Activated Sludge System

ACEE 434
Environmental Systems Design
Week 7
October 14,
14 2009
ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 1

Activated Sludge System
• Fundamentals of biological treatment (week 7)
• Design of activated sludge system (week 9)

Objectives
j of Biological
g
Treatment
1. Transform dissolved and particulate biodegradable constituents into
acceptable end products.
2. Capture and incorporate suspended and nonsettlable colloidal solids into a

biological floc or biofilm
3. Transform or remove nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus
4. Remove specific
p trace organic
g constituents and compounds
p

Typical Flow Diagrams
Influent
Influent
Influent
MetCalf and Eddy Figure 7-1

Typical (simplified) flow diagrams for
biological processes used for wastewater
treatment: (a) activated-sludge process, (b)
aerated lagoons, (c) trickling filters, and (d)
rotating biological contactors.
Influent

Types of Bio-
Bio-Treatment
Suspended growth processes
72
Influent
http://sites.google.com/site/zikarehwebsite/_/rsrc/121916084 http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/cz/u218/peoples/hoffman/PREDMETY/C
5095/activated-sludge-video-guide-2/aeracioni-bazen.JPG OVP/COV/Foto-COV/Resize%20of%20Cernosice-aktivace1.jpg

Types of Bio-
Bio-Treatment
Attached growth processes
73
Sludge
http://www.bluevistaengineering.com/trickling%20filter%20(600%20x%20 http://home.comcast.net/~hollywastewater/images/biot
450).jpg ower_wcallouts.gif
Role of Microorganisms
http://www.bluevistaengineering.com/trickling%20filter%20(60
0%20x%20450).jpg
microorganisms
a(organic material) + bO2 + cNH3 + dPO43-
e(new cells) + fCO2 + gH2O
Where a
Where, a, b
b, cc, d
d, e
e, ff, and g: stoichiometric coefficients

Biomass Yield
- In biological treatment process, cell (microbial) growth occurs concurrent with
the oxidation organic or inorganic compounds.
- The ratio of the amounts of biomass produced to the amount substrate

consumed is defined as the biomass yield.
g biomass produced
Biomass yield (Y) =
g substrate utilized (i.e., consumed)

Estimation of Growth Yield
3C 6 H12 O 6 + 8O 2 + 2NH 3 → 2C5 H 7 NO 2 + 8CO 2 + 14H 2 O

3(180)
( ) 2(113)
( )
Δ (C5 H 7 O 2 N) 2(113 g/mole)

Y= = = 0.42 g cells/g glucose used
Δ (C6 H12 O 6 ) 3(180 g/mole)
Δ (C5 H 7 O 2 N) 2(113 g/mole)

Y= = = 0.39 g cells/g COD used
Δ (C6 H12 O 6 as COD) 3(180 g/mole)(1.
g/mole)(1 07 g COD/g glucose)
C6 H12 O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O
(180) 6(32)
Δ(O 2 ) 6(32 g/mole)
COD = = = 1.07 g O 2 /g glucose
Δ(C6 H12 O 6 ) (180 g/mole)

Estimation of O2 Requirement
3C 6 H12 O 6 + 8O 2 + 2NH 3 → 2C5 H 7 NO 2 + 8CO 2 + 14H 2 O

3(180)
( ) 8(32)
( ) Based on stoichiometry
Oxygen used 8(32 g O 2 /mole)

= = 0.44 g O 2 /g COD used
Glucose as COD 3(180 g/mole)(1.07 g COD/g glucose)
Based COD balance
Oxygen used 256.9 g O 2

= = 0.44 g O 2 /g COD used
Glucose as COD 3 mole (180 g/mole)(1.07 g COD/g glucose)
COD utilized = COD cells + COD oxidized substrate

Oxygen consumed = COD utilized - COD cells Oxygen
yg consumed
⎛ 1.07 g O 2 ⎞⎛ 180 g glucose ⎞ ⎛ 1.42 g O 2 ⎞⎛ 113 g cells ⎞

= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ 3 mole × ⎟ - ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ 2 mole × ⎟
⎝ g glucose ⎠⎝ mole ⎠ ⎝ g cells ⎠⎝ mole ⎠
= 577.8 g O 2 - 320.9 g O 2 = 256.9 g O 2
Example 7
7--1
CO2
Q, bsCODin Q, bsCODout
1,000 m3/d, 500 g/m3 1,000 m3/d, bsCOD: 10 g/m3, VSS: 200 g/m3
O2
1. Determine the observed yield
Organic matter + O 2 + nutrients → C5 H 7 NO 2 + CO 2 + H 2 O
500 gCOD/m3 200 gVSS/m3
a. Daily produced VSS = 200 g/m3 (1000 m3/d) = 200,000 g VSS/d

b. Daily utilized bsCOD = (500-10) g COD/m3 (1000 m3/d) = 490,000 g COD/d
c Observed yield (Y)
c.
(200,000 g VSS/d)
Yobs = = 0.41 g VSS/g COD removed
(490,000 g COD/d)
MetCalf and Eddy Design Example 7-1
Observed biomass yield and oxygen consumption

Example 7
7--1
2. Determine the amount of oxygen used per g bsCOD removed
a. COD mass balance at steady-state
Accumulation = inflow – outflow + conversion
0 = CODin – CODout – oxygen used (as COD)
Oxygen used = CODin – CODout
CODin = 500 g/m3 (1000 m3/d) = 500,000 g COD/d
CODout = bsCODout + biomass CODout
bsCODout = 10 g/m3 (1000 m3/d) = 10,000
10 000 g COD/d
Biomass CODout = 200,000 gVSS/d (1.42 g COD/VSS) = 284,000 g COD/d
Total CODout = 10,000 g/d + 284,000 g/d = 294,000 g COD/d
b. The oxygen used = 500,000 g COD/d – 294,000 g COD/d

= 206,000 g COD/d = 206,000 O2/d
c Oxygen/COD = (206
c. (206,000
000 O2/d )/(490
)/(490,000
000 g COD/d) = 0
0.42
42 g O2/g COD

Microbial Growth Kinetics
Substrate utilization

Rate of change of substrate utilization
versus biodegradable soluble COD
concentration based on the saturation-
type
yp model
kXS
rsu = −
KS + S
where rsu = rate of substrate concentration change due to utilization, g/m 3 ⋅ d
k = maximum specific substrate utilization rate, g substrate/g microorganims ⋅ d
X = biomass(microorganism) concentration, g/m 3
S = growth
th limiting
li iti substrate
b t t concentrat
t tion
i in
i solution,
l ti g/m/ 3

Substrate utilization
μ m = kY
μm
k=
Y
where μ m = maximum specific bacterial growth rate, g new cells/g cells ⋅ d
k = maximum specific substrate utilization rate, g substrate/g cells ⋅ d
Y = true yield coefficient, g cells/g substrate
k S
kXS μ m XSS
rsu = − =−
KS + S Y (K S + S )

Biomass growth
rg = −Yrsu − k d X
kXS
=Y − kd X
KS + S
where rg = net biomass production rate, g VSS/m 3 ⋅ d
Y = synthesis yield coefficient, g VSS/g bsCOD
k d = endogenous decay coefficient, g VSS/g VSS ⋅ d
rg kS
μ= =Y − kd
X KS + S
where μ = specific biomass growth rate, g VSS/g VSS ⋅ d

Typical kinetic coefficients
MetCalf and Eddy Table 7-9

Typical kinetic coefficients for the activated-sludge
process for the removal of organic matter from domestic
wastewater

Total volatile suspended solids
Net nbVSS nbVSS nbVSS

from bcCOD from cells In influent
rX T ,VSS = −Yrsu − k d X + f d (k d ) X + QX o ,i / V
where rX T ,VSS = total VSS production rate in the aeration tank, g VSS/m 3 ⋅ d
Q = influent flow rate, m 3 /d
X o ,i = influent nbVSS concentration, g/m 3
V = volume of reactor, m 3
f d = fraction of biomass that remains as cell debris, g VSS/g VSS
FX , act = (−Yr
Y su − k d X ) / rX T ,VSS
where FX , act = active fraction of biomass in MLVSS, g/g

Net biomass yield vs. observed yield
Ybio = −rg / rsu

where
h Ybio = nett biomass
bi yield,
i ld g biomss/g
bi / substrate
b t t usedd
Yobs = −rX T ,VSS / rsu

where Yobs = obsrved yield, g VSS produced/g substrate removed

Example 7
7--5
Determine biomass and solids yields
Condition
MetCalf and Eddy Design Example 7-5
- Influent bsCOD = 300 g/m3 Determine biomass and solids yields
- Influent nbVSS = 50 g/m3

- Influent flow rate = 1,000 m3/d
- Biomass concentration = 2,000 g/m3
- Reactor bsCOD = 15 g g/m3
- Reactor volume = 105 m3
- Cell debris fraction (fd) = 0.10
1. Determine the net biomass yield using Eq. (7-28)

Ybio = −rg / rsu
kXS (5 / d )(2000 g / m 3 )(15 g bsCOD/m3 )

rsu = − =− = −2727 g bsCOD/m3 ⋅ d
KS + S (40 + 15) g/m 3

Example 7
7--5
rg = −Yrsu − k d X
= - (0.40 g VSS/g bs COD)(-2727 g bsCOD/m3 ⋅ d) - (0.10 gVSS/g VSS ⋅ d)(2000 g VSS/m 3 )
= 891 g VSS/m
VSS/ 3 ⋅ d
Ybio = −rg / rsu = (891 g VSS/m 3 ⋅ d)(2727 g bsCOD/m3 ⋅ d)

= 0.33
0 33 g VSS/g
VSS/ bsCOD
b COD
2. Determine VSS production rate using Eq. (7-26)

rX T ,VSS = −Yrsu − k d X + f d (k d ) X + QX O ,i / V
= 891 g VSS/m 3 ⋅ d + (0.10 g VSS/g VSS)(0.10 g VSS/g VSS ⋅ d)(2000 g VSS/m 3 )
+ (1000 m 3 /d)(50 g VSS/m 3 )/105 m 3
= (891 + 20 + 476) g VSS/m 3 ⋅ d = 1387 g VSS/m 3 ⋅ d

Example 7
7--5
3. Calculate the observed solids yield using Eq. (7-29)
Yobs = −rX T ,VSS / rsu = −(1387 g VSS/m 3 ⋅ d)(-2727 g bsCOD/m3 ⋅ d)

= 0.51 g VSS/g bsCOD
4 C
4. Calculate
l l t ththe active
ti bibiomass ffraction
ti iin th
the MLVSS using
i E Eq. (7
(7-27)
27)
FX ,act = (−Yrsu − k d X ) / rX T ,VSS

= (891 g VSS/m 3 ⋅ d)/(1387 g VSS/m 3 ⋅ d)
= 0.64

Modeling

Schematic diagram of activated-sludge process with
model nomenclature: (a) with wasting from the sludge
return line and (b) with wasting from the aeration tank.

Modeling
Biomass mass balance
1. General word statement

Rate of accumulation Rate of flow of Rate of flow of Net growth of
of microorganism Microorganism Microorganism microorganism
within the system
= into the system
- out of the system
+ within the system
boundary boundary boundary boundary
2 Si
2. Simplified
lifi d word
d statement
t t t
Accumulation = inflow – outflow + net growth
3. Symbolic representation
dX
V =Q
QX 0 − [(Q − Qw ) X e − Qw X R ] + rgV
dt

Modeling
dX
Assuming steady-state condition (i.e., = 0 ) and negligible influent biomass
dt
(Q − Qw ) X e + Qw X R = rgV
(Q − Qw ) X e + Qw X R r
= −Y su − k d rg = −Yrsu − k d X
VX X
1 r VX
= −Y su − k d SRT =
SRT X (Q − Qw ) X e + Qw X R
1 YkS kXS
= − kd rsu = −
SRT K S + S KS + S
K S [1 + (k d ) SRT ]
S=
SRT (Yk − k d ) − 1

Modeling
Substrate mass balance

Rate of accumulation Rate of flow of Rate of flow of Net utilization of
of substrate substrate substrate substrate
within the system
= into the system
- out of the system
+ within the system
2 Si
2. Simplified
lifi d word
d statement
t t t
Accumulation = inflow – outflow + net utilization
dX
S = QS0 − [(Q − Qw ) S − Qw S ] + rsuV
dt
= QS0 − QS + rsuV

Modeling
dS
Assuming steady-state condition (i.e., =0 )
dt
QS0 − QS = −rsuV
⎛ V ⎞⎛ kXS ⎞ kXS
S 0 − S = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ rsu = −
⎝ Q ⎠⎝ K S + S ⎠ KS + S
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
⎜ + kd ⎟ + kd
1 YkS S SRT
S 0 − S = τkX ⎜ SRT ⎟ = − kd =
⎜ Yk ⎟ SRT K S + S KS + S Yk
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ SRT ⎞ ⎡ Y ( S 0 − S ) ⎤
X =⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥
⎝ τ ⎠ ⎣1 + (k d ) SRT ⎦

Modeling
Inert material mass balance

Rate of accumulation Rate of flow of Rate of flow of Net generation of
of inert material Inert material Inert material Inert material
within the system
= into the system
- out of the system
+ within the system
2 Si
2. Simplified
lifi d word
d statement
t t t
Accumulation = inflow – outflow + generation
dX i XV
V = QX 0,i − i + rX ,iV
dt SRT

Modeling
Inert material mass balance
dX i
Assuming steady-state condition (i.e., = 0)
dt
Rate of cell debris production
X iV
0 = QX 0,i − + ( f d )(k d ) XV
SRT
Fraction of biomass that remains as cell debris
X 0,i SRT
Xi = + ( f d )(k d ) X ( SRT )
τ
⎛ SRT ⎞ ⎡ Y ( S 0 − S ) ⎤ X 0,i SRT

XT = X + Xi = ⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥+ + ( f d )(k d ) X ( SRT )
⎝ τ ⎠ ⎣1 + (k d ) SRT ⎦ τ
Heterotrophic Nonbiodegradable Cell debris

biomass VSS in influent

Modeling
Solid production
X TV
PX T ,VSS = PX T ,VSS = total solids wasted daily, g VSS/d
SRT
QY ( S 0 − S )
PX T ,VSS = + ( f d )(k d ) X (V ) + QX 0,i
1 + (k d ) SRT
1+
⎛ SRT ⎞ ⎡ Y ( S 0 − S ) ⎤
X =⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥
A B C ⎝ τ ⎠ ⎣1 + ( k d ) + SRT ⎦
QY ( S 0 − S ) ( f d )(k d )YQ( S 0 − S ) SRT
PX T ,VSS = + + QX 0,i
1 + (k d ) SRT 1 + (k d ) SRT
Heterotrophic Cell debris Nonbiodegradable

biomass VSS in influent
A B
PX T ,TSS = + + C + Q(TSS
SS 0 − VSS0 )
0.85 0.85

Example 7
7--6
Design suspended growth process
MetCalf and Eddy Design Example
Design of a complete-mix suspended growth process
Q = 1000 m3/d
b COD = 192 g/m
bsCOD / 3
nbVSS = 30 g/m3
Inert organics = 10 g/m3
MetCalf and Eddy Figure 7-12 (a)

MLVSS = 2500 g/m3
SRT = 6 days
Kinetic coefficients:
k = 12.5 g COD/g VSS ⋅ d K s = 10 g COD/m
COD/ 3
Y = 0.40 g VSS/g COD used f d = 0.15 g VSS/g VSS
k d = 0.10 g VSS/g VSS ⋅ d Biomass VSS/TSS = 0.85

Example 7
7--6
1. Determine the effluent bsCOD concentration using Eq. (7-40)

K S [1 + (k d ) SRT ]
S=
SRT (Yk − k d ) − 1
10(1 + 0.1⋅ 0.6)
= = 0.56 g bsCOD/m3
6(0 40 ⋅12.5
6(0.40 12 5 - 0.1)
0 1) - 1
2. Determine τ for 2500 g/m3 MLVSS concentration
⎛ SRT ⎞ ⎡ Y ( S 0 − S ) ⎤ X 0,i SRT

XT = ⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥+ + ( f d )(k d ) X ( SRT )
⎝ τ ⎠ ⎣1 + (k d ) SRT ⎦ τ
⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎡ 0.4(192 − 0.56) ⎤ 30(6)

2500 = ⎜ ⎟ ⎢ ⎥ + + (0.15)(0.10) X (6)
⎝ τ ⎠ ⎣ 1 + (0.10)6 ⎦ τ

Example 7
7--6
⎛ SRT ⎞ ⎡ Y ( S 0 − S ) ⎤
X =⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥
⎝ τ ⎠ ⎣1 + (k d ) SRT ⎦
⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎡ 6(192 − 0.56) ⎤
= ⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥
⎝ τ ⎠ ⎣ 1 + (0.10)6 ⎦
Biomass concentration
⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎡ 0.4(192 − 0.56) ⎤ 30(6) ⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎡ 6(192 − 0.56S ) ⎤

2500 = ⎜ ⎟ ⎢ ⎥ + + ( 0.15)( 0.10)⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥ (6)
⎝ τ ⎠ ⎣ 1 + (0.10)6 ⎦ τ ⎝ τ ⎠ ⎣ 1 + (0.10)6 ⎦
287.2 180 25.8 493

2500 = + + = τ = 0.179 d
τ τ τ τ
Aeration tank volume = τ (Q) = 0.179 (1000) = 197 m 3

Example 7
7--6
3. Determine the total sludge production

500 ⋅197
X T V 2500 97
PX T ,VSS = = = 82,100 g VSS/d
SRT 6
4. Determine the total sludge production using Eq. (7-53)
QY ( S 0 − S ) ⎛ 1 ⎞ ( f d )(k d )YQ( S 0 − S ) SRT ⎛ 1 ⎞

PX T ,TSS = ⎜ ⎟+ ⎜ ⎟ + QX 0,i + Q(TSS 0 − VSS0 )
1 + (k d ) SRT ⎝ 0.85 ⎠ 1 + (k d ) SRT ⎝ 0.85 ⎠
(1000)(0.40)(192 − 0.56) ⎛ 1 ⎞ (0.15)(0.10)(0.40)(1000)(192 − 0.56)(6) ⎛ 1 ⎞

= ⎜ ⎟+ ⎜ ⎟
1 + (0.10)(6) ⎝ 0.85 ⎠ 1 + ( 0.10)(6) ⎝ 0.85 ⎠
+ (1000)(30) + (1000)(10)
= 56300 + 5100 + 30000 + 10000 = 101,000 gTSS/d

Example 7
7--6
5. Determine the biomass fraction 287.2 287.2

X= = = 1458 g VSS/m 3
X 145858
τ 0.197
Bi
Biomass f i =
fraction = = 0.58
X T 2500
6. Calculate the observed yield
PX T ,VSS 82,200 82,200

Yobs = = = = 0.43 g VSS/g bsCOD
bsCOD removed Q( S 0 − S ) 1000(192 − 0.56)
PX T ,TSS 101,400 101,400

Yobs = = = = 0.53 g TSS/g bsCOD
bsCOD removed Q( S 0 − S ) 1000(192 − 0.56)

Example 7
7--6
7. Determine the oxygen requirement using Eq. (7-59)
Oxygen used = bsCOD removed - COD of waste sludge

1.42 g O 2
R0 = Q( S0 − S ) − 1.42 PX ,bio g cells
where R0 = oxygen required, kg/d

PX ,bio = biomass as VSS wasted per day, kg/d
PX ,bio = PX T ,VSS − PnbVSS = 82,200 − (1000)(30) = 52,200 = 52.2 kg/d
R0 = (1000)(192 − 0.56) − 1.42(52,000) = 117,7000 = 117.7 kgO 2 /d

Summary
• Introduction
I t d ti off activated
ti t d sludge
l d systems
t
• Biomass yield
• Microbial growth kinetics
• Modeling suspended growth systems

Activated Sludge System

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Activated Sludge System

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ACEE 434

Environmental Systems Design

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 1

ACEE 214 Fall 2009 HDP 2

2. Capture and incorporate suspended and nonsettlable colloidal solids into a

3. Transform or remove nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 3

MetCalf and Eddy Figure 7-1

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 4

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 5

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 7

- The ratio of the amounts of biomass produced to the amount substrate

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 8

3C 6 H12 O 6 + 8O 2 + 2NH 3 → 2C5 H 7 NO 2 + 8CO 2 + 14H 2 O

Δ (C5 H 7 O 2 N) 2(113 g/mole)

Δ (C5 H 7 O 2 N) 2(113 g/mole)

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 9

3C 6 H12 O 6 + 8O 2 + 2NH 3 → 2C5 H 7 NO 2 + 8CO 2 + 14H 2 O

Oxygen used 8(32 g O 2 /mole)

Oxygen used 256.9 g O 2

COD utilized = COD cells + COD oxidized substrate

⎛ 1.07 g O 2 ⎞⎛ 180 g glucose ⎞ ⎛ 1.42 g O 2 ⎞⎛ 113 g cells ⎞

a. Daily produced VSS = 200 g/m3 (1000 m3/d) = 200,000 g VSS/d

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 11

b. The oxygen used = 500,000 g COD/d – 294,000 g COD/d

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 12

MetCalf and Eddy Figure 7-11

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 13

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 14

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 15

MetCalf and Eddy Table 7-9

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 16

Net nbVSS nbVSS nbVSS

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 17

Ybio = −rg / rsu

Yobs = −rX T ,VSS / rsu

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 18

- Influent nbVSS = 50 g/m3

1. Determine the net biomass yield using Eq. (7-28)

kXS (5 / d )(2000 g / m 3 )(15 g bsCOD/m3 )

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 19

Ybio = −rg / rsu = (891 g VSS/m 3 ⋅ d)(2727 g bsCOD/m3 ⋅ d)

2. Determine VSS production rate using Eq. (7-26)

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 20

3. Calculate the observed solids yield using Eq. (7-29)

Yobs = −rX T ,VSS / rsu = −(1387 g VSS/m 3 ⋅ d)(-2727 g bsCOD/m3 ⋅ d)

FX ,act = (−Yrsu − k d X ) / rX T ,VSS

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 21

MetCalf and Eddy Figure 7-12

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 22

1. General word statement

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 23

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 24

1. General word statement

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 25

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 26

1. General word statement

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 27

⎛ SRT ⎞ ⎡ Y ( S 0 − S ) ⎤ X 0,i SRT

Heterotrophic Nonbiodegradable Cell debris

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 28

Heterotrophic Cell debris Nonbiodegradable

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 29