LESSON PLAN

Lesson: Workshop Prepared by: Muhammad Akhtar Iqbal Gohar

Trade: Draftsman Mechanical
Subject: Introduction Drawing Topic: Drawing Instruments
Lesson No: No of Students: Estimated Time: 45 mints
OBJECTIVES:
The trainees should be able to: -
 Define the Drawing Instrument.
 Define Its Types.
 Explain The Function of Instruments.
 Define safety Precautions of Instruments.

TEACHING AIDS:
 Chalk board. (sheet attached)
 Computer and Multimedia.
 Common drawing instruments.
 Model wall Chart / Transparency of the selected object.
 Progress sheet with solution.
TEACHING METHOD:
Steps….
1-Questioning & answering
2-Demonstration

SUMMARY (as per requirement):

Drawing Instruments are used to prepare neat and accurate Drawings. To a greater extent, the ac to a greater
extent, the ac-curacy of the Drawings depends on curacy of the Drawings depends on the quality of instruments
used to prepare them.

MOTIVATION:
Technical drawing tools are the tools used for technical drawing, including, and not limited to: pens, rulers, compasses,
protractors, and drawing utilities. Drawing tools may be used for measurement and layout of drawings, or to improve the
consistency and speed of creation of standard drawing elements.

SAFETY PRECAUTION:
1. Should never hit anyone with your T-square.
2. Should never throw triangles like shurikens.
3. Should never stab anyone with pen and pencils.
4. Never eat the eraser.
5. Never slap your friends face with ruler.
6. Never use drafting compass as a navigating tool.
7. Never eat your classmate's paper/plate.

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 INFORMATIONAL SHEET
ENGINEERING DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
Drawing Instruments are used to prepare neat and accurate Drawings. To a greater extent, the ac to a greater
extent, the ac-curacy of the Drawings depends on curacy of the Drawings depends on the quality of instruments
used to prepare them. The following is the list of Drawing Instruments and other materials required….

A -DRAWING TOOLS
1. DRAWING PENCILS
2. DRAWING BOARD
3. T-SQUARE
4. DRAFTING MACHINE
5. FRENCH CURVES
6. SET SQUARES
7. RULERS
8. COMPASS
9. TEMPLATES (CIRCLE TEMPLATES/ ELLIPSE TEMPLATES)
10. COMPASS CUTTER
11. REFILLABLE PENCIL
12. TRACING PEN
13. ADJUSTABLE SQUARE
14. PARALLEL RULE
15. FLEXI-CURVE
16. CRAFT KNIFE
17. PENCIL SHARPENERS
18. INSTRUMENT BOX CONTAINING:
a. LARGE SIZE COMPASS INCLUDING PEN ATTACHMENT AND LENGTHENING BAR.
b. LARGE SIZE DIVIDERS.
c. THREE BOW INSTRUMENTS
d. SMALL BOW PENCIL
e. SMALL BOW DIVIDER
f. SMALL BOW PEN
19. PROTRACTOR
20. SAND PAPER
21. FINE PEN
22. ENGINEER'S SCALE
23. VERNIER PROTRACTOR

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A -DRAWING TOOLS
DRAWING PENCILS
Drawing Pencils are a basic requirement of any graphics course. You need a number ranging from 2B to 2H. These letters
refer to the hardness of the pencil lead. When sketching a soft lead such as 2B is can be used to produce quick drawings and
shading. On the other hand, when drawing precisely a 2H or even a harder pencil such as a 4H is ideal. This type of pencil
keeps its sharp edge for longer and produces very fine lines.

DRAWING BOARD
Drawing board is made from strips of well-seasoned soft wood generally, 25 mm thick. It is cleated at the back by two
battens to prevent warping One of the shorter edges of the rectangular board is pro-vided with perfectly straight ebony
edge which is used as working edge on which the T-square is moved while making Drawings.

T-SQUARE
T-Squares are used to draw horizontal lines. They are especially useful when constructing accurate orthographic drawings
or architectural drawings. A T-Square is normally used with a drawing board, set squares and clips. It must be pushed firmly
against the edge of the drawing board when it is being used. These are available in different sizes.
Designation Lengths
T0 1500
T1 1000
T2 700
T3 500
Uses: T-square is used primarily for guiding the set-squares when drawing vertical or inclined lines. All of the function of a
t square can be accomplished by the correct use of a drafting machine or mini drafter.

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DRAFTING MACHINE
In a Drafting machine, the uses and advantages of T-Square in a Drafting machine, the uses and advantages of T-square,
square, set square, scales, protractors are combined. One end of the Drafter is clamped at the left top end of the Drawing
board by a screw provided in the drafter. An adjustable head with a Protractor is fitted at the other end of the Drafter. Two
blades made of transparent celluloid material are fitted to the adjustable head and are perfectly perpendicular to each other.
These blades are used to draw parallel, horizontal, vertical and inclined lines. The blades always The blades always move
parallel to the e parallel to the edges of the board. Use of Drafting machine helps in reducing the time required to prepare
Drawing

FRENCH CURVES
French Curves are purchased in sets of three or four. They are used to draw curves by finding the
section of curve that matches the desired shape on the profile of the curve. Some French Curves also
have either circles or ellipses of various sizes cut out. These can be used in the same way as circle or
ellipse templates.

SET SQUARES
Set squares are generally made from Plastic or celluloid material. They are triangular in shape with one corner, a
right angle triangle. A pair of set squares (30°–60°) and 45° (45° set square are generally pro square are generally
pro-vided with Protractor) facilitate vided with Protractor) facilitate marking of angles as shown in figures. They
are used to draw lines at 30°, 60° and 45° to the vertical and horizontal

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RULERS
A ruler is possibly one of the most important pieces of drawing equipment. Rulers should only to use
to measure distances with lines being drawn with T-Squares and Set Squares. However, most people
use rulers to draw straight lines. But it must be remembered that the edge of a ruler is not guaranteed
to have a perfectly straight edge unlike a good T-Square or Set Square.

TEMPLATES (CIRCLE TEMPLATES/ ELLIPSE TEMPLATES)

Circle templates are very useful. They are plastic with a number of accurate circles cut out. They are
used to draw circles of set diameters/ sizes and are particularly useful if the circle is small. Small
circles are difficult to draw using a traditional compass because the compass can easily slip on the
paper. With a template the circle diameter is selected and a sharp pencil is used to draw round the
cutout circle. Ellipse templates are similar to circle templates and these are useful for drawing ellipse /
oval shapes accurately.

COMPASS CUTTER
A compass cutter is extremely useful if you are attempting to cut circles in card or paper. using
scissors often produces poor results but a compass cutter usually cuts accurately. The compass cutter
can be adjusted to cut circles of varying sizes. The cutting point is a craft knife blade. care should still
be taken when using this type of cutter.

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REFILLABLE PENCIL
A refillable pencil is very useful especially if you are constructing a drawing that needs a constant
thickness of line. The refills for the pencil are available in a range of thicknesses and they are either
hard or soft leads. Disadvantages are that the refillable pencils are relatively expensive and so are the
refills. Also the lead tends to beak easily.

TRACING PEN
The pen has an ink container which contains a metal tube, inside which is a thin metal needle or wire, the
soul. Ink is absorbed between the needle and the tube wall, preventing an excessive amount of ink from
being released. The needle has a weight and by waving the pen back and forth the needle is released and
the ink can run.

ADJUSTABLE SQUARE
An Adjustable Square is a set square which can be adjusted to almost any angle. When adjusted a
small screw is hand tightened, locking the set square in position. This means that there is no need to
have both 45 and 30/60 degree set squares. They are much more expensive than normal set squares.

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PARALLEL RULE
A Parallel Rule is used to draw parallel lines. It is basically two rulers held together by two linkages.
The linkages provide the parallel motion. The rulers have scales either metric, imperial or both.

FLEXI-CURVE
A Flexi-curve is used to draw curves. It can be formed into almost any curve as it is flexible. Flex-
curves are useful as they are simply shaped to form the desired curve. However, a flex-curve is
delicate and if forced into a tight curve it will break.

CRAFT KNIFE
A craft knife is used to cut out card shapes It is important that a steel ruler is used as the sharp blade of
the craft knife is less likely to slip. A cutting mat should be placed below the card being cut. Also, if a
plastic ruler is used the knife can easily cut into its straight edge, damaging it. Great care must be
taken when using a craft knife as they are very sharp, if they slip they can cut hands and fingers very
badly.

PENCIL SHARPENERS
Pencil sharpeners are essential for sharpening pencils. Accurate drawings cannot be produced unless
they are sharp. However, when shading a blunt pencil is sometimes useful.

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INSTRUMENT BOX CONTAINING
COMPASS
Compass is used for drawing circles and arcs of circles. The compass has two legs hinged at one end. One of the legs has a
pointed needle fitted at the lower end whereas the other end has provision for inserting pencil lead Circles up to 120 mm
diameters are drawn by keeping the legs of compass straight. For drawing circles more than 150 mm radius, a lengthening
bar is used
Large size compass including pen attachment and lengthening bar.
Large size dividers
Three Bow Instruments
Small Bow Pencil
Small Bow Divider
Small Bow Pen
Beam Compass a drawing compass consisting of a horizontal rod or beam connected by sliding sockets to two
vertical legs, used for drawing large circles. The instrument can be as a whole, or made on the spot with
individual sockets (called trammel points) and any suitable beam.

PROTRACTOR
A protractor, or half circle, is used for measuring or setting off angles. It is divided into 180 equal parts. Each
division is one degree.
HOW TO USE IT
Align the horizontal and vertical lines in the center of the protractor with the point of the angle and mark (or read)
the required measurement.
WHERE TO USE IT
To mark or measure angles on a drawing

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SAND PAPER
The sandpaper sharpening method is used by many Draftsman for putting a point on their soft-lead pencils. Using a
standard, hand-held sharpener, is just not well suited for charcoal, carbon, or soft graphite lead pencils; and electric pencil
sharpeners can be a little too "aggressive.

FINE PEN
A fine pen (colour - normally black) is used to draw permanent, accurate lines. Fine pens are available
with various thicknesses of 'tips'. They are especially useful for printing and placing notes alongside
designs and sketches. They are also used for producing the final outline of a design. Fine pens are
relatively cheap and come in a range of colours.

ERASING SHIELD
An eraser shield is a thin sheet of steel or plastic with slots and holes to allow an eraser to be used through them.
They are designed to allow lines to be erased without removing lines close by.
HOW TO USE IT
Place the eraser shield over the line to be removed and gently rub with the eraser until the line has been removed.
WHERE TO USE IT
Used when a line lose to other lines needs to be removed from a drawing.

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ENGINEER'S SCALE

Scale rule, metric with ratios 1:1, 1:2, 1:5 and1:10

A scale rule has graduations scribed onto the surface in different scales to enables a drawing to be drawn at a smaller or larger scale.
HOW TO USE IT
A scale rule is used in the same way as any other rule as the sizes are read from the scale. Take care not to mix the different scales.
WHERE TO USE IT
Used in drafting to enable large drawings to be scaled down or small drawings to be scaled up.

VERNIER PROTRACTOR
A Vernier protractor is used to obtain a very accurate measurement of angles through the Vernier scale.
HOW TO USE IT
Align straight edge with zero edge of protractor and read or measure angle from the scale.
WHERE TO USE IT
Use for very accurate angular measurement ie degrees and minutes
Maintenance
Store carefully to protect from damage as this is a precision instrument.

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 LIST OF APPLICATION
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Name different types of drawing instruments.

2. What are the standard sizes of the drawing boards? Which size of drawing board is suitable for the practices of

engineering students for A4 size of drawing sheet?

3. Explain the procedure for clamping a mini-drafter on the drawing board.

5. How pencils are graded? Give the various shapes of the pencil lead along with their field of applications.

6. Write the precautions in using compass.

7. What is the maximum size of circle that can be drawn by a bow compass?

8. State three functions that a divider can perform.

9. What is the use of Engineer's scale?

10. What is the use of French curves? Explain its working in brief.

11. State the angles that can be made with the help of a pair of set-squares.

12. How parallel lines are drawn with the help of a set-square? Explain with a neat sketch.

14. Distinguish between the use of an eraser shield and a template.

15. Why should a sharpener be avoided for preparing the print of pencils?

18. What information should be contained in the title block of a drawing sheet?

19. What information may be included in the space for text?

20. What is a revision table? What information should be contained by it?

21. When an item references is required? How the item list is prepared?

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