ACEE 434

Environmental Systems Design

Week 9
October 28,
28 2009

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 1

Microbial Growth Kinetics

ACEE 214 Fall 2009 HDP 2

 Microbial Growth Kinetics
Substrate utilization

660 mg/L·d

MetCalf and Eddy Figure 7-11

Rate of change of substrate utilization versus
kXS
rsu = − biodegradable soluble COD concentration

KS + S
based on the substrate-type model
5 mg bsCOD/L
where rsu = rate of substrate concentration change due to utilization, g/m 3 ⋅ d
k = maximum specific substrate utilization rate, g substrate/g microorganims ⋅ d
X = biomass(microorganism) concentration, g/m 3
S = growth
th limiting
li iti substrate
b t t concentrat
t tion
i in
i solution,
l ti g/m/ 3

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 3

Microbial Growth Kinetics
Substrate utilization

μ m = kY
μm
k=
Y
where μ m = maximum specific bacterial growth rate, g new cells/g cells ⋅ d
k = maximum specific substrate utilization rate, g substrate/g cells ⋅ d
Y = true yield coefficient, g cells/g substrate

k S
kXS μ m XSS
rsu = − =−
KS + S Y (K S + S )

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 4

Microbial Growth Kinetics
Biomass growth

rg = −Yrsu − k d X
kXS
=Y − kd X
KS + S
where rg = net biomass production rate, g VSS/m 3 ⋅ d
Y = synthesis yield coefficient, g VSS/g bsCOD
k d = endogenous decay coefficient, g VSS/g VSS ⋅ d

rg kS
μ= =Y − kd
X KS + S
where μ = specific biomass growth rate, g VSS/g VSS ⋅ d

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 5

Microbial Growth Kinetics
Typical kinetic coefficients

MetCalf and Eddy Table 7-9

Typical kinetic coefficients for the activated sludge process for the
removal of organic matter from domestic wastewater

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 6

Microbial Growth Kinetics
Total volatile suspended solids

Net nbVSS nbVSS nbVSS

from bcCOD from cells In influent

rX T ,VSS = −Yrsu − k d X + f d (k d ) X + QX o ,i / V
where rX T ,VSS = total VSS production rate in the aeration tank, g VSS/m 3 ⋅ d
Q = influent flow rate, m 3 /d
X o ,i = influent nbVSS concentration, g/m 3
V = volume of reactor, m 3
f d = fraction of biomass that remains as cell debris, g VSS/g VSS

FX , act = (−Yr
Y su − k d X ) / rX T ,VSS
where FX , act = active fraction of biomass in MLVSS, g/g

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 7

Microbial Growth Kinetics
Net biomass yield vs. observed yield

Ybio = −rg / rsu

where
h Ybio = nett biomass
bi yield,
i ld g biomss/g
bi / substrate
b t t usedd

Yobs = −rX T ,VSS / rsu

where Yobs = obsrved yield, g VSS produced/g substrate removed

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 8

 Example 7
7--5
Determine biomass and solids yields
MetCalf and Eddy Example 7-5
Determine biomass and solids yields
Condition
- Influent bsCOD = 300 g/m3 k = 5 g bsCOD/g VSS ⋅ d
- Influent nbVSS = 50 g/m3
Y = 0.40 g VSS/g COD used
- Influent flow rate = 1,000 m3/d
- Biomass concentration = 2,000 g/m3 k d = 0.10 g VSS/g VSS ⋅ d
- Reactor bsCOD = 15 g g/m3 K s = 40 mg/L
g/ bsCO
COD
- Reactor volume = 105 m3
- Cell debris fraction (fd) = 0.10

1. Determine the net biomass yield using Eq. (7-28)

Ybio = −rg / rsu

kXS (5 / d )(2000 g / m 3 )(15 g bsCOD/m3 )

rsu = − =− = −2727 g bsCOD/m3 ⋅ d
KS + S (40 + 15) g/m 3

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 9

 Example 7
7--5
Determine biomass and solids yields

rg = −Yrsu − k d X
= - (0.40 g VSS/g bs COD)(-2727 g bsCOD/m3 ⋅ d) - (0.10 gVSS/g VSS ⋅ d)(2000 g VSS/m 3 )
= 891 g VSS/m
VSS/ 3 ⋅ d

Ybio = −rg / rsu = (891 g VSS/m 3 ⋅ d)/(2727 g bsCOD/m3 ⋅ d)

= 0.33
0 33 g VSS/g
VSS/ bsCOD
b COD

2. Determine VSS production rate using Eq. (7-26)

rX T ,VSS = −Yrsu − k d X + f d (k d ) X + QX O ,i / V
= 891 g VSS/m 3 ⋅ d + (0.10 g VSS/g VSS)(0.10 g VSS/g VSS ⋅ d)(2000 g VSS/m 3 )
+ (1000 m 3 /d)(50 g VSS/m 3 )/105 m 3
= (891 + 20 + 476) g VSS/m 3 ⋅ d = 1387 g VSS/m 3 ⋅ d

Significant !!

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 10

 Example 7
7--5
Determine biomass and solids yields

3. Calculate the observed solids yield using Eq. (7-29)

Yobs = −rX T ,VSS / rsu = −(1387 g VSS/m 3 ⋅ d)/(-2727 g bsCOD/m3 ⋅ d)

= 0.51 g VSS/g bsCOD

4 C
4. Calculate
l l t ththe active
ti bibiomass ffraction
ti iin th
the MLVSS using
i E Eq. (7
(7-27)
27)

FX ,act = (−Yrsu − k d X ) / rX T ,VSS

= (891 g VSS/m 3 ⋅ d)/(1387 g VSS/m 3 ⋅ d)
= 0.64

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 11

 Effects of Temperature
kT = k 20θ (T − 20 )
where kT = reaction - rate coefficient at temperature T , o C
k 20 = reaction - rate coefficient at 20o C
θ = temperature - activity coefficinet
T = temperatu
t t re,o C 1 02~1 25
1.02~1.25

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 12

Modeling Mass Balances

ACEE 214 Fall 2009 HDP 13

Modeling

MetCalf and Eddy Figure 7-12

Schematic diagram of activated-sludge process with
model nomenclature: (a) with wasting from the sludge
return line and (b) with wasting from the aeration tank

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 14

 Modeling
Biomass mass balance

1. General word statement

Rate of accumulation Rate of flow of Rate of flow of Net growth of
of microorganism Microorganism Microorganism microorganism
within the system
= into the system
- out of the system
+ within the system
boundary boundary boundary boundary

2 Si
2. Simplified
lifi d word
d statement
t t t
Accumulation = inflow – outflow + net growth

3. Symbolic representation

dX
V =Q
QX 0 − [(Q − Qw ) X e − Qw X R ] + rgV
dt

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 15

 Modeling
Biomass mass balance
dX
Assuming steady-state condition (i.e., = 0 ) and negligible influent biomass
dt
(Q − Qw ) X e + Qw X R = rgV

(Q − Qw ) X e + Qw X R r
= −Y su − k d rg = −Yrsu − k d X
VX X

1 r VX
= −Y su − k d SRT =
SRT X (Q − Qw ) X e + Qw X R

1 YkS kXS
= − kd rsu = −
SRT K S + S KS + S

K S [1 + (k d ) SRT ]
S=
SRT (Yk − k d ) − 1

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 16

 Modeling
Substrate mass balance

1. General word statement

Rate of accumulation Rate of flow of Rate of flow of Net utilization of
of substrate substrate substrate substrate
within the system
= into the system
- out of the system
+ within the system
boundary boundary boundary boundary

2 Si
2. Simplified
lifi d word
d statement
t t t
Accumulation = inflow – outflow + net utilization

3. Symbolic representation
dS
S = QS0 − [(Q − Qw ) S + Qw S ] + rsuV
dt
= QS0 − QS + rsuV

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 17

 Modeling
Biomass mass balance
dS
Assuming steady-state condition (i.e., =0 )
dt
QS0 − QS = −rsuV

⎛ V ⎞⎛ kXS ⎞ kXS
S 0 − S = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ rsu = −
⎝ Q ⎠⎝ K S + S ⎠ KS + S

⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
+ kd
⎜ + kd ⎟ 1 YkS S
S 0 − S = τkX ⎜ SRT ⎟ = − kd = SRT
⎜ Yk ⎟ SRT K S + S KS + S Yk
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎛ SRT ⎞ ⎡ Y ( S 0 − S ) ⎤
X =⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥
⎝ τ ⎠ ⎣1 + (k d ) SRT ⎦

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 18

 Modeling
Inert material mass balance

1. General word statement

Rate of accumulation Rate of flow of Rate of flow of Net generation of
of inert material Inert material Inert material Inert material
within the system
= into the system
- out of the system
+ within the system
boundary boundary boundary boundary

2 Si
2. Simplified
lifi d word
d statement
t t t
Accumulation = inflow – outflow + generation

3. Symbolic representation

dX i XV
V = QX 0,i − i + rX ,iV
dt SRT

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 19

 Modeling
Inert material mass balance
dX i
Assuming steady-state condition (i.e., = 0)
dt
Rate of cell debris production

X iV
0 = QX 0,i − + ( f d )(k d ) XV
SRT
Fraction of biomass that remains as cell debris

X 0,i SRT
Xi = + ( f d )(k d ) X ( SRT )
τ

⎛ SRT ⎞ ⎡ Y ( S 0 − S ) ⎤ X 0,i SRT

XT = X + Xi = ⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥+ + ( f d )(k d ) X ( SRT )
⎝ τ ⎠ ⎣1 + (k d ) SRT ⎦ τ

Heterotrophic Nonbiodegradable Cell debris

biomass VSS in influent

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 20

 Modeling
Solid production

X TV
PX T ,VSS = PX T ,VSS = total solids wasted daily, g VSS/d
SRT

QY ( S 0 − S )
PX T ,VSS = + ( f d )(k d ) X (V ) + QX 0,i
1 + (k d ) SRT
1+
⎛ SRT ⎞ ⎡ Y ( S 0 − S ) ⎤
X =⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥
A B C ⎝ τ ⎠ ⎣1 + ( k d ) + SRT ⎦
QY ( S 0 − S ) ( f d )(k d )YQ( S 0 − S ) SRT
PX T ,VSS = + + QX 0,i
1 + (k d ) SRT 1 + (k d ) SRT

Heterotrophic Cell debris Nonbiodegradable

biomass VSS in influent

A B
PX T ,TSS = + + C + Q(TSS
SS 0 − VSS0 )
0.85 0.85

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 21

 Example 7
7--6
Design suspended growth process

Q = 1000 m3/d
b COD = 192 g/m
bsCOD / 3
nbVSS = 30 g/m3
Inert organics = 10 g/m3

MLVSS = 2500 g/m3

SRT = 6 days
Kinetic coefficients:
k = 12.5 g COD/g VSS ⋅ d
Y = 0.40 g VSS/g COD used
k d = 0.10 g VSS/g VSS ⋅ d
MetCalf and Eddy Figure 7-12
Schematic diagram of activated-sludge process with
model nomenclature: (a) with wasting from the sludge
return line and (b) with wasting from the aeration tank
K s = 10 g COD/m
COD/ 3
f d = 0.15 g VSS/g VSS
Biomass VSS/TSS = 0.85

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 22

 Example 7
7--6
Design suspended growth process

1. Determine the effluent bsCOD concentration using Eq. (7-40)

K S [1 + (k d ) SRT ]
S=
SRT (Yk − k d ) − 1
10(1 + 0.1⋅ 6)
= = 0.56 g bsCOD/m3
6(0 40 ⋅12.5
6(0.40 12 5 - 0.1)
0 1) - 1

2. Determine τ for 2500 g/m3 MLVSS concentration

⎛ SRT ⎞ ⎡ Y ( S 0 − S ) ⎤ X 0,i SRT

XT = ⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥+ + ( f d )(k d ) X ( SRT )
⎝ τ ⎠ ⎣1 + (k d ) SRT ⎦ τ

⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎡ 0.4(192 − 0.56) ⎤ 30(6)

2500 = ⎜ ⎟ ⎢ ⎥ + + (0.15)(0.10) X (6)
⎝ τ ⎠ ⎣ 1 + (0.10)6 ⎦ τ

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 23

 Example 7
7--6
Design suspended growth process

⎛ SRT ⎞ ⎡ Y ( S 0 − S ) ⎤
X =⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥
⎝ τ ⎠ ⎣1 + (k d ) SRT ⎦
⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎡ 6(192 − 0.56) ⎤
= ⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥
⎝ τ ⎠ ⎣ 1 + (0.10)6 ⎦
Biomass concentration

⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎡ 0.4(192 − 0.56) ⎤ 30(6) ⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎡ 0.4(192 − 0.56) ⎤

2500 = ⎜ ⎟ ⎢ ⎥ + + ( 0.15)( 0.10)⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥ (6)
⎝ τ ⎠ ⎣ 1 + (0.10)6 ⎦ τ ⎝ τ ⎠ ⎣ 1 + (0.10)6 ⎦

287.2 180 25.8 493

2500 = + + = τ = 0.179 d
τ τ τ τ

Aeration tank volume = τ (Q) = 0.179 (1000) = 197 m 3

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 24

 Example 7
7--6
Design suspended growth process

3. Determine the total sludge production in VSS

500 ⋅197
X T V 2500 97
PX T ,VSS = = = 82,100 g VSS/d
SRT 6

4. Determine the total sludge production in TSS using Eq. (7-53)

QY ( S 0 − S ) ⎛ 1 ⎞ ( f d )(k d )YQ( S 0 − S ) SRT ⎛ 1 ⎞

PX T ,TSS = ⎜ ⎟+ ⎜ ⎟ + QX 0,i + Q(TSS 0 − VSS0 )
1 + (k d ) SRT ⎝ 0.85 ⎠ 1 + (k d ) SRT ⎝ 0.85 ⎠

(1000)(0.40)(192 − 0.56) ⎛ 1 ⎞ (0.15)(0.10)(0.40)(1000)(192 − 0.56)(6) ⎛ 1 ⎞

= ⎜ ⎟+ ⎜ ⎟
1 + (0.10)(6) ⎝ 0.85 ⎠ 1 + ( 0.10)(6) ⎝ 0.85 ⎠
+ (1000)(30) + (1000)(10)
= 56300 + 5100 + 30000 + 10000 = 101,000 gTSS/d

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 25

 Example 7
7--6
Design suspended growth process

5. Determine the biomass fraction 287.2 287.2

X= = = 1458 g VSS/m 3
X 145858
τ 0.197
Bi
Biomass f i =
fraction = = 0.58
X T 2500

6. Calculate the observed yield

PX T ,VSS 82,200 82,200

Yobs = = = = 0.43 g VSS/g bsCOD
bsCOD removed Q( S 0 − S ) 1000(192 − 0.56)

PX T ,TSS 101,400 101,400

Yobs = = = = 0.53 g TSS/g bsCOD
bsCOD removed Q( S 0 − S ) 1000(192 − 0.56)

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 26

 Example 7
7--6
Design suspended growth process

7. Determine the oxygen requirement using Eq. (7-59)

Oxygen used = bsCOD removed - COD of waste sludge

1.42 g O 2
R0 = Q( S0 − S ) − 1.42 PX ,bio g cells

where R0 = oxygen required, kg/d

PX ,bio = biomass as VSS wasted per day, kg/d

PX ,bio = PX T ,VSS − PnbVSS = 82,200 − (1000)(30) = 52,200 = 52.2 kg/d

R0 = (1000)(192 − 0.56) − 1.42(52,000) = 117,7000 = 117.7 kgO 2 /d

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 27

 Design
g and Operating
g
Parameters
1. Food to microorganism (F/M) ratio

total applied substrate rate QS0 S0

F/M = = =
total microbial biomass VX τX

where F/M = food to microorganism ratio, gBOD or g bsCOD/g VSS ⋅ d

Q = influent wastewater flowrate, m3 /d
S0 = influent
i fl BOD or bsCOD i g/m
b COD concentration, / 3
V = aeration tank volume, m 3
X = mixed liquor biomass concentration in the aeration tank,
ank g/m3
τ = hydraulic retention time of aeration tank, V/Q, d

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 28

 Design
g and Operating
g
Parameters
2. Organic volumetric loading rate

QS0
L org =
V (103 g / kg )

where L org = volumetric organic loading rate, kg BOD/m3 ⋅ d

Q = influent wastewater flowrate, m3 /d
S0 = influent BOD or bsCOD concentration,
ion g/m3
V = aeration tank volume, m3

3. Solids retention time

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 29

 Summary
• Microbial
Mi bi l growthth ki
kinetics
ti
- Substrate removal rate
- Biomass growth rate
- Total biomass production rate

• Modeling suspended growth systems

- Mass balances for biomass
biomass, substrate
substrate, and inert biomass
- Design and operating parameters

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 30