SECTION C

4 Marks
Division of Financial Assets:
 There were 4 Billion rupees in Central Bank of India.
 Pakistan got a share of 750 Million rupees. India paid 200 M to Pakistan in 1 st installment.
 Gandhi announced a hunger strike.
 Indian govt: to transfer 500 M to Pakistan in 2 nd installment.
 Still did not pay remaining amount of 50 M.

Division of Military Assets:

 After independence British Indian army was divided on religious bases.
 Muslim soldiers joined Pakistan’s army and its strength became 150000.
 4000 officers were required but Pak had only 2500 trained officers.
 Military assets were divided with ratio of 64% to 36%.
 Weapons were supplied delay and mostly were obsolete.
 Before partition, India had 16 ordnance factories but none was there in Pakistan.

Basic Democratic system

 It was proposed by General Ayub Khan.
 It was composed of 4 tier structure i:e Union, Tehsil, District and Divisional councils.
 Members of UCs were elected by people.
 Elected members were known as Democrats.
 This democrats were responsible for elections of President.
Operation Search Light?
 It was a military operation launched by Pakistan army against Bengali rebellions.
 This operation aimed to get control of major cities in East Pak.
 Bengali resistance was not expected by Pakistan army.
 This operation caused the migration of millions Bengali towards India.
 Later on Bengalis declared independence.

Operation Fair Play

 It was done by General Zia ul Haq due to political unrest in Pakistan.
 He arrested all politicians including ZAB.
 He imposed martial law.
 Also announced elections in 90 days.
Cooperative Society Scandal
 These societies accepted deposits from members and can provide loan legally for the benefit
of society.
 Due to mismanagement, these went bankrupt and people lost their savings.
 It was discovered that these societies gave loans to Sharif family for business.
 Although those loans were paid back by Sharif family but this damaged the reputation of
PM.

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 7 Marks
Why was there a constitutional crisis during 1954/55?
Selfish politicians
 Politicians were selfish.
 They preferred their personal interest over the national interest.
 They fought with one another to have more power in their own hand.
 Due to their infighting, Pakistan faced a constitutional crises in 1954/55.
Dismissal of Assembly
 MGM dismissed Assembly for the first time in Pakistan’s history.
 MTD took this dismissal case in Sindh High court which gave decision in favor of MTD.
 This was challenged by MGM in Federal Court which gave decision in favor of MGM.
 This was a constitutional crisis in 1954/55.
One Unit System
 This was implemented by Eskander Mirza in 1955.
 All provinces and princely states in West Pakistan were merged to form a single unit.
 Lahore was the capital.
 This was objected by East Pakistan and later small provinces as well.

Why was it difficult to agree on first constitution?

Selfish Attitude of Politicians:
 After the death of Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan Politicians were selfish.
 They preferred their personal interest over the national interest.
 They fought with one another to have more power in their own hand.
 Due to their infighting they could not focus to draft the constitution.

Demands of East Pakistan:

 East Pakistan wanted more seats in assembly.
 East Pakistan also wanted Bengali as national language of Pakistan.
 These were not acceptable for West Pakistan.
 A lot of time was wasted by Pakistan to settle these issues.

Role of Ulamas:
 After independence, Ulamas worked as a pressure group in the politics of Pakistan.
 Ulamas objected every time on the constitutional proposals.
 That these not sufficient Islamic.
 They also demanded that Ahmadis should be declared as non-Muslim.

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 Why was capital shifted to Islamabad?
Ayub Khan shifted capital from Karachi to Islamabad due to number of reasons.
Geographical location
 As Karachi is located to the south of Pakistan.
 it was too difficult for people from other provinces to access capital easily.
 Apart of this, due to its location, it was easily exposed to the attacks of
foreign invaders through Arabian sea.

To Avoid Travelling
 G.A.K wanted to reduce frequent travelling.
 He must be there at General Headquarter of army at Rawalpindi.
 As president he should be there in capital which was Karachi.
 it was too difficult for Ayub Khan to travel from G.H.Q to Karachi.

Congested city
 Karachi was developed city with Port and industries.
 it attracted people from the rest of Pakistan.
 It also received huge influx of refugees after independence.
 Thus it became densely populated and encouraged the development of slum areas.
 GAK thought that this capital no more suitable for govt offices and foreign officials.

Why was Z.A Bhutto executed?

Murder case
 There was the murder case against Bhutto.
 He was blamed to be involve in the murder case of Nawab Mohammad Ahmad Kasuri, the
father of Ahmad Raza Kasuri who was a former member of PPP.
 Judicial trails were there against ZA Bhutto which found him guilty.

Appeal of Mercy
 ZAB refused to file any appeal of mercy for his life.
 Bhutto thought that it is against his dignity to appeal for life in front of Zia as Zia was
promoted by Bhutto to the rank of COAS.
 As judicial orders were already there so he was executed in 1979.
Zia as Strong Leader
 Zia also wanted to prove himself as strong leader.
 Rumors were there in Pakistan that Zia can’t punish Bhutto as he is not that strong.
 Zia upheld the decision of Judiciary as he wanted to prove himself as a strong leader.

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 Q: Why was BB removed from premiership?
Corruption:
 Allegations were there from opposition that Benazir gave loans to party supporters
for business.
 Asif Ali Zardari( husband of B.B) and Hakim Ali Zardari ( her father in law) were accused
to be involve in corruption by receiving kickbacks on govt projects
 So corruption was one of the reason for removal of B.B.

Law & order situation:

 In 1990 the situation became very worse in Sindh especially in Hyderabad and Karachi.
 Both MQM & PPP came in conflict with one another.
 Violence was created on ethnic lines which led to the death of hundreds.
 The govt was failed to provide protection for people so that’s why she was removed.

Confrontation with President:

 There were conflicts between BB and president GI Khan.
 She wanted that president should revoke 8th amendment which was refused by GIK.
 A major disagreement was on the appointment of higher posts in military and judiciary.
 Ishaaq Khan wanted to appoint people on these posts by himself but she totally
refused this which further enhanced the tensions.
 So using Article 58 (2B) Ghulam Ishaaq Khan removed Benazir from post

Q: Why was B.B removed from office in 1996?

14 Marks:
Q: Which of the following was the most important in Pakistan during 1948-58:
(i) Kwaja Nazim ud Din (1948-51)
(ii) Malik Ghulam Mohammad (1951-55)
(iii) Eskander Mirza (1955-58)
Explain your answer with reference to three of above.

Kwaja Nazim ud Din (1948-51)

Objective Resolution
 Objective Resolution was passed in 1949.
 It proposed a full religious freedom for non-Muslims.
 It proposed fundamental rights for all citizens of Pakistan.
 It proposed independent judiciary in Pakistan.

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 Public Representation Officer Disqualification Act (PRODA)
 This Act was implemented in Pakistan in 1949.
 It aim was to wipe out corruption from the public offices.
 According to this law, if any public officer was blamed to be involve in corruption.
 There should a judicial inquiry.
 If he found guilty so should be dismissed from public office but this law was misused in
Pakistan.
Iiaquat-Nehru Pact (1950)
 This agreement was signed b/w Liaquat Ali Khan and Nehru.
 Both to protect the rights of minorities within the respective boundaries.
 Both agreed to introduce Visa system.
 And to stop free passage of people across borders
Malik Ghulam Mohammad (1951-55)
Socio-Economic Development:
 Planning Commission of Pakistan started a program for the socio and economic
development.
 Under this program, Jute industry was set up in East Pakistan.
 Mining stared for the extraction Oil and Gas in West Pakistan.
 This created jobs for locals which upgraded their living standard.

SEATO & CENTO

 These organizations were set up by Western countries against communism.
 Pakistan became the member of SEATO and CENTO in 1954 and 1955 respectively.
 Pakistan received Military and financial aid as member of these organization.
 It affected badly on the relations of Pakistan and Russia.
Dismissal of Assembly
 MGM dismissed Assembly for the first time in Pakistan’s history.
 MTD challenged this in Sindh High court which gave decision in favor of MTD.
 This was challenged by MGM in Federal Court which gave decision in favor of MGM.
 This created a constitutional crises in 1954/55.

Eskander Mirza (1955-58)

One unit system
 This was implemented by Eskander Mirza in 1955.
 All provinces and princely states in West Pakistan were merged to form a single unit.
 Lahore was the capital.
 This was objected by East Pakistan and later small provinces as well.
1956 Constitution
 The country name was declared as Islamic Republic of Islam.
 President of Pakistan must a Muslim.
 It proposed parliamentary system.
 It proposed both Urdu and Bengali as national languages of Pakistan
 It proposed independent judiciary in Pakistan.

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 Q : Nationalization policy of ZAB was the most important during 1971-88.
Do you agree? Explain your answer.
Military Reforms:
 Z.A Bhutto tried to reduce role of Army in politics so he removed 29 officers.
 C-in-C was replaced with new name "Chief of Army Staff" & General Tikka Khan was
appointed as Chief of Army Staff.
 He also established Federal Security Force to assist the police but this was used for
political victimization.
Industrial Reforms:
 Z.A Bhutto wanted economic prosperity in the country so started Nationalization
policy.
 Under this policy, major industries like sugar, cotton, banking & insurance companies were
taken under government control.
 This aimed to strengthen the economy of Pakistan
 This policy failed due to lack of management and economic recession in the world.
Agricultural Reforms:
 According to land reforms, a person can keep 250 acres irrigated & 500 acres un-
irrigated land.
 Tenants were given security against illegal expulsion.
 Loan was provided to the farmers to purchase HYVS & chemical fertilizers.
 Subsidy was given to farmers to purchase HYVs and chemical fertilizers.
 He reduced t axes o n t he import o f agr icult ur al machiner y.

Health & Social Reforms:

 Z.A Bhutto opened BHUs & RHCs to provide health facilities in rural areas of
Pakistan.
 Training schools were established for nurses & doctors.
 House job was declared compulsory for doctors after completion of their medical
education.
 Selling of medicines under branded name were also banned to windup the monopoly of
international pharmaceutical companies but this discouraged the multi-national companies
to invest in Pakistan.
Educational Reforms:
 All schools were nationalized. Free primary educations were provided.
 Factory owners were given the responsibility to bear the educational expenses of children
of factory workers.
 New schools, collages & universities were opened to raise the standard of education.
 He also increased funds for education sector in budget
Administrative Reforms:
 Z.A Bhutto also brought reforms in civil service of Pakistan as he thought that civil
service was corrupt & inefficient.
 He made entry test compulsory to join CSP.
 He set unified pay scale for different levels of CSP.

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 Q: Economic Policy of General Zia ul Haq was the most important during 1977-88. Do you
agree? Explain your answer.
Economic Policy:
Denationalization
 He started Denationalization policy.
 Nationalized industries were given back to its previous owners to boost up their confidence
back.
Russian –Afghan War
 Due to Afghan war, Western countries provided aid for Pakistan.
 Muslim world also helped Pakistan financially in Russian-Afghan war.
Remittances
 Doors were opened by Gulf States for Pakistani labours, professionals and military officers.
 Which increased remittances to boost up economy.
 Pakistan enjoyed a GNP of 6.2 % which was highest in this region.

Political Reforms
 Zia resumed political activities in Pakistan by uplifting Martial law.
 He held elections on non-party bases for national assembly.
 Mr Junejo was appointed as PM.
 He also restored 1973 constitution with 8th amendment.

Islamic Reforms
Federal Shariat Court
 In 1979, Federal shariat Court was set up.
 Its function was to bring existing laws in accordance with Quran & Sunnah.
Hudood Ordinance
 In 1977, Hudood ordinance was promulgated in the country.
 Islamic Punishments were introduced for theft, gambling, drinking, adultery & false
allegation within Pakistan.
 For example punishment for adultery was stoning to death & to cut right hand for theft etc.
Zakat Ordinance
 In 1980, Zakat Ordinance was issued.
 2.5 % tax deducted on saving.
 Zakat committees were established in villages to distribute zakat fund.
Ushr Ordinance
 In 1980, Ushr Ordinance was also issued.
 It imposed 5% tax on agricultural yield.
Islamic Ideology Council
 Its function was to check upcoming laws and bring those in accordance of Quran and
Sunnah.
Islamyat & Pakistan Studies
Islamyat & Pakistan Studies were made compulsory subjects in schools & colleges.

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 Pakistan Relations with India (1947-99)
Successful Unsuccessful

 Liaquat_Nehru Pact (1950)  Canal water Dispute

 Indus Water Treaty (1960)
 Tashkent Declaration (1966)
 Simla Agreement (1972)
 Cricket Diplomacy (1987)
 Lahore Declaration (1999)
 Kashmir issue (1948 war)
 Pakhtunistan Issue (NWFP)
 1965 war
 Mukhti Bahini (1971 war)
 Khakistan Movement
 Murder of Indra Gandhi(1984)
 Kargill Crisis (1999)

Pakistan Relations with Afghanistan (1947-99)

Successful Unsuccessful

 1965 war  Refusal of membership

 Frequent visits
 Earthquake at Kabul(1972)
 Russian Afghan war
 Pro-Taliban Policy
 Pakhtunistan issue in NWFP
 Burning of Embassy at Kabul
& consulates at Jalalabad and
Qandhar in 1955.
 Refusal of RCD in 1964

Pakistan Relations with China (1947-99)

Successful Unsuccessful

 Indo-china war (1962)

 Mutual defense & Trade  Civil war in China
agreement (1962)  Pakistan as member of SEATO &
 1965 war with India CENTO.
 ZAB visit to china
 Karakoram highway (1972)
 Chashma Nuclear Power Plant

Pakistan Relations with Iran (1947-99)

Successful Unsuccessful
 Iran accepted Pak in UNO  Iranian Revolution (1979)
 Members of CENTO  Pro Taliban policy of Pak in
 Members of RCD Afghanistan.
 Kashmir issue and 1965 war
 Balochistan crisis
 Iran & Iraq war

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