3. 
1 x 1
dx

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 x
4.  x  3dx
INTEGRATION OF TRIGONMETRIC, EXPONETIAL AND LOGARICTHMIC
FUNCTION BY SUBSTITUITION
2.1 Recall from your study of differential Calculus;

y=f(x) dy/dx=y’=f’(x)
Sin x Cos x
Cos x -sin x
Tan x Sec2 x
Sec x Sec x tan x
Cosec x -cosec x cot x
Cot x - cosec2 x
ax where a  1 or 0 axlna
ex ex
lnx 1/x

 dy=  y’dx=  f’(x)dx y=f(x)

 Cos x dx Sin x +c

 sin x dx -Cos x+c

 Sec2 x dx Tan x+c

 Sec x tan x dx Sec x+c

 cosec x cot x dx -Cosec x+c

 cosec2 x dx -Cot x+c

 ax lna dx where a  1 or 0 ax +c

 exdx ex +c
1 lnx+c
 x dx

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE
Integrate the following by substitution;
(i)  cos(2 x  1)dx
 tan x sec
2
(ii) xdx

(iii)  sec xdx

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 
2
(iv)  tan xdx
1

ASSIGNMENT
Integrate the following by substitution;

(i) Sin x Cos x dx

(ii)  cos ecxdx

2

 cos
2
(iii) x sin xdx
0

(iv) x Cos Π x2 dx

(v) Sec3 x tan x dx

 t cos(2t 
 1 dt
2 3
(vi)

(vii) e 1/x dx
x2

4
(viii)  cot xdx
0

INTEGRATION BY SUBTITUTION USING TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

Recall;
sin 2 x  cos 2 x  1........1
1  tan 2 x  sec 2 x........2
1  cot 2 x  cos ec 2 x.....3
These identities can be used to reduce complex integrals by suitable substitution
EXAMPLE
Find;
1
(i)  1 x2
dx

2
1
(ii) 4 y
0
2
dy

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 1
1
(iii)  dx
1 4x
ASSIGNMENT
Find;
1
(i)  4  x2
dx

1
(ii)  9  4x 2
dx

1
(iii)  dx
5  x6
1
(iv)  dx
x 2  2x

EXPONETIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

EXAMPLE
Integrate;
e 3x
(i)  e 3 x  1dx
x
e
(ii)  x
dx

(iii)  3  x dx

(iv)  e tan x sec 2 xdx

ASSIGNMENT
Integrate;

e
2 x 5
(i) dx

 5xe
 x2
(ii) dx

e x  ex
(iii)  dx
e x  e x

(iv)  e sin x cos xdx

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  x.10
x2
(v) dx

2.2 INTEGRATION BY PARTS METHOD

We know that x2dx = 1/3x3 + c

But x. x dx == xdx . xdx

i.e. the integral of a product is generally not the product of the individual integral
Therefore integration by parts is a technique for simplifying integrals of the form
f(x) g(x) dx, where f and g are functions

Definition
Is u and v are both functions of x such that (uv)’ = udv + vdu ……………..(1)
Integrating both sides of (1) we have
(uv)1dx = udvdx + vdudx …………….(2)

But (uv)1 dx = uv + c ………………………………….(3)

Equating RHS of (2) and (3)

udv + vdu = uv + c

So that udv = uv – vdu + c ……………………………………(4)

Equation (4) is called the Integration by parts formular.
The success with the formula depends on choosing u and v appropriately so that
vdu is easier to calculate than udv

2.3 APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION BY PARTS FORMULA

EXAMPLE
Find

 xe dx
x
(i)

(ii)  x2exdx

Solution(i)

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 Let u = x, dv = ex du = 1, v = ex

x2ex dx = uv - vdu
= xex – ex dx

= xex – ex+c

Solution(ii)
Let u = x2, dv = ex du = 2x, v = ex

x2ex dx = uv - vdu
= x2ex – ex . 2x

= x2ex – 2 xex
We again let u = x, dv = ex du = 1, v = ex
Substituting in 2 xex we have
= x2ex – 2 [xex - ex]
= x2ex – 2xex – 2ex + c
= ex [ x2 – 2x – 2] + c

2.4 EXAMPLE
1. Find x Sec2 x dx
2. Find x2 Cos x dx
3. Find  e x sin xdx

ASSIGNMENT
1. Find ex Cos x dx
2. Find x5e-x3 dx
3. Find  e x ln xdx

2.5 PARTIAL FRACTIONS DECOMPOSITION

This method of partial fractions was introduced by John Bernoulli (1667-1748), a
Swiss mathematician, and professor in Basel University, he also taught great
mathematicians like Leonhard Euler.

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 In this section we examine a procedure for decomposing a rational function of the
form N(x) where
D(x)

N(x) and D(x) are polynomials, into simpler rational functions so that we can apply
the basic integration formula.
2.6 How do decompose a rational function of the form N(x)/D(x) into partial fractions
procedure
a. Divide if improper
If N(x)/D(X) is an improper fraction (i.e. If the degree of the numerator is
greater than or equal to the degree of the denominator then divide the
denominator into the numerator to obtain N(x)/D(x) = (polynomial) + N1(x)/D(x)
Where the degree of N1(x) is less than the degree of D(x) then apply step (b)
b. Factor the denominator: completely factor the denominator into factors of the
form (px + q)m and (ax2 + bx +c)n where ax2 + bx +c is irreducible
c. Linear factors
For each factors of the form (px + q)m the partial fraction decomposition must
include the following sum of m fractions.
A1 + A2 + ……………Am
(px + q) (px + q)2 (px + q)m

d. Quadratic factors for each factor of the form (ax2 + bx + c)n the partial fraction
decomposition must include the following sum of n fractions
B1x + C1 + B2x+C2 + …………………Bnx + Cn
ax2 + bx +c (ax2 + bx +c) (ax2 + bx + c)

2.7 APPLICATION OF PARTIAL FRACTIONS

Case 1:
Non-repeated linear factors
Example: Decompose 1/(x2 – 4) into partial fractions

Solution
1/(x2-4) = 1/(x + 2) ( x – 2) factor denominator
=A + B
(x + 2) (x – 2)

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 = A (x – 2) + B (x +2 )
(X + 2) (X – 2)

= (A + B)x + 2B - 2a
(x + 2) ( x – 2 )
Find A and B A+B=0
-2A + 2B = 1
A=-¼ B=¼
Thus 1 = 1 - 1
X2 -4 4(x-2) 4(x+2)

EXAMPLE
Integrate the following by partial fraction decomposition;

x2  x
(i)  x3  x2  x  1
dx

(ii)

2.8 PRACTICE QUESTIONS ON PARTIAL FRACTIONS

(i) Express -2x as a partial fraction hence find;
(x+1)(x2+1)
 2x
 x  1x 2  1dx

2x 3  3
(ii) Find  xx  1 2
dx

2x 3  x 2  6x  7
(iii)Find  dx
x2  x  6
2 x3  4 x  8
(iv) Find  2

x  x x2  4  dx

(v) Find n x2 dx
x – 3x2 -9x + 27
3

2.9 IMPROPER INTEGRALS

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 The definition of a definite integral
b

f(x) dx requires that the Interval (a, b) be finite

a

- Further the fundamental theorem of calculus by which we have been evaluating

definite integrals requires that f be continuous on (a, b)
- In this section we study a limit procedure for evaluating integrals that do not satisfy
these requirements – usually because either one or both of the limits of integration are
infinite discontinuities in the internal (a, b)
- Integrals that posses either property are improper integrals.
- A function f is said to have an infinite discontinuity at c if, from the right or left.

lim f(x) = ∞

x c

or lim f(x) = -∞

x-c

Example:

∞
e-x dx

Solution
b
∞
e-x dx = Lim e-x dx
b-∞ 0
0
b
= Lim -e-x
b-∞ 0

= Lim (-e-b + 1)
b-∞

= 1 Converges

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 PART 3
3.0 APPLICATIONS OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS
1. You should be able to apply integration procedures to find / calculate
a. Area under curve
b. Area of a region between two curves
c. The arc length
d. Area of surface of revolution
e. Volume of solid of revolution
i. Disc method
ii. Ring method

3.1 AREA UNDER CURVE

(i) Area between a curve and x-axis
Consider the curve y=f(x) shown below;

y=f(x)
y

a b x
dx
The area of the shaded region bounded by the curve y=f(x), the lines x=a and x=b and the
x axis is given by;
b b
A=  ydx =  f ( x)dx
a a

EXAMPLE
Find the area under the curve y = x2 – 4x + 5 between x = 1 and x = 2
SOLUTION

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y
 2

A= (x2 – 4x + 5)dx
-1

= [x3 – 2x2 + 5x]2-1

3

= 4 square units
(ii) Find the area between the curve y2 = 1 + 2x, from y = 2, to y = 3

y2 = 1 + 2x ; x = ½ (y2 – 1)
3 3

A= xdy = ½ (y2 – ½ ) dy

2 2

3
=½ y – y = ½ [9 – 3 – (4/3 – 2)]
3

3
2
= 2 2/3 units

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(iii)Area between two curves
Consider y = f(x) and y = g (x) from x = a and x = b f (x) ≥ g (x)
b

A = (f (x) – g(x)) 2x
a

y = f (x)

y = g (x)

a b

Example
Find the area between y = x2 and y = x2 + 2x + 3 from x = 1 and x = 21/2

y = x2 + 2x + 3

y = x2

1 2 1/2

2 1/2

[(x2 – 2x + 3) – x2] dx
1

2 1/2
Page 18 of 24

1
 = (2x + 3) dx = 9 ¾ square units.

ASSIGNMENT
1. Find the area under the curve y = x2 – 4x + 5 between x = 1 and x = 2
2. Find the area between the curve y = x2 – 3x + 2 and x axis x = 0, x = 3
3. Find the area between the curve y = (x + 1)2 and y = 4 to y = 9 for x ≥ 0.
4. Find the area between the curve y = 4 + 5x – x2 and the line y = 4 – x
5. find the total area enclosed between the curves y = x3 + x2 – 5x and y = x2 – x
between x = -2 and x = 2

3.2 ARC LENGTH

If f(x) is continuous in the internal (a, b). The length (L) of the arc joining the points
[a, f(a)] and [b, f(b)] along the curve y = f (x) is given by
b

L= 1 + [f1 (x)]2

(Also applies in parabolas)

Example:
Find the length of the curve
Y = x3 + 1 from x = 1, to x = 2
6 2x
Solution
/dx = ½ x2 – ½ x-2 = ½ (x2 – x-2)
dy

(dy/dx)2 = ¼ (x4 – 2 + x-4)

1 + (dy/dx)2 = 1 + ¼ x4 – ½ + ¼ x-4
= ¼ x4 + ½ + ¼ x-4

2 2
L= ¼ x4 + ½ + ¼ x-4 = (¼ x4 + ½ + ¼ x-4) ½ dx

1 1

2
Page 19 of 24
1
 =½ (x2 + x-2)dx

= 17/12 = 15/12

3.3 AREA OF SURFACE REVOLUTION

Let the curve y = f (x) between x = a and x = b be revolved about x-axis. If f is
continuous in the interval (a, b) then area (s) of the surface of revolution is given by

b b
S = 2Π f (x) ds = 2Π yds
a a b

Where ds = 1 + [f1 (x)]2 dx and L= 1 + [f1 (x)]2dx

a

Example:
Find the area of the surface generated by revolving about the x-axis the upper half of
parabola y2 = 4x between x = 0 and x = 1

Solution
b
S = 2Π f (x) ds y = 2x ½
a
1

= 2 Π 2x ½ ds
0

/dx = x – ½
dy

dy = 1 + (dy/dx)2 = 1 + x-1

ds = 1 + x-1

S = 2Π (2x ½ 1 + x -1 dx)
1
=4Π x½ 1 + x -1 dx
0

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 = 8/3 Π – (2 2 – 1)

3.4 VOLUME OF SOLID OF REVOLUTION

a. Disk formula
Let f be a continuous function such that f (x) >0 for a < x < b

y f (x)

x
a b

Consider the region r under the graph y = f (x) above the x-axis and between x = a and
x =b. If R is revolved about x-axis the resulting solid is called a solid of revolution. Its
volume is given by:

b b
V=Π [f(x)] dx = Π y2 dx
2
…………………… i
a a

If the region is revolved about the y-axis the volume will be:
b

V = Π [g(y)]2dx c<y<d ……………….ii

a
iii. is the circular ring formula
ASSIGNMENT
1. Find the length of the arc if the parabola y2 = x from (1, 1) to (4, 2) is revolved about
the x axis.Find the area of the resulting surface
2. Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region under the graph of
f(x) = x2 + 1 from -1 to 1 about the x axis.
3. Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving about the x axis the region
bounded by y = x and y = x

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PART FOUR
NUMERICAL INTEGRATION
4.1 TRAPEZOIDAL RULE
Is a method applied to antiderivatives which cannot be evaluated using the normal
integration process. It involves approximating the region between a curve and the x-axis
using trapezoids. The Trapezoidal Rule is given as:
b

f(x) dx = b-a [f(x0) + 2f(x1) + 2f(x2) +……… + 2f (xn-1) + f(xn)]

… 2n
Where (a, b) is the interval

4.2 SIMPSONS 1/3 RULE

Let f be continuous on (a, b). Simpson’s rule for approximating
b
f(x) dx= b –a [f(x0) + 4 f(x1) +2f(x2) + 4f(x3) +…………4f(xn -1) + f(xn)]
3n
a

4.3 APPLICATION TRAPEZOIDAL RULE

Use trapezoidal rule to approximate
b

x2 dx Take n = 4

a
We obtain n = 4, a = 0, b = 2
The intervals are xo = 0, x1= 0.5, x2 = 1.0, x3 = 1.5, x4 = 2 obtaining f(x) values
x f(x) = x2
x0 = 0 f(x0) = 0
x1 = 0.5 f (x1) = 0.25
x2 = 1 f(x2) = 1
x3 = 1.5 f (x3) = 2.25
x4 = 2 f (x4) = 4

b–a = 2–0=¼
2n 2 (4)

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Using formula we have

¼ [0 + 2(0.25) + 2(1) + 2(2.25) + 4]

= ¼ (11) – 11/4 = 2.7500

2

x
2
Exact value is dx =2.67 units squared
0

4.4 APPLICATION OF SIMPSON RULE

2
x2 dx becomes

1/6 [0 + 4(0.25) + 2(1) + 4(2.25) + 4]

= 1/6 (16)
= 16/6 = 2.6667
EXERCISE
1. Use the trapezoidal rule and Simpson’s rule to approximate the value of
2

x3 dx for n = 3
0

Compare with the exact value

2. Approximate the definite integral with n = 4 using

a. Trapezoidal Rule
b. Simpson’s rule for
2

(i) 1 + x3 dx (T=3.28326, S=3.24)

1
2
1
(ii)  x  1
1
2
dx (T=0.160, S=0.166)

ASSIGNMENT

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1. Use trapezoidal and Simpsons rule to evaluate with n=2,4 and 8 to evaluate;
1
dx
1 x
0
Compare with the exact value

For n=2 (T=0.708333, S=0.69444)

For n=4(T=0.697024, 0.693254)

For n=8 (T=0.694122, 0.693155)
Exact value is 0.693147

x
2
2. Use trapezoidal rule with n=4 to estimate dx (2.34375)
1

2
1
3. Use Simpsons rule with n=10 to approximate  x dx
1
(0.6938)

Page 24 of 24