Grade 10

Euclidean Geometry

Presented by:
Jurg Basson
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Euclidean Geometry
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Euclidean Geometry is a form of geometry invented by the Greek mathematician Euclid, who
taught in Alexandria, Egypt around 300 BC. It is a system based on logical deduction and is
regarded as being among the first formal mathematics in the history of humanity.

THE MIDPOINT THEOREM

The midpoint theorem states that “the line joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is
parallel to the third side and equal to half the length of the third side”:

Theorem Information given Conclusion Reason

A
The line joining the
midpoints of two
sides of a triangle is PQ ∥ BC and
parallel to the third P Q 1
PQ = BC midpt thm
side and equal to 2
half the length of the
third side.
B C

Another theorem, related to the midpoint theorem, states that “the line drawn from the midpoint of
one side of a triangle, parallel to another side, bisects the third side”:

Theorem Information given Conclusion Reason

A
The line drawn
through the
midpoint of one side
of a triangle, parallel P Q AQ = QC line through midpt ∥ 2nd side
to another side,
bisects the third
side.
B C

240
EXAMPLE 1

In the sketch alongside, AE = EB and

AF = FD. BD = 4 cm, FG = 3 cm
and AC = 10 cm. B̂ = 63°.
EFG and BDC are straight lines.
(a) Determine the size of Ê 1.
(b) Determine the length of
(1) EF
(2) AG
(3) DC
(c) Determine the size of Ĉ .

EXAMPLE 2

In the sketch alongside, PQ ∥ ST.

PS = SR and SU = UQ.
Prove that
(a) UT ∥ SR
(b) PR = 4UT

241
QUADRILATERALS

A quadrilateral is a flat shape enclosed by four straight line segments. A quadrilateral is always
named by “going around the shape”:
T

C The quadrilateral alongside can be named

K KTCM or MCTK for example, but not KTMC.

M
The sum of the interior angles of any quadrilateral is 360°:

Theorem Information given Conclusion Reason

B
The sum of the
C
interior angles of a A Â + B̂ + Ĉ + D̂ = 360° ∠s of quad
quadrilateral is 360°.
D

TRAPEZIUMS

Definition: A trapezium is a quadrilateral with a pair of parallel sides.

EXAMPLE 3 B

The sketch alongside shows quadrilateral 3x + 20°

A
ABCD with the angles as shown. 3x − 10° x C
(a) Determine the value of x.
(b) Show that AB ∥ DC. x + 30°
(c) What type of quadrilateral is ABCD?
Explain your answer. D

242
The area of a trapezium

The area of a trapezium is given by half of the sum of the parallel sides, multiplied by the
perpendicular height (i.e. the perpendicular distance between the parallel sides):
a

1
⊥h Area = (a + b) × ⊥ h
2

Where does this formula come from?

A a B Area of trapezium ABCD = Area of ΔABC + Area of ΔADC

1 1
⊥h = a × ⊥h + b × ⊥h
2 2

D C
1
b = (a + b) × ⊥ h
2

EXAMPLE 4 P 10 m Q
The sketch alongside shows trapezium PQRS
with PQ ∥ SR. PT is drawn perpendicular to 5m
SR. PQ = 10 m, PS = 5 m, ST = 3 m and
TR = 12 m. Calculate the area of trapezium PQRS. S 3m T 12 m R
Solution

243
PARALLELOGRAMS

Definition: A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite sides parallel.

The properties of a parallelogram

Property Information given Conclusion Reason

A B
The opposite sides
of a parallelogram AB ∥ DC and AD ∥ BC opp sides of parm
are parallel. D C
ABCD is a parm.

A B
The opposite sides
of a parallelogram
AB = DC and AD = BC opp sides of parm
are equal.
D C
ABCD is a parm.

A B
The opposite angles
of a parallelogram
 = Ĉ and B̂ = D̂ opp ∠s of parm
are equal.
D C
ABCD is a parm.

A B
The diagonals of a O
parallelogram bisect AO = OC and DO = OB diags of parm
each other. D C
ABCD is a parm.

Summary of the properties of a parallelogram

• Opposite sides are parallel.

• Opposite sides are equal.
• Opposite angles are equal.
• Diagonals bisect each other.

244
EXAMPLE 5
A P 3 cm B
In the sketch alongside, ABCD is a 1 2
parallelogram. AP = AD.
DC = 8 cm, PB = 3 cm and D̂ 1 = 32°.
(a) Determine the size of
(1) D̂ 2
(2) Ĉ 2
1 32°
(b) Determine the length of BC. D 8 cm C

Solution

EXAMPLE 6

In the sketch alongside, KLMN is a K L

parallelogram. OE ∥ NM.
KN = 8 m, KO = 4 m and NO = 6 m. 4m

Determine the length of 8m O E

(a) OM
(b) NL
6m
(c) LE

Solution N M

245
The area of a parallelogram
The area of a parallelogram is given by the product of the base and the perpendicular height of
the parallelogram:

⊥h
Area = b × ⊥ h

Where does this formula come from?

A b B Area of parallelogram ABCD = Area of ΔABC + Area of ΔADC

⊥h 1 1
= b × ⊥h + b × ⊥h
2 2
D b C
= b × ⊥h

EXAMPLE 7
A B
In the sketch alongside, ABCD is a parallelogram.
BE is drawn perpendicular to AB, with E on DC.
17 cm
BE = 8 cm and AE = 17 cm. 8 cm
Calculate the area of parallelogram ABCD.
D E C
Solution

SPECIAL PARALLELOGRAMS

There are three special parallelograms: the rhombus, the rectangle and the square.

RHOMBUSES

Definition: A rhombus is a quadrilateral with all four sides equal.

Any rhombus is also a parallelogram and therefore all the properties of a parallelogram are also
properties of a rhombus. In addition to this, the rhombus has three further properties:
• All four sides are equal. (By definition)
• The diagonals are perpendicular to each other.
• The diagonals bisect the angles.

246
The properties of a rhombus

Property Information given Conclusion Reason

A B
All four sides of a
rhombus are equal. AB = BC = DC = AD sides of rhombus
D C
ABCD is a rhombus.

A B
The opposite sides
of a rhombus are AB ∥ DC and AD ∥ BC opp sides of rhombus
parallel. C
D
ABCD is a rhombus.

A B
The opposite angles
of a rhombus are
 = Ĉ and B̂ = D̂ opp ∠s of rhombus
equal.
D C
ABCD is a rhombus.

A B
The diagonals of a
O
rhombus bisect each AO = OC and DO = OB diags of rhombus
other.
D C
ABCD is a rhombus.

A B
The diagonals of a 1
rhombus are 4O2
3 Ô 1 = Ô 2 = Ô 3 = Ô 4 = 90° diags of rhombus
perpendicular to
each other. D C
ABCD is a rhombus.

A B
2 1
1 2
The diagonals of a
 1 =  2 and B̂ 1 = B̂ 2 and
rhombus bisect the diag of rhombus
Ĉ 1 = Ĉ 2 and D̂ 1 = D̂ 2
2 1
1 2
angles. D C
ABCD is a rhombus.

247
 • All four sides are equal.
• Opposite sides are parallel.
• Opposite angles are equal.
• Diagonals bisect each other.
• Diagonals are perpendicular to each other.
• Diagonals bisect the angles.

EXAMPLE 8
A B
In the sketch alongside, ABDE and FBCD are 31° 1
2
rhombuses. B̂ 1 = 31°.
F 1
Determine the size of 3 2 1
4
2O
(a) Ô 1 3
(b) F̂ 1 C
(c) D̂ 1 2 2 3
1 1
E D

EXAMPLE 9

In the sketch alongside, PQRS is a rhombus. P Q

PR = 30 units and SR = 17 units.
Calculate the length of SQ. 3
4 O2
1

S R
17
30

248
The area of a rhombus
Since the rhombus is a special parallelogram, the area of a rhombus can be calculated using the
formula for the area of a parallelogram (the product of the base and the perpendicular height):

⊥h Area = b × ⊥ h

b
K L
EXAMPLE 10

In rhombus KLMN alongside, PM ⊥ KN. 8 cm

KP = 8 cm and NM = 13 cm.
Calculate the area of rhombus KLMN.
P

N M
13 cm

RECTANGLES

Definition: A rectangle is a quadrilateral with all four angles equal to 90°.

Any rectangle is also a parallelogram and so all the properties of a parallelogram are also
properties of a rectangle. In addition to this, the rectangle has two further properties:

• All four angles are equal to 90°. (By definition)

• The diagonals are equal in length.
The properties of a rectangle

Property Information given Conclusion Reason

A B
All four angles of a
 = 90° and B̂ = 90° and
rectangle are equal
D C Ĉ = 90° and D̂ = 90° ∠ of rect
to 90°.
ABCD is a rectangle.

249
 A B
The opposite sides
of a rectangle are AB ∥ DC and AD ∥ BC opp sides of rect
D C
parallel.
ABCD is a rectangle.

A B
The opposite sides
of a rectangle are AB = DC and AD = BC opp sides of rect
D C
equal.
ABCD is a rectangle.

A B
The diagonals of a O
rectangle bisect each AO = OC and DO = OB diags of rect
D C
other.
ABCD is a rectangle.

A B
The diagonals of a
rectangle are equal AC = DB diags of rect
D C
in length.
ABCD is a rectangle.

Summary of the properties of a rectangle

• All four angles equal 90°.

• Opposite sides are parallel.
• Opposite sides are equal.
• Diagonals bisect each other.
• Diagonals are equal in length.

250
SQUARES
Definition: A square is a quadrilateral with all four sides equal and all four angles equal
to 90°.
Any square is both a rhombus and a rectangle (and therefore also a parallelogram). All the
properties of a rhombus, a rectangle (and a parallelogram) are also properties of a square.
The properties of a square

Property Information given Conclusion Reason

A B
All four sides of a
square are equal. AB = BC = DC = AD sides of square
D C
ABCD is a square.

A B
All four angles of a
 = 90° and B̂ = 90° and
square are equal to
Ĉ = 90° and D̂ = 90° ∠ of square
90°. D C
ABCD is a square.

A B
The opposite sides
of a square are AB ∥ DC and AD ∥ BC opp sides of square
parallel. D C
ABCD is a square.

A B
The diagonals of a
O AO = OC and DO = OB diags of square
square bisect each
other. D C
ABCD is a square.

A B
The diagonals of a
1
square are 4O2
3 Ô 1 = Ô 2 = Ô 3 = Ô 4 = 90° diags of square
perpendicular to
D C
each other.
ABCD is a square.

A B
The diagonals of a
 1 =  2 and B̂ 1 = B̂ 2 and
2 1
1 2
square bisect the
2 1 Ĉ 1 = Ĉ 2 and D̂ 1 = D̂ 2 diag of square
angles (forming 45° 1 2
D C (All these angles = 45°)
angles).
ABCD is a square.

A B
The diagonals of a
square are equal in AC = DB diags of square
length. D C
ABCD is a square.

251
Summary of the properties of a square

• All four sides are equal.

45° 45° • All four angles equal 90°.
45° 45°
• Opposite sides are parallel.
• Diagonals bisect each other.
• Diagonals are perpendicular to each other.
45° 45°
45° 45° • Diagonals bisect the angles (forming 45° angles).
• Diagonals are equal in length.

EXAMPLE 11

In the sketch alongside, ABCD is a square and E

DEBF is a rectangle. DO = 5 m and B̂ 3 = 20°.
1
A B
(a) Determine the length of 2
(1) OB 3 4

(2) FE 20°
(3) OF 2
3
O1
(b) Determine the size of 4
(1) Ô 1
(2) B̂ 1 5m

D 1
C
2

252
KITES

Definition: A kite is a quadrilateral whose four sides can be grouped into two pairs of equal
adjacent sides.
In a kite, the diagonal connecting the two vertices where the equal sides meet is called the main
diagonal (indicated in bold in each of the following sketches):

You would have noticed that the main diagonal is not always the longer diagonal.

Note: All rhombuses (and therefore all squares) are also kites.

The properties of a kite

Property Information given Conclusion Reason

Two pairs of D B AB = AD and CB = CD given

adjacent sides are (the equal sides will
equal. always be indicated in
the case of a kite)
C

Diagonals are 1 2
D 4O3
B
perpendicular to Ô 1 = Ô 2 = Ô 3 = Ô 4 = 90° diags of kite
each other.

The main diagonal D O B

bisects the other DO = OB diags of kite
diagonal.

A
1 2

The main diagonal D B

 1 =  2 and Ĉ 1 = Ĉ 2 diag of kite
bisects the angles. 1 2

253
 A

The angles opposite D B

the main diagonal D̂ = B̂ ∠s opp main diag of kite
are equal.

Summary of the properties of a kite

• Two pairs of adjacent sides are equal.

• Diagonals are perpendicular to each other.

• The main diagonal bisects the other diagonal.

• The main diagonal bisects the angles.

• The angles opposite the main diagonal are equal.

EXAMPLE 12 K

In the sketch alongside:

• KITE is a kite with KI = KE and TI = TE.

• KIAB is a kite with IK = IA and BK = BA. I 2
110° E
1
Ê = 110° and  1 = 80°. 2
1 B
Determine the size of
(a) I ̂1
B̂ 2
2
(b)
A 1 80°

The area of a kite

The area of a kite is given by half of the product of the diagonals of the kite:

1
d2 Area = (d × d 2)
d1 2 1

Note: Since a rhombus is a special type of kite, this formula can also be used to calculate the area
of a rhombus if the lengths of its diagonals are known.

254
EXAMPLE 13 A
In the sketch alongside, ABCD is a kite
with AB = BC and AD = CD.
AC = 24 cm, AB = 13 cm and 13 cm
OD = 20 cm.

Calculate 1 2 20 cm
24 cm B O3 D
(a) the length of BD. 4
(b) the area of kite ABCD.

EXAMPLE 14

Calculate the area of rhombus PQRS in the following sketch:

P Q

8m
5m

8m
5m

S R
Solution

Since any rhombus is also a kite, we can calculate the area of a rhombus using the formula for
the area of a kite if the lengths of the diagonals of the rhombus are known.

255
CLASSIFICATION OF QUADRILATERALS

Based on the definitions we have given for the quadrilaterals, the following relationships apply:

• All squares are rectangles and rhombuses.

• All rectangles and rhombuses are parallelograms.
• All parallelograms are trapeziums.
(A trapezium is sometimes defined as a quadrilateral with exactly one pair of opposite sides
parallel. Using this alternative definition, parallelograms would not be regarded as trapeziums.)
• All rhombuses are kites.

These relationships are summarised by the following diagram:

QUADRILATERALS

Trapeziums Kites

Parallelograms

Rectangles Rhombuses

Squares

SUMMARY OF THE PROPERTIES OF QUADRILATERALS

QUADRILATERAL DEFINITION PROPERTIES

Trapezium

A trapezium is a
quadrilateral with a pair One pair of opposite sides parallel
of parallel sides.

Parallelogram
A parallelogram is a • Both pairs of opposite sides parallel
quadrilateral with both • Both pairs of opposite sides equal
pairs of opposite sides • Both pairs of opposite angles equal
parallel. • Diagonals bisect each other

256
 Rhombus
• Both pairs of opposite sides parallel
A rhombus is a • All four sides equal
• Both pairs of opposite angles equal
quadrilateral with all • Diagonals bisect each other
four sides equal. • Diagonals perpendicular to each other
• Diagonals bisect angles

Rectangle
A rectangle is a • Both pairs of opposite sides parallel
• Both pairs of opposite sides equal
quadrilateral with all
• All four angles equal 90°
four angles equal to • Diagonals bisect each other
90°. • Diagonals equal in length

Square
• Both pairs of opposite sides parallel
A square is a • All four sides equal
quadrilateral with all • All four angles equal 90°
45° four sides equal and all • Diagonals bisect each other
four angles equal to • Diagonals perpendicular to each other
90°. • Diagonals bisect angles
• Diagonals equal in length

Kite
• Two pairs of adjacent sides equal
A kite is a quadrilateral • Diagonals perpendicular to each other
whose four sides can be • Main diagonal bisects other diagonal
grouped into two pairs • Main diagonal bisects angles
of equal adjacent sides. • Angles opposite the main diagonal
equal

* The properties shown in bold are new properties. Others are inherited from prior quadrilaterals.

PROVING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ANGLES OR SIDES

Thus far in this chapter we have calculated the sizes of angles and the lengths of lines. We can also
use the theorems of geometry to prove that certain relationships exist between angles (or sides)
without actually knowing the numerical values of the angles (or sides). We will also use some basic
principles of mathematics in these proofs:

PRINCIPLE 1

If two things are equal to the same thing then they are equal to each other:

If a = x
and x = b
then a = b

257
EXAMPLE 15

In the sketch alongside, ABCD is a parallelogram A P B

2 1 1 2
and PBQC is a kite.
Q
(a) Prove that D̂ = B̂ 2.
(b) If D̂ = Q̂ , prove that AD = CQ.
2 3
1

Solution D C

PRINCIPLE 2

The sums of equal things are equal:

If a = x
and b = y
then a + b = x + y

EXAMPLE 16 B
In the sketch alongside, CDEF is a rhombus. 1 2

 1 = B̂ 1. C
1 1 5
A 2
D
Prove that 2 3 4

(a) ̂ = BCE
ACE ̂
(b) ΔACE ≡ ΔBCE

F E

258
PRINCIPLE 3
The differences of equal things are equal:

If a = x
and b = y
then a − b = x − y

EXAMPLE 17

In the sketch alongside, PQSR is a kite and

PKML is a rhombus.

Prove that
(a) QK = LR
(b) ΔPQK ≡ ΔPRL
(c) ΔKMS ≡ ΔLMS

PROVING THAT A QUADRILATERAL IS OF A SPECIFIC TYPE

Let us briefly revise the definitions of the different types of quadrilaterals:
• A trapezium is a quadrilateral with a pair of parallel sides.
• A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite sides parallel.
• A rhombus is a quadrilateral with all four sides equal.
• A rectangle is a quadrilateral with all four angles equal to 90°.
• A square is a quadrilateral with all four sides equal and all four angles equal to 90°.
• A kite is a quadrilateral whose four sides can be grouped into two pairs of equal adjacent sides.
In this section, we look at the minimum conditions required to prove that a quadrilateral is a
trapezium, parallelogram, rhombus, rectangle, square or kite:

259
TRAPEZIUM
The only way to show that a quadrilateral is a trapezium is to show that the definition of a
trapezium applies:

To prove that a
quadrilateral is a Information
Conclusion Reason
trapezium, we have to required
prove that

A B
one pair of opposite sides ABCD is a
1 pair of opp sides of quad ∥
are parallel. trapezium.
D C

PARALLELOGRAM

To prove that a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, we can use any one of the following five ways:

To prove that a
quadrilateral is a
parallelogram, we Information required Conclusion Reason
have to prove any one
of the following:

A B
1.
ABCD is a
Both pairs of opposite opp sides of quad ∥
parallelogram.
sides are parallel.
D C

A B
2.
Both pairs of opposite ABCD is a
opp sides of quad =
sides are equal. parallelogram.
D C

3. A B
One pair of opposite
ABCD is a
sides are parallel and 1 pair of opp sides ∥ and =
parallelogram.
equal.
D C

260
 A B
4.
ABCD is a
Both pairs of opposite opp ∠s of quad =
parallelogram.
angles are equal
D C

A B
5.
ABCD is a
The diagonals bisect diags of quad bisect each other
parallelogram.
each other.
D C

RHOMBUS

To prove that a quadrilateral is a rhombus, we can use any one of the following four ways:

To prove that a
quadrilateral is a
Information
rhombus, we have to Conclusion Reason
required
prove any one of the
following:

A B

1. ABCD is a
all 4 sides of quad =
All four sides are equal. rhombus.
D C

A B
2.
The quadrilateral is a
ABCD is a
parallelogram with one parm with adj sides =
rhombus.
pair of adjacent sides D C
equal.
ABCD is a parm.

A B
3.
The quadrilateral is a
ABCD is a
parallelogram with parm with ⊥ diags
rhombus.
diagonals perpendicular D C
to each other
ABCD is a parm.

261
 A B
4.
The quadrilateral is a
ABCD is a
parallelogram with a parm with diag bisecting ∠
rhombus.
diagonal bisecting an D C
angle.
ABCD is a parm.

RECTANGLE

To prove that a quadrilateral is a rectangle, we can use any one of the following three ways:

To prove that a
quadrilateral is a
Information
rectangle, we have to Conclusion Reason
required
prove any one of the
following:

A B
1. ABCD is a
all 4 ∠s of quad = 90°
All four angles are 90°. rectangle.
D C

2. A B
The quadrilateral is a ABCD is a
parm with 90°∠
parallelogram with one D C rectangle.
angle equal to 90°.
ABCD is a parm.

3. A B
The quadrilateral is a
ABCD is a
parallelogram with its D C parm with = diags
rectangle.
two diagonals equal in
ABCD is a parm.
length.
AC = DB

SQUARE

To prove that a quadrilateral is a square, we have to show that the quadrilateral both a rectangle
and a rhombus.

To prove that a
quadrilateral is a Information
Conclusion Reason
square, we have to required
prove that

262
 A B

the quadrilateral is a ABCD is a

rhombus and rect
rhombus and a rectangle. D C square.
ABCD is a rhombus.
ABCD is a rectangle.

KITE

To prove that a quadrilateral is a kite, we can use any one of the following two ways:

To prove that a
quadrilateral is a kite, Information
Conclusion Reason
we have to prove any required
one of the following:

A
1.
Two distinct pairs of D B ABCD is a
adjacent sides are equal. adj sides of quad =
kite.
(The pairs may not share
a side.)
C

2. D B ABCD is a
One diagonal bisects the diag bisects diag at 90°
kite.
other diagonal at 90°.
C

EXAMPLE 18

In the sketch alongside, BCEF is a P

parallelogram. AB = ED, AD ∥ FG 1 2
and FCG ̂ = FGC ̂ .

(a) Prove that A

1 1 2 1 B C
(1) ACDF is a parallelogram. Q 2 5 4 3 2 3 1
2
3
(2) ADGF is a parallelogram.

(3) ACDF is a rectangle. 1 2 3 1

4 2
D
F 5 E 3

263
(b) If PA = DG and QA = AB, prove
that PBFQ is a rhombus.

264
 Grade 11
Euclidean Geometry

Presented by:
Jurg Basson
 TEST

Grade 11 Geometry
QUESTION 1
1.1 In the following sketch, O is the centre of the circle. BP = PC.
OAB 55 and OBP = 15° .

A
2 1
55°
1 O
2
3 C
1 2

2 1
15° P
B

1.1.1 C (6)

1.1.2 O2 (4)

1.2 In the following sketch UTS = 110° .

P
R

3
U4 2
5 1

110° 1
2
Q T S

Determine the size of QPS . (4)

[14]
QUESTION 2

In the following sketch, PQ is a tangent to TSP at P. RS PQ .

T 2
S
1

2
R 1

Q
2 1

P
Prove that PS is a tangent to TSR at S. [5]

TOTAL : 20
QUESTION 8

P, Q, R and S are points on the circumference of the circle with centre O. SOQ and PTR are
straight lines. PO SR and OPR ˆ = 24°. TRU is a tangent to the circle at R.

P
1 2

1 Q
2
1 2
T 1
O
S 3 2

T 1 2
3
R
U
Determine with reasons:

8.1 R̂1 (2)

8.2 R̂ 2 (2)

8.3 Ô 2 (2)

8.4 P̂2 (2)

8.5 Ŝ (2)

8.6 Q̂ 2 (2)

8.7 R̂ 3 (2)

[14]

PBHS MATHS JUNE EXAMINATION PAPER 2 – GRADE 12 11

 MATHEMATICS 11
(Paper 2) 10612/18

GIVE REASONS FOR ALL STATEMENTS AND CALCULATIONS IN QUESTIONS

8, 9, 10 AND 11.

QUESTION 8

In the diagram below, TAP is a tangent to circle ABCDE at A. AE || BC and DC = DE.

TÂE 40º and AÊB 60º .

E
60º 40º
12 A
1
2

1 P
2
C 2
1
B

8.1 Identify TWO cyclic quadrilaterals. (2)

8.2 Determine, with reasons, the size of the following angles:

8.2.1 B̂ 2 (2)

8.2.2 B̂1 (2)

8.2.3 D̂ (2)

8.2.4 Ê1 (3)

P.T.O.
13 MATHEMATICS P2 (EC/NOVEMBER 2015)

QUESTION 11

11.1 Complete: Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral (1)

11.2 In the figure, ABCD is a

and AD produced meet at M. D3 = x

1 C
2

O 1

2
1 3
A M
D

11.2.1 Show that MC = MD. (5)

11.2.2 If D3 = x, determine the value of , in terms of x. (2)

11.2.3 Hence, show that BODM is a cyclic quadrilateral. (3)

[11]

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Mathematics P2 GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION D9 June 2015

QUESTION 10

10.1 Consider the statement:

The angle between a tangent and a chord …

10.1.1 Complete the statement. (1)

10.1.2 Write down the converse of the statement. (1)

10.2 In the diagram below, the two circles have a common tangent TAB. PT is a tangent to
the smaller circle. PAQ, QRT and NAR are straight lines.
Let Q̂ = x.

T
1 2

1
R
2

A x
1 3
2
1 Q
P 2 4
5
6

N B

10.2.1 Name, with reasons, THREE other angles equal to x. (5)

10.2.2 Prove that APTR is a cyclic quadrilateral. (6)

11 Please turn over …

QUESTION 10

10.1 In the following sketch, PQ is a tangent to circle O at P.

Prove the theorem by which P1 R1. (5)
(Show all necessary constructions on the diagram sheet.)

P
1

R 1
O
Q

10.2 In the following sketch, TD is a tangent to circle ABCD. AD is parallel to BC.

AB and DC extended meet at W. B1 B3. TBS is a straight line.
You may not assume that TBS is a tangent.

D T
3 1
1
2 2

1
C
2

3 2
1 4 2
1
A B
1
5
W

Prove that

10.2.1 BWTD is a cyclic quadrilateral; (4)

10.2.2 TBS is a tangent to circle ABCD at B. (5)

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PBHS MATHS JUNE EXAMINATION PAPER 2 GRADE 12 11

QUESTION 10

In the following diagram, PQ is a tangent to circle SRQWT at Q. PRS is a straight

line. RW cuts SQ at K and cuts QT at L. PS QT and SR = TW .

3
R
1
2

T
K

L4
3 1
2
2
1
W 1
2 3
4

Q P

Prove that

10.1 KQ is a tangent to circle LQW (5)

10.2 Rˆ 1 = Lˆ 3 (5)

10.3 PRKQ is a cyclic quadrilateral (6)

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Set by J Odendaal and Moderated by K Jefferies Page 11

QUESTION 9

In the diagram below, ST is a diameter of the circle and QS is a tangent to the circle with centre O.
ˆ
QS ! PN and TQ bisects STP.

P
2
1
K
1
3
2

Q U 4
3 2 3 4
1 2 1 5
N 1
T
2

O
2
1 3

9.1 Prove that PUNK is a cyclic quadrilateral. (5)

9.2 Prove that KU is a tangent to circle KNT. (3)

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[AUTHOR NAME] D4
 Grade 12
Euclidean Geometry

Presented by:
Jurg Basson
——————————————————————————————

Euclidean Geometry
————————————————————————————————————————
THE TRIANGLE PROPORTIONALITY THEOREM

A proportion is a ratio that remains constant. When we say that two line segments are divided
proportionally (or in proportion) it means that they are divided in the same ratio.

THEOREM 1

A line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle divides the other two sides proportionally.
A

P Q

B C
Given: ΔABC with PQ ! BC
AP AQ
Conclusion: = Reason: line ! side of Δ
PB QC

Note: This proportionality can be expressed in six different ways:

A A A

P Q P Q P Q
B C B C B C
AP AQ AP AQ PB QC
= = =
PB QC AB AC AB AC
PB QC AB AC AB AC
= = =
AP AQ AP AQ PB QC

94
EXAMPLE 1

(a) In the following sketch, PQ ! BC. (b) In the following sketch, ST ! PQ.
AP = 10 units, PB = 6 units, PS = 9 cm, SR = 27 cm
AQ = 15 units and QC = x. and QR = 24 cm.
A P Q

9 cm
10 15 T
S
24 cm
P Q
27 cm
6 x

B C
R
Determine the value of x. Determine the length of TR.

PROBLEMS INVOLVING RATIOS AND LENGTHS

If two line segments are in a ratio m : n, we can represent their lengths by mx and nx respectively.

If AB : BC = m : n, let AB = mx and BC = nx.

For example, if AB : BC = 2 : 3, we let AB = 2x and BC = 3x.

This technique is very useful in solving problems where a combination of ratios and lengths are
given.

95
EXAMPLE 2
A
In the sketch alongside, AB : BC = 7 : 3.
AB = 21 units and AE = 20 units. 20
21
Determine F
AG
(a) the length of BC. (b) the value of .
GD B E
G
(c) the length of FE.

C D

EXAMPLE 3
A
In the sketch alongside, BE ! CD and CE ! GF.
AE = 16 m and EF = 10 m.
16 m
3
BC = AC.
5 B E
10 m
Determine F
(a) the length of ED
(b) CG : GD

C G D

96
THE CONVERSE OF THE TRIANGLE PROPORTIONALITY THEOREM

CONVERSE OF THEOREM 1

If a line divides two sides of a triangle proportionally, then that line is parallel to the third side.

mk mt

P Q

nk nt

B C

AP AQ ⎛ AP AQ PB QC ⎞
Given: ΔABC with = ⎜⎝ or = or = ⎟
PB QC AB AC AB AC ⎠

Conclusion: PQ ! BC Reason: line divides 2 sides of Δ in prop

97
EXAMPLE 4

In the sketch alongside, PS ! BR and SQ ! RC. A

Prove that PQ ! BC.

P Q

B C

MULTIPLE RATIOS ON A LINE

Before attempting more advanced problems on the proportionality theorem, you will have to know
how to deal with multiple ratios on the same line. The following example shows an effective
technique:

EXAMPLE 5

In the following sketch, AB : BC = 3 : 2 and BC : CD = 6 : 5.

A B C D

Determine AB : CD.

98
EXAMPLE 6

In the following sketch, PQ : QS = 2 : 3 and QR : RS = 5 : 3.

P Q R S

QR
Calculate .
PQ

EXAMPLE 7

In the sketch alongside, AD : DB = 7 : 4 A

and DG : GC = 2 : 5.

Determine AF : FC.
E

F
D

B C

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AREA RATIOS

In this section you will learn how to calculate the ratio of the areas of two triangles under specific
conditions:

TYPE 1 SAME PERPENDICULAR HEIGHT

A Area of ΔABP 12 ⋅ BP ⋅ h BP
= =
Area of ΔACP 12 ⋅ PC ⋅ h PC

Area of ΔABP 12 ⋅ BP ⋅ h BP
h = =
Area of ΔABC 12 ⋅ BC ⋅ h BC

Area of ΔACP 12 ⋅ PC ⋅ h PC
= =
B C Area of ΔABC 12 ⋅ BC ⋅ h BC
P

Ratio of areas = Ratio of bases

TYPE 2 COMMON ANGLE; PARALLEL LINES

A
Area of ΔAPQ 12 ⋅ AP ⋅ AQ ⋅sinA AP AQ
= = ⋅
Area of ΔABC 12 ⋅ AB⋅ AC ⋅sinA AB AC
AP AQ
But = (line ! side of Δ)
P Q AB AC
2 2
Area of ΔAPQ ⎛ AP ⎞ ⎛ AQ ⎞
∴ =⎜ ⎟ =⎜
Area of ΔABC ⎝ AB ⎠ ⎝ AC ⎟⎠
B C

Ratio of areas = (Ratio of corresponding sides)2

100
EXAMPLE 8

In the sketch alongside PQ ! AC and PR ! BC. A

BQ : QC = 4 : 3.

Determine
Area of ΔABQ
(a)
Area of ΔACQ
P R
Area of ΔAPR
(b)
Area of ΔABC

B C
Q
Solution

101
SIMILARITY

THE TRIANGLE SIMILARITY THEOREM

THEOREM 2

If two triangles are equiangular, then their corresponding sides are in the same proportion and hence
the triangles are similar.
A

E F

B C
Given: ΔABC and ΔDEF with  = D̂, B̂ = Ê and Ĉ = F̂.
AB AC BC
Conclusion: = = and hence ΔABC ||| ΔDEF. Reason: ∠∠∠
DE DF EF

USING ANGLES TO PROVE THAT TRIANGLES ARE SIMILAR

We can prove that two triangles are similar by showing that all the pairs of corresponding angles are
equal. If we can show that any two pairs of corresponding angles are equal, then the third pair of
angles will be equal as well (since the three angles of both triangles must add up to 180° ):

EXAMPLE 10
A B
In the sketch alongside, AB ! DE and AC ! FE. 1
F
Prove that
(a) ΔBCA ||| ΔDFE C
1

(b) AB⋅ EF = AC ⋅ ED

D E
EXAMPLE 11

In the sketch alongside, SR is a tangent to R

circle PST at S. T 1
2 2
1
Prove that
P
(a) ΔPRS ||| ΔSRT
(b) RS2 = PR ⋅ RT 1
2

(c) ΔPQR ||| ΔPTS 3

RT RS2 S
(d) = Q
PT PQ ⋅ PS

1
Question 5
In the following diagram, PQ is a tangent to the circle at Q. VT || PS.

S
1 2
1 T
1 2
V
2

1 4 1 1
P 2 2 R
W3 2

1 2

Prove that:

1 DPWS ||| DPSR (5)

More questions to follow ...

10
IDENTIFYING TRIANGLES

We are sometimes required to prove the equality of ratios and/or products, where the question
doesn’t state which triangles to prove similar. In such cases we have to identify the triangles first.
AB BC
Suppose, for example, you have to prove that = . There are two possible ways of
AC CD
identifying triangles in order to prove that these ratios are equal:

1. Top triangle, bottom triangle

ΔABC
Are the top sides (AB and BC) sides of one triangle and
AB BC
= the bottom sides (AD and CD) sides of another triangle?
AD CD
ΔACD

If each of these pairs are sides of a triangle in the sketch, then you can proceed to try
proving these triangles similar.

2. Left triangle, right triangle

AB BC Are the left sides (AB and AD) sides of one triangle and
ΔABD = ΔBCD
AD CD the right sides (BC and CD) sides of another triangle?

If each of these pairs are sides of a triangle in the sketch, then you can proceed to try
proving these triangles similar.

EXAMPLE 12 Q
2 1
In the sketch alongside, AP is a tangent to
the circle at P. PN ! SR.
4
M 1
P 4 3
Prove that 3 1 2
N
2
PS ST 1 2
(a) =
QR RT 4
1 3T
PQ SR 2
(b) =
PT ST
(c) PM ⋅ST = RS ⋅ MT 2 1
1 3 2
(d) AP 2 = AR ⋅ AS A S R

1
Question 5
In the following diagram, PQ is a tangent to the circle at Q. VT || PS.

S
1 2
1 T
1 2
V
2

1 4 1 1
P 2 2 R
W3 2

1 2

Prove that:

1 DPWS ||| DPSR [Done above] (5)

2 PQ 2 = PW × PR (4)

3 PQ = PS (3)

12
𝑀𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑠/𝑃2 𝑀𝑁𝐸𝐷/ 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑡 2019
12

9.2 AP is a tangent to the circle at P. CB ∥ DP and CB=DP. CBA is a straight line.

̂ = 𝑥 and Ĉ2 = 𝑦 .
Let D

Prove, with reasons that:

9.2.1 ∆APC lll ∆ ABP (4)

9.2.2 AP² =AB .AC (1)

9.2.3 ∆APC lll ∆ CDP (4)

9.2.4 AP² +PC² = AC² (4)

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𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑦𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟

Mathematics P2 GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION D9 June 2015

11.2 In the following diagram, CE is a tangent to circle ABCD at C. CB || EA.

C 1
B
2
3

2
1 2 1
E D A

Prove that AB ⋅ CD = BC ⋅ ED. (7)

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QUESTION 12

In the following diagram AC || GD and AF || BE . AB : BC = 1 : 3 and AG : GF = 4 : 5.

A B C

G D

FE
12.1 Determine, giving reasons, the value of . (5)
DC

Area of ΔAFC
12.2 Write down the value of . (1)
Area of ΔBEC
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