Downloaded from www.clastify.

com by Bradry

Word count: 2989, student number: 1234ABC

Topic: Impact of the FeCl3 solution concentration on the growth of duckweed (Lemna minor)

Research question: What is the effect of increasing iron (III) chloride concentration (0 mg/L,
2mg/L, 4mg/L, 6mg/L, 8mg/L, 10mg/L) on the growth of duckweed (Lemna minor) in terms
of change in number of leaves over 5 days?

I. Background information:

Iron in plant physiology

e
.k
ac
Iron is one of the most significant mineral nutrients, necessary to sustain numerous

y.
biochemical processes of plant organisms. It is needed to produce cytochrome proteins (key

m
molecules of the electron transport chain), but also for the synthesis of chlorophyll and

de
maintenance of the chloroplast structure and function (Sahoo & Rout, 2015). Therefore, it is

ca
understandable that appropriate iron supply correlates with the effectiveness of

na
photosynthesis, the most important physiological process of autotrophs (Tajer, 2019).
Additionally, Fe-containing proteins play a key role in cellular respiration, oxygen transport

tio
and DNA stability (Lopez-Millan, et al., 2013). Overall, the maintenance of proper iron levels
da
is of paramount importance for ensuring balanced growth in plants.
un
fo

Iron deficiency
sa

Decrease in the supply of iron can result in inhibition of development in plants. It may
pe

manifest as the growth of pale, yellow or even white leaves (Abadia, 1992). This discoloration
m

is linked mostly to the disruption of the chlorophyll synthesis, directly correlating with
o@

decreased photosynthetic output (Lopez-Millan, et al., 2013). In recent years, iron deficiency
ng

has been also demonstrated to result in the abnormalities in the chloroplast structure (Wang,
et al., 2022). Overall, it was also connected with decreased plant’s fresh mass (Li, et al., 2021).
ra
.o
ry

Iron excess
ad

The article by Li and colleagues from 2021 has linked the decreased plant biomass not
br

only with iron’s deficiency, but also its oversupply. Similarly, this effect is also directly
y

connected to biochemical processes. Fe cations catalyze the Fenton reaction which generates
tif

hydrogen peroxide, a known reactive oxygen species (ROS) that may damage lipids, proteins,
as

and nucleic acids, causing oxidative stress. This may in turn result in the induction of
Cl

programmed cell death, and, if it is severe enough, to necrosis (Minina, et al., 2013).
Furthermore, although iron is necessary to produce chlorophyll, its excess may cause
significant degradation of this molecule as well as of the chloroplasts, thus leading to
decreased photosynthetic output (Xing, Huang, & Liu, 2009).

1
Downloaded from www.clastify.com by Bradry

Duckweed

Lemna minor is a small, free-floating, sweet water plant. It is found in bodies of water
across Africa, Asia, North America, and Europe (Landolt, 1975). It is capable of asexual
reproduction and exhibits one of the highest growth rates in the plant kingdom - it can
double its biomass every 16 to 48 hours. Additionally, it is extensively studied as a candidate
for water remediation organism, as it is capable of absorbing large quantities of heavy metal
ions (Jain et al., 2012). Lastly, its high content of starch and protein makes it an excellent
sustainable crop to produce food and forage (Appenroth et al., 2018; Cui & Cheng, 2014).

II. Methodology

e
.k
ac
Variables

y.
m
Independent variable - concentration of iron (III) chloride (FeCl3) solution

de
ca
As described in the “Background information”, the influence of iron ions on the growth of

na
plants is well documented. FeCl3 was selected, as Fe3+ cations are bioavailable for plants
(significantly more than Fe2+ ions) and chloride salts have high solubility in water, hence

tio
ensuring that the Fe3+ ions will be fully dissolved in the solution. One study (Xing & Liu, 2011)
da
has found that iron concentration of 0 mg/L resulted in deficiency, whereas concentrations
un

above 10 mg/L led to necrosis. Hence, to ensure enough data points, 6 FeCl3 concentration
fo

levels were selected: 0, 2, 4 ,6, 8 and 10 mg/L to best study the effect of iron depletion and
sa

excess on the growth of duckweed.

pe

Dependent variable - difference in the initial and final number of leaves of duckweed
m
o@

The monitoring of the growth of duckweed was conducted as this best reflected the impact
ng

of iron concentration on the livelihood of the plant. Counting the leaves was selected as the
measurement method as it provided two significant advantages. Firstly, it was less prone to
ra

random error than measuring dry weight as the mass of duckweed specimens is incredibly
.o
ry

small and specks could have been easily lost. Secondly, it prevented waste from drying and
ad

eventually disposing of the plants, which was important from the point of ethical
considerations.
br
y
tif
as
Cl

2
Downloaded from www.clastify.com by Bradry

Controlled variables

Table 1. Controlled variables

Variable Explanation Method of control

In all trails, the number of leaves

The growth and hence leaf
number of duckweed directly
Treatment period
corresponds to the treatment
period.
was recorded precisely after 120
hours (5 days) from planting.
This ensured that the growth
period for duckweed was the
same across treatments.

e
.k
2 Liter of distilled water were

ac
used to

y.
Tap water or other sources of make the studied FeCl3
Volume and source

m
sweet water contain various concentrations,
of water

de
mineral ions. measured using a measuring.
cylinder (±4ml) to increase the

ca
accuracy.

na
Light intensity is one of the

tio
All trial containers were in the
most important factors
same place.
da
Light intensity influencing the rate of
– windowsill facing south, during
photosynthesis and hence the
un

the treatment period.

growth of plants.
fo
sa

To minimize the influence

Temperature affects the rate
of temperature fluctuations,
pe

of all biochemical reactions,

Temperature electronic
thus also impacting the rate
m

thermometer was used to

of proliferation.
o@

monitor it.
ng

Different Lemna subspecies

may exhibit different All duckweed was sourced from
ra

response to the studied the same local seller and came

.o

Source of duckweed
concentrations of FeCl3 and from the same species and
ry

demonstrate different growth variety.

ad

dynamic.
br
y
tif
as
Cl

3
Downloaded from www.clastify.com by Bradry

Materials

Table 2. Materials used in the experiment.

Item Quantity, volume, and uncertainty

Duckweed (Lemna minor) 100 leaves per trial (6 sets of 5 trials) =

3000 leaves

Distilled water 1 L per trial (6 sets of 5 trials) = 30 L

Clear container 6+1 (for measurement)

e
.k
Iron (III) chloride salt (FeCl3(s)) 0.060 g

ac
Measuring cylinder 1 x 2000 mL (±4 mL)

y.
m
Electronic balance ±0.0005 g

de
ca
Beaker 1

na
Forceps 1

Electrical thermometer
tio ±0.05°C
da
Stirring rod 1
un
fo
sa

Procedure
pe
m

1. Preparation of iron (III) chloride solution

o@

1.1. To prepare wanted concentration of iron solution, measure required amount of iron
ng

chloride (FeCl3(s)) using forceps and electronic balance (as presented in Table 3)
ra

Table 3. Preparation of solutions

.o
ry

Target
ad

concentration 0 2 4 6 8 10
(mg/L)
br
y

Amount of
tif

FeCl3 dissolved 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010

as

(g)
Cl

1.2. Dissolve the measured amount of FeCl3(s) in 1 L of distilled water (measured with a
measuring cylinder) in the container.
1.3. Mix until the crystals dissolve completely. Use a stirring rod to ensure even mixing of the
solution.

4
Downloaded from www.clastify.com by Bradry

2. Application of leaves
2.1. For each experimental solution, place 100 duckweed plants that possess only 1 leaf (this
is needed to facilitate counting of the leaves at the end of the experiment) on the surface of
the water.
2.2. Make sure to space them out evenly to avoid clusters.

3.Growth and data collection

3.1. Allow the duckweed to grow for 5 days in stable conditions (described in Table 1).
3.2. After 5 days, count the number of leaves in the water container. This was done by
transferring duckweed by spoon into another water container by spoon and counting small
groups of plants (10-15 per each) to avoid methodological error.

e
.k
3.3. Record data in a table.

ac
y.
4.Repetition

m
4.1. Repeat steps 1-3 for each of the five trials.

de
4.2. Repeat steps 1-3 with subsequent concentrations of FeCl3(s) for each of the experimental

ca
conditions (Table 3)

na
Safety, environmental and ethical consideration

tio
da
Table 4. Safety, environmental and ethical consideration
un

Concern Harm Management

fo
sa

Ferric chloride is toxic if

Eye protection, gloves and
swallowed. It might cause
pe

laboratory coat were worn

skin and eye irritation if it
when dealing with the salt
m

Use of FeCl3 (safety) comes in direct contact with

and its solutions. Contact of
o@

them. If not diluted, it

the fingers with the face
might have a corrosive
ng

was avoided.
effect.
ra

No solid FeCl3(s) was

.o

Although ferric chloride is a disposed of directly down

ry

Disposal of FeCl3
salt, it is not hazardous to the drain during the
ad

(environmental)
dispose when diluted. experiment. The solutions
br

were drained after dilution.

y

Only a minimum number of

tif

Duckweed is a plant and

leaves was used. After the
as

therefore a living organism.

experiment (and washing
Therefore every effort
Cl

Disposal of duckweed off potential ferrous

should be made to not
(ethical) chloride residue) duckweed
damage them directly and
was transplanted to the
to use only the necessary
school aquarium to avoid
amount
throwing it away.

5
Downloaded from www.clastify.com by Bradry

Uncertainty

The percentage uncertainty was calculated using the formula:

Formula 1. Percentage uncertainty

𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑦 (±𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡)
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑦 (%) = × 100%
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 [𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡]

Formula 2. Average uncertainty

𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 0 𝑚𝑔/𝐿 + . . . + 𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 10 𝑚𝑔/𝐿
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑦 =

e
6

.k
ac
Table 5. Uncertainty calculations

y.
Measurement Measurement with

m
Percentage Percentage Total uncertainty Average
Variable with measuring electronic balance
uncertainty uncertainty percentage uncertainty

de
cylinder (±4ml) (±0.0005 g)

ca
0 mg/L 1000 0.2% 0 0% 0.2%

na
tio
2 mg/L 1000 0.2% 0.0020 da25% 25.2%
un

4 mg/L 1000 0.2% 0.0040 12.5% 12.7%

fo

8.96%
sa

6 mg/L 1000 0.2% 0.0060 8.33% 8.53%

pe
m

8 mg/L 1000 0.2% 0.0080 6.25% 6.45%

o@

10 mg/L 1000 0.2% 0.0100 0.5% 0.7%

ng
ra
.o

III. Results
ry
ad

Qualitative data
br

1. After 2 days, leaves in all trials (except for 0 mg/L) were slightly bleached. The leaves were
y
tif

turning light yellow and some of the leaves showed grey spots.
as

2. After 5 days, the leaves that were treated with 8mg/L and 10mg/L were completely
Cl

bleached, turned yellow

6
Downloaded from www.clastify.com by Bradry

Quantitative data

The number of leaves that were present in each of the trials was recorded (as described in
Procedure).

Table 6. The final number of leaves in each FeCl3 concentration trial

Final number of leaves

FeCl3 Initial Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5

concentration number

e
.k
(mg/L) of leaves

ac
0 100 379 368 390 387 371

y.
m
2 100 417 429 430 381 409

de
4 100 429 464 481 482 469

ca
na
6 100 429 452 402 439 465

tio
8 100 387 392 368 377 387
da
10 100 334 327 348 319 308
un
fo

Formula 3. Calculating the difference in the initial and final number of leaves
sa

𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑠 − 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑠

pe
m

Table 7. Difference in the initial and final number of leaves

o@

FeCl3 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5

ng

concentration
(mg/L)
ra
.o

0 279 268 290 287 271

ry
ad

2 317 329 330 281 309

br

4 329 364 381 382 369

y
tif

6 329 352 302 339 365

as

8 287 292 268 277 287

Cl

10 234 227 248 219 208

7
Downloaded from www.clastify.com by Bradry

Data processing

Formula 4. Calculation of the average amount of leaves per trial

𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝑚𝑔/𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + . . . + 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 5 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝑚𝑔/𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
=
5

Formula 5. Calculation of standard deviation (SD)

∑ (𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

𝑆𝐷 = %
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (6)

e
.k
ac
Table 8. Average increase in the amount of leaves per trial and standard deviation

y.
FeCl3 concentration (mg/L) Mean Standard deviation

m
de
0 279 9.61

ca
2 313 20.0

na
4 365 21.6

tio
da
6 337 24.0
un

8 282 9.63
fo

10 227 15.1
sa
pe
m
o@
ng
ra
.o
ry
ad
br
y
tif
as
Cl

Graph 1. The effect of FeCl3 concentration on the number of Lemna leaves (the trendline is
polynomial of the second degree; error bars represent standard deviation)

8
Downloaded from www.clastify.com by Bradry

Statistical analysis

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) test is performed to find out the statistical significance
of the difference in the mean between more than 2 experimental groups. The test was
conducted on the processed data displayed in table 1 using Microsoft Excel. This test justifies
if there is a statistical difference in the average difference in leaf number of conditions with
different iron (III) chloride (FeCl3) concentration. It is an appropriate testing method to
determine the presence of significant differences since there are 6 distinct experimental
groups.

The null and alternative hypothesis were formulated as follows:

e
.k
ac
H0: There are no significant differences in the mean increase in the number of leaves at

y.
different concentrations of FeCl3.

m
de
H1: Groups of different concentrations of FeCl3 vary significantly in the mean increase of the

ca
amount of leaves of duckweed.

na
Table 9. Results of ANOVA test

tio
da
un

ANOVA
fo

Source of
sa

SS df MS F statistic P-value
variation
pe

Between
m

82465.9 5 16493.18 22.7429 2.188 x 10 x (-8)

groups
o@

Within
ng

17404.8002 24 725.2
groups
ra
.o

Total 99870.7002 29 17218.38

ry
ad

From Table 9, p-value of 2.188 x 10 x (-8) was calculated while the critical value (α) is at 0.05. When p-value is
br

smaller than α value, the null hypothesis (H0) can be rejected, and alternative hypothesis accepted. It can be
concluded that the concentration of FeCl3 affects the growth rate in terms of number of leaves differently.
y
tif
as

IV. Conclusion and discussion

Cl

The aim of this investigation was to determine the effect of FeCl3 concentration on
the growth of Lemna minor, measured by the difference in the number of Lemna leaves after
5 days of incubation. It was hypothesized that the increase in the concentration of FeCl3
solution will decrease the number of leaves after 5 days in comparison to control. This
hypothesis was partially confirmed. Although increasing the concentration of ferrous
chloride was at first reflected in the increase of the average leaf gain per condition (279 for 0
mg/L versus 313 for 2 mg/L), across all trials the leaf number peaked at 4 mg/L FeCl3
concentration (mean 365 increases in leaf number). With increasing concentration of ferrous
chloride, the increase in leaf number decreased, reaching levels lower than the control (mean
227). The average uncertainty (8.96%) and standard deviation levels, although varying

9
Downloaded from www.clastify.com by Bradry

between groups (9.61-24), were relatively low, increasing the reliability of the findings,
partially the size of the difference in the number of leaves between groups. These findings
imply that concentrations of Fe3+ ions below 0.4 mg/L limit the growth of duckweed, as well
as concentrations above 0.6 mg/L. Additionally, referring to the ANOVA test results, it can be
concluded that the concentration of FeCl3 affects the growth as the differences in mean
number of leaves in duckweed at different concentrations are statistically significant
(p=2.188x10x-8). Hence the result of the ANOVA test suggests that different concentrations
of ferrous chloride affect the rate of growth distinctively.
These results are aligned with the literature findings on aquatic plant growth. In an
article by Oros and colleagues (Oros et al., 2012) it was confirmed that concentrations of iron
in water above 10 mg/L diminished growth of Lemna minor by up to 20%, which was also the

e
.k
highest studied concentration and the one with the smallest proliferation of leaves observed.

ac
y.
V. Evaluation

m
de
Strengths of the investigation

ca
na
Table 10. Strengths of the investigation

tio
Strength daExplanation

Each trial utilized 100 leaves. This allowed for precise

un

Large number of plants evaluation of the size of the impact of changing FeCl3
per trial concentration on the growth of duckweed and to decrease the
fo

effect of random error on the results.

sa
pe

Conducting 5 trials minimized the effect of random error and

5 trials
ensured that the results of the study are replicable.
m
o@

Duckweed is a cosmopolitan, aquatic plant that serves as an

important food source for numerous sweet water ecosystems.
ng

Therefore, it is an excellent model organism for studying the

ra

effect of changing nutrient content of water bodies on the

.o

ecosystems. Additionally, the aquaponic culture was easy to

Use of duckweed
ry

set up and its design was relatively simple, minimizing the

ad

effect of other variables on the results. Finally, fast

reproduction rate of duckweed allowed for collection of large
br

amounts of data in a relatively short period of time (5 days),

y

increasing the accuracy of the findings.

tif
as
Cl

10
Downloaded from www.clastify.com by Bradry

Limitation of the investigation (with improvements)

Table 11. Limitations of the investigation

Limitation Explanation Improvement Explanation

Providing more time to

Even though the Lemna coud
reproduce every 16 hours, 5 days
Length of
may not be enough to fully
treatment
observe the effect of FeCl3 on its
growth.
observe the specimens,
for example 4-5 weeks
Increasing the
(the average Lemna
length of the
lifespan). Additionally,
experiment
the leaves could have

e
been counted at regular

.k
time intervals

ac
y.
Estimating the surface

m
area of the leaves would

de
Single Lemna specimens differed have allowed for the
in the surface area of leaves, selection of the most

ca
Initial size Measuring the
which could have influenced similar plants, thus
of Lemna size Lemna

na
both the Fe absorption, as well as decreasing the effect of
plants leaves
the photosynthetic capability initial biomass

tio
and reproduction. differences on the final
da
growth outcomes in each
of the trials.
un
fo
sa

Counting the leaves has been an

pe

Adding more monitored

efficient yet limited way of
parameters like dry
m

Only one probing growth of duckweed.

Adding more mass, length of root or
o@

method of This method might not entirely

methods of surface area of the leaf
measuring reflect the speed of reproduction
ng

measurement would allow for more

growth or total biomass increase in
precise measurement of
ra

response to FeCl3
growth.
supplementation.
.o
ry
ad
br

Using a water source that

contained other minerals
y

could have allowed for

tif

Duckweed requires others

the observation of the
as

microelements (such as
growth of duckweed in an
magnesium, potassium or
Cl

environment that more

sodium ions) in order to ensure
closely resembled its
Use of proper growth. The usage of
Use of tap natural habitat, thus
distilled distilled water could have
water increasing the practical
water provided the plants with a
value of the experimental
baseline nonoptimal
findings. Alternatively, a
environment that did not allow
small quantity of
for completely accurate
standard liquid fertilizer
assessment of their proliferation.
could have been added to
increase the control over
this variable.

11
Downloaded from www.clastify.com by Bradry

Weaknesses of the investigation (with improvements)

Table 12. Weaknesses of the investigation

Weakness Explanation Improvement Explanation

Counting the leaves

was determined to be
the most viable option
to measure the growth

e
Taking the dry mass
and reproduction of

.k
of the plants would
duckweed. However, as

ac
allow for more
it relied on the eye of

y.
precise estimation
Leaf counting the observer, it is Measuring dry mass

m
of the effect of FeCl3
burdened with

de
supplementation on
systematic errors, as
the total biomass of

ca
leaves often had
duckweed.
different sizes and

na
could have been

tio
counted twice or not at
all.
da
un

As duckweed grows a
thick coat of vegetation
fo

over the entire water

sa

surface, it might be
pe

possible that the Placing duckweed in

growth of some a larger container
m

specimens was would allow it to

o@

prevented by other spread more evenly

Control of
ng

plants growing over it. Providing a larger and thus ensuring

sunlight
This could have container that uneven
ra

exposure
decreased its exposure to sunlight
.o

photosynthetic output, due to excessive

ry

lowering its density disrupted

ad

reproductive potential, the final results.

which in turn could
br

have impacted the final

y

number of leaves
tif

counted.
as
Cl

12
Downloaded from www.clastify.com by Bradry

Bibliography

Appenroth, K.-J., Sree, K. S., Bog, M., Ecker, J., Seeliger, C., Böhm, V., . . . Jahre. (2018,
October 29). Nutritional Value of the Duckweed Species of the Genus Wolffia
(Lemnaceae) as Human Food. Retrieved from frontiers:
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2018.00483/full

Beck, K. (2018, November 26). What is the Tukey HSD test? Retrieved from Sciencing:
https://sciencing.com/what-is-the-tukey-hsd-test-12751748.html

Brubaker, V. (2016, January 29). Feast or Famine: Managing Iron Deficiency and Toxicity.

e
.k
Retrieved from growertalks.com: 12

ac
https://www.growertalks.com/Article/?articleid=22052#:~:text=Excess%20iron%20ca

y.
n%20produce%20symptoms,New%20Guinea%20impatiens%20and%20lilies

m
de
Connolly, E. L., & Guerinot, M. L. (2002, July 30). Iron stress in plants. Retrieved from

ca
National Library of Medicine:

na
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139400/#:~:text=Iron%20is%20an%2
0essential%20nutrient%20for%20plants.,it%20accumulates%20to%20high%20levels.

tio
da
Cui, & Cheng. (2014, July 01). Growing duckweed for biofuel production: a review. Retrieved
un

from Wiley Online Library:

fo

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/plb.12216
sa

Duckweed. (n.d.). Retrieved from Aquatic Biologists. Inc:

pe

https://www.aquaticbiologists.com/duckweed/
m
o@

Eid, R., Arab, N. T., & Greenwood, M. T. (2017, February). Iron mediated toxicity and
ng

programmed cell death: A review and a re-examination of existing paradigms.

Retrieved from ScienceDirect:
ra

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167488916303275
.o
ry
ad

Ferric Chloride. (2022, November 8). Retrieved from Chemical Book:

https://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB5444364.html
br
y

Gonzalez, N. A., & Guo, L. (2018). The Potential of Lemna minor to uptake iron in water.
tif

Texas, United States: David Publishing.

as
Cl

Jiang, C.-D., Gao, H.-Y., Zou, Q., & Shi, L. (2007, February). Effects of iron deficiency on
photosynthesis and photosystem II function in soybean leaf. Retrieved from National
Library of Medicine: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17287570/

Joe Morrissey, Mary Lou Guerinot. (2010, October 1). Iron uptake and transport in plants:
The good, the bad, and the ionome. Retrieved from National Library of Medicine:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2764373/

Jonhson, E. (n.d.). Is Tap Water Bad for Plants? The Impact of Water Quality on Plants.
Retrieved from peaceloveandhappiness:

13
Downloaded from www.clastify.com by Bradry

https://peaceloveandhappiness.club/blogs/good-to-know/is-tap-water-bad-for-
plants-the-impact-of-water-quality-on-plants

Julie Weisenhorn, Natalie Hoidal. (2020). Lighting for indoor plants and starting seeds .
Retrieved from University of Minnesota Extension:
https://extension.umn.edu/planting-and-growing-guides/lighting-indoor-plants

Leng R A, Stambolie J H, Bell R. (1995). Duckweed - a potential high-protein feed resource

for domestic animals and fish. Retrieved from Livestock Research for Rural Development.:
http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd7/1/3.htm#:~:text=They%20are%20found%20in%20all,from
%20wind%20and%20wave%20action.

e
.k
ac
Li, J., Cao, X., Jia, X., Liu, L., Cao, H., Qin, W., & Li, M. (2021, August 2). Iron Deficiency Leads

y.
to Chlorosis Through Impacting Chlorophyll Synthesis and Nitrogen Metabolism in Areca

m
catechu L. Retrieved from Frontiers:

de
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.710093/full

ca
na
López-Millán, A.-F., Grusak, M. A., Abadía, A., & Abadía, J. (2013, July 25). Iron deficiency in
plants: an insight from proteomic approaches. Retrieved from Frontiers:

tio
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2013.00254/full
da
un

Minina, E. A., Filonova, L. H., Sanchez-Vera, V., Suarez, M. F., Daniel, G., & Bozhkov, P. V.
fo

(2013). Detection and measurement of necrosis in plants. Retrieved from National

sa

Library of Medicine:13
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23733581/#:~:text=Necrosis%20plays%20a%20fun
pe

damental%20role,reaction%20known%20as%20hypersensitive%20response
m
o@

Plant minerals. (n.d.). Retrieved from the science hive:

ng

https://www.thesciencehive.co.uk/plant-minerals-a-level
ra

Poling, K. (2021, July 15). Understanding primary factors driving plant growth. Retrieved
.o
ry

from Ohio's Country Journal: https://ocj.com/2021/07/understanding-primary-factors-

ad

driving-plant-
growth/#:~:text=The%20primary%20factors%20that%20affect,more%20quickly%20or
br

%20more%20slowly.
y
tif

Sahoo, S., & Rout, G. R. (2015). ROLE OF IRON IN PLANT GROWTH AND METABOLISM.
as

Retrieved from J Stage: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ras/3/0/3_1/_article

Cl

Tajer, A. (2019, September 13). What Are the Effects of Iron on Plant Growth? Retrieved
from Greenwaybiotech.com: https://www.greenwaybiotech.com/blogs/gardening-
articles/what-are-the-effects-of-iron-on-plant-
growth#:~:text=Iron%20helps%20the%20plant%20move,that%20keep%20the%20pla
nt%20thriving

Vymazal, J. (2008). Constructed Wetlands, Surface Flow. Retrieved from ScienceDirect:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080454054000793

14
Downloaded from www.clastify.com by Bradry

Wang, Y., Kang, Y., Zhong, M., Zhang, L., Chai, X., Jiang, X., & Yang, X. (2022, April 2).
Effects of Iron Deficiency Stress on Plant Growth and Quality in Flowering Chinese Cabbage
and Its Adaptive Response. Retrieved from MDPI: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-
4395/12/4/875

What happens during photosynthesis? - OCR 21C. (n.d.). Retrieved from BBC:
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z9pjrwx/revision/5#:~:text=Increasing%20the
%20light%20intensity%20increases,do%20not%20occur%20in%20nature.

Xing, Liu. (2011). IRON BIOGEOCHEMISTRY AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IN

FRESHWATER LAKES. Wuhan, China: Fresenius Environmental Bulletin.

e
.k
ac
Xing, W., Huang, W., & Liu, G. (2009). Effect of Excess Iron and Copper on Physiology of

y.
Aquatic Plant Spirodel polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid. Wuhan, China.

m
de
ca
na
tio
da
un
fo
sa
pe
m
o@
ng
ra
.o
ry
ad
br
y
tif
as
Cl

15