Journal of Energy Storage 29 (2020) 101393

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Energy Storage

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/est

Probabilistic scheduling of power-to-gas storage system in renewable energy T

hub integrated with demand response program
⁎
Zhi Yuana, Shan Hea, As'ad Alizadehb,c, Sayyad Nojavand, Kittisak Jermsittiparserte,

D
a
Engineering Research Center of Education Ministry for Renewable Energy Power Generation and Grid-connected Control, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830047 China
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Urmia University of Technology, Urmia Iran
c
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Zakho, Zakho Iraq
d
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bonab, Bonab Iran

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e
Social Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330 Thailand

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Reliable energy supply is a significant challenge for the power system operators. The increase of emerging
Energy hub resources, as well as multi-carrier consumers in energy systems, lead to the integration of multi-carrier energy
Stochastic programming systems. The energy hub (EH) is one of the central infrastructures which smooths the combination and inter-
Multi-carrier energy storage dependency of various energy carriers to increase the efficiency and reliability. A novel technology, such as
C
P2G storage
power-to-gas (P2G) storage, is a great option for achieving a renewable resources-based integrated energy
Demand response
system with high efficiency. The P2G storage is regarded as a viable energy storage approach to cover ever-
Wind power
increasing renewable energy resources variability in power system operations. The contribution of this paper is
to present an optimal stochastic scheduling problem of EH integrated with P2G storage, combined heat and
power (CHP) unit, wind power, boiler, electrical storage, and thermal storage to meet electrical, heat, and gas
A
demands considering demand response program (DRP). The load shifting based DRP is applied on the electrical
loads to reduce the operation cost of the EH. Also, the P2G storage system is used as a new resource that makes a
connection between electrical and natural gas networks by converting the power to hydrogen and after that to
natural gas through two processes including electrolysis and mechanization, respectively. A scenario-based
stochastic approach is applied to handle the uncertainties related to the electrical loads, wind power, and
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electricity price. The objective of the proposed problem is to minimize the total operation cost of EH, which is
modeled as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem model. The numerical results are implemented
for different cases which demonstrate the effectiveness of the integration of the P2G based multi-carrier energy
storage and DRPs on the operation cost of EH. The achieved results confirm the proposed approach by de-
monstrating the considerable reduction in operating cost of the EHS by approximately 7%.
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1. Introduction fundamental concept for the coordinated operation between different

energy carrier infrastructures, especially natural gas (NG) and elec-
1.1. Motivation tricity, which can accomplish multiple goals like operation cost mini-
mization, reliability and efficiency improvement, pollution emissions
Along with increasing energy consumption worldwide as a sig- reduction, etc., [2]. The EH generally includes a set of energy storage
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nificant crisis, the development of various technologies such as com-
bined heat and power (CHP) units, power-to-gas (P2G), etc., have
changed attitudes towards optimal energy scheduling. In this new
trend, instead of independently managing each energy carrier, all en-
ergy carriers, including production and consumption using different
technologies will be managed, simultaneously in the form of multi-
carrier energy systems [1]. The energy hub (EH) is regarded as a
and conversion equipment along with distinct connections for different
energy carriers. As a communication channel, the EH delivers input
energy carriers (NG and electricity) to end-users, including a variety of
electrical, thermal, and NG loads. On the other hand, increasing the
penetration of renewable energy sources with probabilistic nature re-
quires the utilize of different technologies to facilitate the integration of
these resources by reducing their fluctuation [3]. The integration of the

⁎
Corresponding author at: Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 5135838 VietNam
E-mail addresses: yzisthecure@163.com (Z. Yuan), yzisthecure@163.com (S. He), sayyad.nojvan@bonabu.ac.ir (S. Nojavan),
kittisak.j@chula.ac.th (K. Jermsittiparsert).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.101393
Received 28 December 2019; Received in revised form 22 March 2020; Accepted 22 March 2020
Available online 11 April 2020
2352-152X/ © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Z. Yuan, et al. Journal of Energy Storage 29 (2020) 101393

Nomenclature Variables:

Index OF Objective function

πs Scenario probability
s Index of scenario λte, s Electricity price at time t and scenario s
t Index of time PtP2G
,s Inlet electricity into P2G at time t and scenario s
dt, s Electricity demand at time t and scenario s
Parameters: Pchp, t , s / Pchp, t − 1, s The generated power by CHP at time t / t-1 and
scenario s
CDR Demand response cost PtD, s / PtCH
,s The amount of power discharged/ charged by ESS at time t
CES Operation cost of electrical storage in discharge mode and scenario s
CGS Operation cost of gas storage in discharge mode DRt, s The amount of electricity demand participated in DRP at
Ns Number of scenario time t and scenario s
NT Number of time horizon GCt, s The amount of NG consumed by CHP at time t and sce-

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min max
Pchp /Pchp Minimum/ maximum power output of CHP unit nario s
A B C D
Pchp / Pchp / Pchp / Pchp The rated power output of CHP unit in the op- GBt, s The amount of NG consumed by boiler at time t and sce-
eration region nario s
A B C D
Hchp / Hchp / Hchp / Hchp The rated heat output of CHP unit in the op- GLt, s The amount of NG load at time t and scenario s
eration region GtD, s / GtCH,s The amount of heat discharged/ charged by heat storage

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M The massive auxiliary number at time t and scenario s
Up Dn
Rchp / Rchp Ramp up/ ramp down of CHP unit Ichp, t, s The binary variable denotes the state of CHP unit at time t
UTchp/DTchp Minimum up/ downtime for CHP unit and scenario s
ηchp The CHP efficiency Hchp, t, s The generated heat by CHP unit at time t and scenario s
ηBoil The boiler efficiency IBoil, t, s The binary variable denotes the state of boiler unit at time
min max
HBoil / HBoil Minimum/ maximum generated heat by boiler t and scenario s
PD, minPD, max Minimum/ maximum power output of electrical sto- HBoil, t, s The generated heat by boiler unit at time t and scenario s
rage in discharge mode C IetD, s / IetCH,s Discharging/ charging binary variable for ESS at time t
PCH, min/PCH, max Minimum/ maximum power of electrical storage and scenario s
in charging mode ESt , s / ESt − 1, s The energy capacity of ESS at time t/t-1 and scenario s
esCH/esD Charging/ discharging efficiency of electrical storage IhtD, s / IhtCH , s Discharging/ charging binary variable for heat storage at
ESmin/ESmax Minimum/ maximum energy capacity of electrical time t and scenario s
storage HtD, s / HtCH ,s The amount of heat that discharged/ charged by heat
A
HD, min/HD, max Minimum/maximum generated heat by heat storage storage at time t and scenario s
HCH, min/HCH, max Minimum/maximum heat charged in heat storage HSt , s / HSt − 1, s The heat capacity of heat storage at time t/t-1 and
ehCH/ehD Charging/ discharging efficiency of heat storage scenario s
eh The heat loss of heat storage GSt , s / GSt − 1, s The P2G capacity at time t/t-1 and scenario s
HSmin/HSmax Minimum/ maximum energy capacity of heat storage Et, s The purchased electricity from market at time t and sce-
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ηP2G P2G efficiency nario s

PP2G, max Maximum power consumed by P2G Gt, s The purchased NG from network at time t and scenario s
GD, max Maximum produced NG by P2G HLt, s The amount of heat load at time t and scenario s
GSmin/GSmax Minimum/ maximum capacity of P2G DRtup down
, s / DRt , s The amount of load participation in DR........ at time t
λtg
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NG price at time t and scenario s

EH with the energy storage systems, while helping to minimize the
power curtailment can provide several economic benefits by proper
energy management at different times (peak and off-peak hours). In
addition to electrical energy storage, thermal and gas storage systems
can supply the local EH demands and also enables the EH's operator to
participate in the heat and gas markets. The P2G facility is one of the
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1.2. Literature review
The EH concept is first presented by Geidl et al. [5, 6]. The main
objective of this work is to investigate an optimal power flow and
economic dispatch problems considering multiple energy carriers. The
EHs can be in different capacities, from industrial, commercial, and

high-efficiency gas storage devices as the interface between electricity
and NG networks, can convert the power into the gas [4]. The produced
NG by P2G stored and inject to the EH to meet local load, supply the
NG-based generator such as CHP and boiler or purchased to the NG
market, and improve the total cost of the EH. However, the demand
response program (DRP) as an emerging source can provide more
flexibility for the EH. Load-shifting capability based on DRPs allows the
EH's operator to manage the electrical load at peak times and save
energy. The consumption can participate in DRP and shift the demand
from high-cost hours to low-cost hours and give the charges in their
bids.
Hence, coupling the EH with DRPs, distributed generation, as well
as different energy storage systems, provide various advantages from
economic and technical points of view for EH, which need future
comprehensive studies.
residential complexes size to district areas [5, 7-9]. Authors in [10], aim
to concentrate on the multiple energy carriers economic dispatch con-
sidering the uncertainty of renewable energy resources. Also, in this
paper, the value of applying the EH in the expansion planning of the
system have been investigated. In [6], an optimal EH structure with
multiple energy carriers including electricity, gas and distinct heating
loads is presented. In [11], an optimal control system is developed for
analyzing the EHs dynamic to improve its efficiency and reliability. In
[12], a new method for EHs modeling is proposed. In this model, inlet
and outlet energies modeling is a combination. Authors in [13], pre-
sented an optimal EH system considering reliability constraints. In this
work, the EH is considered in a residential complex. which is connected
to the NG and electricity networks. Loss of load probability (LOLP) as a
reliability index is considered as a restriction where the objective
function minimizes the investment, operation and load shedding costs.

2
Z. Yuan, et al.
The EH can play an important role in fossil fuel reducing as well as
increasing share of the renewable energy. Therefore, an EH model for
planning of energy supply in Switzerland's villages has been in-
vestigated by [14]. In [15], an EH model considering the power and
biogas as input while electrical and thermal loads as output is studied.
The main objective of the paper is to minimize the cost and maximize
utilization of biogas.
The emergence of new technologies with high flexibility leads to the
interconnection between electricity and NG networks. One of these
technologies is a Power-to-gas (P2G) storage system. The P2G facility
unlike the conventional energy storage system (ESS), converts surplus
electrical energy (especially from renewable energy) into synthetic NG
and later uses NG network as a high potential system to transport, store
and use the electricity later time. The original P2G application will
appear more than more, where there is excess renewable energy espe-
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cially wind power generation. Conventionally, surplus wind power
energy has been stored in energy storage facilities like pump storage,
compressed air storage, batteries and etc., or spilled to avoid network
contingency. P2G can convert excessive renewable energy into natural
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gas and help reduce renewable energy curtailment. Furthermore, P2G
can help mitigate operation cost, carbon emission and gas consumption
[16, 17]. All the P2G operation process will be described in the future
section.
A review of the literature shows that P2G technology in the EH
environment has rarely received much attention from researchers. Most
of the research in the field of EH is investigated considering facilities as
CHP, boiler, renewable energy resources, and electrical and thermal
energy storage systems. However, P2G, as new energy storage while
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facilities the integration of renewable energy to the system helps to
reduce the operation cost of EH by storing the excess power when the
electricity price is low and converting into natural gas at peak hours
and meet the gas demand. The author in [18], investigated the P2G
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technology to reduce curtailment of renewable energy with a prob-
abilistic nature. Also in this paper, the co-sizing of renewable energy
(photovoltaic and wind) capacity, as well as electrolyzer is studied. The
numerical result shows that P2G reduces renewable curtailment by as
much as 87%. In [19], the P2G facility is investigated as a new option to
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increase the integration of wind power generation in power system. The
interdependency of power and NG networks through P2G and natural
gas-fired units is formulated as multi-objective two-stage programming
aiming to minimize the environmental pollution, as well as operation
cost. To determine an optimum strategy for the coordinated operation
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of P2G and natural gas-fired units in the regulation market, a stochastic
decision-making model is presented in [20].
Demand response programs (DRPs) provide impressive solutions for
managing and optimizing the energy flow in the EH. In fact, DRPs are
classified into two main categories consist of price-based DPR and in-
centive-based DPR which are described in [21]. A survey of DRP ben-
efits and potentials for the smart-grid environment from market, op-
eration and expansion points of view has been studied in [22]. A
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comprehensive survey of DRP for industrial consumers has been studied
in [23]. All the potential of industrial consumers to participate in DRP
has been studied and categorized. Also, the infrastructure requirements
to apply the DRPs on the behavior of industrial consumers are pre-
sented in this study. In [24], a decentralized DR........ program con-
sidering all the system restrictions including power-flow constraints is
investigated to minimize the generation cost of the supplier as well as
consumer's discomfort cost. In [25], scheduling of a smart EH by ap-
plying the stochastic demand response is investigated. In [26], a mixed-
integer non-linear programming (MINLP) approach has been im-
plemented for DR........ in the EH. In [9], the optimal scheduling of EH
including wind turbine, CHP, and storage devices is studied. The pro-
posed problem is formulated as an MINLP model and the hybrid sto-
chastic/ information-gap decision theory (IGDT) approach is used to
address the uncertainties in the presence of DRPs. In [27], price-based
DR........ integrated into the security-unit commitment problem in the
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Journal of Energy Storage 29 (2020) 101393
presence of wind power generation and hydrogen energy storage has
been studied. In [28], the effect of responsible load integrated with
energy storage devices, as well as wind turbine in the microgrid has
been investigated to improve the voltage stability.
The high penetration of renewable energy sources, along with the
rapid changes in energy consumption (electrical, heating and gas loads)
present new challenges for the EH operator from scheduling and
management points of view. Therefore, the deterministic methods
cannot be efficient for EH modeling. The stochastic programming by
modeling the multiple system uncertainties through scenario genera-
tion can provide a more realistic model of EH in the presence of high-
level uncertainties caused by renewable energy, loads, and energy
prices [29]. In [30], a probabilistic energy flow for coordinated NG and
electrical systems which are coupled by EH and P2G facility and NG-
fired units are studied. Robust scheduling of the EH system considering
the energy price uncertainty in the presence of DRPs is studied in [31].
The main objective of the proposed problem is to minimize the emission
and operation cost which is formulated as a robust mixed-integer linear
programming model. In [32], a two-stage robust operation/planning
for EH considering the uncertainties of renewable energy, as well as,
multi-load consumption has been studied. The optimal operation of EH
including electrical, cooling and heating demand integrated with DRPs
and renewable energy is presented in [33]. A scenario-based stochastic
model is presented to address the system uncertainties consist of
cooling/heating/ electrical loads, as well as a renewable power output.
In [34], stochastic scheduling for the EH management problem is pro-
posed where electricity prices, as well as wind power generation, con-
sidered uncertain parameters. The MILP-based optimization approach
for energy management of EHs is proposed in [35]. The objective of the
proposed method is to minimize the operation cost of the system while
managing the economic risk based on the IGDT model. A probabilistic
model for the operation of renewable-based residential EH considering
the electric vehicle and photovoltaic system is proposed in [36]. A new
optimization approach for the cost minimization of the energy supply of
small-scale EH is presented in [37]. To satisfy the economic/ environ-
mental restrictions, a multi-objective approach for an EH in the pre-
sence of DRPs has been studied in [38]. To minimize the operation cost
of the residential EH considering the energy price uncertainty, a robust
scheduling approach is investigated in [39].
1.3. Contribution & novelty
The previous studies indicated the importance of the optimal
scheduling of EH as one of the key infrastructures that enable the in-
terconnection between the multi-energy carriers. However, the devel-
opment of a comprehensive model for EH integrated with P2G based
multi-carrier energy storages and DRPs remains a critical issue for the
EH operator. So, the P2G as a high-efficiency technology beside DRPs
requires further study in the EH environment which has rarely been
addressed in previous works. Therefore, this paper investigates the ef-
fects of the coordinated P2G technology with DRPs on the operation of
a multi-carrier system based on the EH concept aiming to minimize the
operation cost of the system. The proposed EH equipped with P2G
technology, CHP unit, boiler, electrical, heat and gas energy storage,
and the wind turbine in order to meet electrical, heat, and gas loads. To
address the exiting uncertain parameters including wind power gen-
eration, electrical load, and energy price, the scenario-based stochastic
approach based on the corresponding probability density function
(PDF) is implemented. The proposed problem integrated with in-
centive-DR........ that is formulated as a MILP model. The main con-
tributions of this work can be summarized as follows:
• Considering the multi-carrier energy storage system, including the
P2G, HES and ESS in the integrated energy system based on the EH
concept.
• Proposing the DRP based on load shifting capability in the multi-
Z. Yuan, et al.
carrier energy system to minimize operation cost, as well as improve
the system flexibility. Coordinated scheduling of DRP and P2G sto-
rage in the EH can provide more flexibility for the integrated energy
system.
• Proposing a stochastic approach to handle the system uncertainties,
including energy price, load consumption, as well as wind power
generation in the EH system integrated with DRP and P2G tech-
nology. The introduced stochastic approach is modeled as a MILP
problem.
1.4. Paper organization
The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 provides the
P2G concept. In Section 3, the problem formulation of EH operation
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integrated with P2G contains objective function and problem restric-
tions related to multiple components are presented. Section 4 presents
the scenario-based stochastic approach to model the system un-
certainties. Numerical results and investigates the performance of the
proposed model is given in Section 5. Finally, concludes the paper.
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2. Component description
2.1. Energy hub concept
The energy hub (EH) is regarded as a fundamental concept for the
coordinated operation between different energy carrier infrastructures,
especially natural gas (NG) and electricity, which can accomplish
C drogen obtained in the first process can be used, separately. It is no-
multiple goals like operation cost minimization, reliability and effi-
ciency improvement, pollution emissions reduction, etc. The EH
A
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Fig. 1. The structure of EH integrated with types of equipment.
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Journal of Energy Storage 29 (2020) 101393
generally includes a set of energy storage and conversion equipment
along with distinct connections for different energy carriers. As a
communication channel, the EH delivers input energy carriers (NG and
electricity) to end-users, including a variety of electrical, thermal and
NG loads.
Fig. 1 shows an example EH structure consists of electrical, thermal,
and NG energy storage systems, combined heat and power (CHP) fa-
cility, boiler, and a wind turbine that met the local electrical/heating/
gas load. However, the high penetration of renewable energy sources
especially wind power energy with probabilistic nature causes a new
challenge for EH's operator from a scheduling point of view which must
be addressed as well.
2.2. P2G concept
As mentioned, the P2G facility as an emerging technology creates a
link between electricity and NG networks. Surplus generated power
(usually by RESs) is delivered to P2G at off-peak hours. P2G concerted
the power into the NG and stored it in the tank. At peak hours, P2G
injects the NG to the system to make the operator needless to purchase
the NG from the NG market. The process of converting electricity to NG
by P2G involves two main steps. At first, the electrolyzer process is
down using electricity to breakdown water to oxygen and
hydrogen2H2 O → O2 + 2H2 .In the next step, the produced hydrogen in
the first phase is combined with carbon dioxide named mechanization,
which results: 4H2 + CO2 → 2H2 O + CH 4 . In addition to NG, the hy-
teworthy that the hydrogen production process is much more efficient
than the entire P2G process. The produced hydrogen can be used in the
Z. Yuan, et al. Journal of Energy Storage 29 (2020) 101393

hydrogen market or hydrogen-based industries. Fig. 2, shows the P2G operation is represented by feasible region performance where the re-
process consists of two main steps. gion links the produced power and heat. Fig. 4 shows the convex CHP
The produced hydrogen can be mixed into NG at concentrations of region. The major complexity of CHP modeling is due to the operation
5–15%, with the NG having the ability to save relatively large volumes region. As can be seen, four boundary points determine the amount of
of green hydrogen. By adding hydrogen to NG the polluting effect of the produced heat and power of the CHP unit which is expressed in con-
gas can be reduced, as well as helping to pollution emissions reduction, straints. Constraints (2-6) show the CHP operation region constraints.
whilst not affecting the equipment that is using the NG. The power ramp-up/down constraints are represented in (7) and (8).
Eqs. (9-12) show the minimum uptime limitations. Likewise, minimum
3. Problem formulation downtime constraints are given by (12-16). The relationship between
generated heat and power for CHP units is expressed by (17).
The optimal scheduling of EH equipped by multiple components min max
Pchp Ichp, t, s ≤ Pchp, t , s ≤ Pchp Ichp, t, s (2)
aiming to minimize total operation cost is formulated as a MILP model
which is restricted by different limitations. All the problem formulation A B
Pchp − Pchp
including objective function and problem constraints are presented as A
Pchp, t , s − Pchp − A
× (Hchp, t , s − Hchp )≤0
A B
follows. The schematic of the proposed model in details is depicted in Hchp − Hchp (3)

D
Fig. 3.
B C
B
Pchp − Pchp B ⎞
Pchp, t , s − Pchp − B C
× Hchp, t , s − Hchp ⎟ ≥ −(1 − Ichp, t , s ) × M
3.1. Objective function Hchp − Hchp ⎠
(4)

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The main objective of the proposed scheduling of multi-carrier
system based on the EH concept considering multiple components is to C
Pchp D
− Pchp
C C
minimize the operation cost of an EH operator which is formulated in Pchp, t , s − Pchp − C D
× (Hchp, t , s − Hchp ) ≥ −(1 − Ichp, t , s ) × M
Hchp − Hchp
(1). The objective function contains six terms. The first term of (1) re-
presents the power purchased cost from the electricity network. The (5)
curtailment cost of the wind turbine is expressed by the second term of A
0 ≤ Hchp, t , s ≤ Hchp × Ichp, t , s (6)
(1). The EH operator must pay the consumers who participate in DRP,
this cost is expressed by the third term of (1). The operation cost of ESS Up
Pchp, t , s − Pchp, t − 1, s ≤ Rchp (7)
in the discharging mode is calculated by the fourth term of (1). The fifth
term expressed the purchased NG from the NG network. Finally, the

by the last term of (1).

C
operation cost of P2G technology in the discharging mode is calculated
On
UTchp = max{0, min[NT , (Tchp
Dn
Pchp, t , s − Pchp, t − 1, s ≤ Rchp

On
− Xchp , t = 0 ) Ichp, t = 0]}
(8)

(9)
Ns Nt
A
⎡
OF = Min ∑ πs ⎢∑ λte, s Et , s + CWindPw, t , s + CDR (DRtup dn
, s + DRt , s ) UTchp
s=1 ⎣ t = 1 ∑ (1 − Ichp, t , s ) = 0 ∀ t = 1, ...,UTchp
+ CESPtD, s +λtg Gt , s + C GSGtD, s )] t=1 (10)
(1)
On − 1
t + Tchp
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3.2. CHP unit constraint ∑ On

Ichp, k, s ≥ Tchp (Ichp, t , s − Ichp, t − 1, s ) On
∀ t = UTchp + 1, ...,NT − Tchp
k=t

The CHP constraints are represented in (2-17). The CHP unit's +1 (11)
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Fig. 2. The P2G process diagram.

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Z. Yuan, et al. Journal of Energy Storage 29 (2020) 101393

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C
A
Fig. 3. The schematic of the proposed problem.
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DTchp
∑ (1 − Ichp, t , s ) = 0 ∀ t = 1, ...,DTchp
t=1 (14)
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Off
t + Tchp −1
Off Off
∑ Ichp, k, s ≥ Tchp (Ichp, t , s − Ichp, t − 1, s ) ∀ t = DTchp + 1, ...,NT − Tchp +1
k=t

(15)
DTchp
∑ (Ichp, k, s − Ichp, t − 1, s + Ichp, t , s ) ≥ 0 ∀ t = NT − TiOff + 2, ...NT
k=t

(16)
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Pchp, t , s
GCt , s = + SUchp, t , s + SDchp, t , s
ηchp (17)

3.2. Boiler constraints

Fig. 4. The CHP operation region. The boiler unit as a heat resource in the EH environment has a
significant role to meet the heating loads. The generated heat by the
UTchp boiler is represented by (18). Constraint (19) expresses the limitation of
∑ (Ichp, k, s − Ichp, t , s + Ichp, t − 1, s ) ≥ 0 ∀ t = NT − TiOn + 2, ...NT the NG consumption by the boiler unit.
k=t
min max
(12) HBoil × IBoil, t , s ≤ HBoil, t , s ≤ HBoil × IBoil, t , s (18)

Off Off
HBoil, t , s
DTchp = max{0, min[NT , (Tchp − Xchp , t = 0 ) Ichp, t = 0]} (13) GBt , s =
η Boil (19)

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Z. Yuan, et al. Journal of Energy Storage 29 (2020) 101393

3.3. ESS constraints (t = 0) and final (t = 24) states for P2G.

P2G
GtCH
, s = ηP2G Pt , s (32)
The energy storage facilities are used in the modern system for a
variety of applications [40]. The ESS plays an important role to provide
GSt , s = GSt − 1, s + GtCH D
, s − Gt , s (33)
more flexibility for the EH. The ESS is restricted by multiple constraints
which are formulated in (20-25). Constraint (20) expresses the logical 0 ≤ PtP2G P2G,max
,s ≤ P (34)
relationship between charging and discharging modes, in other words,
the ESS couldn't operate in both charging and discharging modes, si- 0 ≤ GtD, s ≤ GtD,max (35)
multaneously. The charging and discharging power by ESS are bounded
by minimum and maximum values which are represented by (21) and GS min ≤ GSt , s ≤ GS max (36)
(22). Constraint (23) calculates the current energy capacity by taking
the energy capacity at the previous interval as well as minus or plus the GSt = 0 = GSt = 24 (37)
discharging and charging power at the current time [41]. The amount
of stored energy is bounded by upper and lower values as represented in 3.6. Demand response constraints
(24). Constraint (25) determines the equality condition of initial (t = 0)

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and final (t = 24) states. The DRPs as an emerging source can impress the operation of EH,
IetD, s + IetCH due to the high flexibility provision. As discussed, the incentive-based
,s ≤ 1 (20)
demand response through shifting capability of electrical loads is con-
P D,min IetD, s ≤ PtD, s ≤ P D,max IetD, s (21) sidered in this paper to apply DRPs on the proposed problem. The re-

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strictions of the shiftable load value at each hour are expressed by (38)
P CH ,min IetCH CH
, s ≤ Pt , s ≤ P
CH ,max Ie CH
t,s (22) and (39). Constraints (40) and (41) establish the relationship between
the maximum value of shiftable load and the forecasted load con-
PtD, s sumption where γDR is a shiftable load factor that equals 0.1 in this
ESt , s = ESt − 1, s + es CH PtCH
,s −
es D (23) paper. The total load curtailment must be shifted to other times which
is represented by constraint (42). Finally, the total load demand of EH
ES min ≤ ESt , s ≤ ES max (24)
after participation in DRP is calculated by (43).
ESt = 0 = ESt = 24 (25) 0 ≤ DRtup up,max
, s ≤ DRt , s (38)

3.4. Heat storage constraints

C
Thermally activated energy storage systems are attracting growing
0 ≤ DRtdn

DRtup
,s
,max
dn,max
, s ≤ DRt , s

= γ DRdt , s
(39)

(40)
A
interest due to their energy saving capability [42]. The HES as one of DRtdn ,max
= γ DRd
,s t,s (41)
the main sources of heat supply is restricted by corresponding con-
straints. As the ESS, the HES couldn't operate in both charging and NT NT

discharging modes, simultaneously which is represented by (26). Con- ∑ DRtup,s = ∑ DRtdn,s

t=1 t=1 (42)
straints (27) and (28) express the minimum and maximum value of
R

discharging and charging heat, respectively. Constraint (29) calculates dtDR dn

DRtup
, s = dt , s − DRt , s + ,s (43)
the current heat capacity of HES. The amount of stored heat is bounded
by minimum and maximum value as expressed by (30). Finally, con-
straint (31) calculates the equality condition of the initial (t = 0) and 3.7. Energy balance constraints
final (t = 24) states for HES.
ET

As mentioned, the proposed EH meets the local demands including

IhtD, s + IhtCH
,s ≤ 1 (26) electrical, heat and NG loads. Total purchased energy plus generated
HD,min IhtD, s ≤ HtD, s ≤ HD,max IhtD, s energy by local sources, as well as the amount of charging and dis-
(27)
charging by each storage system, must be equal to the local demand.
H CH ,min IhtCH CH
, s ≤ Ht , s ≤ H
CH ,max Ih CH
t,s (28) The balance constraints for electrical, NG and heat carriers are re-
presented by (44-46), respectively.
HtD, s
HSt , s = HSt − 1, s (1 − eh) + ehCH HtCH
,s −
Et , s + Pt , s − PtP2G D CH
, s + Pt , s − Pt , s − dt , s + Pw, t , s = 0 (44)
ehD (29)
R

Gt , s + GtD, s − GCt , s − GBt , s − GLt , s = 0 (45)

HS min ≤ HSt , s ≤ HS max (30)

HSt = 0 = HSt = 24 (31) Hchp, t , s + HBoil, t , s + HtD, s − HtCH

, s − HLt , s = 0 (46)

3.5. P2G constraints 4. Stochastic scenario-based approach

By converting the power into the NG, P2G technology can store and
inject it to the EH environment and meet the NG consumption including
NG loads and inlet fuel of CHP and boiler units. Constraint (32) ex-
presses the efficiency of converting capability for P2G technology. As
the previous storage systems, the current NG capacity of P2G is calcu-
lated in (33). The amount of power / NG that is converted/generated by
P2G technology is bounded by (34) / (35). The amount of stored NG is
bounded by minimum and maximum value as expressed by (36). Fi-
nally, constraint (37) calculates the equality condition of the initial
The penetration of renewable energy especially wind power into the
EH environment, effects on operation and scheduling of EH. Due to the
probabilistic nature of wind speed, generated power sustaining the
significant uncertainty. Furthermore, daily load demand behavior, as
well as energy price with high deviation should be addressed to access
the realistic model. The probabilistic approach at the presence of dif-
ferent uncertainties is a suitable tool for modeling the daily EH sche-
duling. Therefore, to address the uncertain parameters, a probabilistic
scenario-based approach is presented in this section.

7
Z. Yuan, et al. Journal of Energy Storage 29 (2020) 101393

4.1. Wind power generation standard deviation σto model the load demand uncertainty, then, the
EH electrical demand at each sample is calculated based on (51).
The generated power by wind turbines is caused by wind speed as a
prime energy source. To model the uncertainty of wind speed, it is 4.3. Electricity price
assumed that the wind speed is subjected to the Weibull distribution
with Vw mean and σwstandard deviation. As [41, 43], the Weibull dis- As load consumption variation, the electricity price is considered as
tribution parameters are calculated as (47) and (48). More explanation an uncertain parameter. It is assumed that the uncertainty of price is
can be found in [41]. subjected to normal distribution. Therefore, as (51), considering the
σ corresponding mean and standard deviation, the electricity price at
r = ⎛ w⎞
⎜ ⎟
each sample is calculated.
V
⎝ w⎠ (47)
It should be noted that there are multiple scenarios to address wind
Vw power, electrical load, and electricity price uncertainties. However,
c=
these scenarios must be reduced by a powerful tool to facilitate the
Γ 1+ ( 1
r ) (48) problem calculations in the scenario reduction process which will be

D
Based on r and c, the Weibull probability distribution function (PDF) described in the future.
is calculated as (49).
5. Simulation and results
r V r−1 V r
f (V ) = ⎛ ⎞ exp ⎡−⎛ ⎞ ⎤
c⎝c⎠ ⎣ ⎝c⎠⎦ (49)
To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed scenario-based MILP

TE
Monte-Carlo simulation (MCs) is implemented to generate a high
number of scenarios which are subjected to the Weibull distribution.
Each scenario is assigned a probability. In each scenario, random wind
speed is established for the current interval. According to (49), in each
scenario, corresponding random wind speed is fitted to the PDF for the
current scenario, then the generated power by the wind turbine is
calculated by (50).
C is 50 kW. As discussed, to address the load and electricity price, Normal
⎧0 0 ≤ Vs, t ≤ Vcut − in
⎪ (k1 + k2 Vs, t + k3 Vs, t 2) PWrated Vcut − in ≤ Vs, t ≤ Vrated
PW , t , s = distribution. For this purpose, 1000 scenarios are generated by MCS.
⎨ PWrated Vrated ≤ Vs, t ≤ Vcut − out
⎪0 Vcut − out ≤ Vs, t
⎩ (50)
A
Where k1,k2 and k3are wind turbine coefficients, PWrated is rated power
output of wind turbine, Vcut − in and Vcut − out are the minimum and max-
imum allowable wind speed and Vratedis rated wind speed.
model, the EH system consists of CHP and boiler units, a wind turbine,
electrical and heat storage systems, and P2G technology to meet the
local electrical, heat and NG demands, is studied. All the parameters of
the EH system are provided in the appendix section. Fig. 5 and 6 depict
the system load demand (electrical, heat and NG consumption), and
wind power generation, respectively. The electrical and NG price curves
are shown in Fig. 7. The maximum power generation by a wind turbine
distribution is used, while wind power output is subjected to Weibull
The SCENRED tool is implemented to reduce the number generated
scenarios to 10 most probable scenarios which are given in Table I. The
proposed approach is formulated as a MILP model which is solved by
CPLEX solver in GAMS software.
To reveal the effectiveness of the proposed model, the following
cases are studied:

4.2. Load demand

R

Case 1: The stochastic optimal scheduling of the EH considering ESS

and HES.
Due to the variation of load consumption during the scheduling Case 2: Case 1 considering the P2G technology in the EH environ-
horizon, the variation of load demand must be addressed, as well. It is ment.
assumed that the load demand uncertainty is subjected to normal dis- Case 3: Case 2 considering the demand response programs.
tribution. If μ and σ are the mean and standard deviation of the normal
ET

distribution, respectively, the PDF is calculated as (51). Case 1. In this case, the effects of ESS and HES on the EH perfor-
1 (d − μ)2 mance considering the system uncertainties are evaluated. As discussed,
f (d ) = exp ⎛−
⎜
2
⎞ ⎟
the scenario-based stochastic approach is implemented to analyze the
2π × σ ⎝ 2×σ ⎠ (51)
proposed scheduling. Hence, the results are presented for scenario
The MCS generates a large number of scenarios with mean μand number 5 and the expected value of the objective function will be
R

Fig. 5. The EH consumption (electrical, heat and NG loads).

8
Z. Yuan, et al.
D
Fig. 6. The hourly wind power generation.
TE
calculated. The hourly optimal power and heat dispatch for scenario
number 5 is depicted in Fig. 8. Because of the dependence between
generated power and heat, the CHP unit is committed in the whole
scheduling horizon according to Fig. 8. Also, the main part of the re-
quired heat in the morning (1 am, to 9 am), is provided by the boiler
unit. Furthermore, the hourly scheduling of HES is shown in Fig. 9.
According to Fig. 9, because of the existence of heat loss in the HES
C to 19 p.m. operator injects the generated NG by P2G into the EH for
operation (Eq. (29)), it is more economical to HES has discharged after
the charging process, immediately.
Fig. 10 shows the hourly ESS operation for scenario 5. The EH op-
erator purchases the power from the upstream grid when the electricity
price is low (off-peak hours). In such a situation, the surplus power can
A
be stored in the ESS and will be injected into the EH when the elec-
tricity price reaches higher values. Therefore, the operator meets the
electrical loads through ESS discharging instead of purchasing power
from the grid. Fig. 11 demonstrates the effects of ESS on the purchasing
power from the upstream grid. According to Fig. 11, when the ESS
R
operates in charging mode, the total value of purchased power from the
grid increases, while in peak hour when the electricity price is high,
(see Fig. 7), the purchased power is decreased in the presence of ESS
compared to the case where ESS is neglected. Table II shows the effects
ET
of ESS and HES on the total operation cost. As can be seen, considering
both ESS and HES, simultaneously, decreases the total expected cost to
¢40,678.54.
Case 2. In this case, the optimal scheduling of the EH system in-
tegrated with P2G technology in the presence of uncertainties is stu-
died. Fig. 12 shows the hourly scheme of P2G technology in EH for
R
Fig. 7. The hourly electricity and NG price.
9
Journal of Energy Storage 29 (2020) 101393
scenario number 5. The system's operator purchases the power from the
grid when the price reaches the lower values, then converts into NG by
P2G. The generated NG is stored in P2G tanks. As the NG price reaches
the higher values, P2G injects the stored NG into the EH. Is should be
noted that because of the equality condition of initial and final states of
P2G technology, it charges at 1 a.m. and 12 p.m. Between hours 13 p.m.
meeting the local NG loads, as well as the inlet fuel of CHP or boiler
units, instead of purchasing NG from the network.
The effect of P2G on the purchasing power and NG from the up-
stream electricity and NG networks are shown in Fig. 13 and Fig. 14,
respectively. According to Figs. 13 and 14, in the morning (1 a.m. to 6
a.m.) when the P2G is charged, the purchasing power from the grid
increases, while in discharging mode (13 p.m. to 19 p.m.), the pur-
chased NG is decreased.
Table III demonstrates the effects of simultaneous considering of
P2G technology, HES and ESS in the EH scheduling. According to
Table III, considering the P2G besides the ESS and HES causes a de-
crease in the total purchased power and NG from networks, compared
to Case 1. This proves the benefits of simultaneous considering of
multiple storage systems in the EH. The total expected operation cost
for this case is ¢ 40,291.92.
Case 3. In this case, the effect of shiftable loads as DRP in the op-
timal scheduling of EH in the presence of all components is analyzed.
For this purpose, 10 percent of total electrical loads are considered with
shifting capability. Fig. 15 shows the effects of shiftable demands in the
electrical load profile for scenario number 5. According to Fig. 15, the
Z. Yuan, et al. Journal of Energy Storage 29 (2020) 101393

Table I
The 10 reduced scenarios with corresponding probability.
Scenarios S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10

Probability 0.082 0.132 0.063 0.188 0.018 0.205 0.014 0.078 0.182 0.039

D
TE
Fig. 8. The hourly power and heat dispatch in Case 1.

C
A
R
ET

Fig. 9. The hourly scheme of HES in Case 1.

loads which participate in DRP are shifted from high price hours to
lower price hours. This has a significant effect on the total operation
cost reduction of EH. In this situation, the total operation cost is ¢
39,209.36 which demonstrates a significant reduction in the operation
R
cost. Fig. 16 shows the effect of DRP on the purchasing power from the
grid. As can be seen, because of load shifting from peak hours to off-
peak times, the purchasing power at peak hours is decreased, compared
to previous cases. Table IV compares the expected operation cost of EH

Fig. 10. The hourly scheme of ESS in Case 1.

10
Z. Yuan, et al. Journal of Energy Storage 29 (2020) 101393

D
Fig. 11. The effect of ESS on the purchased power from the grid in Case 1.

Table II

TE
The effects of ESS and HES on the total operation cost in Case 1.
Without ESS and HES With ESS With ESS and HES

Gas operation cost (¢) 26,376.57 26,377.57 26,045.9

Power operation cost (¢) 17,111.86 14,628.17 14,632.64
Total operation cost (¢) 43,488.43 41,004.74 40,678.54

C
A
R
ET

Fig. 12. The hourly P2G scheme for Case 2.

R

Fig. 13. The effect of P2G operation in the purchased power for Case 2.

11
Z. Yuan, et al. Journal of Energy Storage 29 (2020) 101393

D
Fig. 14. The effect of P2G operation on the purchased NG for Case 2.

Table III Conclusion

TE
The effect of P2G integration with other storage systems on the operation cost
for Case 2. The optimal scheduling of energy hub integrated with the multiple
HES+ES HES+ESS+P2G components, including CHP unit, wind turbine, electrical, thermal, and
gas storage systems, was investigated in the presence of shiftable loads.
Expected gas operation cost (¢) 26,045.9 25,187.67 The P2G technology as novel contribution was embedded in the EH
Expected power operation cost (¢) 14,632.64 15,104.26
environment to facilitate the integration of wind power in the multi-
Expected total operation cost (¢) 40,678.54 40,291.92
carrier energy system while avoiding the wind curtailment by con-
C verting the excess produced power by wind turbine into the NG. The
for different cases. According to table IV, in Case 3, where the EH in- variation of wind power, load demand, as well as electricity price were
tegrated with P2G, HES and ESS, as well as DRP, the operation cost is considered as uncertain parameters, and a scenario-based stochastic
the least value compared to other cases. approach was utilized to handle the uncertainties related to the corre-
To accurately assess the effects of consumer participation in the sponding parameters. Also, the results showed that including P2G
DR........ program on the total operation cost of EH, a sensitivity analysis technology along with the electrical and thermal storage is led to a
A
is presented. The results of the DRPs effects on the operation cost for the reduction in the operation cost of EH by 7.3%. In addition, coupling the
different levels of load participation factor are shown in Table V. Ac- EH by the shiftable loads besides the P2G facility-based multi-carrier
cording to Table V, by increasing the load participation factor, the energy storage has resulted in a decrease in the purchased power cost
purchased power cost from the upstream network has reduced, as well from the upstream network by 4.1%.
The EH scheduling integrated with other emerging technologies like
R

as the total operation cost of EH, consequently.

To validate, simulation results for the different numbers of scenarios
are presented. The amount of power exchanged, the time of dissolution
(in percentage by decay) and the operating cost for the 10, 20, and 30
scenarios are shown in Table VI. According to Table VI, by increasing
ET
hydrogen storage, integrated demand response will be investigated in
future works. Also, new approaches of non-probabilistic programming
such as interval-based robust optimization and information gap deci-
sion theory can be considered in future researches to handle the un-

the number of scenarios, the operation cost of the EH doesn't change certain parameters of the EH problem.
significantly, while the problem-solving time increases.
CRediT authorship contribution statement

Zhi Yuan: Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing - original

draft, Writing - review & editing. Shan He: Conceptualization, Data
R

Fig. 15. The effect of DRP on the electrical load profile for Case 3.

12
Z. Yuan, et al. Journal of Energy Storage 29 (2020) 101393

D
Fig. 16. The effect of DRP on the purchased power for Case 3.

Table IV

TE
The comparison of the total operation cost of EH for different cases.
HES+ESS Case 1 HES+ESS+P2G Case 2 HES+ESS+P2G+DR........ Case 3

Expected gas operation cost (¢) 26,045.9 25,187.67 25,187.66

Expected power operation cost (¢) 14,632.64 15,104.26 14,021.69
Expected total operation cost (¢) 40,678.54 40,291.92 39,209.36

Table V C Alizadeh: Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing - original draft,

Evaluating the impact of load participation factor in the DR........ program. Writing - review & editing. Sayyad Nojavan: Conceptualization, Data
Load participation factor (%) 10 15 20 curation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. Kittisak
Jermsittiparsert: Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing - original
Expected gas operation cost (¢) 25,187.66 25,187.67 25,187.66 draft, Writing - review & editing.
Expected power operation cost (¢) 14,021.69 13,313.72 12,796.74
A
Expected total operation cost (¢) 39,209.36 38,501.39 37,984.40
Declaration of competing Interest

Table VI This manuscript has not been submitted to, nor is under review at,
The comparison of the operation cost and solving-time of the problem for dif-
another journal or other publishing venue. The authors have no af-
R

ferent numbers of scenarios.

filiation with any organization with a direct or indirect financial in-
Number of scenarios 10 20 30 terest in the subject matter discussed in the manuscript
Expected gas operation cost (¢) 25,187.66 25,288.54 25,295.66
Expected power operation cost (¢) 14,021.69 14,311.69 1419.78 Acknowledgment
ET

Expected total operation cost (¢) 39,209.36 39,510.23 39,615.44

Increasing solving-time of the problem 5.4 24.1 73.9
This research was supported by the Open Project Program of
compared to the deterministic model
(%) Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Key Laboratory(No. 2018D04005),
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51667020, No.
51767024) and the Program for Innovative Research Team in
curation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. As'ad University (No. IRT_16R63).

Supplementary materials
R

Supplementary material associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at doi:10.1016/j.est.2020.101393.

Appendix A

In this section, all the parameters of the energy hub system which have been used in the simulation results presented in Table A1,A2,A3,A4,A5.

Table A1
The efficiency of the EH.
Parameter value Parameter value

ηchp 0.35 esCH 0.9

ηBoil 0.8 esD 0.9
eh 0.01 ehCH 0.95
ηP2G 0.75 ehD 0.95

13
Z. Yuan, et al. Journal of Energy Storage 29 (2020) 101393

Table A2
Characteristics of CHP unit.

Pmax
chp (kW)
min
P chp (kW) min
Hchp (kW)
max (kW)
Hchp Initial Status (h) Min Down (h) Min Up (h) Ramp (kW/h)

105 48 0 87 1 1 1 55

Table A3
ESS system parameters.
ESmax (kWh) ESmin PD, max PD, min PCH, max PCH, min
(KWh) (kW) (kW) (kW) (kW)

350 50 50 5 50 5

D
Table A4
TES parameters.
HSmax HSmin HC, max HD, max HC, min HD, min
(kWh) (kWh) (kWh) (kWh) (kWh) (kWh)

TE
60 0 20 20 0 0

Table A5
P2G storage system parameters.
GSmax (kWh) GSmin (kWh) GtD,max (kW) PP2G, max
(kW)

180 50 C 50 50

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