Q1.

Methanol is made in this equilibrium reaction, using a catalyst.

CO(g) + 2 H2(g) ⇌ CH3OH(g) ΔH = – 91 kJ mol–1

2.0 mol of carbon monoxide is mixed with 3.0 mol of hydrogen and allowed to reach
equilibrium.

The equilibrium mixture contains 0.6 mol of methanol.

What is the total amount, in mol, of gas at equilibrium?

A 3.2

B 3.8

C 4.4

D 5.0

(Total 1 mark)

Q2.
Methanol is made in this equilibrium reaction, using a catalyst.

CO(g) + 2 H2(g) ⇌ CH3OH(g) ΔH = – 91 kJ mol–1

The reaction reaches equilibrium in a container of fixed volume.

Which is the expression for Kc for this equilibrium?

A
Kc =
B
Kc =
C
Kc =
D
Kc =
(Total 1 mark)

Page 1 of 15
Q3.
Compounds A and B react together to form an equilibrium mixture containing compounds
C and D according to the equation

2A + B ⇌ 3C + D

(a) A beaker contained 40 cm3 of a 0.16 mol dm–3 aqueous solution of A.

9.5 × 10–3 mol of B and 2.8 × 10–2 mol of C were added to the beaker and the
mixture was left to reach equilibrium.
The equilibrium mixture formed contained 3.9 × 10–3 mol of A.

Calculate the amounts, in moles, of B, C and D in the equilibrium mixture.

Amount of B ____________________ mol

Amount of C ____________________ mol

Amount of D ____________________ mol

(5)

(b) Give the expression for the equilibrium constant (Kc) for this equilibrium and its
units.

Kc

Units ____________________
(2)

Page 2 of 15
(c) A different equilibrium mixture of these four compounds, at a different temperature,
contained 0.21 mol of B, 1.05 mol of C and 0.076 mol of D in a total volume of
5.00 × 102 cm3 of solution.
At this temperature the numerical value of Kc was 116

Calculate the concentration of A, in mol dm–3, in this equilibrium mixture.

Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.

Concentration of A ____________________ mol dm–3

(3)

(d) Justify the statement that adding more water to the equilibrium mixture in part (c) will
lower the amount of A in the mixture.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 13 marks)

Page 3 of 15
Q4.
This question is about gaseous equilibria.

The diagram below shows the effect of pressure on the percentage yield of a reaction at
equilibrium at two different temperatures.

(a) Explain how the diagram shows that the forward reaction in this equilibrium is
exothermic.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) State whether the forward reaction in this equilibrium results in an increase,
decrease or no change in the amount, in moles, of gas.

Explain your answer.

Tick (✓) one box.

increase

decrease

no change

Explanation ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

Page 4 of 15
(c) Explain why using a catalyst has no effect on the percentage yield.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Hydrogen and nitrogen react to form ammonia.

3 H2(g) + N2(g) ⇌ 2 NH3(g)

At 745 K, the equilibrium constant, Kc = 0.118 mol–2 dm6

(d) At 745 K, 0.150 dm3 of an equilibrium mixture contains 0.0285 mol of hydrogen and
0.0870 mol of nitrogen.

Calculate the amount, in moles, of ammonia present in this equilibrium mixture.

Amount of ammonia __________ mol

(5)

(e) Calculate the value, at 745 K, for the equilibrium constant Kc for this dissociation of
ammonia to give hydrogen and nitrogen.

State the units.

2 NH3(g) ⇌ 3 H2(g) + N2(g)

Value _______________

Units _______________
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

Page 5 of 15
Q5.
A and B react together to form an equilibrium mixture.
A(aq) + 2 B(aq) ⇌ C(aq)

An aqueous solution containing 0.25 mol of A is added to an aqueous solution containing

0.25 mol of B.

When equilibrium is reached, the mixture contains 0.015 mol of C.

(a) Calculate the amount of A and the amount of B, in moles, in the equilibrium mixture.

Amount of A __________ mol

Amount of B __________ mol
(2)

(b) At a different temperature, another equilibrium mixture contains 0.30 mol of A, 0.25
mol of B and 0.020 mol of C in 350 cm3 of solution.

Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant Kc

Deduce the units of Kc

Kc _______________
Units _______________
(4)

Page 6 of 15
When an excess of water is added to chloroethanal, an equilibrium mixture is formed.

ClCH2CHO(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ ClCH2CH(OH)2(aq)

An expression for an equilibrium constant (Kc) for the reaction under these conditions is

(c) Suggest why an expression for Kc can be written without the concentration of water.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Distilled water is added to 4.71 g of chloroethanal (Mr = 78.5) to make 50.0 cm3 of
solution. The mixture is allowed to reach equilibrium.

The value of the equilibrium constant (K) is 37.0

Calculate the equilibrium concentration, in mol dm–3, of ClCH2CH(OH)2

Concentration _______________ mol dm–3

(5)

Page 7 of 15
Q6.
Methanol can be manufactured in a reversible reaction as shown by the equation.

CO(g) + 2H2(g) ⇌ CH3OH(g)

(a) State and explain the effect of using a catalyst on the yield of methanol in this
equilibrium.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Give an expression for the equilibrium constant (Kc) for this reaction.

(1)

(c) A mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen was allowed to reach equilibrium in a
container of volume 250 cm3 at temperature T.

At equilibrium, the mixture contained 0.340 mol of carbon monoxide, 0.190 mol of
hydrogen and 0.0610 mol of methanol.

Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant (Kc) for this reaction at
temperature T.

Kc ____________________ mol–2 dm6

(3)

Page 8 of 15
(d) Methanol decomposes on heating in a reaction that is the reverse of that used in its
manufacture.

CH3OH(g) ⇌ CO(g) + 2H2(g)

Use your answer from part (c) to determine the value of Kc for this equilibrium at
temperature T.
State the units for this value of Kc

(If you were unable to complete the calculation in part (c), assume a value
of Kc = 0.825 mol–2 dm6. This is not the correct value.)

Value of Kc ____________________

Units of Kc ____________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Page 9 of 15
Mark schemes

Q1.
B
3.8
[1]

Q2.
B

[1]

Q3.
(a) Initial amount of A = 6.4 × 10–3
If M1 wrong can score max 3
M1

Equ A = 6.4 × 10–3 – 2x ∴ x = 1.25 × 10–3

If incorrect x can score max 3
M2

B = 9.5 × 10–3 – x = 8.25 × 10–3

Allow 2 or more sig figs
M3

C = 2.8 × 10–2 + 3x = 0.0318

M4

D = x = 1.25 × 10–3
M5

(b)
Penalise ( ) but mark on in (b) & (c)
1

Units = mol dm–3

If Kc wrong no mark for units
1

(c) M1 for correct rearrangement or

If Kc wrong in (b) can score 1 for dividing by correct volume
M1

M2 for division of mol of B, C and D by correct volume

If Kc correct but incorrect rearrangement can score
1 for dividing by correct volume
M2

Page 10 of 15
 M3 for final answer: [A] = 0.17 (must be 2 sfs)
M3

(d) (All) conc fall: (ignore dilution)

OR Kc = mole ratio × 1/V
1

Equm moves to side with more moles

If vol increases, mole ratio must increase
1

To oppose the decrease in conc

To keep Kc constant
If only conc of A falls CE=0
If pressure falls CE=0
1
[13]

Q4.
(a) Lower yield at higher temperature
Allow converse arguments

Higher yield at lower temperature

1

So, equilibrium has shifted backwards/left/in the endothermic direction to

oppose the increase in temperature
So, equilibrium has shifted forwards/right/in the exothermic
direction to oppose the decrease in temperature
1
Ignore reference to pressure

(b) Increase
1

Lower yield at higher pressure

Higher yield at lower pressure
1

So, equilibrium has shifted backwards/to the side with fewest number of
moles to oppose the increase in pressure
So, equilibrium has shifted forwards/to the side with highest
number of moles to oppose the decrease in pressure
1
Ignore reference to temperature

(c) Increases the rate of forwards and reverse reactions equally

1

Page 11 of 15
 (d)
M1: Kc expression
1

0.118 =
M2: converts moles to concentration; divides mole quantities
by 0.150
1

0.118 =
[NH3]2 = 4.69 × 10–4
M3: calculation of [NH3]2
1

[NH3] = 0.0217 mol dm–3

M4 = √M3
1

n(NH3) = 0.0217 × 0.150 = 3.25 × 10–3 mol

M5 = M4 × 0.150 (allow ecf on an incorrect volume used in
M2)
If Kc upside down then can still score 4)
1

(e)
Allow 8.45 − 8.5
1

Units – mol2 dm–6

1
[13]

Q5.
(a) M1 EQM amount A = 0.25 – 0.015 = 0.235 mol
Allow 0.24 mol for M1
1

M2 EQM amount B = 0.25 – (2 x 0.015) = 0.22 mol

1

(b) M1
1

M2
Correct insertion of numbers and use of volume

Page 12 of 15
 Allow ecf from their Kc
Scores M1 here (even if volume not used)
1

M3 = 0.13
Kc = 1.067 if vol not used Max 3
Kc = 7.63 if expression upside down Max 3
1

M4 Units mol−2 dm6

Allow answers using cm3 and then the corresponding units
i.e. 1.31 x 105 mol−2 cm6
Allow conseq units to wrong Kc
1

(c) [H2O] / conc of water is (effectively) constant (because it it so much larger than the
other concentrations)
1

(d) M1 Initial amount ClCH2CHO = 4.71/78.5 = 0.06 mol

Calculates initial mol
1

M2 EQM amount ClCH2CHO = (0.06 – x) mol

EQM amount ClCH2CH(OH)2 = x mol
Sets up algebraic expressions for EQM mol of both
If no M2 can only score M3 and M5 conseq leads to

44.4 mol dm−3 via [ClCH2CHO] =

1

M3 37 =
Inserts into K
Does not need to show V as it cancels but allow expressions
that do show V and subsequent calculations
1

M4 37(0.06 – x) = x
2.22 = 38x
x = 0.058421
Solve for x
1

M5 [ClCH2CH(OH)2] = = 1.17 mol dm−3

Calculate concentration
1

(e)

Page 13 of 15
 3

(f) M1 C in C=O is less δ+ / less electron deficient

Allow converse
Ignore discussion in terms of C-Cl bond polarity
1

M2 Because CH3 attached is electron donating Or

CH3 has a (positive) inductive effect

1

M3 So higher Ea
Allow for M3 water less attracted to δ+C / electron deficient
C / C in C=O
(so lower collision frequency/ fewer collisions with correct
orientation)
1
[18]

Q6.
(a) M1 no effect (on yield)
CE = 0 if yield changes
1

M2 increases rate / speed of both / forward and reverse reactions equally / by the
same amount
If no reference to effect on yield, could still score M2
Ignore reference to no change in position of equilibrium, and
reference to lowering activation energies
M2 allow changes rate of both / forward and reverse
reactions equally / by the same amount
1

Page 14 of 15
(b)
Must be square brackets
Ignore state symbols
Ignore units
1

(c) M1 divides moles by volume (0.250 or )

M2
1

M3 0.311
1
Correct answer scores 3; M3 to at least 2sf (0.3106159 …);
ignore units
Allow ECF from M1 to M2 if an attempt to calculate
concentration has been made by dividing by some factor of
250 cm3
Allow ECF from M2 to M3 for use of an expression
containing each reagent in a correctly substituted Kc
expression
If volume not used, then allow M3 only for 4.97 (4.96985 …
to at least 2sf)
1

(d) M1 = 3.22
M1 to at least 2sf (0.31 gives 3.2(258))
M1 = 1.21 if alternative answer to 8.3 used
If an error was made in 8.3, but the candidate produced an
answer in 8.4 that did fit the inverted calculation from 8.3,
then candidate could score M1
1

M2 mol2 dm–6
(if volumes are not used, then candidate would get 0.20(12.)
1
[8]

Page 15 of 15