Physical science

11

Prepared by:

MA. MANILYN R. PIELAGO

SST-II
OPENING PRAYER
 REMINDERS
 Be prepared for class
 Pencil/Ballpen

 Notebook/Paper
 Be Respectful
 Teacher
 Classmates
 Be Present
 Pay attention
 Participate actively
 Follow the Minimum Health Protocol
 Maintain social distancing
 Always wear your face mask
 Keep your hands clean
Directions: Part A. Look for the different
words associated with the views on the
emergence of colors of light in the Word

Search puzzle. You can find them by

running through the words horizontally,
vertically, diagonally, going to the right,
going to the left, downward, and upward.
Write a straight line across each word.
Copy the organizer in your answer sheet
and use it to categorize the words found
in the grids under Descartes and Newton.
After going through this lesson, you are
expected to;

1. Explain the wave and particle models of light.

2. Describe reflection and refraction in terms of the

wave and particle models of light.

3. Explain propagation of light using the wave and

particle models.
Activity 1: Dual Property of Light
(A Wave and a Particle)
Analyze the pictures about an experiment
showing a beam of monochromatic (single color)
light being focused on a screen with two slits. Two
things can happen to the light beam as shown in
the pictures, Fig. A and Fig. B.
1. Describe what happens to the
beam of light as it passes through
the slits in both figures.
2. Describe the kind of images
formed by light after passing
through the two slits.
3. How does the beam of light
behave in both cases?
4. What can be concluded about the
nature of light as described in the
two pictures?
Dual Property of Light (A Wave and
a Particle)

• Light can behave both as a wave and as a

particle. As particles, they travel in straight
lines, thus, producing shadows when they hit
an obstruction.
• It is also the reason why light bounces off or
reflects off of mirrors. Refraction is alsobrought
about by light particles when they traverse
through media or materials ofdifferent refractive
indices.
It is thought that opposing forces pull the
particles of light from and into the
medium resulting to changes of their
direction. The photo-electric effect is also
an evidence that light behaves as
particles. When light with enough energy
falls or hits a metal, electrons are
dislodged or knocked off from it to
produce a positive (+) metal surface. The
amount of light energy (known as photon)
contains a fixed amount of energy or
quantum that depends on the frequency of
the light.
Light also acts as a wave. It has the ability
to diffract or bend around an object.
Diffraction involves a change in direction
of waves when they pass from an opening
or around obstacles along their path.
Refraction happens when light waves
change direction as they travel through
materials of different refractive indices,
say water and air. Light waves also
undergo interference, the phenomenon
that occurs when two waves meet while
traveling along the same medium.
Activity 2: Reflection and
Refraction of Light
Refer to the figures to explain how
reflection and refraction are
explained by the wave and particle
models of light. Fill up with the
appropriate word/s to give meaning
to the paragraphs that follow.
Choose from among the words
inside the box to complete each
sentence.
Reflection and refraction are phenomena that
are well-explained by the behaviors of light.
When a source emits light, its dual property can
be observed in different circumstances.

Light, as waves, 1) __________ in all

directions when emitted. Upon impacting
a smooth, specular surface, such as a
mirror, these waves 2) __________ or
reflect according to the arrival angles.
The waves turn back to front as they
reflect producing a 3) __________ image.
On the otherhand, light can also arrive at
the mirror surface as a stream of 4)
____________. Since these are very tiny, a
huge number are involved in a
propagating light beam. Upon arriving a
5) __________ surface, the particles bounce
off in different points so their order in the
beam is reversed resulting to a reversed
image.
A beam of light undergoes 6) __________
when it travels between two media with
different refractive indices.
 Forces

What causes an object to move, to stop or remain at

rest? A force causes an object to move, to stop or
remain at rest.
 Force is defined as a push or a pull.

 Newton (N) is the unit of force

 One Newton is the amount of force required to give a

1-kg mass an acceleration of 1 m/s/s. Thus, the
following unit equivalency can be stated as:

1 Newton = 1 kg • m/s²
Light, as waves, 7) __________ direction upon
passing from first medium to second medium. A
small portion of each angled 8) ___________
should impact the second medium before the

rest of the front reaches the 9) ___________. This

part will travel along the second medium while
the rest of the waves is still travelling in the first
medium. Movement will be 10) __________
through the second medium due to higher
refractive index. Since the wavefronts are
travelling at different speeds, light will 11)
___________ into the second medium, thus,
changing the angle of propagation.
Refracting particles of light should
also change direction upon passing
between two media. It is suggested

in this theory that a special 12)

_________ directed perpendicular to
the interface acts to change the
speed of the particles as they enter
the second medium, resulting to
bending of light particles.
Reflection and Refraction of Light
Reflection and refraction are phenomena that are
well-explained by the behaviors of light. When a
source emits light, its dual property can be
observed in different circumstances.
Light, as waves, spread in all directions when
emitted. Upon impacting a smooth, specular
surface, such as a mirror, these waves bounce off
or reflect according to the arrival angles. The
waves turn back to front as they reflect producing
a reversed image.
On the otherhand, light can also arrive at the mirror
surface as a stream of particles. Since these are very tiny, a
huge number are involved in a propagating light beam.
Upon arriving a smooth surface, the particles bounce off in
different points so their order in the beam is reversed
resulting to a reversed image.
A beam of light undergoes refraction when it travels
between two media with different refractive indices.
Light, as waves, changes direction upon passing from first
medium to second medium. A small portion of each angled
wavefront should impact the second medium before the
rest of the front reaches the interface. This part will travel
along the second medium while the rest of the waves is still
travelling in the first medium. Movement will be slower
through the second medium due to higher refractive index.
Since the wavefronts are travelling at different speeds, light
will bend into the second medium, thus, changing the
angle of propagation.
Refracting particles of light should also change
direction upon passing between two media. It is
suggested in this theory that a special force
directed perpendicular to the interface acts to
change the speed of the particles as they enter
the second medium, resulting to bending of light
particles.
Reflection produces different types of images
depending on what kind of surface light strikes
on. Usually, the study on images is carried out
using mirrors as the reflecting surface. Mirrors
can be palnar, concave, or convex.
Plane mirrors consist of perfectly flat surface with
no distortions and reflect 100% of the light that
strikes them back at a predictable angle.
Concave and convex mirrors have reflective surfaces that
curve inward and outward, respectively.
Concave mirrors are known as converging mirrors because
light is focused at a point as it strikes and reflects back
from the reflecting surface.

Convex mirrors are diverging mirrors because as light

strikes and bounces back it spreads over a required region.
Plane mirrors produce images that are same size as the
object, laterally inverted (left becomes right and right
becomes left), upright, virtual, and as far behind the mirror
as the object is in front. Virtual images are formed due to
imaginary intersection of light rays and cannot be formed
on the screen.
Concave and convex mirrors are parts of spherical
mirrors with reflecting surfaces going inward and
outward, respectively.
Convex mirrors always produce images that are
located behind the mirror, virtual, upright, and
reduced in size.
As the object distance from the mirror is
decreased, the image distance is also decreased
and the image size is increased.
Concave mirrors produce images that
depend on the location of the object. At
several locations different characteristics
of images can be observed. The images
formed can be located somewhere
between the center of curvature (C) and
the focal point (F), at C, beyond C, and
somewhere on the opposite side of the
mirror. At times, no images are formed
by the mirror. Images can be inverted or
upright, smaller, bigger, or the same size
as the object, and real or virtual.
Activity 3: Propagation of Light
Light is an electromagnetic radiation that travels through
space as vibrating or oscillating waves. It is composed of
alternating electric and magnetic fields that oscillate
perpendicular to each other to the direction of propagation.
It travels at a speed of 3.0x108 𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠 through a vacuum.
The electromagnetic spectrum (EM) is composed of waves
with varying frequencies, thus, carrying different amounts
of energy. The figure below shows the EM spectrum and the
corresponding wavelengths of each wave.
The wavelength is inversely proportional to the amount of
energy or frequency it carries. Longer wavelengths have
lower frequencies than those with shorter wavelengths. The
frequency is directly proportional to the amount of energy
carried by a particular wave. Part of this EM is the visible

light (known as white light) which is seen by our naked eye.

Light wave travels at a speed of 3.0x108 𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠 through a
vacuum. The speed of light varies when it passes and
refracts through different media. The index of refraction of
a material can be determined by the ratio 𝑐𝑐𝑣𝑣, where c is the
speed of light in a vacuum while v is the speed of light in a
particular medium. When light passes through a material
with higher index of refraction, its speed is slower. There
are more matter that scatters light in this material making
light moves slower. Water scatters more light than air, so
light energy moves slower in water than in air.
Once propagated, the colours of white light vibrate at
different frequencies and can be dispersed when they strike
water droplets suspended in the air or through a prism.
White light is then split into the colours ROY-G-BIV (red,
orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet).

The speed of each colour of white light depends on the

wavelength of each wave. The waves with longer
wavelengths such as red, orange, and yellow propagate
faster than blue, indigo, and violet which have shorter
wavelengths. Due to their speed, refraction and dispersion
are affected when they enter into a prism or droplet of
water in the air. Red is refracted the least and blue is
refracted the most. This is the reason why red is always
seen on top of a rainbow while blue is always at the bottom.
When light is incident on a surface, it can be reflected,
absorbed, or transmitted. Light rays that fall on smooth
surfaces bounce off with equal angles of incidence and
reflection, producing images that our eyes can perceive.
Absorption of light depends on the frequency of the

electrons of atoms present in the objects. If the frequency of

a light wave is the same as the frequency of the electrons in
the object, light energy will be set in vibrating motion and
eventually be absorbed. During vibration, the electrons
interact with neighbouring atoms converting the vibrational
energy into heat (thermal) energy, never again to be
released as light energy. This happens during
photosynthesis where light energy is absorbed by the leaves
and converted into heat energy.
Selective absorption of light by a certain
material happens because the frequency
of the light wave matches the frequency at
which electrons in the atoms of that
material vibrate.
Reflection and transmission happens
when the frequencies of the light waves do
not match the natural frequencies of
vibration of objects. Upon light incidence,
the electrons of the atoms vibrate for a
short period of time with small
amplitudes of vibration. Light energy is
then reemitted as a light wave.
If the object is transparent, then vibration
of the electrons are passed on to
neighbouring atoms through the material
and reemitted on the opposite side of the
object. The light frequencies are then said
to be transmitted through the object.
Light rays are selectively absorbed by
materials and the reflected rays reach our
eyes as the colour of the object. The object
appears black when all the colours of the
visible light are absorbed. On the other
hand, white is seen when all the colours of
light are reflected.
Light waves also experience scattering when they bump
mixtures of particles along the path of propagation. The
component wavelengths of light vary in sizes. The size of
the particles suspended in the air also varies. If the size of
atmospheric particles are small, only light with smaller
wavelengths are scattered while light with longer
wavelengths are scattered by bigger particles in the air.
Since the particulates are small, then blue light is
scattered more than red or orange due to its shorter
wavelength. This is the reason why the sky is blue during
daytime.
At sunrise and sunset, the sun is low at the horizon. Light
travels through more molecules in the air. The dense
atmosphere scatters more blue or violet light out of our
line of sight. The rest of the colours travel and reach our
eyes as yellow, orange, and red.
Activity 1.1 Solve the following problems completely on your
answer sheet.

A. Apply Snell’s Law to solve the angle of refraction, given the

following diagrams and values. Draw the refracted ray, using

broken lines with arrow ( ) in each of the examples. Use the

protractor to measure the angles of refraction in each case.
B. Calculate the speed of light in
zircon, a material used in jewelry to
imitate diamond. (c 3.0 x 10 𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠 ,
= 8

n = 1.923)
Zircon

C. The speed of light in an unknown

medium is 1.76 × 10 m/s. Calculate
8

the refractive index of the medium.

(c 3.0 x 10 𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠)
= 8
 What Have I Learned
1. Explain how light behaves as a wave and as a
particle.
2. How are reflection and refraction explained by
the wave and particle models of light?
3. State the laws of reflection and refraction.
4. What is the speed of light in a vacuum?
5. Draw the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum and
label its parts.
6. How do objects appear when all of the colors
of light are absorbed? Reflected? Selectively
absorbed?
7. Why do clouds look white?
 Assessment
Let us look at this simple situation that will help
us realize the advantage of fully understanding
propagation of light.

Situation:
Suppose you are with a group of researchers out in
a forested area. Suddenly the rain poured and
there was zero visibility in the place. You want to
help your companions out in the woods to find the
right path to the lodging area. One thing that came
to your mind is to flash waves of light so that they
could see where you are. What color of light are you
going to use and why?
 Homebased Activity
1. Use Snell’s law to solve for the angle of
incidence of light rays in the given situation.
2. The refractive index of medium A is
1.2, while that of medium B is 1.36.
Through which medium does light travel
faster and at what speed does it travel?
3. The appearance of a transparent object
is dependent upon what color(s) of light
is/are incident upon the object and what
color(s) of light is/are transmitted
through the object. Express your
understanding of transmission of color(s)
of light upon transparent objects. What
color of the paper will appear to an
observer.