Day 3 Buzzwords Oct 2023 Judith Marie Baunto

iii
-
TOPNOTCH MEDICAL BOARD PREP PHARMACOLOGY BUZZWORDS HANDOUT BY DR. GABRIELLE P. FLORES
>
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This handout is only valid for the October 2023 PLE batch. This will be rendered obsolete=>⑦=
for the next batch since we update our handouts regularly.
MNEMONIC: Cholinergic toxicity: DUMBELLS
IMPORTANT LEGAL INFORMATION D – diarrhea, diaphoresis
U – urination
PHARMA
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Anti-cholinergic toxicity:
MNEMONIC:
ALICE IN WONDERLAND/AGIT NA CLERK
DISCLOSURE HOT as a hare (hyperthermia)
The handouts/review materials must be treated with utmost confidentiality. It shall be the
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This handout is only valid for the October 2023 PLE batch.
This will be rendered obsolete for the next batch
since we update our handouts regularly.
PHARMACOLOGY - BUZZWORDS
By Gabrielle P. Flores, MD
AUTONOMICS
Be prepared for questions where you are given a drug (either a
cholinergic or an anti-cholinergic) and asked about side effects
unrelated to the drug’s main mechanism of action PROMOTE AChE = anticholinergic (sympathomimetic)
INHIBIT AChE = cholinergic (parasympathomimetic)
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM – MUSTN’T FORGET!
PARASYMPATHETIC SYMPATHETIC CHOLINOMIMETIC AGENTS
Cholinergic: Acetylcholine Adrenergic: Catecholamines DIRECT AGONISTS: Act directly on Ach receptors
Cholinomimetic Adrenomimetic AcetylCHOLINE
Muscarinic/Nicotinic agonist Alpha/Beta agonist B for bladder: used to treat post-op
BethaneCHOL -
Sympatholytic Parasympatholytic -
retention
- °
Muscarinic/Nicotinic CarbaCHOL
Alpha/Beta antagonist
antagonist (M for Marathon) Challenge test for asthma
MethaCHOLINE
Cholinergic crisis: Anti-cholinergic crisis: diagnosis
DUMBELLS or REST AND ALICE IN WONDERLAND A Nicotine
DIGEST and FIGHT or FLIGHT Drool and cry on your pillow: potent
Pilocarpine -
-
stimulator of tears and saliva
PARASYMPATHETIC VS. SYMPATHETIC SUMMARY CHOLINOmimetic
Head-to-toe
SYMPATHETIC PARASYMPATHETIC
approach INDIRECT AGONISTS: Inhibit acetylcholinesterase
Pupils dilated Pupils constrict Doña Riva
Eyes Donepezil Pa gala-gala
(mydriasis) (miosis)
Rivastigmine May dementia
Glands Inhibited; Galantamine Drugs used in treatment of
(salivary, decreased Promotes secretion Alzheier’s dementia
lacrimation) secretion -Tensilon test: bedside test for
Tachycardic Edrophonium
MG, rapid acting
(chronotropic) Neostigmine
Heart and Bradycardia
Increased Physostigmine Phyxes atropine overdose
vascular Decreased
contractility Treatment for MG
system contractility Pyridostigmine
(ionotropic) Gets rid of MG
Hypertensive Ecothiopate* Potentially lethal cholinergic
Bronchodilation Bronchoconstriction Pesticides crisis
Decreased Increased Organophosphates *irreversible
Lungs
pulmonary pulmonary
secretions secretions
Closed and tight Relaxed and open
GI and sphincters sphincters
Bladder Relaxed muscles Contracting muscles
Retention Incontinence
TOPNOTCH MEDICAL BOARD PREP PHARMACOLOGY BUZZWORDS HANDOUT BY DR. GABRIELLE P. FLORES Page 1 of 8
For inquiries visit www.topnotchboardprep.com.ph or email us at topnotchmedicalboardprep@gmail.com
This handout is only valid for the October 2023 PLE batch. This will be rendered obsolete for the next batch since we update our handouts regularly.
ANTICHOLINERGICS Clonidine Used in hypertension
a2
Prototype; treats Brimonidine Used in glaucoma
ATROPINE cholinergic toxicity B1 Dobutamine Used in heart failure
and bradycardia B2 Salbutamol Used in asthma
Ipratropium COPD MiraB3gron
B3 Used in incontinence
Tiatropium Asthma Mirabegron
Non- Walking on a long
selective tightrope (longer THE BLADDER AND YOUR CHOLINERGICS
duration of action)
Motion sickness
β3
Scopolamine/ Treat GI cramps Contracts Relaxes
Detrusor
-
hyoscine (think of your via M3 via B3

muscle
M3
-
Buscopan!) activation activation

M1
P1renzep1ne Used in peptic ulcer
receptor
Pirenzepine disease
blocker Bladder
Contracts via a1
!
M3 Oxybutynin neck and
Treats incontinence activation
receptor
blocker -
SoliFENACIN
TolTEROdine
(causes retention)
prostate
DRUGS MECHANISM USE

POISONING – WHAT SYMPTOMS WOULD YOU EXPECT TO Detrusor muscle
Muscarinic agonists Urinary
GET? contraction → ↑↑
(BethaneCHOL) retention
bladder emptying
SYMPTOMS TO Muscarinic
ANTIDOTE?
EXPECT? antagonists Detrusor muscle
ALICE IN Physostigmine (Oxybutynin)
ATROPINE relaxation → Urinary
WONDERLAND to Phyx it
↓↓ bladder incontinence
-Atropine – fix Sympathomimetics
INSECTICIDES/ emptying
the symptoms (B3)
ORGANOPHOSPHATES DUMBELLS MiraB3gron
(AchE inhibitor) -Pralidoxime –
regenerate AchE Relaxation of
bladder neck and
BPH
SYMPATHETIC RECEPTORS prostate →
ɑ1 blockers △ ADR
↓↓ bladder
Tamsulosin, Prazosin orthostatic
obstruction →
hypotension
↑↑ bladder
emptying
5-a reductase inhibitor:

Drug used to reduce prostate FinAsteRIde
size in BPH? Five Alpha Reductase
Inhibitor
Retention
Urinary effects of Muscarinic antagonist =
ipratropium bromide? DRY AS A BONE
ADRENERGIC DRUGS: AGONISTS Detrusor muscles relaxed
Only two MOAs:
Non-
Norepinephrine α > β
Epinephrine β > α 36 Nor = northern star
(kaya Alpha nauna Glaucoma drugs
Decrease aqueous humor
production
selective Isoproterenol (sanaol)
before Beta) Increase outflow
B1 = B2 = B3
Phenylephrine Used in shock
a1 Used in nasal
OxymetaZOLINE
decongestants
GLAUCOMA
Drugs that can precipitate Atropine PRINZMETAL/VASOSPASTIC ANGINA
AACG Topiramate
CCBs (Diltiazem drug of choice)
TREATMENT
Nitrates
ANTIMICROBIALS Beta blockers
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS 5-HT1D Receptor Agonists: Triptans
STI DRUGS OF CHOICE (migraine medications)
Penicillin DO NOT GIVE 5-HT3 Receptor ANTAGONIST: Setrons
Syphilis (nausea medications)
△ ADR: Jarisch-Herxheimer
Painless chancre Ergonovine – triggers vasospasm; can be
reaction
Azithromycin used to diagnose
Haemophilus ducreyi Ceftriaxone
Painful chancroid Ciprofloxacin ANTIARRHYTHMICS
Erythromycin CLASS 1 Na+ channel blockers
Chlamydia
Purulent cervicitis: CLASS 2 Beta blockers
bacteria NOT seen on Gram
Doxycycline CLASS 3 K+ channel blockers
stain
! or children:
Lymphogranuloma
Azithromycin single dose CLASS 4 Ca2+ channel blockers
venereum
Painless ulcers + Painful “NaBaKlaCa”
buboes Odd numbers: act on -
cardiac myocytes’ AP
Gonorrhea Even numbers: act on SA/AV nodes’ AP
Purulent cervicitis: IM Ceftriaxone
bacteria seen on Gram PO Cefixime
stain
Granuloma inguinale
DOC: Azithromycin
Beefy red ulcer; Donovan
Alternative: Doxycycline
bodies
Emtricitabine, Lamivudine,
HIV and Hepatitis B
Tenofovir
CARDIORESPIRATORY PHARMA
ANTI-HYPERTENSIVES
Vasoselective CCBs △ ADR:
NifeDIPINE AmloDIPINE NicarDIPINE Constipation
ACE-inhibitors Should be used to 1A Disopyramide Double Akyat
CaptoPRIL prevent Quinidine Quarter Prolongs AP
△ ADR: Dry cough Procainamide Pounder
LisoniPRIL progression of
RamiPRIL proteinuria in
CKD and Diabetic 1B Phenytoin Pengeng Baba
kidney disease Lidocaine Lettuce Shortens AP
ARBs △ ADR: Mexiletine Mayo
LoSARTAN hyperkalemia Tocainide Tomato
TelmiSARTAN ! teratogenicity: 1C Propafenone Plus Constant
renal agenesis Flecainide Fries No effect on
AP
HyMeLaNi
Hydralazine
Safe in pregnancy Methyldopa Quinidine
Which one of those
Labetalol (headache + tinnitus +
associated with cinchonism?
Nifedipine vertigo)
Disopyramide
Which one of those can S
ANTI-ANGINA If you give this to someone

precipitate heart failure?
with HF – they will disopyr L
⬇ Myocardial oxygen demand – relax and slow down the heart
In addition to sodium, what Potassium
⬆ Myocardial oxygen supply – vasodilate the coronary arteries
channel does Flecainide Very arrhythmogenic – use
block? only in refractory arrhythmias
DECREASE DEMAND
Which one of those
Verapamil △ ADR: Constipation, gingival Procainamide
associated with lupus-like-
Phenytoin
(Cardioselective CCB) hyperplasia syndrome?
-
Diltiazem DOC for Prinzmetal/vasospastic

(Cardioselective CCB) angina MNEMONIC: LUPUS Makes My HIPS Extra Painful
Beta blockers Cardioselective Drug-induced lupus:
Blocks the If/funny sodium Methyldopa
Ivabradine Minocycline
channel
Ang funny mo, brad! Hydralazine
△ ADR: excess bradycardia
Lazy = laging late Isoniazid
Ranolazine Procainamide
Blocks late sodium current
Sulfa drugs
INCREASE SUPPLY Etanercept
NITROGLYCERIN Phenytoin
△ ADR: headache, tolerance
ISDN, ISMN
Obsolete for angina
AMYL NITRITE
>
-Antidote for cyanide poisoning

MNEMONIC: Class 2: Cardioselective Beta-blockers Usually for control only except
I have only 1 heart for my MANBABE F for Fast: Formoterol is faster
Long-acting SABA
B1 – cardioselective acting
SalmeTEROL,
Metoprolol Formoterol (LABA) + Budesonide
FormoTEROL
Atenolol (ICS) = both reliever and controller
Nebivolol △ ADR: tremor, tachycardia
Bisoprolol
Acebutolol SPECIAL DRUGS
Betaxolol CROMOLYN, NEDOCROMIL,
MAST CELL STABILIZER
Esmolol KETOTIFEN
MONTELUKAST Leukotriene receptor
ACUTE decompensated HF ZAFIRLUKAST blocker
Cardiogenic shock OMAL-E-ZUMAB Anti-IgE
Contraindications to beta-
THIRD-DEGREE AV block RESLIZUMAB
blockers?
Severe bradycardia BENROLIZUMAB
Severe hypotension MEPOLIZUMAB Anti-IL5
Beta blockers (metoprolol, May nag wrestling sa rally at may
Drugs that can be given for propranolol) sumigaw-ng “Stop! May pulis!”
rate control in A. fib? Non-DHP CCB
Digoxin
Which beta blocker has Class NEUROPHARMACOLOGY
Sotalol
III action? AND PSYCHIATRIC DRUGS
NEUROTRANSMITTERS – QUICK REVIEW
GLUTAMATE Excitatory
Class 3: SAID KKK Inhibitory
o Sotalol (beta blocker) GABA, GLYCINE
Brain: GABA, Spinal cord: Glycine
o Amiodarone – most side effects SEROTONIN (5-HT) Mood, depression, anxieties, phobias
o Ibutilide
NOREPINEPHRINE Mood, arousal, attention
o Dofetilide
Predominant catecholamine in the
* Prolong QT interval = risk of torsades de pointes i
DOPAMINE CNS
Motivation, reward,-motor control
Amiodarone
Antiarrhythmic with the most ACETYLCHOLINE Memory, cognition, motor control
-
Has Class I, II, III, and IV

mechanisms of action?
-
effects
--- -
HISTAMINE -
Sleep-wake cycle
Hyper AND hypothyroidism
Effects of amiodarone on - " i
NEUROPHARMACOLOGY: ION CHANNELS
AmIODarone is- 40% iodine by
thyroid function? Most AEDs
weight
-
Sodium
Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine
IODINE ON THYROID FUNCTION GABA Benzodiazepines (-zolams and -zepam)
Wolf-Chaik-OFF Barbiturates (-barbi- and –tal)
(thyroid turns OFF) Chloride Z-compounds (Zolpidem, escZopiclone,
o Ingestion of iodine causes HYPOthyroidism Zaleplon)
Jod-Basedow GABApentinoids (don’t forget: they do
o Ingestion of iodine causes HYPERthyroidism Calcium not act on GABA}
EThosuximide – T-type in the Thalamus
Class 4: NMDA Memantine
o Diltiazem (glutamate) Ketamine (Dissociative state)
o Verapamil SV2A Levetiracetam
Decrease conduction Velocity through the AV node: Most number of
termination of SVTs channels acted on
Topiramate
Even numbers: act on SA/AV nodes’ AP (Na, K, Ca, GABA,
Top Boy si Topiramate
AMPA, Carbonic
anhydrase)
Inhibit glutamate via:

What other channels does
Barbiturate act on? ->
AMPA/kainate receptors
⭐Calcium channels
ANTI-EPILEPTIC DRUG BUZZWORDS

AED of choice
Generalized Valproic acid
Tonic-Clonic Lamotrigine
MISCELLANOUS ANTIARRHYTHMIC BUZZWORDS If in doubt:
Carbamazepine
Blocks late sodium current Ranolazine Focal seizures look for
Phenytoin, Lamotrigine
Funny current in SA node Ivabradine Lamotrigine
Ethosuximide
DOC to quickly terminate SVT Adenosine Absence or Valproic
Valproic acid, Lamotrigine
Adenosine – feeling of impending doom Acid
Valproic acid
Myoclonic
Lamotrigine, Topiramate
ASTHMA DRUGS Status Lorazepam, Diazepam
Reliever: beta agonists Epilepticus Long Day
Controller: inhaled corticosteroids +/- LABA Neonatal Pheno-baby-tal
BETA AGONISTS seizures Phenobarbital
Short-acting: SABA Asthma reliever (quick acting) Trigeminal
Carbamazepine
Salbutamol, Albuterol △ ADR: tremor, tachycardia neuralgia
Postherpetic
GABApentin
neuralgia
AED ADRS TERATOGENIC AEDs
AED △ ADR Considered the-most teratogenic AED
Valproic acid
Black box warning:- fatal hepatotoxicity !spina bifida and- NT defects
Valproic acid
Pancreatitis, weight gain !spina bifida and -cleft lip/palate
Carbamazepine
Black box warning: irreversible visual C for Cleft
Vigabatrin - i
loss (blind as a bat)

-
Phenytoin Fetal hydantoin syndrome
Black box warning: hemophagocytic MNEMONIC:
Lamotrigine
lymphohistiocytosis
&
- i NapaCa-Pangit ng gingiVa mo!

Carbamazepine Diplopia, ataxia, blood dyscrasia Nifedipine
Phenytoin Gingival hyperplasia
- Cyclosporine
Phenytoin
Verapamil
HYPNOTIC-SEDATIVES
Black box warning: never mix

⬆ FREQUENCY of Cl- channel opening
> °
with opiods due to risk of life-

Benzodiazepines
Causes anterograde amnesia threatening respiratory
depression AEs: drowsiness, disorientation,
-
increased falls in the elderly,

respiratory depression
(barbiturates > BZDs)
⬆ DURATION of Cl- channel opening
Barbiturates Potent inducer of CYP450
(barbidurates)
BENZODIAZEPINES MNEMONIC:
If you OD on Opioids, you’ll Need CPR
Small like an aTOM
Short-acting N – NALOXONE
Triazolam, Oxazepam, Midazolam
C – constipation
Long-acting P – pinpoint pupils and pruritus
Chlordiazepoxide (mahaba ang pangalan
Used in alcohol R – respiratory depression
= longest acting)
withdrawal
OPIOIDS
MIXED AGONIST-
PARTIAL AGONIST
ANTAGONIST
N
Competitive
Partial MOR and
MU AGONIST MOR antagonist
KOR agonist
KOR agonist
Analgesia with less respiratory
depression and addiction potential
MORPHINE Used to treat opioid dependence
Morphine
Codeine ORPHINE ORPH
Hydrocodone
Oxycodone Butorphanol
Buprenorphine
Tramadol Nalbuphine
Fentanyl
Methadone
Meperedine
Brand name: Demerol

△ ADR CNS excitation: hyperreflexia,
MEPEREDINE
OPIOIDS - RECEPTORS myoclonus,- seizures
Causes mydriasis
Analgesia Short half lives; highly lipophilic
Rewarding behavior FENTANYL and
Remifentanil: shortest half life
MU Respiratory depression REMIFENTANIL
Fentanyl △ ADR muscle rigidity
Constipation TRAMADOL Is an SNRI + mu opioid agonist
cardiovascular side effects Used in withdrawal symptoms from
Analgesia BUPRENORPHINE
KAPPA opioid addiction
Dysphoric and psychotomimetic effects Used in detoxification and
DELTA Analgesia METHADONE
maintenance from opioid addiction
Used to treat diarrhea
DIPHENOXYLATE
Diphenoxylate crosses BBB – must be
LOPERAMIDE
given with atropine
PARKINSONS VS. SCHIZOPHRENIA DRUGS
PARKINSONS SCHIZOPHRENIA and PSYCHOSIS
I
Disease Kulang sa dopamine Sobra sa dopamine
Treatment Increase dopamine Decrease dopamine
Color Theory
Chlorpromazine (△ ADR C for
Typical D2 antagonist
Give the precursor LevoDOPA-carbiDOPA Corneal deposits)
(low-potency)
Thioridazone (△ ADR Retinal
deposits)
MAO-i: Selegiline, Rasagiline
HALO Flew High
COMT-i: To(2)lcapone (both Typical D2 antagonist
Prevent breakdown -
Haloperidol
DRUGS central and peripheral), (high-potency)
-
Fluphenazine
Entacapone
Ergots: Bromocriptine, PERGOlide,
CabERGOline Clozapine
Act directly on the Non-ergots: Atypical D2 antagonist Quetiapine
receptor D2 Pramipexol (Pam pushing a (5-HT2A > D) Ziprasidone
pram with twins) Risperidone
D3 Ropinirole
△ ADR Hallucinations, GI side effects, mood disorders. △ ADR: EPS with TYPICAL antipsychotics, anti-HAM,
△ ADR
(Essentially, ginawa mong schizophrenic) metabolic syndrome with ATYPICAL antipsychotics
MNEMONIC: Risperidone
Park your Benz by the stop sign
Rise Prolactin
and
△ ADR Highest risk of hyperPRL
Treatment of Parkinsons AND extrapyramidal Paliperidone
symptoms: QUIETiapine △ ADR Most sedating (high H1 affinity)
o Cholinergic antagonists:
§ BENZtropine, triHEXphenidyl ALZHEIMER’S
Donepezil,
Acetylcholinesterase First-line
rivastigmine,
inhibitors treatment
galantamine
Used as an
NMDA antagonist;
adjunct for more
Memantine prevents
advanced cases of
neuroexcitotoxicity
Alzheimer’s
MNEMONIC: Alzheimer’s Treatment

Doña Riva may dementia
A Pa gala gala
At sobrang mema NMDA antagonist -
Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Galantamine, Memantine
ENDOCRINE DRUGS
INSULIN
INSULIN
Used as treatment for T1DM, severe T2DM, DKA, and
And EPS hyperkalemia
△ ADR : hypoglycemia, and hypoKalemia
Because Insulin makes glucose and K go in the cell
Bawal mag-LAG, kailangan RAPID
RAPID Lispro, Aspart, Glulisine
(have amino acids in their names)
SHORT Regular insulin (Humulin R)
INTERMEDIATE NPH, Lente (Humulin N)
Ultralente, Glargine, Detemir, Degludec
LONG
Ultra Large DeDe
MNEMONIC: Antipsychotics notable side effects

Park your Benz by the stop sign
Anti-HAM
Antihistamine (H1) Sedation and weight gain
Antiadrenergic (α1) Hypotension, failure of ejaculation
Anticholinergic effects (remember
Antimuscarinic (M1)
your Alice in Wonderland symptoms)
0
Use in refractory schizophrenia only.
CLOZAPINE Degludec
△ ADR AGRANULOCYTOSIS Longest acting insulin?
Clozapine △ ADR Highest risk of weight gain >42 hours
and Bilog na tao, sobrang laki ng tiyan, wala
olanzapine nang kasya sa clozet
Lowest risk of weight gain (you can zip up
Ziprasidone
your dress with ziprasidone)
Zipper= Kasya pa
NON-INSULIN ANTI-DIABETIC AGENTS TONEs down serum calcium, puts Calcium
Calcitonin
CLASS DRUGS △ ADR IN the bones
Metformin – DenosuMAB Anti-RANKL monoclonal antibody
GI disturbances PTH analog but promotes bone
decrease hepatic
Lactic acidosis formation
gluconeogenesis Teriparatide
FLUID (endogenous PTH inhibits bone
SENSITIZERS TZDs – all that RETENTION– formation)
glitters isn’t gold worsening of HF
Rosiglitazone Rosi – MI PROSTATE DRUGS
Pioglitazone Pio – bladder
ɑ1 blockers △ ADR:
cancer
SULFONYLUREAS HYPOGLYCEMIA BPH
Tamsulosin, Prazosin -
hypotension
Glimepiride, especially when 5-alpha reductase inhibitor △ ADR: erectile
SECRETAGOGUES
Gliclazide given together FinAsteRIde dysfunction
Repaglinide HYPOGLYCEMIA -
GLP-1 agonists Continuous GnRH agonist

(”Ozempic”) – LEUPROLIDES and – △ ADR: initial
INCRETIN-BASED turning the tide for Acute RELINs flare effect of
DRUGS weight loss pancreatitis PROSTATE GONADORELIN, testosterone
(⬆insulin Exenatide, (pancrea-tide-is) CA TRIPTORELIN
⬇ glucagon, Liraglutide, GnRH antagonist (-RELIX, Does NOT cause
promotes satiety) Semaglutide relax ka lang, GnRH) a testosterone
DPP4-inhibitors Nasopharyngitis DEGARELIX flare
Sitagliptin and URTI
SGLT2-inhibitors:
flows in (-flozin) UTI and genital
urine fungal
EXCRETERS Empagliflozin, infections
Dapagliflozin
Alpha glucosidase GI disturbances:
inhibitors flatulence
ADH agonists
Drugs used in diabetes
Vasopressin
insipidus?
Desmopressin
DIABETES INSIPIDUS VS SIADH

DIABETES INSIPIDUS SIADH
ADH is high
ADH is low
Storing too much
Ihi nang ihi
water – hyponatremic
Treatment: Treatment:
Nephrogenic – thiazide diuretic ADH antagonists –
Neurogenic – ADH agonists like conivaptan and
vasopressin or desmopressin tolvaptan
Remember: ADH is also known as vasopressin!
FEMALE GONADAL HORMONES: SERMS GI DRUGS
I
Antagonist at Used in ER(+) breast CA DRUGS FOR DYSLIPIDEMIA
breast Agonist to endometrium : Goal
TAMOXIFEN
Agonist at bone △ ADR : ⬆ endometrial o ⬇ LDL (bad cholesterol; lechon de leche)
Used in --
cancer o ⬇ Triglycerides
treatment or Used in osteoporosis o ⬆ HDL
RALOXIFENE prevention of NO increased risk of endo BEST HMG-CoA reductase
breast cancer CA Statins
OVERALL inhibitor
△ ADR: Multifetal Fibrates
Ovulation BEST AT Activates PPAR-α
CLOMIPHENE gestation, ovarian (gemfibrozil,
induction LOWERING Upregulates
-
hyperstimulation
TGs
bezafibrate,
lipoprotein lipase
fenofibrate)
FEMALE GONADAL HORMONES: OTHER DRUGS Bile acid resins
SIDE EFFECT Prevent intestinal
Partial progestin and androgen agonist (Cholestyramine,
OF INCREASED reabsorption of bile
DANAZOL - Treats Endometriosis colestipol,
TGs acids
△ ADR: hirsutism, acne, hepatic damage colesevelam)
Aromatase inhibitor BEST AT
ANASTRAZOLE Decreases catabolism
Post-menopausal breast CA INCREASING Niacin
of ApoA-I
Full estrogen receptor antagonist HDL
FULVESTRANT BEST Inhibits GI
Adjuvant for hormone responsive breast CA
SUPPORTING
-
ACTRESS
Ezetimibe - absorption of
cholesterol
OSTEOPOROSIS DRUGS -
Vitamin D and
CALCItriol Pellagra (Niacin/Vitamin B3
CALCIUM What else can niacin treat?
Bisphoshonates deficiency)
Inhibits osteoclasts
(DRONATES)
△ ADR: esophagitis, osteonecrosis of jaw
ALENDRONATE,
ZOLEDRONATE -Zoledronate can be given IV -
DRUGS FOR DYSLIPIDEMIA: DO NOT MIX HEMA DRUGS
COMBINATION RISK
SUMMARY OF ANTICOAGULANTS
Fibrate + Resin Increased risk of cholesterol gallstones
Unfractionated heparin
Fibrate + Statin Myopathy and rhabdomyolysis
Activate △ ADR HIT
Statin + Resin Impaired statin absorption
antithrombin LMWH – PARINs
III ENOXAPARIN,
DRUGS FOR PUD HEPARINS INDIRECTLY DALTEPARIN (Xa >
Magnesium △ ADR Magtatae or inhibit thrombin inhibition)
Must Go to the bathroom (diarrhea) thrombin and FondaPARINux
Factor Xa (indirectly acts
ANTACIDS
Aluminum △ ADR Ayaw Lumabas exclusively on Xa)
Neutralize stomach
(constipation) Vitamin K
acid Prolongs PT (PWET)
epoxide
Calcium △ ADR milk-alkali WARFARIN Effect on extrinsic
reductase
syndrome pathway
inhibitor
Omeprazole, Lansoprazole RUDINs
PROTON PUMP BivaliRUDIN
△ ADR vit B12 deficiency, fragility DIRECT Binds directly
INHIBITOR DesiRUDIN
fractures, increased risk of infections THROMBIN to thrombin’s
GATRs
Sucralfate – frequently washed INHIBITORS active site
ArGATRoban
away; frequent dosing DabiGATRan
DIRECT BAN Xa:
MUCOSAL Misoprostol – best used in NSAID- Directly act on
FACTOR XA rivaroXABAN,
PROTECTIVE AGENT induced PUD Factor Xa
INHIBITORS apiXABAN, edoXABAN
Bismuth – can reduce diarrhea in
AGE △ ADR -
dark tongue MNEMONIC: DRUGS THAT CAUSE GYNECOMASTIA
PWET ni Brad PHITT
CimeTIDINE, FamoTIDINE, Warfarin – monitor PT, extrinsic pathway
H2 RECEPTOR RaniTIDINE Heparin – monitor PTT, intrinsic pathway
ANTAGONISTS △ ADR cimetidine: gynecomastia,
CYP450 inhibition
THROMBOLYSIS VS PRO-CLOTTING
MNEMONIC: DRUGS THAT CAUSE GYNECOMASTIA -
Promote tissue plasminogen activator: fibrinolysis
Some Drugs Create Awesome Knockers o ALTEPLASE, RETEPLASE, TENECTEPLASE
Spironolactone o STREPTOKINASE
Digoxin Inhibit t-PA: prothrombotic
-
Cimetidine o Tranexamic acid
Alcohol o Aminocaproic acid
Ketoconazole
IBD THERAPIES: UC AND CROHN’S

STEP-UP THERAPY FROM FIRST TO LAST LINE
SULFASALAZINE – inhibits IL-1
5-ASA Based therapies
and TNF-a
RECTAL BUDESONIDE or
Glucocorticoids HYDROCORTISONE
ORAL PREDNISONE
AZATHIOPRINE or
Immunomodulatory MERCAPTOPURINE – inhibit
agents cell proliferation
METHOTREXATE – antifolate
INFLIXIMAB: anti - TNF-a
Biological therapies USTEKINUMAB: anti IL-12 and
IL-23 (paskuhan sa UST on 12/23)
ANTIDOTES
POISON/OVERDOSE ANTIDOTE
Paracetamol (NAPQI) N-Acetylcysteine
Cholinesterase inhibitors Atropine
Morphine Naloxone
Benzodiazepines Flumazenil
Ethylene glycol, methanol Fomepizole
Serotonin syndrome Cyproheptadine
Organophosphates,
Atropine and Pralidoxime
Ecothiopate
Cyanide Hydroxycobalamine
Heparin Protamine sulfate
Vitamin K (slow)
Warfarin
FFP (fast)
Theophylline and Caffeine Beta blockers
Xa inhibitors andeXAnet alfa
END OF PHARMACOLOGY – BUZZWORDS
Akassia
fungal
sati bawrang
Niyog
Nigogan
-
Quisex helmint 25
sambBBang
Tsaang -
Carmona
Ila pepar
-
>
Buenamente -
-
& MRSA patient
o Vancomycin (Glycopeptides)
o Ceftaroline, (5th generation cephalosporin)
o Linezolid (Oxazolidinone)
o Clindamycin (Lincosamides)
-
TOPNOTCH MEDICAL BOARD PREP SURGERY BUZZWORDS HANDOUT BY DR. PATRICK A. MABUGAT, RMT
For inquiries visit www.topnotchboardprep.com.ph or https://www.facebook.com/topnotchmedicalboardprep/ &
->
Treat conditions that
IMPORTANT LEGAL INFORMATION Goal of primary survey. constitute an immediate
threat to life
SURGERY
The handouts, videos and other review materials, provided by Topnotch Medical Board
Preparation Incorporated are duly protected by RA 8293 otherwise known as the
Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines, and shall only be for the sole use of the person:
a) whose name appear on the handout or review material, b) person subscribed to Topnotch
Medical Board Preparation Incorporated Program or c) is the recipient of this electronic
shared, sold and distributed through any printed form, audio or video recording, electronic
medium or machine-readable form, in whole or in part without the written consent of Most common cause of upper
Topnotch Medical Board Preparation Incorporated. Any violation and or infringement, airway obstruction in an Tongue
extent guaranteed by law. unconscious patient.
DISCLOSURE
The handouts/review materials must be treated with utmost confidentiality. It shall be the
responsibility of the person, whose name appears therein, that the handouts/review
materials are not photocopied or in any way reproduced, shared or lent to any person or
disposed in any manner. Any handout/review material found in the possession of another Indications tPenetrating injuries to the neck with
person whose name does not appear therein shall be prima facie evidence of violation of RA
8293. Topnotch review materials are updated every six (6) months based on the current for early expanding hematoma
trends and feedback. Please buy all recommended review books and other materials listed airway N Evidence of chemical or thermal injury to
below.
the mouth, nares, or hypopharynx
Stree
intervention
(preemptive Extensive subcutaneous air in the neck
This handout is only valid for the October 2023 PLE batch.
intubation)
in trauma. · Complex maxillofacial trauma
Airway bleeding
SURGERY – BUZZWORDS
By Patrick A. Mabugat, RMT, MD
Overall effect of-
cortisol in
Anti-inflammatory
trauma and inflammation.
Zone of the neck inferior to -
the clavicle and manubrium

-
sterni and encompasses all

-
Zone I
structures in the thoracic
outlet.
IX, X, VII, II (1972)

Vitamin K dependent
(Anticoagulant: Protein C
clotting factors. - and S)
-
S
§ Hemodynamic instability
Diagnosed based on inciting § Peritonitis
etiology + associated Indications for exploratory
-
§ Evisceration
thrombocytopenia, laparotomy in penetrating or
-
§ Positive DPL
prolongation of the blunt abdominal injury.
Disseminated Intravascular § Persistent drop in
prothrombin time, a low
Coagulation (DIC) hematocrit
fibrinogen level, and elevated
fibrin markers (FDPs, D-
a. Select an agent with activity against
dimer, soluble fibrin
organisms commonly found at the site of
monomers).
surgery
b.Administer the initial dose of the
antibiotic within 30 minutes prior to
Principles of -
incision
antimicrobial > i
c. Redose the antibiotic during long

prophylaxis.
operations based upon the half-life of the
agent to ensure adequate tissue levels.
cefazlin I hours
:
Treatment for Hemophilia A: Factor VIII concentrate d.Limit the antibiotic regimen to no more
A and B. B: Factor IX concentrate than 24 hours after surgery for routine
prophylaxis
Recombinant form of human

activated protein C that has Positive
anti-thrombotic, anti- Drotrecogin alfa
-
DPL
inflammatory, and findings
profibrinolytic properties. in
anterior
abdominal
stab
wounds.
TOPNOTCH MEDICAL BOARD PREP SURGERY BUZZWORDS HANDOUT BY DR. PATRICK A. MABUGAT, RMT Page 1 of 9
D
Maximum duration of pulse checks according to the ACLS

10 seconds
guidelines.
-
Test obtained for stable Parkland/Baxter formula *

3 to 4 mL/kg per % of burn
trauma patients with versus American Burn > °
-
(Parkland/Baxter)
↳
consideration of urethral Association
2 mL/kg/per % of burn
injury before placing a Foley Urethrograms Consensus/Modified I
(ABA/Mod. Parkland)
catheter to avoid false Parkland formula.
passage and subsequent
stricture.
Frequent cause of urinary tract infection among surgical patients.

- Urethral catheterization
>
Most important basis for Most common nerve injured
Marginal mandibular nerve
management, prognosis, and Depth of invasion during parotidectomy.
micro-staging of melanoma.
MALIGNANT MELANOMA
Pathology Exit site of the facial nerve
(+) migration of melanocytes upward to the dermo-epidermal from the skull and landmark Stylomastoid foramen
o junction used in parotid surgery.
o Depth of invasion dictates management and prognosis
Disorder characterized by
proliferation and
=
inflammation of endothelial-
Kaposi sarcoma
derived spindle cell lesions in
association with HIV and Next step after follicular
HHV8. neoplasm or suspicious for a Lobectomy
follicular neoplasm on FNAB.
Thyroid cancer histiotype Most accurate and practical
with the poorest overall Anaplastic carcinoma diagnostic test to differentiate
FNAB
survival. benign and malignant lesions
of the thyroid.
Given 7 to 10 days pre-op to

Diagnostic Investigations:
decrease vascularity of Lugol’s iodine
Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB)
thyroid (lessen bleeding) and Potassium iodide saturated
o Single most important test in the evaluation of thyroid nodules
to lessen risk of thyroid solution
o Optimum cytology: at least 6 follicles each containing at least
storm.
&
-
10-15 cells from at least 2 aspirates

-
Most common type of

>
"
esophageal cancer worldwide.

-
-
Squamous cell carcinoma
ESOPHAGEAL CARCINOMA
-
Propylthiouracil
SQUAMOUS CELL
CARCINOMA
ADENOCARCINOMA
Antithyroid drug preferred Preferred in 1st trimester Most common type Increasing in
during pregnancy. and may be switched to
- worldwide incidence
methimazole after Men are affected 3 Most common in
-
to 4 times as often developed
Epidemiology as women countries
Lymphatic Men are affected 6
metastasis are to 8 times more
Nodes involved in found in 30-70% of frequently than
posterolateral neck II, III, IV, V surgical specimens women
dissection.
I -V Level I to V cervical nodes Spontaneous, unilateral,

Nodes involved in Features of bloody nipple localized to a single duct,
11thSpinal accessory nerve
posterolateral neck
- IJV Internal jugular vein discharge associated with present in women ≥40
dissection. malignancy. years of age, bloody, or
-
Sem Sternocleidomastoid muscle
associated with a mass
Benign, milk-filled cysts that occur almost exclusively in lactating

-
- i
women characterized by a triad of secretory

-
breast epithelium, Galactocele
prolactin stimulus, and ductal obstruction.
-
-
Involves resection of the primary breast Breast Outcome of thymectomy in

-
cancer with a margin of normal-appearing

-
conservation myasthenia gravis with 25% resolve
breast tissue, adjuvant radiation therapy, and therapy thymoma.
assessment of regional lymph node status. (BCT) THYMECTOMY OUTCOMES
Myasthenia gravis WITH thymomas: 25% resolve
Myasthenia gravis WITHOUT thymoma: 50% remission and 0
-
90% improve (superior)
-
Initial treatment for

Strict smoking cessation
thromboangiitis obliterans.
-
1st and 2nd trimesters:

Management of breast -
Modified radical mastectomy -
cancer during pregnancy. 3rd trimester: Lumpectomy

-
-with axillary node dissection
Test necessary to characterize
-
Most common cardiac tumor. -
Cardiac myxomas
pulmonary nodule number,
- common in -
rhabdosarcom as
location, size, margin
-
children
Chest CT scan
morphology, calcification
pattern, and growth rate of
-
solitary pulmonary nodules.

-
Loss of the radial pulse in the arm by rotating head to the ipsilateral side with
Adson’s sign
extended neck following deep inspiration associated with thoracic outlet syndrome.
FEV1 indicating the ability to-

2.0 L ABI indicating increased risk
-
-
tolerate pneumonectomy. * 1.5 L for lobectomy of myocardial infarction and
-
-
-
indicates significant,
< 0.90
although asymptomatic,
-
underlying peripheral
vascular disease.
Lung cancer subtype most

->
Small cell lung cancer
-
commonly associated with

-
(SIADH)
paraneoplastic syndrome
Most common malignant

-
Malignant mesothelioma
tumor of the pleural Most common symptom of
Pain (“tearing”)
-
-acute aortic dissection.
Most common tumor of the

Neurogenic tumors
-posterior mediastinum -
A Three-vessel CAD
-
>
Indications of CABG over PCI. Two-vessel CAD with involvement of the " left anterior descending artery (LAD)
A
-
or stenosis of the left main coronary artery

>
-
- Internal thoracic artery
Vascular conduits used in ISaphenous vein
coronary artery bypass grafts. IRadial artery
2 weeks prior to surgery (elective
Vaccination of
splenectomy) or 2 weeks after
patients
surgery (emergent splenectomy)
undergoing
against: S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae
splenectomy
type b, N. meningitidis.
against OPSI.
Annual influenza vaccine.
Most common omental

Metastatic disease
neoplasms.
Routine treatment for

Blood vessel usually involved
-
in rectus sheath hematoma.
Inferior epigastric artery congenital adrenal
-
hyperplasia-associated
-
virilization.
- Glucocorticoid treatment
-
Tyrosine kinase inhibitor
Required by patients undergoing surgery
for a primary adrenal adenoma
which is the primary therapy
-
for metastatic GIST

:
Imatinib (Gleevec)
-D
secreting-glucocorticoids preoperative
Steroids
and postoperatively due to suppression
of the contralateral adrenal gland.
Routine part of treatment for hepatic

-Resection
metastases.
~Maximize care of the patient in the
Goals of
postoperative period
short- ~
Assist in the adjustment to new eating,
term
exercise, and lifestyle patterns
follow-up ~
Be on the alert for and treat postoperative
after
complications
bariatric ~
Recommend measures to limit such Law which states that a
surgery.
complications palpable gallbladder and
-Courvoisier law
(think: cholangiocarcinoma,
painless jaundice, the cause
pancreatic head carcinoma)
is less likely gallstones.
Goals of ↑Weight gain

long-term ~
-
Management of comorbid condition relapse

follow-up ~
-
after Emergence of recurrent depression,

substance and alcohol misuse and Most common congenital
bariatric
-
-
nutritional complications anomaly involving the

-
Pancreas divisum
surgery. pancreas (10% of children).
ANOMALIES OF THE PANCREAS
ANOMALY FEATURE
Most common congenital anomaly of the pancreas
⑤
Predisposes to acute and chronic pancreatitis

Pancreas Functional obstructions of the duct of Santorini
divisum Treatment: operative or endoscopic
sphincteroplasty of the minor papilla and
accessory duct in symptomatic patients
Most common vascular structure injured during the dissection

of Calot’s triangle in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. -
Right hepatic artery
Triad of right upper quadrant Cystic dilations of the
pain, upper gastrointestinal
hemorrhage, jaundice.
bilic Imatinib (Gleevec) extrahepatic and/or
intrahepatic biliary tree.
-
Choledochal cyst
Hemobilia – Vascular rupture into a bile duct; characterized by triad of RUQ

-
-
pain, upper GI hemorrhage, jaundice. Treatment: angioembolization
Procedure of choice for acute

cholecystitis.
-
-Laparoscopic
cholecystectomy
Cancer associated with

-
choledochal cyst such that

=excision is recommended Cholangiocarcinoma
whenever possible when
high-risk cysts are diagnosed.
Most frequently encountered
-
Hepatic (simple) cysts
-
liver lesion overall.
-
Bismuth-Corlette
Most common benign solid classification for
=
Hemangioma
3
>
-
tumor of the liver.

- cholangiocarcinomas Type II
extending
- -
to and involving the
hepatic duct confluence.
-
Benign solid hepatic tumor

-Hepatic adenoma
associated with contraceptive use
Most common type of hepatic

abscess in the Philippines. -
Amoebic in origin
Bismuth-Corlette Serum gastrin level -

- i
Encephalopathy, Ascites, classification for In equivocal cases, when the

Components of the Child- " -
cholangiocarcinomas gastrin level is not markedly

Bilirubin, Albumin,
Pugh score. -
extending to and involving the elevated, a- secretin
Prothrombin >
-
hepatic duct confluence. °stimulation test is helpful
CHILD-TURCOTTE – PUGH SCORE melds score-bilirubin crea INR , , -
GASTRINOMA (ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME)

Predicts the surgical risks of intra-abdominal operations
performed on patients with cirrhosis Elevated fasting serum gastrin and BAO (Basal
CLASS Acid Output)
A B C Confirmatory test: secretin stimulation test
Nutritional status Excellent Good Poor (gastrin >200 pg/mL after IV secretin
Diagnosis
Minimal, Moderate to administration)
Ascites None Rule out the presence of MEN1 – Ca and PTH levels
controlled severe
Minimal, Moderate to Preoperative imaging/localization: octreotide
Encephalopathy None scan, CT scan, or EUS
controlled severe
Serum bilirubin
<2 2-3 >3
(mg/dL)
Serum albumin (g/dL) >3.5 2.8-3.5 <2.8
Prothrombin time (%
>70 40-70 <40
of control)
Class A = Class B = 7- Class C = 10-

MORTALITY 5-6 points 9 points 15 points
10% 30% 80%
Acute upper GI bleeding after and the superior mesenteric
I
vomiting
-
-
-
-
Mallory Weiss tear
artery.
Days postoperatively that

defines prolonged - "
5 days
postoperative ileus.
-
Functional pancreatic tumor

associated with symptomatic
fasting hypoglycemia, a
documented serum glucose Insulinoma
level <50 mg/dL, and relief of
symptoms with the
administration of glucose.
Clinical scoring system used
in the diagnosis of Alvarado score
appendicitis in adults
Most common cause of small

bowel obstruction.
-
-
Adhesions
-
8
Massive dilatation of the Colonic pseudo-
-
colon in the absence of obstruction

-
-
mechanical obstruction. (Ogilvie syndrome)
St
Second cancer diagnosed

more than 6 months after the Metachronous colorectal
diagnosis of the first primary cancer
cancer.
METACHRONOUS VERSUS SYNCHRONOUS
Second cancer diagnosed more than 6 months
-
Metachronous >
after the diagnosis of the first primary cancer

°
Synchronous
- Second cancer diagnosed within 6 months of
STEPLADDER SIGN the primary cancer
-
Rare disease defined as

compression of the third -
SMA (Superior Mesenteric Field defect: Presence of synchronous cancers or adenomas or a
strong family history of colorectal neoplasms is suggestive that
Artery
-
syndrome) or
portion of the duodenum the entire colon is at risk for carcinoma
between the abdominal aorta
-
>
-
Wilkie’s syndrome
i
Grade of hemorrhoids for which-

infrared photocoagulation may be used. I and II
-
MANAGEMENT OF INTERNAL HEMORRHOIDS

MANAGEMENT
GRADE DESCRIPTION INFRARED
MEDICAL SCLEROTHERAPY RBL SURGERY
PHOTOCOAGUATION
I
Protrudes through the anal canal, but not beyond the
I Yes Yes Yes Yes
anal verge
II Protrusion, but with spontaneous reduction Yes Yes Yes Yes
D
III Protrusion requiring manual reduction Yes Yes* Yes* Yes
Protrusion that cannot be reduced (at risk for
IV Yes Yes
strangulation)
* Selected cases of Grade III hemorrhoids only
Flushing, diarrhea, and Pharmacotherapy
Triad of carcinoid syndrome. -
First line of treatment in
cardiac involvement (alpha blockers, 5 - alpha
-
symptomatic BPH
Carcinoid triad: Flushing, diarrhea, right sided heart failure reductase inhibitors)
(from bronchoconstriction)
Due to Kultchitsky cells which release serotonin
Only occurs in patients with liver metastasis (because the liver
normally clears serotonin via the portal system
Criteria used to stratify neonates who have

esophageal atresia (EA) and/or
tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) into
prognostic categories based on birth weight, -IWaterston
criteria
the presence of pneumonia, and the
Bladder mobilization
identification of other congenital anomalies. Maneuvers used to
Psoas hitch
bridge the defect of
Boari flap
ureteral length for
direct anastomosis to If bladder-to-ureter not possible:
the bladder (in Trans-ureteroreterostomy,
- i
Leading cause of intestinal -Intussusception ureteral injuries). creation of an ileal ureter, renal
- i n
autotransplantation to the pelvis

Pathology: Hypertrophy
obstruction in a young child -
of Peyer’s patches
-
Required treatment for

Nonbilious vomiting, that displaced femoral neck
becomes increasingly projectile,
-
Hypertrophic pyloric fractures in older adults due to Prosthetic replacement

inability to tolerate feeds, and -
the risk that it will disrupt the

stenosis
sometimes associated with -
blood supply.
jaundice.
Patent Fracture of the C1 ring Jefferson fracture

Standard practice for the
High ligation of the
surgical management of hernia
hernia sac
in children.
PEDIATRIC INGUINAL HERNIAS AND HYDROCELE
Preferred for open repair of pediatric inguinal hernias: High
ligation of the sac
For hydroceles with no evidence of hernia Fracture of C2 pedicles. Hangman’s fracture
o Observation until 12 months
o If present after 12 months = patent processus vaginalis -
operative hydrocelectomy with excision of the processus
vaginalis
Surgical management of infant Perineal operation

with low-type imperforate (anoplasty) without a
anus. colostomy
above
pubertalis string
LARP
Most common malignancy of
bone. -
Osteosarcoma
below
anoplasty benign= Osteochondroma
antecubital= ulnar nerve
Nerve affected in carpal tunnel
Most severe cause of scrotal Median nerve
-
Testicular torsion syndrome.
pain (acute scrotum).
Most common malignant
presacral tumor.
Sacrococcygeal chordoma
Nerve associated with acoustic
neuroma. -
CN VIII
Vessels of the scalp that are

-
essential sources of
perioperative bleeding and
thrombosis as well as a
- Emissary veins
Curative treatment option for
patients with meningiomas. =
Total resection
pathway for infection to reach

deeper cranial structures.
-
Procedure of choice for a

pituitary tumor. -Transsphenoidal surgery
Cranial nerve involved in tic doloureux. CNV

- Trigeminal nerve
Volume (mL) of CSF produced

500 mL of CSF per day
by the choroid per day. >
=
-
Most common location of
cerebral aneurysm.
Anterior-communicating
artery
-
Sustained defervescence of fever after 3 days on Naproxen. -
Positive Naproxen test = Neoplastic fever
-
Most common gynecologic

cancer. -
Cervical cancer
Amino acid from which nitric
acid is derived. D
Arginine
Will be able to pass the boards and reach meaningful goals he/she has set in life. You.
END OF SURGERY – BUZZWORDS
Begins with a double overhand throw followed by a standard square knot
Class II: May Problema RiTO: RR >20, Tachycardic (HR >100)

Class III: Problem in the BP, Give RBC
Class IV: Can't Pee, Can't move, Confused (Negligible urine output, Lethargic, Confused).
↑
i
Int
TOPNOTCH MEDICAL BOARD PREP INTERNAL MEDICINE BUZZWORDS HANDOUT BY DR. FRINZ RUBIO
This handout is only valid for October 2023 PLE batch. This will be rendered obsolete for the next batch since we update our handouts regularly.
THERAPY CONTRAINDICATION
IMPORTANT LEGAL INFORMATION Calcium
• SBP <90 mmHg, Pulmonary edema, LV
channel
dysfunction
blockers
INTERNAL
The handouts, videos and other review materials, provided by Topnotch Medical Board
Preparation Incorporated are duly protected by RA 8293 otherwise known as the • Hypotension, Respiratory depression,
*****
Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines, and shall only be for the sole use of the person: Morphine
Confusion
medicine
a) whose name appear on the handout or review material, b) person subscribed to Topnotch
Medical Board Preparation Incorporated Program or c) is the recipient of this electronic
Normal size of the mitral
shared, sold and distributed through any printed form, audio or video recording, electronic
medium or machine-readable form, in whole or in part without the written consent of A valve
4 – 6 cm2
MEDICINE
Topnotch Medical Board Preparation Incorporated. Any violation and or infringement,
Diastolic murmur preceded
>
extent guaranteed by law. by an opening snap. What is

-
Mitral stenosis
A m
-D
T p
the valvular abnormality?
80 00
DISCLOSURE
The handouts/review materials must be treated with utmost confidentiality. It shall be the MNEMONIC DIASTOLIC murmurs
responsibility of the person, whose name appears therein, that the handouts/review
materials are not photocopied or in any way reproduced, shared or lent to any person or ARMS PRTS
disposed in any manner. Any handout/review material found in the possession of another • AR – Aortic regurgitation
person whose name does not appear therein shall be prima facie evidence of violation of RA
8293. Topnotch review materials are updated every six (6) months based on the current
• MS – Mitral stenosis
trends and feedback. Please buy all recommended review books and other materials listed • PR – Pulmonic regurgitation
below. • TS – Tricuspid stenosis
Bisferiens pulse (2 peaks in Hypertrophic obstructive

This handout is only valid for the October 2023 PLE batch. -

systole). What are the
possible conditions? -
cardiomyopathy (HOCM),
Aortic regurgitation
Pulsus parvus et & tardus.
C -
-
What is the possible Aortic stenosis

INTERNAL MEDICINE BUZZWORDS condition?
small pulse mabagal
By Frinz Moey C. Rubio, MD VALVULAR HEART DISORDERS
Parameter Condition/Finding
CARDIOLOGY Opening snaps Stenosis
Mitral valve prolapse
CHEST DISCOMFORT DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES
Systolic click (Floppy valve syndrome,
Descriptors of Chest Discomfort Probable condition Barlow syndrome)
Less chest discomfort in upright Pulsus parvus et tardus Aortic stenosis
position and leaning forward, Acute pericarditis
I
Most common cause of AS Degenerative calcification
radiation to the trapezius
-
Most common congenital

Bicuspid aortic valve
>
Tearing, chest discomfort, defect causing AS

Aortic dissection
radiating to the back
AS murmur is
⑧
-
>
Progressing chest discomfort, heavy uniquetransmitted to apex Gallavardin effect (mimics MR)
↳ -
and pressuring, radiation to the

Average time-to-death • Angina or syncope – 3 years
---
arms or shoulder (from below the
Acute coronary
syndrome from onset of: • Dyspnea –! 2 years
- - - - -
occiput to above the umbilicus),

-
(natural history) -
• Heart failure – -
1.5 – 2 years
relieved by nitroglycerine
-
-
-
Blowing holosystolic
Epigastric pain, radiating to the
I scapula Gallbladder disease murmur at left
-I
-
Carvallo sign
-
-
parasternal border
(Tricuspid regurgitation)
*
Squeezing pain, relieved by
nitroglycerine
Esophageal spasm & (LPSB), intensified by
>-
- -
-
inspiration
- Pinpoint tenderness W
Costochondritis High-pitched,
decrescendo, diastolic Graham-Steell murmur
Cardiac conditions with blowing murmur at the (Pulmonic regurgitation)
-
platypnea – worsened Hepatopulmonary LPSB
shortness of breath in a syndrome, Atrial myxomas
patient in upright position VALVULAR HEART DISORDERS – AORTIC REGURGITATION
FDA-approved drug across all - i
Definition Finding
phenotypes of heart failure,
Soft, low-pitched, rumbling, diastolic
-
with greatest benefit in Sacubitril-Valsartan
murmur, at the apex
Austin-Flint murmur
patients with reduced (Entresto)
Jarring of the body + bobbing of head
-
ejection fraction (reduces De Musset sign
with each systole
mortality risk)
Visible capillary pulsations at the
-
Only beta blockers with
Carvedilol, Bisoprolol, -
root of nail
Quincke pulse
definite reduction in -
-
-
-
Metoprolol succinate (not Booming pistol shot sound over
mortality in patients with -
Traube sign
-
tartate – because succinate femoral arteries

heart failure with reduced
is sufficient) Duroziez sign
ejection fraction HFr EF To-and-fro murmur when femoral
(compressed =
artery is compressed
CONTRAINDICATIONS OF ANTI-ISCHEMIC MEDICATIONS ‘dinurog’)
Systolic pulsations of the uvula Muller sign
THERAPY CONTRAINDICATION
Bounding and forceful pulse (rapidly
• Recent use of PDE5 inhibitor (<24 hours Corrigan (Water-
increasing and subsequently
for sildenafil, vardenafil; <48 hours for hammer) pulses
Nitrates collapsing)
tadalafil) – ‘ta-da’ sounds like ‘2 days,’
• Hypotension, RV infarct, Severe AS
Fixed splitting of the S2.
• PR interval >0.24 seconds,
What is the possible Atrial septal defect (ASD)
• 2nd or 3rd AV blocks,
condition?
• Heart rate <50 beats/minute, SBP <90
Beta blockers
mmHg,
• Killip III/IV heart failure,
• Severe reactive airways
TOPNOTCH MEDICAL BOARD PREP INTERNAL MEDICINE BUZZWORDS HANDOUT BY DR. FRINZ RUBIO Page 1 of 8
SPLITTING OF THE S2 PULMONOLOGY
Parameter Condition/Finding
Cystic fibrosis, Cyanotic
Fixed Splitting of the S2 Atrial septal defect
heart disease, Lung cancer,
Right bundle branch block, Clubbing is seen in these
Interstitial pulmonary
Pulmonic stenosis pulmonary conditions:
Wide splitting of the S2 fibrosis, Bronchiectasis –
(Pulmonic valve at the right side but never in COPD
of the heart)
Emphysema seen in smokers Centrilobular emphysema
Left bundle branch block, Aortic
Paradoxical or reversed stenosis
TYPES OF EMPHYSEMA
splitting of the S2 (Aortic valve at the left side of the
heart) Condition Type
Cigarette smoking, upper lobe Centrilobular
predilection emphysema
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, lower Panlobular
lobe predilection emphysema
Significant airway inflammation, along Paraseptal
pleural margins emphysema
What is the GOLD severity of

Murmurs becoming louder GOLD II or Moderate
airflow obstruction of a COPD
(increasing intensity) HOCM, Mitral valve severity
patient with FEV1 of 75%?
during Valsalva maneuver. prolapse
What are the conditions?
GOLD CRITERIA FOR SEVERITY OF AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION IN COPD
MANEUVERS AND EFFECTS ON HEART MURMURS
Parameter
Left-sided murmurs
&
increase in intensity Expiration
during: - " >
Right-sided murmurs
Inspiration (except pulmonic
increase in intensity -
ejection sound)
during:
Most murmurs decrease in
- °
Valsalva maneuver;
intensity except - HOCM, MVP
Standing
(increased
- >
intensity)
Most murmurs increase in
Squatting; Passive leg GOLD 2023 PHARMACOLOGIC MANAGEMENT OF COPD
intensity except HOCM, MVP
raising
(decreased intensity) - -
Increase in intensity in PS, MS,

Handgrip MR, VSD, AR;
Decrease in intensity in HOCM
Most common valvular

abnormality in rheumatic -- Mitral regurgitation
(Regurgitation > Stenosis;
heart disease
- M > A > T > P)
-
Mitral stenosis is almost
Rheumatic fever
always caused by -
-
Sinus tachycardia > S1Q3T3 In the- past 4 weeks, night
Most frequently
-
cited sign (McGinn-White sign) waking due to asthma,
abnormality in ECG in
- (S wave in Lead I, Q wave in activity limitation due to
pulmonary embolism Lead III, T-wave inversion asthma, daytime symptoms
in Lead III) Uncontrolled
3 times/week, reliever use
Most common abnormality -
T-wave inversions in leads 3 times/week. What is the
in ECG in pulmonary V1-V4 (right precordial level of asthma symptom
embolism leads) control? (GINA 2023)
Most common finding in
chest radiograph in Normal
> ASTHMA SYMPTOM CONTROL (GINA 2023)
pulmonary embolism
Most common finding in 2D-
echocardiography in Normal
-
pulmonary embolism
CHEST RADIOGRAPH FINDINGS IN PULMONARY EMBOLISM

Definition Finding
Focal oligemia Westermark sign What is the - Step 1
-
Enlarged right descending medication controller -

As needed only low-dose
Palla sign regimen for patients with ICS + formoterol
pulmonary artery
-
-
Peripheral wedge-shaped asthma?
Hampton hump
density at the pleural base
-
2D ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY FINDING IN PULMONARY EMBOLISM

Definition Finding
->
Hypokinesis of the RV free
wall with normal or
McConnell sign
-
hyperkinetic motion of the
RV apex
ASTHMA TREATMENT
Adenosine deaminase >40 elevation, ipsilateral mediastinal

Markers used to determine IU/L shift
-
tuberculous pleuritis
- Interferon gamma >140 Blunting of costophrenic angles
-
Pleural effusion
pg/mL (meniscus sign)
Pneumothorax
Hyperlucent pulmonary areas
DIAGNOSIS OF ETIOLOGY OF PLEURAL DISORDERS (if with hypotension
(darkening on radiograph),
Etiology Markers in Pleural Fluid à tension
contralateral mediastinal shift
Heart failure NT-proBNP >1500 pg/mL pneumothorax)
Adenosine deaminase >40 Water-bottle sign Pericardial effusion
IU/L Widening of the mediastinum Aortic aneurysm
-
Tuberculosis
Interferon-gamma >140 Presence of gas (darkened areas)
Pneumomediastinum
pg/mL between mediastinal structures
Chylothorax Triglyceride >110 mg/dL Pulmonary
Cannonball lesions
Pleural fluid – serum metastases
Hemothorax
hematocrit ratio >0.5
Pancreatic disease, NEPHROLOGY
Amylase
Ruptured esophagus
Impaired mechanism of acute
Afferent arteriole
kidney injury due to NSAID -
DIAGNOSTIC CLUES IN CHEST RADIOGRAPH -

vasodilation
use -
Diagnostic Clues Probable condition Impaired mechanism of acute

Tram-track lines, ‘bunches of Efferent arteriole
Bronchiectasis kidney injury due to
vasoconstriction
-
grapes’ ACEIs/ARBs - h
Hyperaerated lungs, flattened

-
COPD Agent that can cause both

diaphragms, tubular heart prerenal and intrinsic acute -
NSAIDs
-
Density in the area of collapsed

- > -
Atelectasis kidney injury

lungs, ipsilateral diaphragmatic
-
MAJOR CLASSIFICATIONS OF ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
ETIOLOGIES OF ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY NEPHROLITHIASIS
Diagnostic Clues Etiology Parameter
Elevated myoglobin, creatine kinase, tea- Most common form of nephrolith Calcium oxalate
colored urine, heme positive in urine, Type of stone not detected in
after strenuous exercise (after ‘spin Uric acid stone
Rhabdomyolysis radiographs
classes’) Stone not associated with urine pH;
Normal LDH, no anemia, normal Increased among vitamin C users Calcium oxalate
haptoglobin, (especially males)
Elevated LDH, with anemia, low Calcium
- h
haptoglobin Hemolysis Stone associated with&

alkaline pH phosphate
-
Usually after blood transfusion Struvite

-
Hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, Uric acid

hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia Tumor lysis Stone associated with-
acidic pH
Cystine
After chemotherapy or high tumor syndrome Inhibitor of stone formation Citrate
burden
CRAB – Hypercalcemia, renal failure, Multiple MORPHOLOGY OF CRYSTALS
anemia, bone lesions myeloma Morphology of Crystals Nephrolithiasis
Interstitial
I
Eosinophilia, sterile pyuria Envelope or dumbbell Calcium oxalate
nephritis Wedge-shaped prism Calcium phosphate
Schistocytes on PBS, elevated LDH, Coffin lid Struvite
-
TTP/HUS
anemia, thrombocytopenia
Rhomboid or Rosettes Uric acid
-
> i
Calcium oxalate crystals

*Exposure to freezing agent
-
Ethylene glycol
Hexagonal (6-sided polgyon)
Cystine
(sounds like six-tine)
KDIGO CKD Classification of a URINALYSIS FINDINGS AND ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS
patient with eGFR of 70
G2, A2 Urinalysis Findings Condition
mL/min/1.73 m2;
35 mg/g albuminuria Nonspecific – formed via
A Hyaline casts solidification of Tamm-Horsfall -
KDIGO CKD CLASSIFICATION protein -
RBC casts,
A dysmorphic RBC
Glomerulonephritis
Interstitial nephritis,
* WBC casts
Urinary tuberculosis -
WBC casts +
Urinary tract infection (caused by
A Bacteriuria +C Nitrite S i
enteric Gram-negative bacilli)

- positive -
WBC casts +
Urinary tract infection
Bacteriuria + Nitrite
(Staphylococcus saprophyticus)
negative
I - End-stage renal disease (CKD

-
A Waxy casts
stage G5) -
Fatty casts, oval

e
- -
-
- bodies (Maltese cross
-
Nephrotic syndrome
↑
-
sign)
GASTROENTEROLOGY
Indicated age of screening - 45 years
Complication seen in chronic (usually 10 years earlier if
for colorectal cancer for
- °
Systemic nephrogenic with family history of

kidney disease patients
-
average-risk individuals
&
fibrosis colorectal cancer)

-
after gadolinium use -
Hemoglobin level that

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE indicates blood transfusion
- I
Below 7 g/dL
(conservative approach)
Parameter
Among patient with GI
Leading cause of morbidity, mortality Cardiovascular -
bleeding, hemoglobin falls

in every stage of CKD disease i
after ____ from onset of GI -

72 hours
Stages of CKD that are usually -
Stages 1 and 2 bleeding

asymptomatic
Melena indicates that blood is
Clinical and laboratory complications 14 hours
Stages 3 and 4 present in the GI tract for at
become more prominent (and as long as 3-5 days)
least:
Normocytic, normochromic anemia is
Stage 3 In patients with UGIB with 24 hours
observed as early as:
either low- or high-risk (no difference in outcomes
Anemia is almost universal at: Stage 4 features, upper endoscopy between urgent and later
Peripheral neuropathy becomes should be performed within: endoscopy)
Stage 4
clinically evident at:
Gadolinium should be minimized in: I
Stage 3 MANAGEMENT OF GI BLEEDING
Gadolinium should be avoided in: Stage 4 and 5
>
Condition Initial Management

Upper GI bleeding Stabilization of patient + PPI infusion
I
Most common form of Calcium oxalate stones
-
only à upper endoscopy
nephrolith -
(75%)
Stabilization of patient + PPI infusion
Type of stone seen in Cirrhotic patients
Struvite stones + antibiotics (ceftriaxone) + IV
recurrent urinary tract -
with upper GI - -
-
(ammonium magnesium vasoactive medications
infections (usually Proteus bleeding - >
- -
phosphate stones) (octreotide) à upper endoscopy

mirabilis) >
-
Lower GI bleeding +
Stabilization of patient à upper
- >
NA Mg P hemodynamic
endoscopy à colonoscopy
instability -
Condition Initial Management
Lower GI bleeding + I• Early aggressive PLR fluid
stable hemodynamic Colonoscopy resuscitation (most
status important)
I• NPO à Early enteral
-
Gallstones > Alcohol > Core management feeding
Most common cause of acute
pancreatitis
Hypertriglyceridemia principles in acute -• Close monitoring of BUN,
(>1000 mg/dL) pancreatitis hematocrit every 8-12
hours
>
At least 3
BISAP score of patient
-
(remember that ICU has 3 (Antibiotics are NOT indicated

indicating ICU admission unless with clinical
letters, I-C-U)
decompensation, or infected
necrosis)
BISAP SCORING OF ACUTE PANCREATITIS
ENDOCRINOLOGY
Mass moving with
-I
"
deglutition. What is the

-
Thyroid in origin
origin of the neck mass?
Cutoff age for prognosticating
-
thyroid malignancies into -I

55 years
low-risk or high-risk
L
Patient underwent s/p total
thyroidectomy due to
papillary thyroid cancer.
-
What is the best diagnostic Thyroglobulin
tool for monitoring
> i
recurrence and adequacy of

resection?
Patient underwent s/p total
thyroidectomy due to
L
-
medullary thyroid cancer.
What is the best diagnostic Calciitonin
tool for monitoring
&
recurrence and adequacy of

resection?
i
THYROID MALIGNANCIES
Papillary Medullary Follicular Anaplastic
Orphan Annie,
Follicular composition, Invasion of
Psammoma bodies, Rapidly enlarging neck
Amyloidosis thyroid capsule
Palpable lymph nodes mass → mass effects
Hematogenous spread
Lymphatic spread
RET/PTC RET RAS
TP53
BRAF (MEN2A/B) PAX8-PPAR-gamma
Monitoring of recurrence with Monitoring of recurrence with
Monitoring of recurrence with thyroglobulin
thyroglobulin calcitonin
Best test used to detect RHEUMATOLOGY

autoimmune thyroid Anti-TPO
disorders Autoantibody associated with
Antihistone
drug-induced SLE
Used to predict both fetal and
neonatal thyrotoxicosis TSH receptor antibody
among mothers with Graves (TRAb) SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS AUTOANTIBODIES
disease
Pheochromocytoma,
Parathyroid adenoma, Sipple syndrome
Medullary thyroid (Multiple endocrine
carcinoma. What is the neoplasia 2A)
clinical syndrome?
MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA
"Sica ,
Rossa"
Papapi
-
HLA-B27 ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS
Moyement
(4(3) Involvement of this joint in
rheumatoid arthritis predicts Distal interphalangeal joint
coexistent osteoarthritis
Which is more efficacious for NSAIDs
alleviating pain of (but paracetamol is the more
popularly used due to poor safety
osteoarthritis – NSAIDs or profile of NSAIDS – especially in
Most common hematologic Paracetamol? the elderly)
disorder in SLE, rheumatoid
-
Normocytic, normochromic
arthritis (chronic anemia OSTEOARTHRITIS VS. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
inflammations)
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF-

SLE
"RO-SSK" panus riskfor

:
ankylosis
First initially involved joint in
1st MTP joint (podagra)
gout
-
-
GOUT
Sacroiliitis, HLA-B27
positivity, bamboo spine on
Ankylosing spondylitis
radiograph. What is the
condition?
MNEMONIC HLA-B27 positive disorders

PAIR disorders Neutropenia,
• P – Psoriatic arthritis
-
·
splenomegaly, nodular RA. -
Felty syndrome
• A – Ankylosing spondylitis What is the clinical diagnosis?
• I – IBD-related arthritis Pulmonary
-
nodules,
• R – Reactive arthritis -
pneumoconiosis, silica -
"
exposure in a patient with Caplan syndrome
RA. What is the clinical
diagnosis?
MOST COMMON EXTRAARTICULAR MANIFESTATIONS OF RA PERIPHERAL BLOOD SMEAR FINDINGS
Parameter Manifestation Peripheral Blood
Condition
Pulmonary Pleuritis Smear Findings
Cardiac Pericarditis Dacrocytes – ‘teardrop Bone marrow infiltration
Normocytic, cells’ (myelofibrosis)
Hematologic
normochromic anemia Schistocytes – ‘helmet
TTP/HUS
Lymphoma Diffuse large B-cell cells’
Most common cause of Degmacytes – ‘bite
Cardiovascular diseases cells’ G6PD deficiency
mortality in RA
Heinz bodies
Elliptocytes Hereditary elliptocytosis
Acanthocytes – ‘spur Abetalipoproteinemia, Liver
cells’ disease
Pyruvate kinase deficiency,
Echinocytes – ‘burr
Liver disease, end-stage renal
cells’
disease
Spherocytes Hereditary spherocytosis
Macro-ovalocytes,
hypersegmented Vitamin B12, B9 deficiency
neutrophils
Hemoglobin C disease, Asplenia,
Target cells Liver disease, Thalassemia
(HALT)
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
• Confusion
• Urea >7 mmol/L
Components of CURB-65 • RR ≥30/min
• BP ≤90/60 mmHg
• Age ≥65 years
>25 neutrophils, <10
E a s
Suitable sputum sample squamous epithelial cells

HEMATOLOGY AND ONCOLOGY per-LPF
Philadelphia chromosome. Diagnostic of spontaneous
What is the possible
Chronic myelogenous
bacterial peritonitis
>250 PMNs/uL
-
neutrophils
leukemia (CML)
condition? Picket-fence fever
-
Acute pyelonephritis
ONCOGENES CREATED BY TRANSLOCATIONS PATTERNS OF FEVER

Fever Pattern Condition
Enteric fever
Stepwise pattern
A (typhoid fever)
Picket-fence pattern Acute pyelonephritis
Undulating pattern Brucellosis
Relapsing pattern Borrelia recurrentis
- Pel-Ebstein pattern Lymphomas
I
Form of chronic
Emphysematous
pyelonephritis among
pyelonephritis
diabetic patients
-
Form of chronic
pyelonephritis in patients Xanthogranulomatous
with chronic-
urinary pyelonephritis
obstruction
-
Auer rods. What is the Acute myelogenous
-
possible condition? leukemia (CML)

I :
DIAGNOSTIC CLUES IN SOME INFECTIOUS DISEASES
L
PATHOLOGIC HALLMARKS OF HEMATOLOGIC CONDITIONS A -
Pathologic Hallmark Leukemia/Lymphoma

*
Acute myeloid leukemia I
Auer rods
(AML)
Chronic lymphocytic
Smudge cells (basket cells)
leukemia (CLL)
Reed-Sternberg cells Hodgkin lymphoma (HL)
“starry sky pattern” of -Bieber
Burkitt lymphoma (BL)
histology
!
Mycosis fungoides
-
Pautrier microabscesses (Cutaneous T-cell

lymphoma)
Birbeck granules
Langerhans cell histiocytosis
(racket-shaped granules)
Leukoerythroblastosis,
Primary myelofibrosis (PMF)
Dacryocytes
NEUROLOGY
Most commonly involved site
-
of intracranial hemorrhage
Lobar
in patients with metastatic
-
brain tumor
-
CAUSES OF INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE
A
-
DERMATOLOGY COMMON DERMATOLOGIC TERMS

Implicated gene mutation in
Filaggrin gene
-
atopic dermatitis
DIAGNOSTIC CLUES IN COMMON SKIN CONDITIONS
-
- - -
-
- END OF INTERNAL MEDICINE BUZZWORDS
> i >
DESCRIPTION OF SKIN LESIONS

-
CALWRIC TEST for Vestibulo cochlear

COWS replex
cold -
opposite
warm-same
Frontal lobe dys .
if absent no reaction (cenebrum)

=
=
Malaria Dengue (Yellow fever)
Anopheles Aedes aegypti
13 species)
·
Pilmonary edema Or sat gral'
-
:
.
· &O =
start 82 80p 9 88 %
.
③8 A
Acute ↳ weeks
subacute -
3-8 weeks
Chrenic 8 weeks

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iii

hyoscine (think of your via M3 via B3

Buscopan!) activation activation

DRUGS MECHANISM USE

5-a reductase inhibitor:

ANTI-ANGINA If you give this to someone

Diltiazem DOC for Prinzmetal/vasospastic

-Antidote for cyanide poisoning

Has Class I, II, III, and IV

Inhibit glutamate via:

ANTI-EPILEPTIC DRUG BUZZWORDS

loss (blind as a bat)

- i NapaCa-Pangit ng gingiVa mo!

Black box warning: never mix

with opiods due to risk of life-

increased falls in the elderly,

Brand name: Demerol

MNEMONIC: Alzheimer’s Treatment

Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Galantamine, Memantine

MNEMONIC: Antipsychotics notable side effects

GLP-1 agonists Continuous GnRH agonist

DIABETES INSIPIDUS VS SIADH

FEMALE GONADAL HORMONES: SERMS GI DRUGS

IBD THERAPIES: UC AND CROHN’S

END OF PHARMACOLOGY – BUZZWORDS

the clavicle and manubrium

sterni and encompasses all

IX, X, VII, II (1972)

c. Redose the antibiotic during long

Recombinant form of human

Maximum duration of pulse checks according to the ACLS

Test obtained for stable Parkland/Baxter formula *

Frequent cause of urinary tract infection among surgical patients.

Given 7 to 10 days pre-op to

10-15 cells from at least 2 aspirates

Most common type of

esophageal cancer worldwide.

I -V Level I to V cervical nodes Spontaneous, unilateral,

Benign, milk-filled cysts that occur almost exclusively in lactating

women characterized by a triad of secretory

Involves resection of the primary breast Breast Outcome of thymectomy in

cancer with a margin of normal-appearing

Initial treatment for

1st and 2nd trimesters:

cancer during pregnancy. 3rd trimester: Lumpectomy

-with axillary node dissection

solitary pulmonary nodules.

FEV1 indicating the ability to-

tolerate pneumonectomy. * 1.5 L for lobectomy of myocardial infarction and

Lung cancer subtype most

commonly associated with

Most common malignant

-acute aortic dissection.

Most common tumor of the

or stenosis of the left main coronary artery

Most common omental

Routine treatment for

for metastatic GIST

Routine part of treatment for hepatic

Goals of ↑Weight gain

Management of comorbid condition relapse

after Emergence of recurrent depression,

nutritional complications anomaly involving the

Predisposes to acute and chronic pancreatitis