Magnetic & Optical

PROPERTIES

Presented by
Rixienne Jan A. Dingcong
BSCHE 2 - A
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Table Of Contents

Magnetic Properties Optical Properties

Magnetism Electromagnetic Radiation

Magnet Types of Optical Properties

Types of Magnet

Classification of Magnetic
Materials
Magnetic Properties
 Magnetic Properties
Magnetism

Definition

Magnetism is a phenomenon by which

materials assert an attractive or
repulsive force on other materials.
 Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Field

Definition

Magnetic Field is the region around a magnetic

material or a moving electric charge within
which the force of magnetism acts.
 Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Field

Definition

A magnetic field is a vector field in the neighbourhood of a

magnet, electric current, or changing electric field in which
magnetic forces are observable. A magnetic field is
produced by moving electric charges and intrinsic magnetic
moments of elementary particles associated with a
fundamental quantum property known as spin. Magnetic
field and electric field are both interrelated and are
components of the electromagnetic force, one of the four
fundamental forces of nature.
 Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Field

Illustration
 Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Field

Definition

The magnetic field lines form concentric circles around the

wire. The direction of the magnetic field can be determined
using the right-hand rule. This rule shows up in several
places in the study of electricity and magnetism. Applied to a
straight current-carrying wire, the right-hand rule says that,
with your right thumb pointed in the direction of the
current, the magnetic field will be in the direction in which
your right fingers curl.
 Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Field

Illustration
 Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Induction

Table
 Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Permeability

Definition

Magnetic permeability is defined as the ratio of the

magnetic induction to the magnetic intensity. It is a scalar
quantity and is denoted by the symbol μ. Magnetic
permeability helps us measure a material’s resistance to the
magnetic field or measure the degree to which a magnetic
field can penetrate through a material.
If the material has greater magnetic permeability, the
greater will be the conductivity for magnetic lines of force.
 Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Permeability

Table
 Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Permeability

Formula
 Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Susceptibility

Definition

A closely related property of materials

is magnetic susceptibility, which is a
dimensionless proportionality factor that
indicates the degree of magnetization of a
material in response to an applied magnetic
field.
 Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Susceptibility

Formula
 Magnetic Properties
Magnetization

Definition

Magnetization is the parameter that defines

the density of induced or permanent
magnetic dipole moments in a magnetic
material.
 Magnetic Properties
Magnetization

Formula
 Magnetic Properties
Magnet

Definition

An object which is capable of producing

magnetic field and attracting unlike poles and
repelling like poles.
 Magnetic Properties
Magnet
Properties of
Magnets
Magnetic Properties Magnetic Properties

1. Permanent Magnets
Types of
2. Temporary Magnets
Magnets
3. Electromagnets
 Magnetic Properties
Permanent Magnet

Definition

Permanent magnets are those magnets

that are commonly used. They are known as
permanent magnets because they do not
lose their magnetic property once they are
magnetized.
 Magnetic Properties
Temporary Magnet

Definition

Temporary magnets can be magnetized in

the presence of a magnetic field. When the
magnetic field is removed, these materials lose
their magnetic property. Iron nails and paper
clips are examples of the temporary magnet.
 Magnetic Properties
Electromagnet

Definition

An electromagnet is a temporary magnet

which behaves like a magnet when an electric
current is passed through the insulated copper
wire and loses its magnetism when current is
stopped. It has a soft iron piece called the core
with an insulated copper wire wound on it.
 Magnetic Properties
Electromagnet

Illustration
 Magnetic Properties
Summary
 Magnetic Properties
Summary
Magnetic Properties Magnetic Properties

1. Diamagnetism
Classification
2. Paramagnetism
of Magnetic
Materials 3. Ferromagnetism

4. Ferrimagnetism

5. Antiferromagnetism
1. Diamagnetism Magnetic Properties

Diamagnetism is a non-permanent weak

type of magnetism that endures only in the
existence of an external field. Diamagnetism is
a negative magnetic effect because the outside
magnetic field exerting on an atom deranged
the orbiting electron and produced magnetic
dipoles. These magnetic dipoles oppose the
magnetic field. Some of the examples of
diamagnetism are organic material,
superconducting materials, and several others.
1. Diamagnetism Magnetic Properties

Below listed are some essential points related to diamagnetism:

•The magnitude of magnetic susceptibility is small or constant in
diamagnetism.
•The sign of magnetic susceptibility is negative (-).
•The value of the magnetic moment is small.
•The direction of magnetization opposes the applied magnetic field's
direction.
•At room temperature, copper, silver, silicon, and alumina are
diamagnetic materials.
2. Paramagnetism Magnetic Properties

The para-magnetism is a slightly stronger

type of magnetism as compared to
diamagnetism. Para-magnetism is a positive
magnetic effect because the magnetic dipoles
are in the same direction as the magnetic field.
When the temperature reduces, the para-
magnetic effect increase because thermal
disturbance sets up the direction of magnetic
dipoles.
2. Paramagnetism Magnetic Properties

Below listed are some essential points related to para-magnetism.

•The magnitude of magnetic susceptibility is small or constant in
diamagnetism.
•The sign of magnetic susceptibility is positive (+).
•Calcium, titanium, aluminum, and alloys of copper are para-magnetic
materials.
•The paramagnetic effect will be lost if the applied magnetic field is
removed.
•Alkali metals, earth elements, and transition metals are some
examples.
2. Paramagnetism Magnetic Properties

The illustration of para-magnetic

ordering is as follows:

Figure: Paramagnetic Ordering

3. Ferromagnetism Magnetic Properties

The ferromagnetic materials provide

effective magnetic moments and do not rely
on external magnetic field. In
ferromagnetism, unpaired dipoles are
formed because of the empty energy levels of
atoms. In order to create permanent
magnets, ferromagnetism property is utilized
along with various alloys of neodymium and
other elements.
3. Ferromagnetism Magnetic Properties

Below listed are some important points related to

ferromagnetism.
•The magnitude of magnetic susceptibility is a large or function of
magnetic field strength in ferromagnetism.
•The sign of magnetic susceptibility is positive (+).
•Iron, cobalt, nickel, and gadolinium are ferromagnetic materials.
•Materials exhibiting ferromagnetism properties are transition metals
and rare earth materials.
3. Ferromagnetism Magnetic Properties

The illustration of ferromagnetic

ordering is as follows:

Figure: Ferromagnetic Ordering

4. Ferrimagnetism Magnetic Properties

Ferrimagnetism is described as the

magnetic property that contains several
magnetic moments but in opposite
directions. In ferrimagnetic material, the
magnetic moments are uneven, so
spontaneous magnetization is possible. The
structure of ferrimagnetic materials is quite
similar to the crystal structure of iron oxides.
4. Ferrimagnetism Magnetic Properties

Below listed are some essential points related to ferrimagnetism.

•The magnitude of magnetic susceptibility is large.
•The sign of magnetic susceptibility is positive (+).
•Yttrium iron garnet (YIG), Nickle ferrite, and Barium ferrite are some
examples of ferrimagnetic materials.
•Materials exhibiting ferrimagnetism properties are ceramic materials,
ferrites, and chromite.
4. Ferrimagnetism Magnetic Properties

The illustration of ferrimagnetic

ordering is as follows:

Figure: Ferrimagnetic Ordering

5. Anti-Ferromagnetism Magnetic Properties

The magnetic dipole lines in anti-

ferromagnetic materials oppose the
orientation of a magnetic field, which
produces 0 magnetizations. The anti-
ferromagnetic materials achieve the highest
susceptibility at some critical temperatures
(Neel temperature). These are a subclass of
ferromagnets, but they can be converted into
para-magnetic by raising the temperature
above a critical temperature.
5. Anti-Ferromagnetism Magnetic Properties

Below listed are some important points related to anti-

ferromagnetism.
•The magnitude of magnetic susceptibility is small or constant in anti-
ferromagnetism.
•The sign of magnetic susceptibility is positive (+).
•Manganese, chromium, and alloys like iron manganese are anti-
ferromagnetic materials.
•Anti-ferromagnetism property is shown by manganese oxide and
salts of transition elements.
5. Anti-Ferromagnetism Magnetic Properties

The illustration of anti-

ferromegnetic ordering is as
follows:

Figure: Anti-ferromagnetic Ordering

 Magnetic Properties
Hysteresis curve

This schematic diagram is

the hysteresis curve:

Figure: Hysteresis loop of a Ferromagnetic Material

 Magnetic Properties
Hysteresis curve

Some of the important

points of the hysteresis
curve are discussed below.

In the curve, 𝐵𝑟 represents

remanent induction, 𝐻𝐶
depicts coercivity, 𝐵 is a
magnetic field, and 𝐻 is
magnetic field intensity.
 Magnetic Properties
Hysteresis curve

1. When the magnetic saturation is achieved, the

field will initiate to reduce until it reaches zero,
resulting in residual magnetization called
remanence.
2. Hysteresis refers to the effect of retardation by
material.
3. In order to bring the magnetization to zero, the
magnetic field strength is required, and it must be
applied anti-parallel to the original magnetic field.
 Magnetic Properties
Summary
 Magnetic Properties
Summary
 Magnetic Properties
Watch:

Reference: https://youtu.be/u36QpPvEh2c
Optical Properties
 Optical Properties
Electromagnetic Radiation

Definition

The term electromagnetic radiation refers to wave-like,

electric and magnetic components that are
perpendicular to each other and in the direction of
propagation. For the propagation of electromagnetic
radiation, a medium is not necessary. It can propagate
through the vacuum at a constant velocity. In quantum
mechanics, electromagnetic radiation is considered as
packets of energy referred to as a photon.
 Optical Properties
Electromagnetic Radiation
Definition

The expression for the energy of electromagnetic light

beam can be represented as,

ℎ𝑐
𝐸=
𝜆

Here, 𝐸 represents the electromagnetic energy of the light

beam, ℎ represents planck's constant, 𝑐 represents the light
speed in vacuum, and 𝜆 represents the wavelength of the
light beam.
 Optical Properties
Interaction of light with Solid

Definition

Whenever an electromagnetic light wave moves

from one medium to another, the intensity of the light
wave is equal to the sum of the intensity of
transmitted, absorbed, and reflected light waves.
 Optical Properties
Interaction of light with Solid

Definition

Mathematically, it can be represented by the given

expression:

𝐼0 = 𝐼𝑡 + 𝐼𝑎 + 𝐼𝑟

Here, 𝐼0 represents the intensity of incident light wave,

𝐼𝑡 represents the intensity of transmitted wave,
𝐼𝑎 represents the intensity of absorbed light wave and
𝐼𝑟 represents the intensity of reflected light wave.
 Optical Properties Optical Properties

Types of 1. Reflectivity
6. Opaque
Optical
2. Absorptivity
Properties
7. Luminescence
3. Refractivity

8. Thermal Emission
4. Transparency

9. Photo Conductivity
5. Translucent
1. Reflectivity Optical Properties

It is the optical property of a material.

When a light wave is incident on the polished
surface of the material, the light returns back
from the material surface and this is referred
to as the reflection of light. Some of the
materials show better reflectivity compared
to other materials. White surface shows
better reflection of light.
2. Absorptivity Optical Properties

Absorption is also a very important optical

property of a material. Whenever a beam of
light is incident on the surface of the material,
then some part of the incident beam would
be absorbed by the material. Some materials
like black surface/body show better
absorption of the light beam, which means
good absorptivity. Solar cells are made up of a
material that has good absorptivity.
3. Refractivity Optical Properties

Whenever a light ray moves from one

medium to another, there is bending of light,
which means that the path of incident light ray
changes after interaction with another
medium. This phenomenon is referred to as the
refraction of light, and this property of the
material is called refractivity. This property of
the material depends on the value of the
refractive index of the material.
3. Refractivity Optical Properties

Representation of reflection, refraction and absorption:

4. Transparency Optical Properties

It is an optical property of the material in

which if an object is placed on one side of a
material and a light wave is incident on the
other side, then the object can be seen clearly.
Some important materials like glass, air, water,
etc., are transparent.
4. Transparency Optical Properties

Representation of transparent material:

5. Translucent Optical Properties

In the optics process, the term translucent

indicates the behavior of a material in which if
an object is placed on one side of the material
and a light wave enters the other side, the
object can not be seen clearly. Some examples
are sunglasses, vegetable oils, etc.
5. Translucent Optical Properties

Blur Image generate by translucent material:

6. Opaque Optical Properties

In the context of the optics process, some

materials do not allow the passage of
electromagnetic light waves which means that
the light waves can not pass through them.
This type of material is not transparent or
translucent in nature. This material is called
opaque material. Examples- wood, sand,
metals, etc. The application of this type of
material prevents the transmission of light.
6. Opaque Optical Properties

Image of an opaque material surface:

7. Luminescence Optical Properties

The term luminescence is defined as the

process in which a material absorbs energy and
then immediately emits visible or near-visible
radiation. This phenomenon occurs as a result
of the excitation of electrons of material from
the valence band to the conduction band.
8. Thermal Emission Optical Properties

Whenever a material is heated (increase in

temperature), the electrons of the outer shell
are excited to higher energy levels, where the
electrons are less strongly bound to the
nucleus. These excited electrons move back to
the ground state and release photons in the
process that is called thermal emission.
9. Photo Conductivity Optical Properties

Bombardment of semiconductors by
photons, with energy equal to or greater than
the bandgap may create electron-hole pairs
that can be used to generate current. This
process is called photoconductivity.
 Optical Properties
Electronic polarization

Definition

Whenever a rapidly fluctuating electric field

interacts with a metallic material, electronic
polarization induces in the material or shifts the
electron cloud relative to the atom's nucleus. Due to
these, some of the radiation energy may be absorbed,
and light waves retard in speed.
 Optical Properties
Summary

Optical 1. Reflectivity
Properties of 2. Absorptivity
Materials 3. Refractivity
4. Transparency
5. Translucent
6. Opaque
7. Luminescence
8. Thermal Emission
9. Photo Conductivity
 Optical Properties
Watch:

Reference: https://youtu.be/d7yTlp4gBTI
Optical properties of materials. (2022). Bartleby. https://www.bartleby.com/subject/engineering/mechanical-engineering/concepts/optical-properties-of-materials

References

Magnetic Properties of Materials.

(2021). Bartleby. https://www.bartleby.com/subject/engineering/mechanical-
engineering/concepts/magnetic-properties-of-materials.

isteeleEvCC. (2020, November 17). Materials Science - Magnetic

Properties [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xQLrPxgGLMI

Optical properties of materials.

(2022). Bartleby. https://www.bartleby.com/subject/engineering/mechanical-
engineering/concepts/optical-properties-of-materials.
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