Research Designs &

Sampling Methods
Objectives:

● Choose appropriate qualitative research

design;
● Describe sampling procedure and sample;
Activity 1: Graphic Organizer
Fill in the graphic organizer by synthesizing your
idea on writing the Review of Related Literature.
Activity 2: Let’s Draft!
Together with your research group, write down the 5 W’s
based on the topic that you have chosen to explore.
TOPIC: _____________________________________________
What: ______________________________________________
Why: _______________________________________________
Who: _______________________________________________
Where: _____________________________________________
When: ______________________________________________
5 W’s in a Research Design
What is your research all about? What do you
want to find out? What are the problems that
you want to solve?

Why do you want to do your research?

Who will take part in your research? Who will

participate un your study?
5 W’s in a Research Design
Where will you gather the information needed
for your study?
When are you going to start gathering
information or your research? When will you do
interviews? When will you interpret and
analyze your data?
What is a Research Design?
A research design is a framework of research methods
and techniques chosen to a conduct a study. This allows
the researcher to sharpen the research methods suitable
for the topic and set up their studies for success by
outlining how the research will be conducted, what data
will be collected, and how it will be analyzed to answer
the research questions or hypothesis.
Types of Research Designs:

1. Ethnography
2. Case Study
3. Phenomenology
4. Historical Approach
5. Grounded Theory
Types of Research Designs:
Ethnography
from the word ethno=people and graphy=writing,
this approach aims to write and study about
people in their natural settings through describing
and interpreting their behavior.
Types of Research Designs:
Case Study
an approach that aims to learn deeper into a
specific detail of a situation, group or individual
through an in-depth analysis of a topic.
Phenomenology
aims to study a phenomenon or experiences of
people to give an idea of how people or individual
react or experience a certain phenomenon.
Historical Approach
a systematic collection and evaluation of
information which have occured in the past
through gathering data from a document, stories,
artifacts, or videos.
Grounded Theory

an inductive research method for discovering

new theories where data is collected to be a guide
the analysis and theory creation.
Population &
Sampling
Population & Sampling
Population - the complete group of people,
animals, or objects that have have the same
characteristics that the research needs.

Sample - a group of individuals that represent the

population. The process of choosing a sample is
called sampling.
Population & Sampling
Population & Sampling
A survey is conducted in order to know the
preferred bath soap brand of household in the
Philippines. 20% of the total number of households
in each region were randomly chosen as
respondents of the Survey. It was found out that
85% of all households in the Philippines preferred
Brand A.
Population & Sampling
A survey is conducted in order to know the
preferred bath soap brand of household in the
Philippines. 20% of the total number of
households in each region were randomly chosen
as respondents of the Survey. It was found out
that 85% of all households in the Philippines
preferred Brand A.
Steps in Sampling:
1. Identify the population of interest
Identify WHO will be the potential participants of
the study.
Ex. Teachers and out of school youth. However, it
is still too broad because there are a lot of school
and students for this population, therefore needing
to proceed to the next step.
Steps in Sampling:
2. Specify a sampling frame
Specify WHO will be included in the study.
Ex. Sampling frame taken from a population in
Valencia City, Bukidnon. More specifically, samples
will be taken from teachers working Valencia
National High School and out of school youth at
Valencia City.
3. Specify a sampling method
Snowball sampling - done by asking relevant
people if they know someone who will be willing to
participate in your research. Criteria or qualifications
can be put out or use social media for
“crowdsourcing”.
Opportunistic sampling - takes sample or
participants that are readily available.
3. Specify a sampling method
Convenience sampling - this involves
selecting people that are most convenient for you
as researcher such as asking someone you already
know.
4. Determine your sample size
a. Determine your sample size depending on
your data will reach its saturation point or when
there are no new answers from your participants
and the patterns seems to be the same one.
b. Sample size depends on the approach being
used.
4. Determine your sample size
Phenomenology - 1-10 participants (Creswell, 2013)
Grounded Theory - 20-30 participants (Dukes, 1984)
Case Study - 4-5 participants (Charmaz, 2006)
Ethnography - single culture-sharing group

5. Implement the plan

Activity 3: Label It!
Read the following scenarios and identify which
approach of research design is appropriate to use:
Historical Approach, Phenomenology, Case Study or
Ethnography.

_______________1. A researcher want to study the

farming techniques and livelihood of Lumads and how
it is tied to the culture of their people.
Activity 3: Label It!
Read the following scenarios and identify which
approach of research design is appropriate to use:
Historical Approach, Phenomenology, Case Study or
Ethnography.
_______________2. A researcher will be conducted on
the experiences of several people in the communities
that were affected by typhoon Yolanda.
Activity 3: Label It!
Read the following scenarios and identify which
approach of research design is appropriate to use:
Historical Approach, Phenomenology, Case Study or
Ethnography.

_______________3. A researcher wants to have an

examination on the accuracy of information in the
documents that were found during the martial law era.
 Activity 3: Label It!
Read the following scenarios and identify which sampling method is being
used; Snowball sampling, Opportunistic sampling, or Convenience
sampling.
_______________1. A researcher about customer satisfaction
in a specific restaurant uses this kind of sampling technique
by giving survey questionnaires to any customer that enters
their restaurant. They take advantage of whoever is readily
available and does not consider any criteria for choosing
them as respondents in the activity.
 Activity 3: Label It!
Read the following scenarios and identify which sampling method is being
used; Snowball sampling, Opportunistic sampling, or Convenience
sampling.
_______________2. Ace is a psychology professor and
wants to conduct research about psychosis and
schizophrenia. In order o get participants for his study,
he enlisted the help of his previous patients which he
now considers his close friends to be his respondents.
 Activity 3: Label It!
Read the following scenarios and identify which sampling method is being
used; Snowball sampling, Opportunistic sampling, or Convenience
sampling.
_______________3. Sheila used crowdsourcing through
facebook to look for respondents in her study about
behavioral psychology. She posted a status asking her
friends if they know someone that is willing to
participate in her study.
Activity 4: What I Have Learned
Answer the following questions:
1. What is the importance of having a research design?

2. How will you use your chosen approach in research design for your own research?

3. I have learned that there are different steps in sampling which are:

a. ____________________________________________________

b. ____________________________________________________

c. ____________________________________________________

d. ____________________________________________________

e. ____________________________________________________

4. What would happen if the different steps in sampling would not be followed correctly?
Quiz
Read the questions and write the letter of the
correct answer.
1. It is a process of structuring techniques and
strategies that helps researchers solve their
problems or answer their inquiry.
a. Research blueprint c.Research Ethics
b. Research Design d.Research Proposal
Quiz

2. It is commonly used to elicit different ideas,

opinions, or beliefs from the participants.
a. Ethnography c. Case Study
b. Grounded Theory d. Phenomenology
3. It is a group of individuals that represent
characteristics of a population.
a. Data c. Sample
b. Population d. Variable Set
4. Pedro uses convenience sampling to gather respondents
for his research. Choose an explanation on how he can
properly use this sampling technique.
a. Gather respondents who are readily available
regardless of any criteria and qualifications.
b. Ask his friends if they know who is willing to
participate in his research.
c. Use his friends as research respondents.
d. Use a set of criteria and qualifications to be followed
before selecting respondents.
5. As a researcher, how are you going to use
phenomenology as an approach to a qualitative study
about the people affected by typhoon Yolanda?
a. Ask the victims on their experiences during the
typhoon.
b. Look of historical data about instances where Yolanda
survivors experienced flooding in the past.
c. Have an in-depth interview understanding in the
socio-economic impact of typhoons.
d. Formulate a theory
6. This type of qualitative inquiry involves studying a
particular group pf population in the natural setting
or habitat.
a. Ethnography c. Case Study
b. Grounded Theory d. Phenomenology
7. This type of qualitative inquiry describes the
common meaning of several individuals’
lived-experiences about a phenomenon.
a. Ethnography c. Case Study
b. Grounded Theory d. Phenomenology
8. It refers to any procedure done to select samples.
a. Experimentation c. Sampling
b. Replication d. Treatment
9. This type of sampling takes advantage of
whatever is readily available in the environment.
a. Convenience sampling
b. Snowball sampling
c. Opportunistic sampling
d. Homogenous sampling
10. This type of sampling is done by asking relevant
people if they know somebody who is willing to
participate in the study.
a. Convenience sampling
b. Snowball sampling
c. Opportunistic sampling
d. Homogenous sampling
For all purpose For Presenration
for listening!
Thank you