Lesson 6.

8: Integration by u-substitution in the context of power rule

Name: Period: Date

A function F(x) is the antiderivative of a function f(x) if F’(x) = f(x). If F(x) is the antiderivative of a
function f(x), then F(x) + C is also the antiderivative of the function f(x). Finding the antiderivative is
called integration.
Recall the power rule of integrals:
Function Antiderivative or integral Reason
1 Power function Power rule of integrals d  xn 
f ( x) = x n x n +1  +C = x n

dx  n + 1
 = + C Caution 
n
x dx
n +1
n  −1
2 Unit function f(x) = 1
 1 dx =  dx = x + C d
(x + C) =1
dx

If  f (u )du = F (u) + C , then  f ( g ( x))  g ( x) dx = F ( g ( x)) + C where F is the antiderivative of f.

Solved examples from the textbook.


Example 1: Evaluate ( x 2 + 1)50 2 x dx


Example 2: Evaluate t 3 − 5t dt
43 5

du
Solution: u = 3 − 5t 5 . Taking the derivative with respect to t we get = −25t 4 . Solving for du we
dt
1
get du = −25t 4 dt  − du = t 4 dt
25
Making the necessary substitutions we get
1 3 1 1 u 4/3 3
−  = −  = − +C = − (3 − 5t 5 )4/3 + C solution.
1/3
udu u du
25 25 25 4 / 3 100

Example 3: Evaluate x x − 1 dx
2

Apply u-substitution in the context of power rule.

Problem 1: Find x ( x 3 + 1) 4 dx
2
 2x + 5
Problem 2: Find  dx
( x 2 + 5 x + 1)

x
Problem 3 Find  (2 x 2
+ 3) 2
dx

x
Problem 4: Find  x2 + 1
dx
Problem 5: Find x x + 1 dx

Problem 6 Find the following integrals.

dx
a)  x  (1 + x )3

b) ( x 3 + x)( x 4 + 2 x 2 + 7)3/4 dx

xdx
c)  d)  x (x + 1)3dx
3 2

x+4
f)  2x x 2 + 1 dx f) x ( x 3 − 1)7 dx
2

x2 + 2
 ( x3 + 6 x + 1)3 dx 
h) t 3 t + 4 dt
3 2
g)
 Finding definite integrals by the method of u-substitution

Recall from Integration by substitution of indefinite integrals of the form

 f ( g ( x))  g ( x) dx

Method 1.

2
Example 4 Evaluate  x( x + 1)3 dx
2

0
 2
Problem 7: Find 
0
x( x 2 + 1)3 dx by two different methods

4 1
Problem 8: Find 
0
2x +1
dx by two different methods
 1
Problem 9: Find 0
x3 x3 + 3 dx by two different methods

Problem 10 Find the following definite integrals by both methods.

5 1

4
a) 
0
3x 25 − x 2 dx b)
1
2x −1
dx
 12
1 x2 1
c) 
−1
x +9
3
dx d) 
4 1+ 2x
dx

Problem 11 Find the following definite integrals by using substitution and appropriately
changing the integration limits.

6 x

6
a) 
1
x + 3 dx b)
1 ( x + 1)3
2
dx
 1 8
b)  (x + 2 x) (6 x + 6)dx d) x x + 1 dx
2 4

−2 0

3 8
Problem 12 Given  f ( x)dx = −2 and  g ( x)dx = 6 . Evaluate the following definite integrals.
0 0

3 3
a)  f (2 x − 4) dx b)  xg ( x − 1) dx
2

2 1
Problem 13

Problem 14
Problem 15

3
a) Evaluate  f (2 x)dx
1
6
b) Evaluate  f ( g ( x))  g ( x)dx
1
Problem 16 Free response questions (No calculator)

x f ( x) f ( x) g ( x) g ( x)
1 3 2 2 9
2 5 3 4 7
3 1 5 5 8
4 2 6 5 5
5 4 8 2 3
The functions f and g are differentiable for all real numbers. The table above gives values of the
functions and their first derivatives at selected value of x.
4
(a) Evaluate the value of  2
f ( g ( x))  g ( x)dx

  f ( x) g ( x) + f ( x) g ( x) dx
4
(b) Evaluate the value of
2

1
(c) Evaluate the value of  (2 x + 1) f ( x + x + 1)dx
2

f ( x) g ( x) − f ( x) g ( x)
5
(d) Evaluate the value of 
1
[ g ( x)]2
dx
Problem 17 FRQ

Graph of h(x)

Let g be a differentiable function. The table above gives values of g and its derivative g’ at selected
values of x. Let h be the continuous function whose graph, consisting of line segments, is shown
above. Let f be defined by f ( x) = cos(2 x) + esin x .
−3
a) Evaluate the definite integral  g ( x) h( g ( x))  dx
−4
0
b) Evaluate the definite integral   g ( x)  h( x) + g ( x)  h( x) dx
−1
f ( x)

c) A function k is defined by k ( x) = 
0
h(t )dt . Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of

k ( x) at x =  .
[ g ( x)]2 − x 2
d) Evaluate the limit lim
x →−1 h( x) − x 2
Problem 18 FRQ
Problem 19 FRQ
Multiple choice questions (No Calculator)
1)

2)

3)
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5)

6)

7)
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9)

10)

11)
12)

13)

14)

15)
Summary of the lesson:
a) Explain how and when you would use integration by substitution.

b) Explain the two methods of integration by substitution for definite integrals.