ANALOGIES,

COMPLEX PLOT ELEMENTS,

THEMES IN LITERATURE
Presented By Group 4
ANALOGIES
 WHAT ARE
ANALOGIES?
A comparison between two things,
typically for the purpose of
explanation or clarification.
CAUSE TO EFFECT
This analogy contains
one word that is the
cause, or the source of
some action or condition,
and another word that is
the effect, or the result or
consequence.
Example;
• Infection : Disease
"Poor hygiene practices,
can cause infection,
leading to the
development of diseases
such as respiratory
infections."
PART TO WHOLE Example;
• Lid : Box
These are relationships
between things that Kent open the
compare two sets of lid of the box
objects, both of which
are part and whole as soon as he
pairs. received it.
OBJECT & FUNCTION Example;

• Broom : Sweep
The word pair
shows an object Anna sweep her
and its specific room using the
purpose. new broom she
bought.
ACTION TO OBJECT Example;
• Spend : Money
The first word explains
the action that can be Maria spends
done from the second 1,000 pesos from
word which is the her mother's
object. money.
ITEM TO CATEGORY Example;
• Golden Retriever : Dog
Are comparisons that
show an item and the Mica got a
new golden
category it belongs to. retriever type
of dog.
WORD TO SYNONYM
shows the Examples;
similarity of mad: angry
two different
words with the Anna is so
mad that her
same meaning anger brings
destruction.
 TYPE TO
CHARACTERISTIC
analogies that are Examples;
between the type dog: playful
and the She's like a
characteristic of dog, playful as
that type ever.
WORD TO ANTONYM Examples;
happiness:
the type of sorrow
analogy where it The relationship
shows the between
happiness and
opposite of the sorrow is like
given word the relationship
between light'
and 'darkness.
OBJECT TO MATERIAL Examples;
necklace: gold
where the object
is compared to it’s That necklace
she wears is
origin or material forged from gold
just like how t-
shirts are made
from cloth.
 PRODUCT TO
SOURCE Examples;
compares two pairs • Orange Juice :
where the first word Orange
is the thing that is orange juice is
responsible for the squeezed from
second word oranges
 WORKER TO Examples;
CREATION
• The chef : culinary
Illustrates the masterpieces
relationship between
someone who performs The chef
transforms raw
a task or job and the ingredients into
resulting output or culinary
product of their efforts. masterpieces
 WORKER TO Examples;
TOOL
• Artist : complex
Illustrates the paintings
relationship between The artist
someone performing employs
a task and the tools brushes to
they use create complex
paintings
TIME TO SEQUENCE Examples;
Refers to the •
systematic
arrangement of
events or actions in
chronological order
or a logical sequence
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT
TO LEARN ANALOGIES
To enhance one’s critical thinking in
analyzation and problem solving.
To improve one’s creativity
Helps students in understanding what
is analogies and they can the
knowledge of analogies to explain.
ELEMENTS
IN A PLOT
 WHAT IS A PLOT?
Plot is the sequence of connected
events that make up a narrative in
a story, novel, film, etc.
 SHORT RECAP OF
ELEMENTS OF A PLOT
EXPOSITION CONFLICT
Sets the stage for the Drives the narrative
story, introducing the forward by presenting
characters, setting, and obstacles, challenges, or
background information opposition that the
necessary for characters must
understanding the overcome.
narrative's context.
RISING ACTION
Builds upon the initial
conflict, escalating
tension as the characters
face increasingly difficult
challenges. It propels the
story toward its climax.
CLIMAX
The turning point of the
story, where the tension
reaches its peak and the
conflict is most intense. It
is the moment of greatest
emotional or dramatic
impact.
FALLING ACTION RESOLUTION
Also known as the
Depicts the aftermath of
denouement
the climax as the story
Brings the story to a close
begins to wind down. It
by resolving any remaining
resolves lingering conflicts or questions raised
conflicts, tying up loose throughout the narrative. It
ends and leading toward provides closure for the
the story's conclusion. characters and the audience
 CAUSE & EFFECT
The relationship between events in the story,
where one event (the cause) leads to another
(the effect). This dynamic drives the progression
of the narrative, as characters' actions and
decisions have consequences that shape the
direction of the plot and influence subsequent
events.
 HOW CAN WE
RECOGNIZE THESE
PLOT ELEMENTS IN AN
ACTUAL STORY?
STORY 1
Kim was angry at her brother Brandon
for stealing her peanut butter and jelly
sandwiches from the fridge before school.
To teach him a lesson, she loaded hers
with hot sauce. Sure enough, at lunch,
Brandon’s eyes began watering and he
asked her, “What did you do to this
sandwich?” “Teach you a lesson!” she
replied. Brandon never stole another
sandwich again.
The exposition explains
that Kim is angry at her
brother for stealing her
lunches. This also reveals
the main conflict.
The rising action occurs
when she plans to teach
him a lesson.
At the climax of the story,
he eats the sandwich and
discovers what she’s done.
The falling action is
when she reveals what
she’s done.
Finally, the resolution
occurs when we learn
that Brandon will never
again steal another
sandwich.
Cause & effect is also
observed all throughout
the story.
STORY 2
Bobby was upset about his
poor grades. He asked his mom
for a tutor. After working with
a tutor for about a month, he
took a major math test, and he
aced it! Bobby thanks his tutor
for all his help. In the end,
Bobby became a star student.
STORY 2
The exposition shows Bobby being upset about his
poor grades and asking his mom for a tutor. This
sets the stage for the narrative by introducing the
main character and his initial conflict.
The rising action includes Bobby working with a
tutor for about a month. The climax occurs when
Bobby takes a major math test and excels at it,
showing the effectiveness of his hard work and
studying. The falling action is Bobby showing his
gratitude to his tutor by thanking him right after
he aced his test. The resolution Concludes the
story by showing Bobby becoming a star student.
 YOUR TURN!
FIND OUT THE
ELEMENTS OF THE
PLOT.
STORY 3
My dog Rex was acting strange and
running to the shed and back to the
house. I asked him what was wrong
and followed him to investigate. He led
me to a box containing a black and
white cat with four kittens! I got the cat
and her kittens a blanket and took
them inside to keep them warm. I had
five new pets!
 THEMES IN
LITERATURE
 WHAT IS THEME?
Refers to the deeper meaning of that
story or poem.
Describes the central idea(s) that a
piece of writing explores.
The theme of a story or poem will be
explored through elements like
characters, plot, settings, conflict,
and even word choice and literary
devices.
 CIRCLE OF LIFE
It is the idea that once an idea or
person dies, another is “reborn” or
made to balance it out. It’s
basically that cycle of birth,
survive, and death.
 COMING OF AGE
Also known as bildungsroman. Unlike
the circle of life, this focuses on growth
and the experiences of the protagonist
as they grow older. They tend to
emphasize on monologues and
character development.
 MOST COMMON THEMES
‘’Family’’
Whether by blood or chosen, the story
focuses on the bond the family has with
each other. The belief of what a family
could be are either reshaped or
reaffirmed as a result of the journey
developed in the story.
 GOOD VS. EVIL
It is the idea of a morally good
character against someone who’s
written to be morally evil. Neither one
dominates the other in the story since
it’s meant to explore both concepts.
 HUBRIS
Focuses on the excessive self-
confidence and arrogance that a
character has and what decisions they
make out of it. Usally about characters
defying God or playing God.
 IDENTITY
The the exploration of the existential
question of “who am I?” Exploring
issues or conflict about one’s self like
their beliefs, values, race, sexuality,
class, ethnicity, and body.
 JUSTICE
It focuses on society and the morality
of people itself and how they are just.
The story oftentimes rewards the good
and punishes evil, hence giving
“justice” to the story.
 LONELINESS
Puts emphasis on a character’s
isolation. Often reflecting on their
separation from society, how they
reached that point, and whether they
can survive it.
 PURSUIT OF LOVE
It showcases the affection, care,
dedication, warmth, and respect a
character has to the ones they love. It
doesn’t just focus of romantic love since
love takes on many forms.
 WAR
Focuses on the effects, sacrifices, and
devastation of war. Whether its the
perspective of a soldier or a civilian, it
puts emphasis on how the characters
survive and cope during these times.
OTHER COMMON THEMES IN
LITERATURE
Faith vs. Doubt
The concept of faith and how people
view it and how easy it is to start doubting.
Fate vs. Free will
How much our actions are decided by
fate and much free will we have control of.
 Man vs. Nature
Protagonist confronting their mortality
in the face of the natural world.
Man vs. Self
Protagonist overcoming their own self-
conflicts.
 Man vs. Society
Protagonist trying to convince the
world of it’s wrongs and taking action on
what they believe in.
Power and Corruption
Connects to Man vs. Society. It focuses
on the dark aspects of human nature and
how easily blinded people are for as long as
they have control.
 Revenge
Focuses on people’s desire for
vengeance and what their mindset is before,
during and after acting on it.
Sacrificial Love
Love takes sacrifice to put emphasis on
how a character truly cares and loves
someone. Its the idea of anything that has
worth comes with a price.
 Survival
Showcases the limits of man. Forcing
the character or group of characters to fight
against the odds.
The Environment
Focuses on environmental themes like
climate change and loss of biodiversity. Often
coinciding with Man vs. Nature.
SHORT TEST
Presented By Group 4
1. What type of a.) text to synonym
analogy is this?
b.) text to antonym
“She wore a c.) object to material
shimmering
necklace that is d.) object to function
forged from pure
gold.”
2. What type of a.) text to synonym
analogy is this?
b.) object to
"The human brain material
is like a complex c.) part to whole
computer that
continues to process d.) object to purpose
information every
second.”
3. What type of a.) part to whole
analogy is this?
b.) object to purpose
The bread you just c.) product to source
ate was the product
of several d.) time sequence
ingredients such as
flour, yeast, egg and
water.
4. This is a plot element 5. This plot element is
that shows the aftermath the moment of greatest
of the climax as the story emotional or dramatic
begins to wind down. impact.
a.) rising action a.) exposition
b.) resolution b.) conflict
c.) falling action c.) cause & effect
d.)exposition d.) climax
6. Which plot element 7. This plot element is the
introduces the moment of greatest
information necessary emotional or dramatic
impact.
for understanding the
narrative's context? a.) exposition
a) Climax b.) conflict
b) Exposition
c) Falling action c.) cause & effect
d) Rising action
d.) climax
8. This describes the 9. A theme in literature that
central idea(s) and refers dwells on life’s transience
to the deeper meaning of and impermanence: how
a story or poem. death isn’t death, just an
evolution.
a.) plot
a.) circle of life
b.) theme
b.) good vs evil
c.) conflict
c.) justice
d.) cause & effect
d.) family
10. Why is it important to learn about
themes in literature?
A) To impress our friends
B) To appreciate and understand the deeper
meaning and messages in texts
C) To memorize irrelevant details about
authors' lives
D) None of the above.