Principles Of Electricity 1st Autotronics 23/24

Name : belal ahmed ebada

Section : 1
 Task No.01
1. Define in details the physical meaning of the following terms, including
their units, and how to measure them, then complete the table:
a) Voltage: is the measure of electric potential difference between two points in an electrical
circuit, it is measured in voltage (V). measured using a voltmeter
b) Current: refers to the flow of electric charge through a conductor, measured in amperes (A)
measured using an ammeter
c) Resistance: it is the opposition presented by a substance or material to the flow of electric
current through it, It is measured in farads (F). ohm ( ). measured using an ohmmeter
d) Capacitance: it is a measure of a capacitor's ability to store electrical charge when a voltage is
applied across its terminals It is measured in farads (F). measured using a capacitance meter
e) Inductance: it is a property of an electrical conductor that describes its ability to store energy
in a magnetic field when current flows through it, measured in Henry (H) measured using an
inductance meter
f) Electrical power: it is the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit. It
is typically measured in watts (W) measured directly using a wattmeter

Resistance Current Voltage Power

R = 20 I= 0.5 A V= 10 V P=5 W
R= 560 I= 0.02 A V= 11.2 V P= 0.224 W
R= 1000 I= 0.01A V= 10 V P= 0.1 W
R= 20 I= 1.5 A V= 30 V P= 45 W

2. Explain what you will need to do for your safety as a technician

1- Power Isolation: Before working on any electrical components, disconnect the vehicle's
battery to eliminate the risk of electrical shock
2- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Always wear appropriate PPE such as insulated
gloves, safety goggles, and protective clothing to shield yourself from electrical shocks and
potential hazards.
3- Knowledge and Training: Ensure you have proper training and understanding of automotive
electrical systems
4- Grounding: Always ground yourself and the vehicle properly to prevent static discharge or
electrical buildup
5- Follow Manufacturer Guidelines: Adhere to manufacturer guidelines and service procedures
when working on electrical systems
 3. Describe the mathematical relationship of the following components
(using simple drawings): a) Resistors. b) Inductors. c) Capacitors.

a) Resistors: V= I*R ( )
𝑑𝑖
b) Inductors: V= L (H)
𝑑𝑡
c) Capacitor: Q= C*V (F)

4. Explain the operation of a simple electrical circuit shown in

the figure.1
- A simple electrical circuit consists of a power source (battery), conductive
wires, and one (light bulb, switch, fuse) connected in a closed loop. When
the circuit is closed (meaning all components are connected in a continuous
pathway), current flows from the power source through the wires and
components, driven by the voltage provided by the power source. The
current encounters resistance as it flows through components, which may
cause energy transformations (light or heat production).

5. Identify the differences between AC and DC in a circuit.

AC
the direction of current flow changes
Direction of
periodically. It oscillates back and
Current
Flow: forth, alternating in direction.
the voltage polarity also changes
Voltage
Polarity:
periodically along with the direction
of current flow.
AC is commonly generated by
rotating machines like alternators or
Generation
produced by inverters converting DC
to AC.
Ac motors are generally more
efficient than DC motors at higher
Efficiency: power levels due to factors such as
ease of voltage control and speed
regulation.
AC is widely used in residential,
commercial, and industrial
Applications:
applications for powering appliances,
lighting, and machinery.
DC
the current flows consistently in one
direction from the positive terminal to
the negative terminal of the voltage
source.
the voltage polarity remains constant,
with the positive terminal having a higher
potential than the negative terminal.
DC is typically generated by batteries,
fuel cells, or rectifiers converting AC to
DC.
DC motors are often more efficient at
lower power levels and in applications
requiring precise speed control or
variable torque.
DC finds applications in electronics,
telecommunications, automotive
systems, and renewable energy systems
like solar panels and wind turbines.
6. Two resistors are connected:
(a) In series across a 24 V supply and a current of 3A flows in the circuit as shown in figure 2. If
one of the resistors has a resistance of 2 determines, (a) the value of the
other resistor, and (b) the voltage across the 2 resistor.
𝑉 24
(a) 𝑅 = = = 8 -2 = 6 Rx = 6
𝐼 3

(b) V= I*R1 = 3*2= 6V VR1 = 6V Figure (2)

(b) In parallel in the circuit shown in Figure3, find (a) the value of the supply voltage V and
(b) the value of current I, I1, I3.
(a) V1=V2=V3
V2= I*R = 3A*20 =60V
𝑉 60
(b) I1= = = 6A
𝑅 10
Figure (3)
𝑉 60
I3= = = 1A
𝑅 60

7. Explain and apply the following terms to Calculate I0, V0 and the total
power dissipated by the circuit shown in Figure 4:
a) Ohm Law. b) Kirchhoff current and voltage laws. c) Voltage and current divider. d)Power laws
8- Compare between the parallel and series circuit configurations.

feature Parallel circuit Series circuit

Components are connected in Components are connected in a
Connection of
separate branches, each directly single continuous path, one after
components
connected to the power source. the other.
Voltage Voltage across each component is Voltage across each component
across the same. may vary; total voltage is divided
components among components.
Current Current divided among branches; Same current flows through each
through total current equals sum of branch component; total current is the
components currents. same throughout the circuit.
Total Total resistance decreases as more Total resistance increases as more
resistance branches are added. components are added.
Failure of Failure of one component does not Failure of one component
components necessarily affect others. interrupts the entire circuit.
Commonly used for powering Suitable for applications where
Application multiple devices independently. components must share the same
current.

9- Design one of the following simple electric circuit in the laboratory and
explain how the different devices are used to measure the current, voltage and
resistors.
1) measure in series :
Carry out in the lab
Voltage = Avometer
Current = ammeter
Resistors = ohmmeter
2) measure in parallel :
Voltage = Avometer
Current = ammeter
Resistors = ohmmeter
10- The most common electrical circuit faults you will encounter when
working on car electrical systems are: open circuits; short circuits; and high
resistance. Explain How to diagnose electrical faults in cars?
Visual Inspection: Look for damaged wires, loose connections, or burnt components.
Use a Multimeter: Test for continuity to identify open circuits, measure resistance to detect high
resistance, and check for shorts by testing for unexpected connections between circuits.
Fuse Inspection: Check and replace any blown fuses, as they often indicate a problem in the
circuit.
Component Testing: Test individual components (such as switches, relays, and sensors) for
proper functionality.
Voltage Drop Testing: Measure voltage drops across connections and components to pinpoint
areas of high resistance.
Wiggle Test: Gently wiggle wires and connectors while monitoring for changes in operation,
indicating a loose connection.
Diagnostic Tools: Utilize diagnostic scanners and specialized tools to access onboard vehicle
diagnostics systems for error codes and live data.
Systematic Approach: Methodically test each part of the circuit, starting from the power source
and moving towards the load, to isolate the fault.
11- The diagram below shows the circuit symbols that could be used in circuit
diagrams, You will be expected to know what each component is and how it
behaves in a circuit.

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9
1) SPST Switch : It has one input terminal, called the "pole," and one output
terminal, called the "throw." When the switch is in the "on" position, the pole is
connected to the throw, completing the circuit.
2) variable resistor : Its primary function is to control the flow of electric current in
a circuit by varying the resistance.
3) Single Cell Battery : is a type of electrochemical cell that generates electricity
through an irreversible chemical reaction.
4) lamp: function of the lamp depends on the type of circuit and its purpose
5) voltage :it is a measure of the electrical potential difference between two points.
6) ampere : It measures the rate of flow of electric charge past a point in the circuit.
7) resistance : A resistor is an electronic component that opposes the flow of
electric current.
8) LDR : The function of an LDR (light-dependent resistor) in a circuit is to detect
light levels and change its resistance accordingly
9) varistor : it is a device that protects circuits against excessive voltage by acting
as spark gaps
 Task No.02
1. The lamp in the circuit below glows dimly. A voltmeter measurement device
indicates 12.6 volts at the lamp. Technician "A" says that a bad ground at the
lamp could be the cause. Technician "B" says that high resistance in the
circuit from the battery to the lamp could be the cause. Who is correct and
Why?
Technician "B" is correct.
When a lamp in a circuit glows dimly, it's an indication that there is insufficient
voltage across the lamp. The fact that the voltmeter indicates 12.6 volts at the
lamp suggests that the source is providing enough voltage.
If there is high resistance in the circuit from the battery to the lamp, it would
result in a voltage drop along the path. This drop-in
voltage means that by the time the electricity reaches
the lamp, there isn't enough voltage left to fully power
it, resulting in dim illumination.

2. You Examine a car battery that may have vs=1volt and Rs= 0.05 ohm. The
terminal voltage of a voltage source is 12 V when connected to a 2-W load.
When the load is disconnected, the terminal voltage rises to 12.4 V
a. Calculate the source voltage and internal resistance.
b. Determine the voltage when a load is connected to the source.
3. For the circuit shown in the figure, Assume battery is 24 volt. a. Calculate
the value of the currents and voltages of each resistor. b. Design the circuit
using a simulation software (Multisim) and display the same currents and
voltages to check your answers
done
4. Apply Delta to Wye Conversion to obtain the equivalent resistance Rab for
the circuit shown in Figure and use it to find current i.
5. Find the equivalent resistance Req of the circuits in case of Short Circuit and
Open Circuit faults as shown below

Req=0

Req=R1

Req= R1 +R3

Req= R1+R3