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Title Page

IMPROVING WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON

WESTERN LEYTE COLLEGE CAMPUS

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A Thesis

Presented to

Western Leyte College

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In Partial Fulfillment of

The Requirements of

Research Education

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by

Aligway, Junalyn G.

Binueza, Marishka Nicole L.

Costelo, Rey Genara A.

Jagodilla, Kyla C.

Manescan, Kaye D.

Villa, Jamie Ann L.

Ymas, Junrel M.

March, 2024
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Table of Contents

Title Page.....................................................................................................................................................................1

Table of Contents........................................................................................................................................................2

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................3

Rationale...................................................................................................................................................................3

Statement of the Problem..........................................................................................................................................4

Research Hypothesis.................................................................................................................................................5

Scope and Limitations of the Study..........................................................................................................................5

Significance of the Study..........................................................................................................................................6

Definition of Terms...................................................................................................................................................7

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE..........................................................................................................9

Related Literatures....................................................................................................................................................9

Theoretical – Conceptual Framework.....................................................................................................................15

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................16

Research Design......................................................................................................................................................16

Research Respondents.............................................................................................................................................16

Research Environment............................................................................................................................................17

Research Instruments..............................................................................................................................................17

Data Collection Procedures.....................................................................................................................................19

Data Analysis..........................................................................................................................................................20
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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

As the Western Leyte College campus continues to grow and expand, it is imperative to address the

challenges associated with waste management. The Western Leyte College campus currently faces significant

challenges in waste management, including inadequate waste segregation, limited recycling facilities, a lack of

awareness and education, and insufficient waste management policies. These issues contribute to environmental

pollution, health hazards, and a failure to maximize the potential for waste reduction and recycling. It is crucial to

address these problems and improve waste management practices on the Western Leyte College campus to create a

cleaner and healthier environment for the campus community and surrounding areas.

Waste management is a critical environmental issue that demands immediate attention and action. Improper

waste disposal not only pollutes the environment but also poses serious health risks to communities. Waste is

produced by all activities and although it is a locally arising problem it has both local and global effects. Societies

need to dispose their waste products creating a source of environmental pollution.

Waste mismanagement has serious environmental effects making the passage of the Republic Act (RA)

9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 a landmark environmental legislation in the

Philippines. The law was crafted in response to the looming garbage problems in the country. RA 9003 declares the

policy of the state in adopting a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management program that

ensures the protection of public health and the environment and the proper segregation, collection, transport,

storage, treatment and disposal of solid waste through the formulation and adoption of best environmental

practices. Moreover, it illustrates the potentials and benefits of recycling not only in addressing waste management

problems but also in alleviating poverty.

The worldwide generation of solid waste material is forecasted to increase by around 70%, i.e., 3.4 billion

metric tons by 2050. This staggering number brings us to think about the local and global impact of waste on these
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economies. The main types of waste materials include residential waste, industrial waste, hazardous waste, and e-

waste, all of which need proper management. There are many waste management ideas that can help contribute

toward waste management. But, while looking at the best practices involved in executing these ideas, the below

waste management hierarchy must be maintained: Prevention, reduction, reuse, recycling, recovery, disposal.

Furthermore, this research is aligned with international and national efforts to mitigate the adverse impacts

of improper waste disposal. Globally, organizations like the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and

the World Health Organization (WHO) emphasize the importance of sustainable waste management practices in

achieving environmental goals. Nationally, the Philippine government has enacted legislation, such as the

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (RA 9003), to promote proper waste management. By improving waste

management practices on the Western Leyte College campus, we contribute to the global and national commitment

to environmental sustainability.

Moreover, this research holds significance at the local level. Western Leyte College plays a vital role in the

community, and by implementing effective waste management strategies, the campus can serve as a model for

neighboring educational institutions and nearby communities. This research will not only benefit the campus

community but also inspire positive change in waste management practices within the local area.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to look into the implementation of Waste Management Practices in Western Leyte College

Campus.

Specifically, the study will answer the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of the following:

a. Age

b. Gender

c. Nature of work
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d. Civil status

e. Religious affiliation

2. What are the situations showing waste management system that students encounter in the following.

a. Home

b. School

c. Public places

3. What are the steps undertaken by the BEED students in implementing Waste Management Practices?

4. What are the effects of the implementation of the Waste Management Practices to the respondents?

5. What actions of waste management based from the result of this study?

Research Hypothesis

There is no significant improvement in Waste Manage Practices in Western Leyte College.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The focus of this study is on the improvisation of waste management practices on the Western Leyte

College Campus.

The data collection will be conducted on the premises of Western Leyte College Campus in order to assess

a sustainable waste management practice in the campus.

One significant obstacle is the lack of understanding as well as knowledge regarding appropriate waste

management means, which results in disorganized and ineffective waste management systems. As a result, a

sizable quantity of waste is disposed of in an open manner on the premises, thereby harming people's safety and the

environment. The inadequate infrastructure and resources allotted to trash management, including a lack of funding

and a restricted number of waste management departments, is another drawback. Furthermore, sorting and disposal
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of school waste are made more difficult by the items it is made of, which include food waste, paper, plastic, and

other materials. These restrictions make it difficult for schools to implement sustainable waste management

methods and need the creation of efficient trash recovery, handling, and avoidance regulations.

Significance of the Study

The significance of a study focused on improving waste management among students encompasses several

key aspects that contribute to environmental sustainability, education, and community engagement.

Specifically, the result of this study will benefit the following:

Teachers

Teachers can advocate for policy reforms, institutional changes, and resource allocations that support

effective waste management practices in educational settings and beyond. By engaging in policy discussions,

advocating for sustainable procurement practices, and participating in waste reduction initiatives, teachers

contribute to creating enabling environments for environmental education and action.

Students

Western Leyte College Ormoc Students. The findings of this study can help students. Understand the

current waste management and identify areas for improvement. It can also provide them insights into managing

waste practices and enhance their ability to be able to properly practice waste management.

School Maintenance

The study aims to improve waste management practices on the campus of WLC which is of significant

importance as it can benefit the school maintenance staff. Improved trash disposal systems will make maintenance

staff easier to work with as they have to manage fewer trash bins and can concentrate on other tasks.

Community
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This study aims to reduce the waste generation and promotes clean air as it helps to protect the community's

overall health. The study can encourage members of the community to take advantage of efficient waste

management strategies contributing to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly lifestyle.

Future Researchers

Conducting a study on improving waste management helps future researchers identify gaps in knowledge,

emerging research trends, and areas requiring further investigation. Researchers need data gathered by previous

researchers so that they could continue to conduct investigation significant problems that may improve community

life.

Definition of Terms

For a cleare understanding of this study, the following terms were defined conceptually and operationally.

Waste – any solid, liquid and gaseous wastes emitted by the people, it could be biodegradable or non-

biodegradable.

Waste management – the collection, transport, processing or disposal, managing and monitoring of waste

materials.

Garbage – waste to be thrown out.

Stakeholder – all individuals and groups involved in or impacted by waste management on campus, including

students, faculty, staff, and administrations.

Practices – the actions, behaviors, or routines that individuals or organizations engage in to carry out a specific

activity or achieve a particular goal.

Hazard – any substance, material, or condition that has the potential to cause harm, injury, or damage to human

health, the environment, or property.

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Improper disposal – the incorrect or inappropriate management and disposal of waste materials. It involves the

failure to follow proper waste management practices, regulations, and guidelines for the safe and environmentally

responsible handling and disposal of waste.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter contained different literature reviews, articles, books, thesis, ideas and existing research that

the researchers wanted to further investigate and develop. It would serve as the researchers' guide in developing the

project. The similarities of the literature and studies to the research would help the researchers to have more precise

and informative research.

Related Literatures

One of the greatest challenges facing developing countries is the unhealthy disposal of waste which results

from human activities of development and survival (Onibokun, 1999; Osinowo, 2001; Joseph, 2006; Longe &

William, 2006; Kofoworola, 2007). It is a problem recognized by all nations at the 1992 Conference on

Environment and Development, and regarded as a major barrier in the path towards sustainability (UNCED, 1992).

There is strong evidence which suggests that individual or group awareness and attitudes towards waste generation

and management is critical in the effort to respond to the waste management challenge. Thus, it comes as no

surprise, that there existed abundant literature on waste management attitudes and behaviour and on the limited use

of recycling (Grodzinska-Jurczak, Agata, & Agata, 2003; Rahardyan, Matstuto, Kakuta, & Tanaka, 2004;

Ehrampoush & Maghadam, 2005; Kofoworola, 2007; Ssenyondo, Naluwata, Namaganda & Namugenyi, 2008).

Philippines is an archipelagic country located in Southeast Asia. It has a dynamic and rapid economy due to

increasing urbanization, a growing middle class and it has a large and young population (World Bank, 2020).

Given this condition, solid waste production in the Philippines also increases (Castillo & Otoma, 2013). Republic

Act No. 9003 (Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000) defined solid waste as all discarded household,

commercial waste, non-hazardous institutional and industrial waste, street sweepings, construction debris,

agriculture waste, and other non-hazardous/non-toxic solid waste. It is also evident that in other places, solid waste

production is increasing. According to World Bank (2019), there will be an increase on waste generation annually
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all over the globe by 70% from 2.01 billion tons in 2016 to 3.40 billion tons by 2050. The increase of solid waste

generation causes its management more challenging (Al-Katib et al., 2010). Thus, solid waste management is a

must. Solid waste management pertains to the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport,

processing, and disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in accord with the best principles of public health,

economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and other environmental considerations, and that is also

responsive to public attitudes. However, solid waste management tend to be ignored (Masood, Barlow, & Wilson,

2009). Improper waste disposal, inefficient waste collection and lack of disposal facilities are some concerns on

solid waste management in the Philippines (Matunog & Awa, 2013; Senate Economic Planning Office, 2017). Due

to this, Philippines was considered as world’s leading plastic polluters (WWF-Philippines, 2018). In addition, poor

management of solid waste may cause health hazards to inhabitants, environmental problems such as water and

soil contamination, air pollution and flooding and other socio-economic problem (Abu Qdais, 2007; Sharholy et

al., 2008; Senate Economic Planning Office, 2017).

In response to the challenge, San Juan (2019) revealed that participation of community members on waste

management program depends on the action taken by their leaders or officials. More so, Al-Katib et al. (2010)

emphasized that solid waste management requires technical, political, legal, socio-cultural, environmental,

economic factors and available resources. The absence of any of the resources will make waste management

program failure. Thus, the community members will be unsatisfied (Lad, Chauhan, & Gole, 2020). Aside from

these, mass cooperation and active participation is also necessary. Therefore, educating people through information

dissemination on how to handle produced solid waste has become essential (Marello & Helwege, 2014; Nolasco,

Baguia, & Padua, 2019). Oliva as cited by Villanueva (2013) emphasized that education is one of the four key

components to have a good waste management program. However, a poor information dissemination strategy on

waste management will make the public less aware and less participative in the program (Nolasco, Baguia, &

Padua, 2019). For instance, Dela Cruz (2020) revealed that in a certain community, a waste management program

is moderately implemented. Thus, section 55 of R.A. No. 9003 mandated Department of Education (DepEd),

Commission on Higher Education (CHED), and other national agencies to carry continuing education and
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information dissemination programs on solid waste management. The education and information dissemination

should focus on a.) develop public awareness on the ill – effects and community – based solution to the waste

problem; b.) provide feasible activities which will have greatest impact on solid waste problem; and c.) encourage

the public to patronize environmental friendly products. Furthermore, R.A. No. 9512 (Environmental Awareness

and Education Act of 2008) requires the mentioned agencies to integrate environmental education in the school

curricula at all levels, whether public or private schools. More so, it encourages the tertiary education through

National Service Training Program to conduct activities but not limited to tree planting; waste minimization,

segregation, recycling and composting; freshwater and marine conservation; forest management and conservation;

relevant livelihood opportunities and economic benefits; and other such programs and undertakings to aid the

implementation of different environmental protection laws. Since school is one of the avenue that will provide

education and will disseminate information about solid waste management, several studies were conducted in

determining its impact in the student’s level of awareness and practices. However, these are conducted in tertiary

education. For instance, Paghasian (2017) revealed that college students in Maigo has a high level of awareness on

solid waste management. Meanwhile, their solid waste management practices in terms of segregation, reduce and

recycle were good; while their practices in terms on recycle and disposal were fair. The awareness on solid waste

management of the students had no influence on their practices in disposal however had affected their practices

specifically on segregation, reduce, reuse, and recycle. In the study of Gequinto (2016), the extent on waste

management practices among college students from different state universities and colleges in Western Leyte

College were determined. Of which, waste collection got the highest composite mean particularly on the promotion

of 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle) while waste recycling and waste treatment obtained the lowest composite mean.

Meanwhile, waste management practices in Western Leyte College Campus is limitted and has given less attention.

Thus, in this study, students in WLC were utilized. The researcher would like to determine the level of waste

management awareness among WLC campuses, the sources of their awareness and their waste management

practices.
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Urban solid waste management is considered as one of the most immediate and serious environmental

problems in many of the developing countries. Still, waste collection rates are often lower than 70 per cent in low-

income countries. Environmental degradation is worsened by the escalating accretion of solid wastes which have

been improperly thrown everywhere. Solid wastes pertain to all unnecessary wastes coming from households,

institutions, farming and industries. Solid wastes have been the problem of rapidly urbanizing communities

because of improper solid waste management practices in terms of waste segregation, collection and transport,

waste disposal and recycling. Dumping of solid wastes had exacerbated the effects of rains, typhoons, and storms,

resulting in impeding water flows and flashfloods. Thus, Solid Waste Management (SWM) remains a pressing

environmental issue. To address this environmental issue, the Philippine legislative bodies decreed RA 9003 or the

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act. This Act provides for an ecological solid waste management program

which shall ensure proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and disposal of solid waste.

Moreover, solid waste management is a form of waste control, often associated with storing, collecting,

transporting, processing, and disposing of solid waste that is in agreement with the codes of conservation, public

health, engineering, economics and other environmental concerns. The implementation and enforcement of the

provisions of this Act shall be the primary responsibility of the Local Government Units (LGUs) within their

respective jurisdictions as stipulated in the RA 7160, otherwise known as the Local Government Code of 1991.

The law also mandates that segregation and collection of solid waste shall be conducted at the barangay level while

collection of non-recyclable materials and special wastes shall be the duty of the municipality or city. It is the

responsibility of LGUs to practice segregation because segregation facilitates the processing of wastes and

substantially decreases the amount of wastes directed to the dumpsite. Thus, waste source segregation significantly

cuts budget allotted to waste collection and transport which are the most expensive element in the total process of

waste management.

Aside from waste segregation, solid waste management practices include house to house evaluation,

consolidation of the evaluation results, record keeping of SWM violators per purok and penalizing violators

through community service and fines. More importantly, some LGUs have enacted municipal solid waste
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management ordinances, constructed waste depository or redemption centers, conducted training on vermi-

composting, prohibited open dumping and organized information, education and communication campaign in all

puroks about SWM program.

Yet, studies revealed that many LGUs still struggle in the implementation of SWM since SWM has not

been among the top priorities in most LGUs. Therefore, to achieve sustainable solid wastes management lack of

awareness, technical knowledge, legislation policies, and strategies should be adequately addressed.

In the full implementation of the Act, different stakeholders including the academe are mandated to take

responsibility in the SWM. Part 6, Rule 21, Section 2 of RA 9003 mandates the Department of Education (DepEd),

Commission on Higher Education (CHED to include ecological solid waste management in the school systems at

all levels, to actively engage school administrators, teaching and non-teaching staff, and studentry in school-wide

and nearby community waste management actions, and to strengthen waste management content in the curricula.

In addition, state colleges and universities are also mandated to assist in the LGU’s extension system by improving

their effectiveness and efficiency through capability-building and complementary extension activities. In

compliance to the RA 9003, the National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC) established a

comprehensive approach in “Mainstreaming Ecological Solid Waste Management in the Philippine Educational

System Project” among private educational institutions. This project was spearheaded by the Department of

Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) with the end goal of enhancing the capacity of students’ waste

management through an Ecological Solid Waste Management Training Program. Through this project, students,

teachers, and school administrators were empowered to create their own school-based waste management program.

With this cooperation of different public educational programs on waste management, waste minimization and

recycling could be successful.

This study would be significant in producing baseline data for policy makers and SUCs management to

look deeper into the problem which is normally associated to urbanization.

In addition Higher education bear the ethical responsibility to promote sustainability and environmental

awareness of people inside and outside universities (Lozano et al., 2013, UN, 2016, Vega et al., 2003). The
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presence of a Waste Management Practices (WMP) in the campus can provide at least three advantages: decreasing

the generation of waste by minimizing consumption, promoting income generation for people involved with

recycling chain, and training human resources as multiplier agents of waste management.

Human interactions with the environment (human activities) have always resulted in waste production.

However, Giusti (2009) reported that waste production and management was not a major issue until people began

living together in communities. Vergara & Tchobanoglous (2012) reported that as population and purchasing

power of people increases worldwide, more goods are produced to meet increasing demand, thereby leading to the

production of more waste. Marchettini et al. (2007) pointed out that, these continuous flows of waste resulting from

human activities, overburdened the environment. Vergara & Tchobanoglous (2012) reported that proper planning

and control is required in other to prevent the negative impact of waste on the environment. As a result, Ghiani et

al. (2014) added that, a proper organization of solid waste management has become an essential task needed to

safeguard the environment. Beranek (1992) argues that the provision of an efficient solid waste management

system is now as important as other essential amenities such as electricity, airports, and highways. Basu (2009)

pointed out that due to the increasing volume of waste. The continuous disposal of waste to landfill is

unsustainable. Hence, Basu argues that the processing of waste is a necessary step needed to safeguard public

health.

Demirbas (2011) describes waste management as a process by which wastes are gathered, transported and

processed before disposal of any remaining residues. Similarly, Tchobanoglous et al. (1993) describe solid waste

management as the effective supervision and handling, keeping, collection, conveying, treatment and disposal of

waste in a manner that safeguard the environment and the public. Tchobanoglous et al added that, solid waste

management utilizes skills and knowledge from various discipline such as legal, financial, administration among

others in the day to day running of waste management issues. Demirbas (2011) suggested that the main reason for

managing waste is to ensure a safe environment. Troschinetz & Mihelcic (2009) pointed out that some waste

management methods are often preferred than others. For instance, reuse, recycling, composting and energy

generation from incineration are often preferred to landfills. However, Dijkema et al. (2000) argued that even some
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of the preferred management methods, often produce some hazardous materials such as incineration residues.

Strange (2002) reported that landfilling is the final destination of most waste produced from waste treatment and

processing facilities. Strange, added that, other technologies merely serve the purpose of volume reduction or

treatment before final disposal. Cheremisinoff (2003) reported that, there are different forms of approach to waste

management. He added that, wastes streams with different characteristics may require different management

approach. For instance, industrial waste might contain more hazardous materials than municipal waste streams.

Hence, the management of these two waste streams might differ. Vergara & Tchobanoglous, (2012) found that,

although waste management might differ between countries, there are some basic processes or paths that waste

management needs to follows. These paths are illustrated in Figure 1, the study reported that, wastes generated

must be gathered and stored by the generator in a place. The municipal authorities or their agents collect the waste

from the point of storage, for transportation to processing or disposal sites. The study added that, in some instances,

the waste generators separate the waste into various materials from where they are collected for recycling by the

recycling industries.

Theoretical – Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1. Conduct interviews and 1. Data were gathered and 1. Identify the challenges

surveys. processed statistically. and areas for improvement

in waste management.
2. Available resources from 2. The questionnaire is to

the internet and some books. collect data was given from 2. Contribute to a cleaner

the respondents who and healthier campus

3. Suggestions from the
undergo the interviews and environment.
students.
survey.
3. Promote awareness and

education among students,

faculty, and staff regarding

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study will utilize a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methods to

comprehensively investigate and enhance waste management practices on the Western Leyte College campus.

Qualitative and quantitative research gives us a more in-depth understanding of the relationship between waste

management practices and health, environment, and quality of life. Qualitative research, as defined by Hammersley

(1992), is a research methodology that involves gathering and analyzing data through observation, interviews,

focus groups, or other methods. The aim is to study phenomena in depth and to capture individual perspectives on

the issue at hand. Shrum, L.J., Graham, J.J.B., Kenny, P.J. (2003). Quantitative research is the investigation of

phenomena through statistical methods and empirical measurements of the quantities of variables. The aim of

quantitative research is to analyze and quantify empirical data in order to develop generalizable and verifiable

conclusions and predictions about a particular phenomenon.

Research Respondents

The survey population will be identified as all students enrolled in Western Leyte College Inc. Data will be

collected from 75 respondents using a structured questionnaire developed by the researcher. The respondents will

be college students from first year up to third year (any courses) at all campuses of Western Leyte College since

they will be the ones affected by the mentioned factors. There will be 25 respondents from the training campus, 25

respondents from the College of Nursing, and 25 respondents from the main building of Western Leyte College.
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Research Environment

This research environment focuses on waste management practices within all campuses at Western Leyte

College A. Bonifacio Street, a higher education institution located in Ormoc City Leyte, Philippines. The purpose

of this research is to practice on the college community and exploring ways to promote pro-environmental

behavior. This research can help Western Leyte College enhance its waste management practices.

Research Instruments

This study will utilize a descriptive type of research that described the improving waste management

practices of Western Leyte College students. To gather data, a survey questionnaire will be utilized, as shown

below.

QUESTIONNAIRE

Name: Age:

Year Level: Sex:

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I. DIRECTION: Please answer the following questions by putting check (/) mark on the space provided.

1. Do you practice proper waste segregation?

___YES ___SOMETIMES ___NO

2. Where do you practice waste segregation most of the time?

___HOME ___SCHOOL ___PUBLIC PLACES ___ALL OF THE ABOVE

3. What are the practices that you do showing waste management system?

ACTIVITIES HOME SCHOOL PUBLIC ALL OF THE

PLACES ABOVE

1. Burning of any disposed waste and plastic

materials

2. Sorting garbage into few different bins

3. Flushing unfinished food in the sink

4. Store leftover foods in reusable containers

instead of single use plastic bags

5. Proper garbage disposal

6. Throwing candy wrappers at chalk box

7. Keep two bags for dry waste collection paper

and plastic and for the rest of the household

waste

8. Proper segregation of paper, plastic cups and

water bottles

4. The following statements shows the factors of waste management, check (/) the column which corresponds to

your answer.
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FACTORS YES SOMETIMES NO

1. Proper segregation is not impose

2. Implementation of recycling

3. Misbehavior in throwing garbage

4. Laziness

5. Unaware of the consequences

5. Check (/) which among the specified advocacy you suggest on the ways

___Recycling ___Self-discipline ___Materials recovery facility (MRF)

___No single use of plastic policy ___Clean up drive ___Others please specify:

Data Collection Procedures

The researcher will conduct a survey on Western Leyte College campuses. There are 75 respondents: 25

respondents from the main campus building, 25 respondents from the building of the college of nursing, and 25

respondents from the training building. All the respondents are college students only. The researcher will use a

questionnaire for the survey. The questionnaire contains some questions about practices in proper waste

management. Before each respondent answers the questionnaire that we gave them, the researcher will explain to

the respondents the importance of their response. The researcher clarifies some terms for the respondents so that

they can answer the questionnaire with full knowledge of their responsibility as the subject of the study. The

researcher's gathered data from their respondents will be used to interpret the findings of the data analysis, drawing

conclusions regarding the current state of waste management at Western Leyte College and identifying areas for

improvement.
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Data Analysis

1. Simple Percentage. This was used to determine the best practices for managing waste on the Western Leyte

College campus that the students want for a clean environment.

Formula:

Where:

P = is the Percentage

F = is the Frequency

N = is the total number of Case

2. Mean. This was used to evaluate the students’ responses about what is best to address the issue of waste.

Formula:

Where:

f = frequency

x = the midpoint

n = total frequency/number of cases