ACEE 434

Environmental Systems Design

Week 10
November 4,
4 2009

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 1

 Fundamentals

K S [1 + (k d ) SRT ]
S=
SRT (Yk − k d ) − 1

⎛ SRT ⎞ ⎡ Y ( S 0 − S ) ⎤
X =⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥
⎝ τ ⎠ ⎣1 + (k d ) SRT ⎦

X 0,i SRT
Xi = + ( f d )(k d ) X ( SRT )
τ

MetCalf and Eddy Figure 7-14

Effluent substrate concentration and removal efficiency for
complete-mix and plug-flow reactors with recycle versus
SRT

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 2

 Fundamentals
MetCalf and Eddy Figure 8-7
Net solids production vs. solids retention time (SRT) and temperature: (a) with primary treatment and (b) without primary treatment.

With primary clarifier Without primary clarifier

QY ( S0 − S ) ( f d )(k d )YQ( S 0 − S ) SRT

PX T ,VSS = + + QX 0,i
1 + (k d ) SRT 1 + (k d ) SRT

A B
PX T ,TSS = + + C + Q(TSS
SS 0 − VSS0 )
0.85 0.85

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 3

 Design
g and Operating
g
Parameters
1. Food to microorganism (F/M) ratio

total applied substrate rate QS0 S0

F/M = = =
total microbial biomass VX τX

where F/M = food to microorganism ratio, gBOD or g bsCOD/g VSS ⋅ d

Q = influent wastewater flowrate, m3 /d
S0 = influent
i fl BOD or bsCOD i g/m
b COD concentration, / 3
V = aeration tank volume, m 3
X = mixed liquor biomass concentration in the aeration tank,
ank g/m3
τ = hydraulic retention time of aeration tank, V/Q, d

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 4

 Design
g and Operating
g
Parameters
2. Organic volumetric loading rate

QS0
L org =
V (103 g / kg )

where L org = volumetric organic loading rate, kg BOD/m3 ⋅ d

Q = influent wastewater flowrate, m3 /d
S0 = influent BOD or bsCOD concentration,
ion g/m3
V = aeration tank volume, m3

3. Solids retention time

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 5

 Wastewater Characterization
1 C
1. Carbonate
b t constituents
tit t

Total COD
bCOD = ~1.6BOD

Biodegradable Nonbiodegradable
COD COD

Readily Slowly
biodegradable biodegradable Nonbiodegradable Nonbiodegradable
(soluble) (particulate) (soluble) (particulate)

nbsCOD = sCODe

Complex VFA Colloidal Particulate

MetCalf and Eddy Figure 8-4
Fraction of COD in wastewater
wastewater. Information on the COD
fractions is used in the detailed design of activated sludge
processes

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 6

Wastewater Characterization
2 Nit
2. Nitrogenous constituents
tit t

TKN

Ammonia N Organic N

Biodegradable Nonbiodegradable

Soluble Particulate Soluble Particulate

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 7

 Example 8
8--1
Wastewater characterization evaluation
MetCalf and Eddy Example 8-1
Wastewater characterization evaluation

Influent wastewater characteristics: Determine:

Constituent Concentration, mg/L
Concentration 1 bCOD (biodegradable COD)
1.
BOD 195 2. nbpCOD (nonbiodegradable particulate
sBOD 94
COD 465 COD)
sCOD 170 3. sbCOD (slowly biodegradable COD)
rbCOD 80 4. nbVSS (nonbiodegradable VSS)
TSS 220
VSS 200
5. iTSS (inert TSS)
TKN 40 6. nbpON
p ((nonbiodegradable
g p
particulate
NH4+-N 26 organic nitrogen)
Alkalinity 200 (as CaCO3)
7. Total degradable TKN

Activated sludge effluent:

Constituent Concentration, mg/L
sCODe 30
sON 12
1.2

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 8

 Example 8
8--1
Wastewater characterization evaluation

1. Determine biodegradable COD (bCOD)

bCOD = ~ 1.6(BOD) = 1.6(195 mg/L) = 312 mg/L)

2. Determine nonbiodegradable particulate COD (nbpCOD)

nbCOD = COD - bCOD = (465 – 312) mg/L = 153 mg/L
nbpCOD
p = nbCOD – sCODe = ((153 – 30)) = 123 mg/L
g

3. Determine slowly biodegradable COD (sbCOD)

sbCOD = bCOD - rbCOD = (312 – 80) mg/L = 232 mg/L
4. Determine nonbiodegradable VSS (nbVSS)

bpCOD (bCOD/BOD)(BOD − sBOD) 1.6(195 − 94)mg/L

= = = 0.55
0 55
pCOD COD − sCOD (465 − 170)mg/L

⎡ ⎛ bpCOD ⎞⎤
nbVSS = ⎢1 − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎥ ⋅ VSS = ((1 − 0.55)(200m
)( gg/L)) = 90mg/L
g
⎣ ⎝ pCOD ⎠⎦
ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 9
 Example 8
8--1
Wastewater characterization evaluation

5. Determine inert TSS (iTSS)

iTSS = TSS – VSS = (220 – 200)mg/L = 20 mg/L

6. Determine nonbiodegradable particulate ON (nbpON)

(TKN − sON − NH +4 − N) (40 − 1.2 − 26)mg/L
fN = = = 0.064
VSS (200mg/L)
(200 /L)

nbpON = f N (nbVSS) = 0.064(90mg/L) = 5.8mg/L

7. Determine total biodegradable TKN (bTKN)

bTKN = TKN - nbpON - sON = (40 - 5.8 - 1.2) mg/L = 33 mg/L

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 10

 Secondary Clarifier
MetCalf and Eddy

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 11

 Return Activated Sludge
Assumption:
- sludge
sludge-blanket
blanket level in the settling tank remains constant
- the solids in the effluent from the settling tank are negligible

MetCalf and Eddy Figure 8-9

Accumulation = inflow - outflow Definition sketch for suspended solids mass balances for
0 return sludge control: (a) secondary clarifier mass balance
0 = X (Q + QR ) − QR X R − QW X R − Qe X e and (b) aeration tank mass balance

QR =
[XQ − ( XV / SRT )] R=
QR 1 − (τ / SRT )
=
XR − X Q ( X R / X ) −1

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 12

 Sludge Wasting

MetCalf and Eddy Figure 7-12

Schematic diagram of activated-sludge process with
model nomenclature: ((a)) with wasting
g from the sludge
g
VX return line and (b) with wasting from the aeration tank
SRT =
(QW X R + Qe X e )
VX V
SRT ≈ SRT ≈
QW X R QW
VX V
QW ≈ QW ≈
( X R ) SRT SRT

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 13

 Example 8
8--2
Design a CMAS system
MetCalf and Eddy Example 8-2
Complete-mix activated sludge process design for BOD
removal
Wastewater characteristics: Design conditions:
Constituent Concentration, mg/L 1.Fine bubble diffusers with an aeration clean
BOD 140 water
t O2 transfer
t f efficiency
ffi i = 35%
sBOD 70 2.Liquid depth for aeration basin = 4.9 m
COD 300
3.The point of air release for the ceramic diffuser is
sCOD 132
rbCOD 80
0.5 m above the tank bottom
TSS 70 4.DO in aeration basin = 2.0 mg/L
VSS 60 5.Site elevation is 500 m (pressure 95.6 kPa)
TKN 35 6.Aeration α factor = 0.50 for BOD removal and
NH4+ N
NH4+-N 25 0 65 ffor nitrification;
0.65 it ifi ti β = 0.95
0 95 ffor b
both
th conditions,
diti
TP 6
and diffuser fouling factor F = 0.90
Alkalinity 200 (as CaCO3)
bCOD/BOD ratio 1.6
7.Use kinetic coefficients given in Tables 8-10 and
8-11
8.SRT for BOD removal = 5 d
9.Design MLSS XTSS = 3000 mg/L
10.TKN peak/average factor of safety FS = 1.5

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 14

 Example 8
8--2
Design a CMAS system

Design a complete-mix activated sludge (CMAS) process to treat 22,464 m3/d

of primary effluent to (a) meet a BODe concentration less than 30 g/m3 and (b)
accomplish BOD removal and nitrification with an effluent NH4+-N
concentration
i off 0
0.5 g/m/ 3 and
d BOD
BODe and
d TSS ≤ 15
1 g/m / 3. The
Th aeration
i b basin
i
mixed-liquid temperature is 12oC.

1. Develop the wastewater characteristics needed for design

a. Find bCOD
bCOD = 1.6(BOD) S0
= 1.6(140
1 6(140 g/m
/ 3) = 224 g/m
/ 3
b. Find nbCOD
nbCOD = COD – bCOD
= (300 – 224) g/m
/ 3 = 76 g/m
/ 3
c. Find effluent sCODe (assumed to be nonbiodegradable)
sCODe = sCOD – 1.6sBOD
= 132 g/m3 – 1.6(70
1 6(70 g/m3 ) = 20 g/m3

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 15

 Example 8
8--2
Design a CMAS system

d. Find nbVSS
nbVSS = (1-bpCOD/pCOD)VSS
bpCOD (bCOD/BOD)(BOD − sBOD)
=
pCOD COD − sCOD
1.6[(140 - 70)g/m3 ]
= = 0.67
[(300 − 132)g/m ]
3
X0,i
nbVSS = (1 - 0.67)(60 g VSS/m 3 ) = 20 g/m 3

e. Find
Fi d th
the iTSS
iTSS = TSS - VSS
= (70 – 60) g/m3 = 10 g/m3

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 16

 Example 8
8--2
Design a CMAS system

2. Design biomass production from heterotrophic biomass and cell debris

QY ( S 0 − S ) ( f d )(k d )YQ( S 0 − S ) SRT

PX ,VSS = +
1 + (k d ) SRT 1 + (k d ) SRT

Q = 22,464
22 464 m 3 /d
Y = 0.40 gVSS/g bCOD
S0 = 224 g bCOD/m3
K s = 20 g/m 3
K S [1 + (k d ) SRT ]
S= μ m,T = μ mθ T -20
SRT (Yk − k d ) − 1
μ m,12 o
C
= (6.0 g / g ⋅ d )(1.07)12−20 = 3.5 g / g ⋅ d
k d ,T = k 20θ T -20
k d ,12o C = (0.12 g / g ⋅ d )(1.04)12− 20 = 0.088 g / g ⋅ d

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 17

 Example 8
8--2
Design a CMAS system

(20 g / m3 )[1 + (0.088 g / g ⋅ d )(5d )]

S= = 1.8 g bCOD/m3
(5d )[(3.5 − 0.088) g / g ⋅ d − 1]

(22,464m3 / d )(0.4 g / g )[(224 − 1.8) g / m3](1 kg/103 g)

PX ,VSS =
[1 + (0.088 g / g ⋅ d )(5d )]
(0.15g/g)(0.088g/g ⋅ d)(0.4 g / g )(22,464m3 /d)[(224 - 1.8)g/m3 ](5d)(1kg/103 g)
+
[1 + (0.088 g / g ⋅ d )(5d )]

= (1386.5 + 91.5) kg/d = 1478 kg VSS/d

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 18

 Example 8
8--2
Design a CMAS system

3. Determine the mass of VSS and TSS in the aeration basin.

Mass = Px(SRT)

a. Determine biomass production including nonbiodegradable VSS in influent

PX ,VSS = 1478 kg/d

k /d + Q(nbVSS)
( b )
= 1478 kg/d + (22,464 m 3 /d)(20 g/m3 )(1 kg/103 g)
= (1478 + 449.3)
449 3) kg/d = 1927.3
1927 3 kg/d

PX ,TSS = [(1478 kg/d)/0.85] + (449.3 kg/d) + Q(TSS0 - VSS0 )

= 1738.8 k /d + 449.3
1738 8 kg/d k /d + (22,464
449 3 kg/d (22 464 m3/d)(70 / 3 (1 kg/10
3/d)(70 - 60) g/m k /103 g))
= 2412.7 kg/d

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 19

 Example 8
8--2
Design a CMAS system

b. Determine the mass of VSS and TSS in the aeration tank

i. Mass of MLVSS = (X VSS )(V ) = ( PX ,VSS )SRT

= (1927.3 kg/d)(5d)
= 9637 kg

ii. Mass of MLSS = (X TSS )(V ) = ( PX ,TSS )SRT

= (2412.7
(2412 7 kg/d)(5.0
kg/d)(5 0 d)
= 12,064 kg

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 20

 Example 8
8--2
Design a CMAS system

4. Select a design MLSS mass concentration and determine the aeration tank
volume and detention time.

a. Determine
D t i ththe aeration
ti ttank
k volume
l
(V )( X TSS ) = 12,064 kg
At X TSS = 3000 g/m3
(12,064 kg)(103 g/kg)
V= 3
= 4021 m3
(3000 g/m )

b. Determine the aeration tank detention time

V (4021 m 3 )(24 h/d)
τ= = 3
= 4.3
4 3 hr
Q (22,462 m /d)

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 21

 Example 8
8--2
Design a CMAS system

c. Determine MLVSS
9637 kg VSS
Fraction VSS = = 0.80
12 064 kgTSS
12,064 k TSS
MLVSS = 0.80(3000 g/m 3 ) = 2400 g/m 3

5. Determine F/M and BOD volumetric loading.

a. Determine F/M
QS0
F/M =
XV
, 6 m3 /d)(
((22,464 g/m3 )
/d)(1400 g/ kgg BOD
O
= = 0.33
(2400 g/m3 )(4021m3 ) kg MLVSS ⋅ d

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 22

 Example 8
8--2
Design a CMAS system

b. Determine volumetric BOD loading

QS0
BOD loading =
V
(22,464 m3 /d)(140 g/m3 ) kg BOD
= = 0.78
(4021m3 )(103 g/kg) m3 ⋅ d

6. Determine the observed yield based on TSS and VSS.

a Observed yield based on TSS

a.
PX ,TSS PX ,TSS
Yobs = =
bCOD removed Q( S 0 − S )
2412.7 kg/d 0.48 gTSS 0.77 gTSS
= 3 3 3
= =
(22,464 m /d)[(224 - 1.8) g/m ](1kg/10 g) g bCOD g BOD

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 23

 Example 8
8--2
Design a CMAS system

b. Observed yield based on VSS

PX ,VSS PX ,VSS
Yobs = =
bCOD removedd Q( S 0 − S )
1927.3 kg/d 0.39 gVSS 0.62 gVSS
= = =
(22,464 m 3 /d)[(224 - 1.8) g/m3 ](1kg/103 g) g bCOD g BOD

7. Calculate the O2 demand.

R0 = Q( S0 − S ) − 1.42 PX ,bio
= (22,464 m3 /d)[(224 - 1.8) g/m3 ](1 kg/103 g) - 1.42(1478 kg/d)
= 4991.5 kg/d - 2098.8 kg/d
= 2892.7 kg/d

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 24

 Example 8
8--2
Design a CMAS system

8. Fine bubble aeration design

⎛ βC − CL ⎞
AOTR = SOTR ⎜⎜ S,T , H ⎟(1.024T − 20 )(α )( F )
⎟
⎝ CS , 20 ⎠

where AOTR = actual oxygen transfoer rate under field condition,

where, condition kgO 2 /h
SOTR = standard oxygen transfer rate in tap water at 20o C and zero
dissolved oxygen, kgO 2 /h
β = salinity - surface tension correction factor, typically 0.95 ~ 0.98
CS,T , H = average dissolved oxygen saturation concentration in clean water
in aeration tank at temperature T and alititude H,
H mg/L
C L = operating oxygen concentration, mg/L
C S , 20 = dissolved oxygen saturation concentration in clean water at 20o C
and 1 atm, mg/L
ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 25
 Example 8
8--2
Design a CMAS system

α = oxygen transfer correction factor for waste

F = fouling factor, typically 0.65 ~ 0.9

K L a (wastewater) CS (wastewater)
α= β=
K L a (tap water) CS (tap water)
Effects of mixing intensity and tank geometry Effects of wastewater characteristics

1 ⎛⎜ Pd Ot ⎞⎟ ⎛ Patm,H + Pw, mid depth ⎞

⎜ ⎟
CS,T , H = (CS,T , H ) ⎜ + ⎟ = (CS,T , H )⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝ Patm,
atm H 21 ⎠ ⎝ Patm,
atm H ⎠

CS,T , H = oxygen saturation concentration in clean water at temperature T and alititude H, mg/L
Pd = pressure at the depth of air release, kPa
Patm,H = atmospheric pressure at altitude H, kPa
O t = percent oxygen concentration leaving tank,
tank usally 18 - 20 percent

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 26

 Example 8
8--2
Design a CMAS system

a. Determine the average DO saturation concentration in clean water in

aeration tank at temperature T and altitude H (CS,T , H )

ii. C20 = 9.08

9 08 mg/L
/L andd C12 = 10.77
10 77 mg/L
/L (f
(from T
Table
bl DD-1)
1)
ii. Determine the relative pressure at elevation 500 m
M = mole of air, 28.97 kg/kg-mol
Pb ⎡ ggM ( zb − za ) ⎤ z = elevation
= exp⎢− ⎥
Pa ⎣ RT ⎦
⎧ (9.81 m/s 2 )(28.97 kg/kg - mol)(500 - 0)m ⎫
= exp⎨- ⎬ = 0.94
⎩ (8314 k
kg ⋅ m 2 2
/
/s ⋅ k
kg - mol
l ⋅ K)[(273
K)[(273.15
15 + 12)K ⎭
C S ,T , H = 10.77 mg/L × 0.94 = 10.12 mg/L

iii. Determine atmospheric pressure in m of water at an elevation of 500 m and

a temperature 12oC.

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 27

 Example 8
8--2
Design a CMAS system

(Pb /Pa )(Patm,H kN/m 2 ) (0.94)(101.325 kN/m 2 )

Patm, H = = = 9.72 m
(γ kN/m3 ) (9.082 kN/m3 )

iv. Determine the oxygen concentration assuming the percent oxygen

concentration leaving the aeration tank is 19%.

1 ⎛ Patm,H + Pw,Eff depth Ot ⎞⎟

CS,T , H = (CS,T , H ) ⎜⎜ + ⎟
2⎝ Patm,H 21 ⎠
9 72 m + (4.9
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎡ 9.72 0 5) m 19 ⎤
(4 9 - 0.5)
= 10.12 mg/L ⎜ ⎟ ⎢ + ⎥
⎝ 2 ⎠⎣ 9.72 m 21⎦
= 11.93 mg/L

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 28

 Example 8
8--2
Design a CMAS system

b. Determine the SOTR using α = 0.50, β = 0.95, and diffuser fouling factor F =
0.9.
⎡ CS , 20 ⎤ T − 20
SOTR = AOTR ⎢ ⎥ (1.024 )
⎣⎢αF ( βCS,T , H − CL ) ⎥⎦
(120.5 kg/h)(9.08 g/m3 )(1.024)20-12
= = 315 kg/h
(0.50)(0.9)[(0.95)(11.93 g/m3 ) - 2.0 g/m3 ]

c. Determine the air flowrate.

(SOTR kg/h)
Air flowrate, kg/min =
[(E)(60 min/h)(kg O 2 /m 3 air)]
(315 kg/h)
=
[(0.35)(60 min/h)(0.270 kgO 2 /m 3 air)
= 55.5
55 5 m 3 /min

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 29

 Example 8
8--2
Design a CMAS system

9. Estimate effluent BOD

⎛ g BOD ⎞⎛ 0.85 g VSS ⎞

BOD = sBOD + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟((TSS,, g
g/m3 )
⎝ 1.42
1 42 g VSS ⎠⎝ g TSS ⎠
Assume sBODe = 3.0 g/m3
TSS = 10 g/m3
BOD = 3.0 g/m3 + (0.70)(0.85)(10 g/m3 )
= 8.95 g/m3

10. Secondary clarifier design

a Define return recycle ratio
a.
Q r X r = (Q + Q r )X (assume waste sludge mass is insignificant)
RAS return ratio = Q r /Q = R X
RX r = (1 + R)X R =
X -X
r

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 30

 Example 8
8--2
Design a CMAS system

Assume Xr = 8000 g/m3

(3000 g/m3 )
R= = 0.60
[(8000 − 3000) g/m
/ ]3

b. Determine size of clarifier

A
Assuming
i ahhydraulic
d li application
li ti rate
t off 22 m3/m
/ 2/d att average flow
fl
Based on wastewater flowrate instead of on the mixed-liquor flowrate
3
(22,464 m /d)
Area = = 1021 m 2
(22 m /m ⋅ d)
3 2

b. Check solids loading

(Q + Q R )(
)(MLSS)) ((1 + R)Q(MLSS)
)Q( )
l di =
S lid loading
Solid =
A A
(1 + 0.60)(22,464 m 3 /d)(3000 g/m3 )(1 kg/103 g)
=
(1021 m 2 )(24 h/d)
= 4.4 kg MLSS/m2 ⋅ h
ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 31
 Aeration System

Diffused aeration system Surface aeration system

http://www.brightwaterfli.com/diffused_aeration_systems.htm http://www.indiamart.com/aquaa/treatment-plants-services.html

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 32

 Summary
• Design
D i a completely
l t l mixed
i d activated
ti t d sludge
l d process
- Characterizing wastewater
- Estimation of biomass production
- Determine the masses of VSS and TSS in the aeration tank
- Determine aeration tank volume
- Evaluation of F/M and BOD loadings
- Calculation of observed yield
- Calculate oxygen demand
- Design aeration system
- Estimation of effluent BOD
- Design secondary clarifier

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 33