International Journal of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence (IJDSAI)

Volume 02, Issue 02, March – April (2024)

RESEARCH ARTICLE

REAL TIME REMOTE MONITORING VIA

HORSE HEAD OPTIMIZATION DEEP
LEARNING NETWORK
S. Reeba Rex 1, *, T. Pravin Rose 2 and S. Amudaria 3
1
Associate Professor & HOD, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lourdes Matha College of
Science & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
2
Associate Professor & HOD, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Vidya Academy of Science and
Technology Technical Campus, Kilimanoor, Kerala, India
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Arunachala College of Engineering, Nagercoil,
Tamil Nadu, India
*Corresponding e-mail: reebarex@gmail.com

Abstract – Over the past few decades, IoT has become
indispensable in many industries. More people can now get
healthcare and their general health can be improved thanks to
recent developments in the healthcare sector. Predictive
analytics in the medical field can help turn a reactive healthcare
approach into a proactive one, thanks to advanced artificial
intelligence and machine learning techniques that are
penetrating the healthcare business. The main obstacles to
utilizing IoT for health monitoring are managing regulatory
compliance while maintaining security, privacy, dependability,
and data accuracy. Nonetheless, a solution has been suggested
to get past these obstacles. Initially, the sensors will gather
information from the patient and store it in a cloud-based data
collection system. A deep learning-based SA-SGRU network
receives data from the cloud to classify them as either abnormal
or normal. The doctor receives patient information from SA-
SGRU to determine if the particular patient is in an emergency
condition or not. A notification will be sent to the patient in the
event of an emergency. The patient will receive the diagnosis
report if there is no emergency. The experiment result indicate
that the suggested method outperforms both LSTM and
FLSTM by achieving the accuracy of 95% in the detection of
abnormality.
Keywords – Internet of Things, deep learning, machine learning
techniques, health monitoring.
1. INTRODUCTION
Smart homes, smart cities, and smart health care are just
a few of the businesses that potentially benefit from the
fantastic IoT-based applications that the name "Internet of
things" (IoT) has recently come to represent [1]. The Internet
of things, or IoT, is a vast network of products, devices, and
other interconnected items that work together to gather and
exchange data about their surroundings and how they are
utilized. The main objective of the Internet of Things
platform is to facilitate interaction and communication
between billions of items and computers [2]. Compared to
previous platforms, IoT technologies for the healthcare
sector are more extensive and have given the sector higher-
quality services. IoT devices for the field of smart healthcare,
at its most basic, comprise ambient and body sensors, motion
sensors, and actuators [3]. In order to meet specific
requirements, these networked devices are connected to
communication layer devices that collect sensor data from
Internet of Things devices and deliver it over the internet for
further processing [4]. Using statistical analysis software,
doctors and academics researching heath attentively
scrutinize the sensing data that has been gathered [5]. Vital
sign data from patient-affixed sensors has been collected,
managed, and evaluated by a multitude of Internet of Things
(IoT)-based healthcare apps developed in recent years [6].
The primary uses of telemedicine in the fields of medical
health and medical sciences include remote monitoring,
remote ultrasound, remote consultation, and remote surgery
[7]. Intelligent control of medical equipment and drugs to
support patient medical management and health information
management is also possible. One quickly developing area of
wearable biomedical devices is vital sign monitoring. In
order to design wearable biomedical equipment, it is
imperative to consider intelligence, compact size, low power
consumption, and low cost [8]. Wearable health devices offer
many advantages, such as real-time health data perception
and ongoing medical services. They can offer real-time
tracking of a person's physical characteristics and health,
helping people make sense of their situation and recognize
signs early.
Wearable technology has seen significant cost and
power reductions thanks to advanced semiconductor
technology, while performance has increased significantly.
Wearable now have a higher level of intelligence because to
the convergence of AI and IoT [9]. Within the subject of
telemedicine, the study and creation of wearable biomedical
equipment has grown in importance. Furthermore, it is

ISSN: 2584-1041 ©KITS PRESS Publications

 S Reeba Rex et al. / IJDSAI, 02(02), 42-47, 2024
imperative to ensure the swift advancement of telemedicine.
It is anticipated that the bulk of wearable gadgets in the
market would be connected to health and medicine [10].
• Initially, the sensors will gather information from
the patient and store it in a cloud-based data
collection system.
• A deep learning-based SA-SGRU network
receives data from the cloud to classify them as
either abnormal or normal.
• The doctor receives patient information from SA-
SGRU to determine if the particular patient is in
an emergency condition or not.
• A notification will be sent to the patient in the
event of an emergency. The patient will receive
the diagnosis report if there is no emergency
For the remainder part of this investigation, the
following explanation is applicable: In Section II, the study
is analyzed based on the literature. Section III provides a
thorough explanation of the suggested system. Section IV
displays the result and discussion, while Section V displays
the conclusion.
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
Various approaches have been used in numerical
research for health monitoring in recent years. In the section
that follows, several modern evaluation methods are covered
along with some of their shortcomings:
In 2020 Valsalan, P., et al [11] Suggested a novel
continuous monitoring and control system that stores patient
data on a server and screens patient conditions via remote
connection based on Wi-Fi Modules. It is recommended to
use an Internet of Things (IoT)-based remote health
monitoring solution that allows authorized users to access
data stored on any IoT platform. Based on the information
this system provides, the doctors can make remote medical
diagnoses.
In 2021 Iqbal, N., et al [12] Suggested building a smart
patient health monitoring system (PHMS) that would track
the vital signs of patients who were far away by using an
efficient scheduling mechanism based on an IoT-tasks
orchestration architecture. The experiment's conclusions
show that an optimized scheduling mechanism decreases
task failure by 17% and task hunger by 14% when compared
to a conventional fair emergency first (FEF) scheduling
approach.
In 2022 Bhardwaj, V., et al [13] Suggestion that Internet
of Things (IoT) technology is being used to construct a smart
health monitoring system that can measure an individual's
blood pressure, temperature, heart rate, and oxygen
saturation. According to the results, the patient's body
temperature, heart rate, and SPO2 measurements had the
highest relative errors (%ϵr) at 3.03%, 1.05%, and 2.89%,
respectively. Comparable results were obtained between
these values and those of commercial health monitoring
devices.
43
In 2020 Muttillo, M., et al [14] Suggested a Structural
Health Monitoring (SHM) system to monitor the structure's
behavior over time and identify any potential damages. For
this purpose, specialized data logger and nodes have been
developed. Experimental results show that an increase in the
estimated damage indicator occurs when the structure is
disturbed. The damage indicator in the current job increases
by a maximum value of 24.65 when a 2.5 mm engraving
disrupts the structure.
In 2020 Srinivasan, C.R., et al [15] Proposed SMART
patient health monitoring system is to design and create a
mobile, Internet of Things (IoT)-based healthcare system that
collects patient data from several sensors and instantly
notifies the guardian and physician via emails and SMS. By
remotely monitoring the patient's physiological
characteristics, it can make rapid medical diagnoses.
In 2020 Zhang, Y., et al [16] Suggested the use of a one-
dimensional (1D-CNN) model that can identify the type of
heart illness and make predictions about it. The experimental
findings show that the method works well. Users can take full
advantage of the suggested system's advantages and receive
real-time detection of heart illness by placing the
recommended 1D-CNN model on the MEC layer.
However, several appropriate research have been
conducted for health monitoring. The existing methods also
have a number of disadvantages, such as poor precision,
expensive setup and maintenance, low efficiency, and
cumbersome setup. The section that follows describes the
unique health monitoring technique that has been presented
in this research to eliminate these disadvantages.
3. PROPOSED METHOD
Initially, the sensors will gather information from the
patient and store it in a cloud-based data collection system.
A deep learning-based SA-SGRU network receives data
from the cloud to classify them as either abnormal or normal.
The doctor receives patient information from SA-SGRU to
determine if the particular patient is in an emergency
condition or not. A notification will be sent to the patient in
the event of an emergency. The patient will receive the
diagnosis report if there is no emergency. The overall
workflow of the proposed model shows in Figure 1.
3.1. Distributed data storage
This section stores the medical data that is sent in by the
patients' medical IoT sensors. Offering and distributing
services to the right customers, such physicians and
healthcare professionals, is another aspect of the distributed
data storage business. These services can be integrated into a
facility that makes predictions about possible illnesses using
data mining techniques. Temperature, oxygen saturation, and
heart rate are three sorts of connected illnesses that are taken
into consideration in our proposed safe health monitoring
model.
 S Reeba Rex et al. / IJDSAI, 02(02), 42-47, 2024

Figure 1. The overall workflow of the proposed model

3.2. Temperature sensor
Accurate designed temperature circuits with output
voltage that varies linearly with temperature in degrees
Celsius are found in the LM35 series. Compared to Kelvin's
linear temperature sensors, the LM35 has an advantage in
that it does not allow the user to utilize true centigrade scaling
to remove the noticeable continuous voltage from the
display.
3.3. Heart beat sensor
On the basis of the plethysmography principle, the
heartbeat sensor was invented. Everybody's organ that allows
light to pass through it is measured for variations in blood
volume. The pulse timing has a more significant role in heart
rate tracking devices. The distribution of blood volume is
based on heartbeat rate, and signal pulses are equivalent to
heartbeat pulses when blood absorbs light.
Cloud
In order to deploy Internet of Things applications in real
time, data storage and manipulation are essential. As a result,
cloud computing is a platform that can provide the critical
high transfer speeds and massive data storage solution.
3.4 Skip-GRU Network Module
Although most inputs are not required for the prediction
outcomes of the sensor reading classification job, GRU
always reads the whole input contents of the sensor reading.
The Skip-GRU network module can read sensor readings,
filter out extraneous information, and make predictions that
are more accurate. In Figure 2, the Skip-GRU model is
displayed. There are three components to the Skip-GRU
network module: the Skip Network, the GRU Network, and
the Improved Self-Awareness Mechanism. The skip
network's development is depicted in Algorithm 1.

Figure 2. Architecture of Skip-Gated Recurrent Unit Network

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3.5. Skip Network ALGORITHM

Before the word vector is entered into the GRU network, Algorithm for SA-SGRU
the skip network calculates the jump probability. Based on
this information, it determines what information should be Perform convolution operation on a within G to
skipped and reserves more valuable information in GRU. generate a word vector denoted as C

The model's foundation is the conventional GRU. When For each word vector C in G
faced with an input sequence of length G that contains the 𝐶𝑖 = 𝑅𝐸𝐿𝑈 (𝑉1 𝐶 + 𝑦1 )
symbols 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , …, 𝑎 𝑇 , or 𝑎1:𝐺 .. For the word at position g,
the notation 𝑎 𝑇 ∈ 𝐻𝑑 indicates the word embedding. 𝜋𝑔 = 𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑉1 𝐶𝑔 + 𝑦1 )
Entering the text data into the GRU network requires first If 𝜋𝑔 < 0.5 then
entering it into two layers of a multi-layer perceptron. This is
one method of computing the jump probability: Skip processing the word
𝐶𝑖 = 𝑅𝐸𝐿𝑈 (𝑉1 𝐶 + 𝑦1 ) (1) Else
𝜋𝑔 = 𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑉1 𝐶𝑔 + 𝑦1 ) (2) Find a in GRU network for feature processing

where 𝑉1 , 𝑉2 , 𝑦1 and 𝑦1 represent the two-layer End if

multilayer perceptron's weights and biases. The probability
is represented by 𝜋𝑔 , while 𝐶𝑔 is the hidden state's condition.
3.6. GRU Network
The most popular type of gated recurrent neural network
is the GRU, which is an adaptation of the traditional RNN.
Similar to LSTM, which can effectively capture the semantic
relationship between long sequences, GRU may similarly
alleviate the problem of gradient disappearance or explosion.
A reset gate and an update gate are the two gates that make
up GRU. The update gate decides how much historical
memory is stored to the current time step, while the reset gate
manages the integration of freshly received data with the old
memory. The update function is used by the standard GRU
to refresh the hidden state after reading each word in turn.
The GRU network's current status is as follows:
𝑆𝑔 = 𝜎(𝑉𝑠 . [𝑟𝑔−1 , 𝑎𝑔 ]) (3)
𝑢𝑔 = 𝜎(𝑉𝑢 . [𝑟𝑔−1 , 𝑎𝑔 ]) (4)
𝑟̃𝑔 = tanh (𝑉. [𝑆𝑔 ∗ 𝑟𝑔−1 , 𝑎𝑔 ]) (5)
End for
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The models under review are assessed using
performance metrics, such as F1 score, accuracy, precision,
and recall. By contrasting the expected and actual outputs,
accuracy evaluates the deep learning model's capacity for
prediction. The classifier model's true positive (𝑇𝑃 ) and true
negative (𝑇𝑁 ) values indicate how well it can predict whether
a patient has heart disease or not. The false positive (𝐹𝑃 ) and
false negative (𝐹𝑁 ) values indicate which of the models'
predictions were incorrect. The percentage of true positive
observations to all positive occurrences is determined by the
precision. Recall determines the percentage of all positive
cases, while specificity determines the percentage of all
negative instances. The mean recall and precision are
calculated using the function measure.
(𝑇𝑁 +𝑇𝑃 )
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑦 = (8)
(𝑇𝑃 +𝐹𝑃 +𝐹𝑁 +𝑇𝑁 )

𝑟𝑔 = (1 − 𝑢𝑔 ) ∗ 𝑟𝑔−1 + 𝑢𝑔 ∗ 𝑟̃𝑔 (6) (𝑇𝑃 )

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (9)
(𝐹𝑃 +𝑇𝑃 )
Three symbols stand for the weight matrices: 𝑉𝑠 , 𝑉𝑢 , and (𝑇𝑃 )
V. 𝑎𝑔 represents the input data of the current moment, 𝑟𝑔−1 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 = (10)
(𝐹𝑁 +𝑇𝑃 )
represents the hidden state of the previous moment, 𝑆𝑔 (2𝑇𝑃 )
represents the reset gate, 𝑢𝑔 represents the update gate, and 𝐹1 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 = (11)
(2𝑇𝑃 +𝐹𝑃 +𝐹𝑁 )
ht represents the cell's output value.
Depending on the skip probability value 𝜋𝑔 in 3.1.1, and
a threshold value of 0.5, the word can either be delivered to
the GRU network or not. In the event when 𝜋𝑔 less than 0.5,
the input word is skipped and the hidden layer remains
unchanged.
𝑟𝑔 = 𝑟𝑔−1 (7)
If 𝜋𝑔 is greater than 0.5, the word will be routed to the
GRU network because it is more significant to the
classification outcome. Equations (3)-(6) will now update the
hidden state of the GRU network. The skip network's
construction is depicted in Algorithm 1.
Figure 3. graph for accuracy

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 S Reeba Rex et al. / IJDSAI, 02(02), 42-47, 2024
The accuracy analysis presented by the FLSTM, LSTM,
and the suggested module is shown in Figure 3. Records are
raised for the experiment of the three models under
consideration from 10% to 100%.
Figure 4. graph for recall
The recall analysis presented by the FLSTM, LSTM, and
the suggested module is shown in Figure 4. Records are
raised for the experiment of the three models under
consideration from 10% to 100%.
Figure 5. graph for precision
The analysis of Precision presented by the proposed
module, FLSTM, and LSTM is shown in Figure 5. For the
experiment involving the three models under consideration,
the records are raised from 10% to 100%.
Figure 6. graph for F1-Score
The analysis of the F1-Score displayed by the FLSTM,
LSTM, and the suggested module is shown in Figure 6.
46
Records are raised for the experiment of the three models
under consideration from 10% to 100%.
5. CONCLUSION
One of the more practical solutions for remote value
tracking these days is the Internet of Things, especially when
it comes to health monitoring. In addition to reducing
hospital stays for routine checks, it facilitates the safe cloud
storage of each person's prosperity parameter data and, most
importantly, makes it possible for any doctor, anywhere in
the world, to monitor and diagnose patients. Initially, the
sensors will gather information from the patient and store it
in a cloud-based data collection system. A deep learning-
based SA-SGRU network receives data from the cloud to
classify them as either abnormal or normal. The doctor
receives patient information from SA-SGRU to determine if
the particular patient is in an emergency condition or not. A
notification will be sent to the patient in the event of an
emergency. The patient will receive the diagnosis report if
there is no emergency. The experiment result indicate that the
suggested method outperforms both LSTM and FLSTM by
achieving the accuracy of 95% in the detection of
abnormality.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no known competing
financial interests or personal relationships that could have
appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
FUNDING STATEMENT
Not applicable.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to express his heartfelt gratitude
to the supervisor for his guidance and unwavering support
during this research for his guidance and support.
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47
AUTHORS
S. Reeba Rex is working as an Associate
Professor & HOD ECE in Lourdes Matha College
of Science & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram in
the department of ECE, having an experience of
16 years in the field of teaching. She has
completed her B.E degree in Electronics and
Communication Engineering from Jaya Matha
Engineering College affiliated to Anna
University, M.E. degree in VLSI Design from
Karunya University, Ph.D. degree in Electronics
and Communication Engineering from Noorul
Islam University, India. Her research interests include low power VLSI,
power electronics, soft computing, Intelligent controller Design
T. Pravin Rose is working as an Associate
Professor & HOD EEE in Vidya Academy of
Science and Technology Technical Campus,
Kilimanoor in the department of EEE, having an
experience of 17 years in the field of teaching. He
has completed his B. Tech degree in Electrical and
Electronics Engineering from Rajiv Gandhi College
of Engineering and Technology affiliated to
Pondicherry University, M.E. degree in Control and
Instrumentation from Noorul Islam College of Engineering affiliated to
Anna University, Ph.D. degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
from Noorul Islam University, India. His-research interests include
modeling and control of pH neutralization process, soft computing,
Intelligent controller Design, System Identification, Adaptive systems in
process control.
S. Amudaria is currently an Assistant Professor in
the Department of Computer Science and
Engineering at Arunachala College of Engineering,
Nagercoil, having an experience of 12 years in the
field of teaching. Earlier she was Assistant Professor
in the Department of Information Technology and
also the Placement Assistant at Infant Jesus College
of Engineering, Thoothukudi. She received her
Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science and
Engineering from Vins Christian College of Engineering, Affiliated to Anna
University, Chennai and her Master’s degree in Computer and
Communication from Sri SivaSubramaniya Nadar (SSN) College of
Engineering, Chennai. She had Published many National, International
papers, Journals and IEEE papers. Now she is pursuing her Research work
on Image Processing and Data Mining Using Artificial Intelligence in Anna
University, Chennai. She had published many books like Foundations of
Data Science, C Programming and Data Structures, Introduction to
Operating Systems and Machine Learning. Her Areas of Interest includes
Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Deep Learning and Information
Retrieval
Arrived: 11.02.2024
Accepted: 06.04.2024