MODULE 4: WHY PLANNING IS IMPORTANT?

Why Planning is Important?

 Increase efficiency
Planning makes optimum utilization of all available resources. It helps to reduce wastage of
important resources and avoid duplication. It aims to give highest returns at the lowest
possible cost. Thus, planning increases overall efficiency.
 Reduces business-related risks
There are many risks involved in any modern business. Planning helps to forecast these
business-related risks. It also helps to take the necessary precautions to avoid these risks.
 Facilitates proper coordination
Often, the plans of all departments of an organization are well coordinated with each other.
Similarly, the short-term, medium-term and long-term plans of an organization are also
coordinated with each other. Such proper coordination is possible only because of efficient
planning.
 Aids in organizing
Organizing means bringing together all available resources, i.e.6Ms. Organizing cannot be
done without planning. This is because planning tells us how much resources are required,
when it is required, so on. This means that planning aids in organizing.
 Gives right direction
Direction means to give proper information, accurate instructions and right guidance to the
subordinates. This cannot be done without planning because planning tells us what, how
and when to do it.
 Keeps good control
In control, the actual performance of an employee is compared with the plans, and
deviations (if any) are found out and corrected. It is impossible to achieve such control
without right planning. Therefore, planning becomes important to keep a good control.
 Helps to achieve objectives
Every organization has certain goals or objectives or targets. It keeps working hard to fulfill
these objectives. Planning helps an organization to achieve these objectives but with some
ease and promptness. Planning also helps an organization to avoid doing some random
(done by chance) activities.
 Motivates the personnel
A good plan provides various financial and non-financial incentives to both managers and
employees. These incentives motivate them to work hard and achieve the objectives of the
organization. Thus, planning through various incentives helps to motivate the personnel of
an organization.
 Encourages creativity and innovation
Planning encourages managers to express and/or use their creativity and innovation. This
brings satisfaction to the managers and success to the organization.
 Helps in decision making
A manager makes many different plans. Then manager selects or chooses the best of all
available plans. Doing a selection or choosing something means to take a decision. So,
decision making is facilitated by planning.
Planning helps an organization chart a course for the achievement of its goals.
The process begins with reviewing the current operations of the organization and identifying
what needs to be improved.
Creating Competitive Advantages
Planning helps organizations get a realistic view of their current strengths and
weaknesses relative to major competitors. The management team sees areas where
competitors may be vulnerable and then crafts marketing strategies to take advantage of
 these weaknesses. Observing competitors’ actions can also help organization s identify
opportunities they may have overlooked, such as emerging international markets or
opportunities to market products to completely different costumer groups.
Essential Characteristics of A Sound Plan
Essential characteristics of a sound plan is based on clearly defined objectives, it must
be simple and easily understandable, it should must be balanced in all respects and should
be reasonably comprehensive, then it should provide standards for the evaluation of
performance and actions.
It should be economical; example is to permit optimum use of available resources
before creating new authorities and new resources. Essential characteristics should be
practicable or feasible and unambiguous, apian should be precise as to its nature and
scope.
Also, it should be prepared with the consultation of concerned persons, and different
plans must be properly integrated and harmonized with one another so as to ensure unity or
consistency in plans, and lastly, it should provide for proper analysis and classification of
actions.
Strategic planning is an organization’s process of defining its strategy, or direction, and
making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy. In order to determine
the direction of the organization, it is necessary to understand its current position and the
possible avenues through which it can pursue a particular course of action. Generally,
strategic planning deals with at least one of three key questions:
1. “What do we do?”
2. “For whom do we do it?”
3. “How do we excel?”
In many organizations, this is viewed as a process for determining where an
organization is going over the next year or even more

MODULE 5 : DRUG ABUSE

A drug is defined as a substance that by virtue of its chemical nature alters the
structure or function of a living organism. It is any absorbed substance that changes or
enhances any physical or physiological function in the body.
Four Stages and Patterns in Using Drugs
1. Experimental use. Just to give it a try.
2. Seeking the mood awing/occasional use. Using drugs for socialization or out of
“pakikisama”
3. Harmful use/intensified. The craving for drug starts.
4. Dependence. There is already a need for continuous administrations of drugs.
Personality Dynamics Contributory to Drug Abuse
1. Impulsivity and egocentricity
2. Emotional instability
3. Low frustration tolerance
4. Immaturity
5. Poor self-image
6. Weak ego control
7. Strong need for independence
8. Need for acceptance and belongingness
 Description of a Drug Dependent
1. He resorts to commit criminal offenses like stealing, killing, rape and other forms of acts
which are contrary to law.
2. He enjoys the company of peers who are also into drugs.
3. He prefers the company of similarly troubled individuals, shares the same habits, attitudes
and general life style.
4. He acts without guilt feelings.
5. He develops trust with peers and dissociates himself from his own family.
6. He becomes a lonely isolated individual.
7. He is insensitive and inconsiderate to his surroundings.
8. He becomes suspicious.
9. His values diminish
10. He becomes troublesome and fights even his own parents.
Other Factors Contributory to Drugs
Drug use may be due to the following:
1. Impact on the influence of mass media like printed materials, radio, television and movies.
2. Ignorance, apathy and permissiveness
3. Laxity of government authorities
Harmful Effects of Drugs
A. Physical Effects

1.Malnutrition

A. Secondary Infection
a.1 PTB Bronchitis
b.2 Hepatitis, Cirrhosis
c.3 Gastric Ulcer

2. Skin Infections \

3. Fetal Deformity

4. Impaired Perception and Judgement

5.Secondary Psychosis

B. Psychological Effects

1. A motivational Syndrome
2. Lowering of IQ
3.Social Effects
a. Socially non-functional
b. Interpersonal relationship deterioration
c. Socially maladjusted
4. Economic Effects
 5.Spiritual/ Moral Effect
a. Pathological liars, manipulative
b. No relationship with God as he forgets God’s existence, drugs become his god.
c. Lowering of their moral values
d. Indulge in prostitution
Effects on the Drug Dependent Worker
1.Absenteeism 7. Irritability
2.Resentment 8. Arrives late and departs early from work
3.Reduced morals 9. Hand tremor
4.Shunning of friends 10. Involvement in quarrels with fellow workers
resulting
5. Nervousness from belligerent behavior
6.Long lunch break

Activity:
1. Define drug and explain when is it harmful
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_________________

2. Enumerate:

a. Four stages and patterns in using drugs

a.1________________________________________
a.2________________________________________
a.3________________________________________
a.4________________________________________

3. Eight Personality dynamics contributory to drug abuse

a._________________________________________
b._________________________________________
c._________________________________________
d._________________________________________
e._________________________________________
f._________________________________________
g._________________________________________
h._________________________________________

MODULE 6: HEALTH EDUCATION

 We often hear that health is wealth and this is very true. In addition, an individual is
bound to become wealthy if and when he is completely healthy. No matter how hard an effort
is tried and invested to earn big income and to live a happy and fulfilled life, everything will
be futile without having a good health.
Health is the complete fitness of the body, soundness of mind and wholesomeness of
the emotion, which makes possible the highest quality of effective living and of service.
Why do we have to Study Health?
The following are the reasons why we have to study health:
1. Medical health records show that current health practices are poor.
2. People’s attitude towards health does not lead to hygienic living.
3. People lack basic information regarding health matters.
4. Habits affect health and the school can develop health habits.
Basic Elements in Food
Food is a substance put together by nature into plant or animal’s life. There are two
general groups of food:
1. Those that give energy to life, growth and repair are known as energy-growth giving foods.
2. Those that are needed by the body to help do its work are known as regulating foods. This
work of the body is done by different organs.
Carbohydrates such as starch and sugar are rich in carbon, oxygen and hydrogen are
energy giving foods.
Fats are needed by the tissues, especially the nerves. They give heat to the body,
serve as pads to the body organs and nerves and give the body its rounded shape.
Protein foods are said to be the most important of all foods because they keep the
work of the different parts of the body well balanced. Proteins come from both animal and
vegetable sources.
Minerals are regulating foods. They are taken in by growing plants and become part of
the roots, leaves, stems and fruit. Animals eat the plants and, in this way, get the minerals
that they need.
Calcium helps in developing the body tissue. If calcium is lacking in the diet, the bones
may be soft and poorly formed, and the teeth may decay easily.
Vitamins are important in our daily diet. The commonly known vitamins are:
1. Vitamin A – lack of this vitamin can cause slow growth and may also result in night
blindness. Vitamin A giving foods are: fruits and vegetables especially green and leafy
vegetables, eggs and milk.
2. Vitamin D – helps prevent some diseases like rickets. This is found in small amount in eggs,
sardines and salmon.
3. Vitamin E – has something to do with the muscles and the nervous system. It is found in
spinach, cabbage, cauliflower, carrots and in seaweeds.
Vitamins A, D, and E, are known as fat-soluble vitamins because they are most easily
taken in by fat.
Vitamins B and C are known as water soluble vitamins because they are most easily
taken in by water.
4. Thiamine helps prevent beri-beri and is found in peas, beans, oatmeal, whole wheat,
peanuts, lean pork, milk, vegetables and fruit.
5. Riboflavin regulates the nervous system and is taken from liver, milk and vegetables.
6. Nicotine Acid prevents and cures pellagra. Its sources are liver lean, pork, peanuts,
potatoes, and vegetables.
Vitamin C is also known as ascorbic acid which help in preventing scurvy.

Water is not food, but it plays very essential part in changing substances for digestion, in
helping waste elimination and in regulating body temperature.
Principles of Hygienic Food Intake according to Dr. Paulien (1997)
1. Food must be eaten in its natural state which means that as much as possible we have to
eat them raw. Heat destroys the nutritional value.
2. Physical needs are the primordial concern in eating.
“We eat if we are hungry not because it is only our habit. Eaten even if not hungry
means eating beyond our physiological need. It may just cause overeating”.
3. The less you eat, the less hungry you will feel.
Let us only eat when we are hungry because “overeating is one of the prime causes of
most degenerative diseases. Food becomes a poison when it is eaten in excess of the body
needs.
The less we eat, the less hungry we will feel because the food we eat will be more
efficiently digested and better utilized by our body.
4. Avoid overeating for it shortens our life span brought by excess weight.
5. Eat slowly and chew the food well. If we eat slowly and chew the food thoroughly, it can
be digested well.
6. When we are emotionally stressed, avoid overeating too much food because the food we
eat cannot be digested well.
7. Drinking water before, during or after a meal should be avoided. Drinking before meals
can stop the secretion of digestive juices. Drink 30 minutes before and after meal for easy
digestion.
If taken with meals, it can also diminish the flow of the salivary glands.
If there is more liquid in the stomach, it is difficult to digest because the liquid would be
absorbed first.
8. Eat good breakfast. Having a good breakfast is proper because our stomach is in a better
condition to take care of more food than at the second or third meal of the day.
9. Avoid foods that have been processed, blended, mixed or tampered. Avoid food under
this category, as much as possible. Eat those that are of natural ingredients.
10. If possible, eat protein food first. Eat protein food first on an empty stomach. Proteins
require a generous amount of hydrochloric acid (HCL) in your stomach. Your stomach
secretes only limited amount of HCL, for it is not needed for the digestion of carbohydrates.
Fitness and Healthy Living
Fitness relates to physical activity – perhaps a rigorous daily exercise regimen.
Others may think fitness as simply being free from diseases and other health problems. Yet
the true is definition of fitness is far broader and more persona. It refers to your own optimal
health and overall well-being. Fitness is your good health.
Being fit relates to every aspect of your health – physical, emotional, and mental. All
the three are interconnected. And, nutrition and physical activities are fundamental to each
one.
 When you are fit, you have:
1. Stamina and are optimistic in dealing with everyday emotional-ups-and downs as well as the
different mental challenges that are often encountered;
2. Reduced risk for many health problems, including serious diseases, e.g. heart disease,
cancer, diabetes;
3. An attitude of looking and feeling the best;
4. Physical strength and endurance to handle yourself in case of emergency;
5. A better future to become an asset to your country; and a
6. Chance for a better quality of life, and ready to challenges.

MODULE 7: CLEAN AIR ACT

What is the Clean Air Act?
Republic Act No. 8749, otherwise known as the Philippine Clean Air Act is a
comprehensive air quality management policy and program which aims to achieve and
maintain healthy air for all Filipinos.
Guiding Principles of the Clean Air Act
The CAA provides that the state shall:
1. Protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord
with rhythm and harmony of nature.
2. Promote and protect the global environment while recognizing the primary responsibility of
local government units to deal with environmental problems.
3. Recognize that the responsibility of cleaning the habitat and environment is a primarily area-
based;
4. Recognize that “polluters must pay”;
5. Recognize that a clean and healthy environment is for the good of all and should therefore
be the concern of all.
Coverage of the Clean Air Act
All potential sources of air pollution (mobile and area sources) must comply with the
provisions of the law. All the emissions must be within the air quality standards;
Mobile sources refer to vehicles like cars, trucks, buses, jeepneys, tricycles,
motorcycles and vans;
Area sources refer to sources of emissions other than the above. These include
smoking, burning of garbage, and dust from the construction, unpaved grounds, etc.
Compliance Mandates for Mobile Sources of Air Pollution
Exhaust emission standards for various mobile sources that are either in use, new,
rebuilt, and imported second-hand have been set. All new motor vehicles classified under
the Philippine National Standards 1891 of the Bureau of Product Standards of the
 Department of Trade and Industry, whether locally assembled/manufactured or imported are
to be covered by a Certificate of Conformity (COC). The COC is to be issued by the DENR
to the motor vehicle manufacturer, assembler or importer.
In- use motor vehicles will only be allowed renewal of their registration upon proof of
compliance with emission standards through actual testing by the Motor Vehicle Inspection
System (MVIS) of the DOTC/LTO, land authorized private emission testing centers.
On the other hand, rebuilt motor vehicles or imported second hand completely built-up
or pre-regulated vehicles retrofitted with second hand engines will only be allowed
registration or renewal of registration upon submission of a valid Certificate Of Compliance
to Emission Standards (CCES) issued by the DOTC. The CCES will only be issued if the
exhaust emission standard for that specific motor vehicle is met, as verified by actual testing
through the MVIS.
What Will be Done to Smoke Belching Vehicles on the Road
Smoke belching vehicles on the road shall be subjected to emission testing by properly
equipped enforcement teams from the DOTC/LTO or its duly deputized agents. Violators will
be subjected to the following fines/penalties.
1st Offense – P 1.000.00
2nd Offense – P 3,000.00
3rd Offense – P 5,000.00 plus a seminar on pollution management
What about Fuels?
Clean fuels are needed to achieve clean air. The CCA thus provides for:
1. The complete phase-out of leaded gasoline before the end of the year 2000;
2. The lowering of the sulfur content of industrial and automotive diesel, respectively, from,
from 0.5% to 0.3% and from 0.2% to 0.055;
3. The lowering of aromatics in unleaded gasoline from 45% maximum to 35% maximum; and
the lowering of benzene in unleaded gasoline from 4% to 2% maximum.
Further improvement on the fuel quality, excluding cleaner alternative fuels will
spearheaded by the Department of Energy.
Compliance Mandates for Industrial Sources of Air Pollution
All stationary sources must comply with the National Emission Standards for Source
Speficic Air Pollutants (NESSAP) and National Ambient Air quality Standards (NAAQS) and
must secure their permit to operate, prior to operation.
For new or modified sources, the permit to operate shall be converted to Authority to
Construct.
The Act also provides for the maintenance of attainment and non-attainment areas, in
respective specifications as would be described shortly. Attainment areas as such where the
existing ambient air quality complies with the National Ambient Air Quality Guideline Values.
For existing sources or those established prior to the effectivity date (November 25,
2000) of the Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR), in attainment areas, the following
must be observed:
1. Must comply with the NESSAP and NAAQS, or submission of compliance program in case
of non-compliance;
2. May use emissions trading and/or averaging as part of compliance plan:
3. Must comply within 18 months if found non-compliant; and
4. Must pay mass emission fees.
For new or modified sources of air pollution, in attainment areas, the following must be
observed:
1. Must comply with the NESSAP and NAAQS;
2. Must have an “Authority to Construct” which is converted to Permit to Operate;
3. Must apply “Best Available Control Technology” or such approaches, techniques or
equipment which when used ,result in lower air emissions, but in a cost effective manner;
4. Emission averaging is not allowed but may generate emission credits for selling;
5. Must pay mass emission fees; and
6. Must install continuous emission monitoring system (CERMS) for sources with potential to
emit greater than or equal to 100 tons per year.
For existing stationary sources in non-attainment areas, the following must be
observed:
1. Must comply with the NESSAP and NAAQS;
2. In case of non-compliance, compliance plan to meet the standards within 12 months is
required;
3. Must pay a higher fee for the mass rate of emissions (50%surcharge);and
4. Must pay a 100% surcharge (ie.,20% of base) for any penalties and fines relating to a
violation of the non-attainment provisions.
For new modified sources in non-attainment areas, the following must be observed:
1. Must comply with NESSAP and NAAQS;
2. Must install Lowest Achievable Emission Rate(LAER) control technology, or such technology
or combination of technologies and process controls that result in the lowest possible
emissions of a given air pollutant. The technical feasibility, rather than the cost, is the
consideration, in determining the applicable LAER for a given source;
3. Must not use emissions averaging and trading compliance;
4. Must install CEMS;
5. Must pay 50% surcharge on mass emission fees;
6. Must pay a 1005 surcharge of (ie., 20% of base) for any penalties and fines relating to a
violation of the non-attainment provisions.
What Will be Done to Polluting Industries?
A fine not more than P 100,000.00 for every day of violation shall be charged against
the owner of a stationary source, until such time that the standards have been met.
For gross violation, the penalty is imprisonment of not lower than six years but not
more than 10 years, upon the discretion of the court. At the same time, the Pollution
Adjudication Board (PAB) could close the firm through the Issuance of a Cease-and-Desist
Order.
Other Sources of Air Pollution
Smoking is banned beginning May 25, 2001 in any of the following locations:
1. Inside a public building.
2. Enclosed public places including vehicles and other means of transport;
3. In any enclosed area outside of one’s private residence, private place of work; or
4. Any duly designated area which will be enclosed.
The local government units are mandated to implement this provision of the law.
Penalty for violation of this provision is six months and one day to one year
imprisonment, or a fine of ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00).
Who should Implement the Clean Air Act?
The implementation of the acts is a multi-sectoral undertaking to be spearheaded by
the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). Other government
agencies are DOTC, LTO, DTI, DOST, Bureau of Customs -DOF, Bureau of Import
Services, DTI and DOTC-LFTRB-LTO in the regulation of Importation of second-hand
vehicles.
What Can You Do to Help Clean the Air Act?
For vehicle Owners/Motorists:
1. Maintain your vehicle by changing oil regulating (every 5,000 kilometers)
2. Keep the engine well-tuned following the owner’s manual;
3. Keep tires properly inflated;
4. Plan trips and observe proper driving habits;
5. Remove unnecessary things from the trunk. Don’t overload and travel only at speed required
by traffic regulations and road conditions.
For Commuters
1. Try talking to the jeep/bus tricycle driver about the high health risk of poor vehicle
maintenance and improper driving practices;
2. Patronize mass railway transi (ie., MRT,LRT).
For Office Workers
1. Reduce use of air conditioning and ensure that rooms are sealed;
2. Make sure that lights are energy-efficient;
3. Use company vehicles wisely and make sure that they are well-maintained; and
4. Use natural lighting by opening window curtains at day time.
At Home
1. Use low watt bulbs or energy-saving lights;
2. Limits the use of air conditioning units and keep the temperature of a few degrees higher;
3. Do not burn garbage;
4. Avoid using aerosols; and
5. Properly dispose of refrigerator, refrigeration, equipment, and used coolant.
For Everyone
1. Talk to people on what they can do about air pollution.
2. Report smoke-belchers to LTO, MMDA, and/ or the appropriate local government units.
3. Walk or ride you bike to place,
4. Take the bus or mass rail transit whenever you can,
5. Work with residential associations to stop burning of garbage
6. Plant trees and,
7. Spread the word about the ban on smoking in public places.

Activity:
1.Explain briefly Clean Air Act.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________

2.Enumerate the five Principles of the Clean Air Act.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________

3.Explain the Coverage of the Clean Air Act.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
___________________

MODULE 8: ENTREPRENEURS
An entrepreneur is an individual who creates a new business, bearing most of the risks
and enjoying most of the rewards. The entrepreneur is commonly seen as an innovator, a
source of new ideas, goods, services, and business/procedures. He organizes and operates
businesses, taking on greater than normal financial risks in order to do so.
 They are organizing productive resources to produce goods and services. They
organize resources, workers and equipment to produce a good or service.
Often entrepreneurs see a problem and think of how they can solve it or an
opportunity that will bring success through creating a new productor service for the
marketplace (www.econnetlink.org).
“An entrepreneur is someone who prefers a life boundless uncertainty to that of
predictability and chooses to be on themselves before anyone else” ( Drew Downs)
Further, “An entrepreneur is someone who has make a conscious decision to choose
freedom. This does not come easy because being an entrepreneur is not easy, but will
change your life in every way. Many of us spend years of our lives building someone else’s
dream and following someone else’s rules. As entrepreneurs, we get to choose to work on
the things that light us up, and that make a big impact for those around us. As
entrepreneurs, we get to spend time bounding, with our family and can go on vacation when
we choose to and surround ourselves with the people we refer to be with” John Lee Dumas,
Entrepreneur on Fire).
Lastly, “ An entrepreneur takes on the risk and seeks to fill a need on her own terms.
An entrepreneur does not just ‘organize’ a business in his mind, but fuels it, directs it, and
creates it”.
The definition of entrepreneurship seems to have evolved, and it is likely the result of
two things.
1. Thanks to technology, the barriers to entry, the barriers to entry have never been lower to
start as an entrepreneur.
2. There are more paths now to starting a business than ever before.
Development is a process while growth is a product. Entrepreneurship could improve
the economic condition of the Filipino people; hence growth is the result of the development.
Characteristics of Entrepreneurs
(Cengage Learning)
Entrepreneurs are:
1. A person who starts and/or operates a business.
2. Individuals who discover market needs and launch new firms to meet those needs.
3. Risk takers who provide an impetus for change, innovation, and progress.
4. All active owner-managers (founders and/or managers of small businesses).
How People Become Entrepreneurs
Considering that “part-time entrepreneurship” is now more common than it once was,
its no longer necessary for you to quit your job to start building something on the side.
Many store owners run their businesses part- time, during evenings or on the
weekend, eventually going full- time if they choose to. Some have a physical location for
their store and others operate entirely online.
Businesses can now exist in a variety of forms that just weren’t possible before. So
naturally, people are starting them for a variety of reasons.
You can…
1. Build a business around selling products and proving value.
Many entrepreneurs identify an opportunity and then capitalize on it. If there’s
demand, they become the one with the supply. Being passionate about the product helps
but it is by no means prerequisite.
2. Build a business around information and empowerment.
The “infopreneur” is typically a teacher who sells information via courses, templates
and other resources usually geared towards educating and empowering their audience.
3. Build a business around your craft.
The maker applies the specific craft they’ve honed in order to create physical
products. Usually, a hobby or a past time, they’ve learned how to unearth niche audiences
with an interest in owning what they create – whether necklaces, hand – crafted furniture, or
scented candles.
4. Build a business around providing services.
This group includes agencies, consultants’ freelancers and people with skills or
expertise that others need. They might start off alone., only able to make money when they
work, but they can develop into more if they want.
5. Build a business around social responsibility.
Some entrepreneurs use business as a means of creating a sustainable living that
improves the quality of lives through social enterprise. Outside of profit, the value they seek
to create is for those in need.

Two Things All Entrepreneurs Have in Common

The word” entrepreneur” comes from the French word, entreprenerd: to undertake.
And despite how entrepreneurship has changed over the years, that part still seems very
much intact.
However, you or anyone else chooses to define what it means to be an entrepreneur,
it almost goes without saying that an entrepreneur can’t become one if he or she has to wait
for that validation.
Because there are at least two things every entrepreneur has in common for sure:
1. They have ambition.
2. They start.
Qualities of a good Entrepreneur
The success of the small business lies in the characteristics of the entrepreneurs.
These are individuals with unique qualities and regarded as highly enterprising. The
following are the characteristics of these extra ordinary persons.
1. Opportunity Seeker
a. He has the ability to obtain capital equipment, land, work and technical assistance.
b. He can immediately think of the needs of the community.
c. He believes that problem is not a hindrance to success, but an opportunity to exercise one’s
creativity and innovativeness by continuously looking and experimenting for best solutions.
d. He has the guts to answer the needs and wants of the costumers.
2. Goal Setter
a. He sets SMARTS short term and long term goals.
b. SMART stands for:
S – Specific
M – Measurable
 A - Attainable
R – Results oriented
T – Time bounded
3. Planner
a. Step- by- step plans are developed and applied logically to realize goals.
b. Alternatives are assessed, monitors process and shifts to other alternative strategies so that
the goals set can be achieved.
c. He prepares both short and long range of goals which are clear and well-defined.
4. Risk-taker
a. In the attainment of objectives, he thinks not in the context of speculation and gambling, but
in the organization of human and non-human resources.
b. He carefully weighs advantages and disadvantages and would not opt for situation that
involves moderate risks.
c. He thinks ten times before he decides, so that he can avoid risks.
d. He is extra careful in decision making, because he does not like to gamble his investments.
5. Hard Worker
a. He performs his tasks that meets or even exceeds existing standards of excellence.
b. He sees to it that there is improvement on the past performances and strives to do things
better, faster and cheaper.
c. He strives for excellent services and offers the best quality as possible.
6. Persistent Worker
a. Undertakes different actions to overcome problems/obstacles encountered.
b. Bears personal sacrifices of extra ordinary effort in order to complete the task.
c. He does not give up easily despite some hindrances in attaining his goals.
d. He is very positive that he can overcome failures by trying new strategies until such time that
his work becomes perfect.
e. Whenever there is a first sign of failure, he does not give up easily but instead continue by
exerting more energy and sticks to optimistic views.
f. In the face of obstacles and oppositions as will as signs of negative results, he holds on to
his own judgement.
7. Confident Problem Solver
a. He firmly believes in his own ability, he can accomplish a highly difficult task or face as
equally challenging problem.
b. He possesses self-determination in doing his job.
8. Committed Worker
a. He is willing to pitch in with co-workers whenever there is an absent employee, or works with
them to get the job done on time.
b. He accepts full responsibility for problems in completing a job for costumers.
c. His concern is for the satisfaction of customers and makes deliveries of goods and services
right on scheduled date.
d. He is a person who is not conscious of his position and time.
9. Salesman
a. He motives/influences/persuades or convinces others by applying various strategies and
techniques.
b. In order to achieve the objectives set, he seeks help from business and personal contacts.
c. Sells good ideas to people significant to the business.
Contributions of Entrepreneurs
According to Fajardo (1994), there are four contributions of entrepreneurs and these
are:
1. Develop new markets. Considering the fact that an entrepreneur is creative and innovative,
he can easily make his products salable and attract new customers or buyers.
2. Discover new sources of materials. Entrepreneurs try to discover new sources of materials
to improve their enterprise.
3. Introduce new technologies, new industries and new opportunities for workers.
4. Create employment. If there are more workers, there will be more production. More
production require more employment.
Activity: