H.

W 5

‫الرقم الجامعي‬ -:‫االسم‬

Q1: Define the following ;

a) Accelerators
are devices designed used to accelerate particles that traverse millions of km in just matters of
seconds
b) Corona points
The points where charges are sprayed or injected onto the belt

Q2: How many types of particle accelerators, write their names with example?

There are two types of particles accelerators;

Linear Accelerators (LINAC)

Linear accelerators are particle accelerators which accelerate charged particles to high speeds and
high energies along a linear beam.

Examples include US Jefferson Lab, Stanford SLAC, etc.

Circular Accelerators (Synchrotrons)

Linear accelerators are particle accelerators which accelerate charged particles to high speeds and
high energies along a circular path.

Examples include CERN Large Hadron Collider (Geneva), Fermilab (Chicago) and DESY
(Germany), etc
Q3: Circle the correct answer of the following sentences:
1- Ge(Li), detectors must be operated at liquid nitrogen temperatures ………………

a) to increase the mobility b) to accelerate particles

c) to reduce thermal noise d) all the above

2- ………….. is defined as the amount of kinetic energy lost by any incident particle
per unit length of path traversed in the medium

a ) Accelerators b) Circular motion

c) The stopping power S(T) d) Corona points

3- The different kinds of fundamental force are ……………

a)gravity and electromagnetic b) beta and proton

c)strong and weak d) a and b e) a and c

4- The Lorentz force acted on the electron which accelerated by electric and magnetic
fields is………….

⃗ = 𝒒(𝑬
a) 𝑭 ⃗⃗ + 𝒗 ⃗⃗ )
⃗ ×𝑩 ⃗ = 𝒒(𝒗
b) 𝑭 ⃗ ×𝑩
⃗ +𝑬 ⃗⃗ )

⃗ = 𝒒(𝑩
c) 𝑭 ⃗⃗ + 𝒗 ⃗)
⃗ ×𝑬 ⃗ = 𝒒(𝒗
d) 𝑭 ⃗ +𝒗 ⃗⃗ )
⃗ ×𝑩

5- Gravity Force holds

a) light and radio ray b) planets and stars together

c) atoms together d) nuclei together

Q. 4:
a) Write down a short note on a Cyclotron, illustrate it with a diagram and label the diagram.

1-The hollow Ds are connected to the source of high voltage

2- A source for producing ions is placed in the gap between the Ds,

3- The trajectory of the ions is circular because of the bending

effect of the magnetic field.

4- When an ion is inside the D, it stops sensing the electric force, but continues in its circular motion
because of the presence of the static magnetic field.

b) Write down the Cyclotron frequency (ν) formula in term of the magnetic field and define
its variables.

ν is the angular frequency , r is the radius, B is the magnetic field, m the mass of ion , c is the
velocity of ion and ω is the circular velocity

Q. 5 : Write down a short note on a Van de Graaff Accelerator , illustrate it with a diagram and
label the diagram.

In Van de Graaff, the charge is carried on a conveyor belt into a large metallic
dome and gain the energy.
2-The energy gained by a particle (ion) is directly proportional to the applied
voltage
This technique can produce accelerating potentials of up to ≈ 12 MV.

Q6) write the component of Van de Graaff Accelerator

1-particle (ion) accelerated in a DC voltage

2- The conveyor belt

3-The hollow metal sphere.

4- Two electrodes in the form of comb-shaped
Q. 7: a)Write down a short note on a Linear accelerators, illustrate it with a diagram and label
the diagram.

1-Positive ions from the source will then be accelerated by the electric field
towards the first drift tube.
2- If the alternator can change its direction before the ions pass through that
tube, then they will be accelerated again on their way between the exit of the first and entry into the
second tube, and so on.
3-However, as the particles accelerate, their velocities increase
b)What is energy of electron which gain by these accelerators.

The accelerates electrons to energies of 50 GeV

Q. 8: Protons are accelerated in a cyclotron by an electric field with oscillating frequency of

8 MHz. If the diameter of the magnet is 1 m, calculate the value of magnetic field and the
maximum energy that the protons can reach.
𝑞𝐵𝑐
𝜈=
2𝜋𝑚𝑐 2

2𝜋𝜈𝑚𝑐 2
𝐵=
𝑞𝑐

2𝜋8×109 ×938 ×1.6×10−6

𝐵= 𝑞×3×1010
= 2.5 × 10−12 𝐺/𝑞

(𝑞𝐵𝑅)2 (𝑞×2.5×10−12 𝐺/𝑞×100)2

𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑚𝑐 2
= 2 ×938 ×1.6×10−6
= 2.08 × 10−17 erg = 1.3 × 10−11MeV

Q9) For a cyclotron operating at an extraction radius R = 3.5 m, and a magnetic field of
B = 1.5 T, calculate the frequency of the alternating source needed to accelerate protons,
and the maximum energy gained by these protons, taken the rest mass of proton is m p=
1.67x10-27kg , q = 1.6x 10-19C.

𝑞𝐵 1.6x 10−19 C × 1.5

𝜈= = −27
∼ 22.8 × 106 𝐻𝑧
2𝜋𝑚 2𝜋 × 1.67x 10
= 22.8𝑀𝐻𝑧

(𝑞𝐵𝑅)2 (𝟏.𝟔 𝐱 10−19 ×1.5×3.5)2

𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 2.11 × 10−10 J =
2𝑚 𝟐𝐱𝟏.𝟔𝟕𝐱 10−27
=1.32× 106 𝑒𝑉= 1.32MeV
Q10: If an electron cyclotron has an applied magnetic field of 3T and an electric field of
110V/m, with magnetic field applied perpendicularly ( =900)to an electron moving with a
velocity of 0.45 the speed of light (take the speed of light approximately 3 x 10 8ms-1 and the
charge on the electron q as approximately -1.6 x 10-19C), calculate the net Lorentz Force
experienced by the electron.
……………………………………………………………………………………………

Q= -1. 6 x 10-18 C, E= 110 V/m, B=3T, Q=90 degrees

V = 0.45c = 0.45 x 3.0 x 108 ms-1 = 13.5 x 107ms-1

The Lorentz Force formula is: F=q(E + v x B) = q(E + v * B sin)

F= -1.6 x 10-19 (110 + (13.5 x 107 x 3 x sin 90)) = 6.48 x 10-11 N

Q11: Develop Photomultiplier Tube with illustrate a diagram for it.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

A Photomultiplier tube or PMT is a very sensitive gamma photon detection device.

A photomultiplier tube, useful for light detection of very weak signals, is a photoemissive
device in which the absorption of a photon results in the emission of an electron. These
detectors work by amplifying the electrons generated by a photocathode exposed to a
photon flux in the presence of a very high (~2000V or above) electric field provided by
dynodes. It is very often used in conjunction with a scintillation detector (such as a CsI or
NaI crystal, etc) or a lead-glass tube.……
 Answer H.W52

9.1 What quantum numbers, if any, are violated in the following reactions?

Are the interactions strong, weak, electromagnetic, or none of the above?

𝒂) ῼ− →  𝟎 + 𝝅 −
𝒃) 𝚺 + → 𝝅+ + π𝟎

𝒄) 𝒏 → 𝑷 + π−
𝒅) 𝝅𝟎 → 𝝁+ + 𝒆− + 𝝂̅𝒆
𝒆) 𝑲𝟎 → 𝑲+ + 𝒆− + 𝝂̅𝒆

𝒇) 𝜦𝟎 →𝑷 + 𝒆−

𝒂) ῼ− →  𝟎 + 𝝅 − 𝒃) 𝚺 + → 𝝅+ + π𝟎
( 𝚺+ ) Baryon , 𝝅+, , π 𝟎 meson
( ῼ− ,  𝟎 ) Baryon , 𝝅 − meson 𝑰𝟑 = 𝟏 − 𝟏 + 𝟎 = 𝟎
𝑰𝟑 = 𝟎 − 𝟏/𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟏/𝟐 S = -1 +0 + 0 = 1
S = -3 +2 + 0 = 1 So, the interaction is the none (unusually suppressed)
So, the interaction is weak

𝒄) 𝒏 → 𝑷 + π− 𝒅) 𝝅𝟎 → 𝝁+ + 𝒆− + 𝝂
̅𝒆

( ̅ 𝒆)
𝝁+ + 𝒆 − + 𝝂 Lepton , π 𝟎 meson
(n, p ) Baryon , 𝝅 − meson 𝑰𝟑 = 𝟎 = 𝟎
𝑰𝟑 = −𝟏/𝟐 − 𝟏/𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 S= 0=0
S = 0 +0 + 0 = 0 So, the interaction is electromagnetic
So, the interaction is electromagnetic
 𝒆) 𝑲𝟎 → 𝑲+ + 𝒆− + 𝝂̅𝒆 𝒇) 𝜦𝟎 →𝑷 + 𝒆−
( 𝑲+ , K 𝟎 ) meson , ( 𝒆− + 𝝂̅𝒆 ) Lepton ( 𝜦𝟎 , 𝑷) Baryon , e − Lepton
𝑰𝟑 = −𝟏/𝟐 − 𝟏/𝟐 = 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑰𝟑 = 𝟎 − 𝟐 = 𝟐
S = -1 +1 = 0
S = -1 +0 = 1
So, the interaction is strong
So, the interaction is strong

9.2 What quantum numbers, if any, are violated in the following processes.

Would the reaction be strong, electromagnetic, weak, or unusually suppressed?

Explain. (See CRC Handbook for particle properties.)

𝒂) 𝜦𝟎 →𝑷 + 𝒆− + 𝝂̅𝒆
𝒃) 𝐊 − + 𝑷 → 𝑲+ + Ξ−

̅𝟎
𝒄) 𝑲+ + 𝑷 → 𝑲+ + 𝚺 + + 𝑲
𝒅) 𝑷 + 𝑷 → 𝑲+ + 𝑲+ + 𝒏 + 𝒏

𝒂) 𝜦𝟎 →𝑷 + 𝒆− + 𝝂̅𝒆 𝒅) 𝑷 + 𝑷 → 𝑲+ + 𝑲+ + 𝒏 + 𝒏

( 𝜦𝟎 , 𝑷) Baryon , ( 𝒆− + 𝝂̅𝒆 ) ( 𝑲+ ) meson , (𝑷, 𝒏 ) Baryon

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Lepton 𝑰𝟑 = 𝟐 + 𝟐 − 𝟐 − 𝟐 + 𝟐 + 𝟐 = 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
𝑰𝟑 = 𝟎 − 𝟐 = 𝟐 S = 0 +0 -1-1+0+0 = 2

S = -1 +0 = 1 So, the interaction is the none (unusually suppressed)

So, the interaction is strong

̅𝟎
𝒄) 𝑲+ + 𝑷 → 𝑲+ + 𝚺+ + 𝑲 𝒃) 𝐊 − + 𝑷 → 𝑲+ + Ξ−
( 𝚺+ , 𝑷) Baryon , ( 𝑲+ , 𝑲
̅𝟎 ) meson ( 𝑲+ , K − ) meson , (𝑷, Ξ− ) Baryon
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑰𝟑 = 𝟐 + 𝟐 − 𝟐 − 𝟏 − 𝟐 = 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑰𝟑 = − 𝟐 + 𝟐 − 𝟐 + 𝟐 = 𝟎
𝟏 𝟏

S = 1 +0-1+1+1 = 2 S = -1 +0 -1+2 = 0
So, the interaction is the none (unusually suppressed) So, the interaction is electromagnetic
 H.W6

Define the following questions ;

a) Standard Model.
It is a theory of three fundamental interactions (strong, weak and electromagnetic forces)
between all the elementary particles of matter …
b) CPT symmetry
CPT Charge, parity, and time reversal symmetry is a fundamental symmetry of physical laws
under the simultaneous transformations of charge conjugation (C), parity transformation (P), and
time reversal (T).

Or CPT is the only combination of C, P, and T that is observed to be an exact symmetry of nature
at the fundamental level.
c) The Quark
A. Quark is an elementary or fundamental particle which makes up Nucleons (particles inside
nucleus, ie Protons and Neutrons).

Q2 What is kind of interactions violate the CP symmetry?

the symmetry is slightly violated during certain types of weak decay ……

Q3 Describe the Gell-Mann-Nishijima formula? Define its variables.

the Gell-Mann Nishijima formula

1
Y=B+S Q= 𝐼3 + 𝑌
2

𝐼3 an isospin 3rd component

Y is strong hyper charge ,
B baryon or nucleon number,
S strangeness number
Q is charge
 Q4 Discuss the basic definition of quark model in terms of classification of particles within
the nucleus composed of two and three quarks, what are their names.

…the quark model classify the particles within the nucleus into two Types
1. Mesons { } }
Mesons have two quarks
2. Baryons { }
Baryons has three quarks

Q5 Find out the quantum numbers (Q, B, S, Y and I3) on three of the cascade particle baryons,
namely 𝚵 𝟎 (uss), 𝚵 − (dss) and 𝛀− (sss). [The electrical charges on up, down and strange quarks
are u(Q= 2/3), d(Q= -1/3) and s(Q= -1/3), respectively.]

𝚵 𝟎 (uss): 𝚵 − (dss): 𝛀− (sss):

Q = (+2/3 + -1/3 + -1/3)e = 0e=0 Q = (-1/3 + -1/3 + -1/3)e = - e Q = (-1/3 + -1/3 + -1/3)e = - e
B=1 , S = -2 ,I3 = 1/2 B=1 , S = -2 ,I3 = -1/2 B=1 , S = -3 ,I3 = 0
Y=B+S =1 -2 = -1 Y=B+S =1 -2 = -1 Y=B+S =1 -3 = -2

Q6: What is the electric charge on a proton and neutron? Calculate from the charges on
quarks?

A. Proton is made of three quarks

U (+2/3), U (+2/3), D (-1/3)
+2/3 + +2/3 + -1/3 = +1
Neutron is made of three quarks
D (-1/3), D (-1/3),U (+2/3)
= -1/3+ -1/3 + 2/3= 0
Q7: What quantum numbers, if any violated in following reaction? Are the interactions
strong, weak , electromagnetic, or none of the above?

𝒂) ῼ− →  𝟎 + 𝝅 −

𝒃) 𝑲− + 𝑷 → 𝑲+ + −

𝒄) 𝜦𝟎 →𝑷 + 𝒆− + 𝝂𝒆

Use the following table:

particle π-+ π0 π- Ξ0 Ξ- Ω- K0 K+ K- p Λ0

I3 1 0 -1 -1/2 -1/2 0 -1/2 1/2 -1/2 1/2 0

S 0 0 0 -2 -2 -3 1 1 -1 0 -1

𝒂) ῼ− →  𝟎 + 𝝅 −
( ῼ− ,  𝟎 ) Baryon , 𝝅 − meson
𝑰𝟑 = 𝟎 − 𝟏/𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟏/𝟐
S = -3 +2 + 0 = 1
So the interaction is weak
𝒃) 𝑲− + 𝑷 → 𝑲+ + −
( K- ,K+ ) meson, (P, − ) Baryon
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑰𝟑 = − 𝟐 + 𝟐 − 𝟐 + 𝟐 = 𝟎

S = -1 +0-1+2 = 0
the interaction is electromagnetic
𝑪) 𝜦𝟎 →𝑷 + 𝒆− + 𝝂𝒆
Baryon , Lepton
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑰𝟑 = 𝟎 − 𝟐 = − 𝟐 → 𝑰𝟑 = 𝟐

S = -1 +0 = 1
the interaction is strong
Q8: How many fundamental forces or interactions are there between elementary particles
or bodies?

There are four kinds of forces; Gravity, Weak Nuclear Force, Electromagnetic Force

Strong Nuclear Force

Q9: What are the names of Leptons? How many leptons?

A. There are SIX leptons. The names of Leptons are

i. ELECTRON iv. Neutrino -> e
ii. MUON v. Neutrino -> m
iii. TAU vi. Neutrino -> t

Q10: What are the quantum numbers (Q, B, L, S and Y) of a proton (uud), neutron (udd),
electron (no quark), pion p- (ud) and a k+ (us)?

Proton: Q=+1, B=1, L=0, S=0, Y=1

Neutron: Q=0, B=1, L=0, S=0, Y=1
Electron: Q=-1, B=0, L=1, S=0, Y=0
Pion (p-): Q=-1, B=0, L=0, S=0, Y=0
Kaon (k+): Q=+1, B=0, L=0, S=-1, Y=-1

Q11: How many quarks in nature? And how many quark generations?
A. There are SIX quarks. Up, Down, Strange, Charm, Top and Bottom (U, D, S, C, B, T). There
are three generations. (UD, SC, BT).
Q12: How many types of Hadrons?
A. Two Types
i. MESONS (two quark particles). Examples: Pion (ud), Kaon (sd)
ii. BARYONS (Three quark particles). Examples: p+ and n0, L, S
Q. 13: What are the names of the force carrier particles for strong, weak and
electromagnetic forces? What is expression for Stopping Power?
Strong Force→Gluon
Weak Force→W, W- and Z0
Electromagnetic Force→Photon
Stopping Power S=-dT/dx
Q14: Compare between Leptons and Hadrons.
( Leptons) Hadrons )
No. of type SIX leptons Two Types

The names 1. Electron e 7. Mesons

2. Neutrino -ѵe 8. Baryons
3. Muon µ
4. Neutrino -ѵµ
5. Tau Ʈ
6. Neutrino -ѵ T

His presence outside nucleus inside nucleus

No. of quark 0 Two for mesons

Three for baryons