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UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO MISSISSAUGA

AUGUST 2022 FINAL EXAMINATION
PSY270H5S
Cognition: The Machinery of the Mind
Keisuke Fukuda
Duration - 2 hours
Aids: Non-Programmable Calculators

The University of Toronto Mississauga and you, as a student, share a commitment to

academic integrity. You are reminded that you may be charged with an academic
offence for possessing any unauthorized aids during the writing of an exam. Clear,
sealable, plastic bags have been provided for all electronic devices with storage,
including but not limited to: cell phones, smart watches, SMART devices, tablets,
laptops, and calculators. Please turn off all devices, seal them in the bag provided, and
place the bag under your desk for the duration of the examination. You will not be able
to touch the bag or its contents until the exam is over.

If, during an exam, any of these items are found on your person or in the area of your
desk other than in the clear, sealable, plastic bag, you may be charged with an
academic offence. A typical penalty for an academic offence may cause you to fail the
course.

Please note, once this exam has begun, you CANNOT re-write it.

FORM A
This exam is made up of 1 section:

Section 1: Multiple Choice

For each question, select one option that fits the best from below (1 point each, 76 points total)
Name:________________________ Student ID:_____________________________

PSY270H5S AUGUST 2022 FINAL EXAMINATION

Section 1: Multiple Choice (1 point each, 76 points total)
For each question, select one option that fits the best from below

1. Based on the knowledge of a category, one ______ infer about a member of the category even
if you have not encountered it before.

a. can
b. cannot
c. must not
d. must

2. Which of the following statement is true?

a. Insight problems are more difficult to solve than non-insight problems.

b. Non-insight problems are more difficult to solve than insight problems.
c. Insight problems are solved gradually and non-insight problem is solved following a
sequential steps.
d. none of above

3. Syllogism is valid when _______.

a. it follows the form of A then B and B then C, then A then C.

b. two premises are true.
c. both of above are met
d. any of above is met.

4. According to the hierarchical organization of concepts, information (= number of shared

features among its members) is _____ from _____ to ______ categories.

a. reduced, specific, basic

b. increased, global, specific
c. all of above
d. none of above

5. _______ proposed that language acquisition _____ be explained solely by _________

conditioning.

a. Skinner, can, classic

b. Skinner, can, operant
c. Chomsky, can, operant
d. Pavlov, can, classic

Continued on page 3

PSY270H5S August 2022 Final Exam Page 2 of 16

Name:________________________ Student ID:_____________________________

6. According to representative heuristics, which of the following statement about a random man
is judged to be most likely of all?

a. a man is married
b. a man who is over 30 is married
c. a man who is over 30 and have two children is married.
d. all are equally likely

7. What is wrong with the following syllogism?

A crow is a bird. (premise 1)
All birds can fly. (premise 2)
Then, a crow can fly. (conclusion)

a. One of the premises is not true.

b. It is not validly constructed.
c. The conclusion is not true.
d. Nothing.

8. Psycholinguistics ______.

a. examines how humans communicate using languages.

b. examines how humans acquire languages.
c. examines psychological mechanisms underlying speech comprehension.
d. all of above

9. According to Rosch (1975), which of the following members of furniture category has the
highest prototypicality?

a. Telephone
b. Mirror
c. Closet
d. Sofa

10. “Cat” is an example of ________ morphemes and “ness” is an example of ________

morphemes.

a. semantic, suffix
b. free, inflectional
c. free, derivational
d. derivational, inflectional

Continued on page 4

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Name:________________________ Student ID:_____________________________

11. According to the utility theory, one can chose the best option by first calculating the expected
utility for each option by ___________________ and pick the option with _________
expected utility.

a. multiplying the value of the expected outcome and its expected probability, the highest
b. dividing the value of the expected outcome by its expected probability, the highest
c. dividing the value of the expected outcome by its expected probability, the average
d. multiplying the value of the expected outcome and its expected probability, the average

12. "Kitchen tables" consists of morphemes.

a. two
b. three
c. four
d. five

13. Syllogism is a kind of ____________.

a. inductive reasoning.
b. deductive reasoning.
c. all of above
d. none of above

14. __________ is a tendency to rely heavily on ________ of an event and ignore _______ of
an event when predicting the likelihood of the event.

a. Base rate neglect, overall frequency, diagnostic information

b. Base rate neglect, diagnostic information, overall frequency
c. Gambler’s fallacy, the recent tendency, the representativeness
d. Gambler’s fallacy, the representativeness, the recent tendency

15. When judging the result of medical screening test for a rare disease (1/1000 prevalence), one
study found that ____ of medical students and doctors at Harvard Medical school failed to
accurately factor in the base rate of the disease (i.e., prevalence).

a. 1.8%
b. 56%
c. 82%
d. 95%

Continued on page 5

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Name:________________________ Student ID:_____________________________

16. According to the “Zoom time” experiment, one can speculate that counting the number of
legs of an imagined spider is _______ when it is imagined next to _______ than to ________.

a. shorter, a pencil, a backpack

b. longer, a pencil, a backpack
c. shorter, an apple, an orange
d. none of above

17. When a conditional statement (if p, then q) holds true, which of the following statement is
most difficult for people to judge its validity?

a. p is observed and therefore q must be also true.

b. q was not observed and therefore p must not be true either.
c. q is observed and therefore p must be also true.
d. all of them are equally difficult.

18. According to Rosch (1975), which of the following is the lowest-prototypicality member of
birds?

a. Sparrow
b. Owl
c. Penguin
d. Bat

19. There are two gumball machines outside the local grocery store, one large machine and one
small machine. Both machines have only yellow and orange gumballs, and each machine
contains 50 percent of each color. For each coin, the large gumball machine dispenses 15
gumballs, while the small machine dispenses 5. Tim is a young genius whose interests include
probability and sound decision-making. His "probability project of the day" is to get a greater
percentage of either of the colors, but not an equal amount of each color. Given this, and
presuming Tim has only one coin,

a. he should use his coin in the large machine.

b. he should use his coin in the small machine.
c. it doesn't make a difference which machine he uses.
d. he should wait for other people to use the machines and see what they get.

20. Lexicon refers to ______.

a. all phonetic signals used by a person in one language.

b. all phonetic signals used by a person in all the languages.
c. all words used by a person in one language.
d. none of above

Continued on page 6

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Name:________________________ Student ID:_____________________________

21. Typicality effect is consistent with _____.

a. Prototype approach of categorization

b. Exemplar-based approach of categorization
c. Both of above
d. None of above

22. In Ishai and Sagi’s experiment (1995), imagining masks above and below the target
_________.

a. made the target detection always easier than when masks were physically present.
b. made the target detection always harder than when masks were physically present.
c. made the target detection always harder than when masks were absent.
d. none of above

23. Medin and colleagues (1982) found that humans _______ categorize information based on
correlated features. This can be explained by the _______ but not by the _________
approach of categorization.

a. can, prototype, exemplar-based

b. cannot, prototype, exemplar-based
c. can, exemplar-based, prototype
d. cannot, exemplar-based, prototype

24. Which of the statement is incorrect?

a. validly formed syllogism does not suffice truth.

b. True conclusion does not guarantee logical soundness of syllogism.
c. all of above
d. none of above

25. What is wrong with the following syllogism?

Frogs lay eggs. (premise 1)
All amphibians lay eggs. (premise 2)
Then, frogs are amphibians. (conclusion)

a. One of the premises is not true.

b. It is not validly constructed.
c. The conclusion is not true.
d. Nothing.

Continued on page 7

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Name:________________________ Student ID:_____________________________

26. In Holyoak and Koh’s experiment (1987), participants provided with ___________ was more
successful at solving the radiation problem than those provided with __________. This is
because the former shared _________ with the radiation problem.

a. insufficient-intensity story, fragile-glass story, structural feature

b. insufficient-intensity story, fragile-glass story, surface feature
c. structural feature, analogies, schema
d. none of above

27. Which of the statement below is true?

a. Inductive reasoning draws conclusion about what is most probable given previous
evidence.
b. Deductive reasoning draws conclusions about what must be true based on logic
c. all of above
d. none of above

28. A psycholinguist conducts an experiment with a group of participants from a small village in
Asia and another from a small village in South America. She asked the groups to describe the
bands of color they saw in a rainbow and found they reported the same number of bands as
their language possessed primary color words. These results

a. support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.

b. contradict the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.
c. support the word frequency effect.
d. contradict the word frequency effect.

29. According to prototype approach of categorization, a prototype of a category is a(n)

________ member of the category

a. perfect
b. average
c. significant
d. salient

30. A patient with __________ would experience recurring and often complex visual
hallucinations that ______ the blind spot.

a. split brain, complement

b. split brain, contradict
c. Charles Bonnet syndrome, contradict
d. Charles Bonnet syndrome, complement

Continued on page 8

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Name:________________________ Student ID:_____________________________

31. Which of the following is a good example of Garden path sentences?

a. Fat people eat accumulates.

b. Mary gave the child the dog bit a Band-Aid.
c. all of above
d. None of above

32. According to the sentence verification effect, people are ______ to verify that “An owl is a
bird.” than “A tiger is not a bird.”

a. more likely
b. quicker
c. Both of above
d. None of above

33. According to the induction effect, which of the following inference is more easily accepted
by individuals?

a. “A chair has legs, and therefore, a bed should also have legs.”
b. “A bed has legs, and therefore, a chair should also have legs.”
c. Both of above are equally easy for individuals to accept.
d. The induction effect is not relevant for this question.

34. Michael purchased a new car, a Ford Mustang, less than a month ago. While sitting in traffic,
he says to his girlfriend, "Mustangs must be the best-selling car now. I can't remember seeing
as many on the road as I have recently." Derrick's judgment is most likely biased by a(n)

a. representativeness heuristic.
b. availability heuristic.
c. illusory correlation.
d. permission schema.

35. According to the utility theory, which of the following is the best option to choose?

a. Not purchasing any lottery ticket.

b. Purchasing a $1 lottery ticket with 1% probability of winning a $120 prize
c. Purchasing a $5 lottery ticket with 0.01% probability of winning a $1000 prize
d. Purchasing a $10 lottery ticket with 0.001% probability of winning a $10000 prize

36. Which of the following describes the caveat of the utility theory?

a. Not all values are quantifiable.

b. Calculation of expected values is effortful.
c. Probability of a certain outcome may be unknown.
d. all of above
Continued on page 9

PSY270H5S August 2022 Final Exam Page 8 of 16

Name:________________________ Student ID:_____________________________

37. Good definition is not only _____ but also ______.

a. concise, sufficient
b. probable, necessary
c. sufficient, probable
d. none of above

38. ______ account of mental imagery states that the mental images are represented by sentence-
like descriptions of the property of the “image”.

a. Descriptive
b. Analog
c. Digital
d. none of above

39. Unlike the prototype approach of categorization, the exemplar-based approach proposes the
following.

a. a category is represented in our mind by all of its examples.

b. a category is represented in our mind by a group of examples similar to its prototype.
c. a category does not exist in our mind.
d. none of above.

40. According to ___________ effect, our mind can fill in missing _____ in speech especially
when it ____ masked by noise.

a. articulatory suppression, phonemes, is not

b. semantic integration, meanings, is
c. phonemic restoration effect, phonemes, is not
d. none of above

41. The word "bad" has phoneme(s).

a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four

42. What is wrong with the following syllogism?

A huskie is a dog. (premise 1)
All dogs are mammals. (premise 2)
Then, a huskie is a mammal. (conclusion)

a. One of the premises is not true.

b. It is not validly constructed.
c. The conclusion is not true.
d. Nothing. Continued on page 10

PSY270H5S August 2022 Final Exam Page 9 of 16

Name:________________________ Student ID:_____________________________

43. According to _________, people often estimate 99+77+55+45+23+1 to be _________ than

1+23+45+55+77+99.

a. positive framing, larger

b. positive framing, smaller
c. anchoring, larger
d. anchoring, smaller

44. Which of the following sentence would take least number of fixations to comprehend?

a. Psychology is a scientific investigation of mind.

b. Psycohlogy is a scienfitic invetisgtaion of mind.
c. Psycholoyg is a scientiifc investigatoin of mind.
d. Spychology is a csientific nviestigation of mind.

45. According to conjunctive fallacy, which of the following is more likely to be judged as more
frequent?

a. words ending in “----ing”

b. words ending in “----in-“
c. words ending in “-----n-“
d. all are judged as equally likely.

46. One of the _____ of the prototype approach of categorization is that we all have ______ a
prototype of known categories (e.g., birds).

a. strengths, seen
b. strengths, imagined
c. weaknesses, not imagined
d. none of above

47. Kosslyn and colleagues (1978) demonstrated that the time one took to imagine moving a dot
from position A to position B on a memorized map was _______ with the physical distance of
A to B on the map. This finding is consisntent with ______ account of mental imagery.

a. negatively correlated, analog

b. positively correlated, propositional
c. not correlated, digital
d. none of above

Continued on page 11

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Name:________________________ Student ID:_____________________________

48. When a conditional statement (if p, then q) holds true, which of the following statement must
be true?

a. Modus ponens states that if q is observed, then p must be true.

b. Modus tollen states that if p is not observed, then q must not be true.
c. all of above.
d. none of above.

49. When given the following two choices,

1) Pay $10 lottery that could win $100 with 1% chance
2) Pay $9 for a piece of paper

People tend to choose ___ over ___ to _________ risks because the decisions are framed
________.

a. 1), 2), take, negatively

b. 2), 1), avoid, positively
c. 1), 2), take, positively
d. 2), 1), avoid, negatively

50. The Wason card selection task revealed that people often fall for __________.

a. confirmation bias
b. falsification principle
c. availability heuristics
d. conjunctive fallacy

51. Which of the following words do we have more in English?

a. words ending in “est”

b. words ending in “es-“
c. words ending in “e--“
d. all are judged as equally likely.

52. After brain damage, Patient K.C. and Patient E.W. became selectively impaired in their
ability to name ________ but not ________.

a. animals, nonanimals
b. man-made objects, natural objects
c. faces, body parts
d. all of above

Continued on page 12

PSY270H5S August 2022 Final Exam Page 11 of 16

Name:________________________ Student ID:_____________________________

53. A conclusion of a syllogism is true when _______.

a. it follows the form of A then B and B then C, then A then C.

b. two premises are true.
c. both of above are met
d. any of above is met.

54. According to the exemplar-based approach of categorization, when one encounters a new
animal, one will ____ to categorize the new animal.

a. retrieve most similar examples of known categories

b. retrieve all the examples of known categories
c. retrieve most salient examples of known categories
d. retrieve random examples of known categories

55. According to Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which of the following is true?

a. Language is a communication tool.

b. Language shapes the thought.
c. all of above
d. None of above

56. While both words exemplify _________, “ball” demonstrates ________ dominance whereas
“mold” demonstrates __________ dominance.

a. lexical ambiguity, balanced, biased

b. semantic ambivalence, balanced, biased
c. lexical ambiguity, biased, balanced
d. semantic ambivalence, biased, balanced

57. One good way to experimentally validate color-grapheme synesthesia is to utilize a(n) ____.

a. attentional blink task

b. multiple object tracking task
c. visual search task
d. free recall task

58. You are organizing a fundraising lottery event. Which of the following would you choose
assuming that the number of the purchased tickets are equal for all the options?

a. $1 lottery ticket with 1% probability of winning a $50 prize

b. $3 lottery ticket with 0.2% probability of winning a $1000 prize
c. $6 lottery ticket with 0.05% probability of winning a $2000 prize
d. $3 lottery ticket with 0.04% probability of winning a $5000 prize

Continued on page 13

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Name:________________________ Student ID:_____________________________

59. When Cheng and Holyoak implied _____________ in a variant of the Wason card selection
task, individuals applied _________ more readily to solve the problem.

a. utility theory, inductive reasoning

b. positive framing, risk averse strategy
c. permission schema, falsification principle
d. negative framing, risk averse strategy

60. According to _______, category membership of an object is determined by a ______ overlap

of typical features of a category.

a. Family resemblance, complete

b. Relative resemblance, complete
c. Relative resemblance, partial
d. Family resemblance, partial

61. Radiation problem becomes easier to solve when one realizes ______.

a. functional fixedness
b. analogical transfer
c. parity rule
d. surface features

62. Which of the following statement is true about functional fixedness?

a. Functional fixedness often makes non-insight problems challenging.

b. Functional fixedness helps solve insight problems.
c. Schemas help overcome functional fixedness.
d. none of above

63. When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation
problems, which of the following represented the mapping step of this process?

a. Linking the dangerous mines to the dangerous tumor

b. Developing schemas for each individual problem
c. Connecting the fortress with the tumor
d. Generalizing from groups of soldiers to using many rays to solve the problem

64. Re-interpreting a bi-stable image is _____ when it is _____. When the bi-stable image is
_______, it is _______.

a. easy, imagined, perceived, difficult

b. possible, imagined, memorized, impossible
c. all of above
d. none of above
Continued on page 14

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Name:________________________ Student ID:_____________________________

65. If a medical screening test to detect a disease whose prevalence is 10/100 has 90% hit rate
(rate at which positive results are given for positive cases) and 10% false alarm rate (rate at
which positive results are given for negative cases), what is the chance that a person found to
have a positive result actually has the disease if the test result is the only available
information?

a. 90%
b. 50%
c. 3.88%
d. none of above

66. A problem is best defined as _______.

a. an obstacle or discrepancy between the current state and a goal state

b. emotional depression elicited by an unfulfilled desire.
c. challenges that cannot be solved by one’s ability
d. all of above

67. For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi."
Knowing that, we can also reason that

a. the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.
b. when people are asked to list all the fruits they can think of, kiwi will usually appear on
their list before banana.
c. neither kiwi nor banana are likely to be the fruit "closest" to the prototype of the fruit
category.
d. people will have a similar number of exemplars for kiwi and banana.

68. Sometimes, copying all perceivable features of an object of a category to a new object does
not guarantee the new object’s membership for the category. This idea is most consistent with
_______.

a. the examplar-based approach of categorization

b. the prototype approach of categorization
c. Fundamentalism
d. none of above

69. Phonemes are ______.

a. all words
b. shortest segments of speech that, if changed, change the meaning of the words.
c. any segments of speech that, if changed, change the meaning of the words.
d. none of above

Continued on page 15

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Name:________________________ Student ID:_____________________________

70. The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT

a. abstract symbols.
b. an equation.
c. a spatial layout.
d. a statement.

71. One hundred students are enrolled in State University's course on introductory physics for
math and science majors. In the group, 60 students are math majors and 40 are science majors.
Sarah is in the class. She got all As in her high school science courses, and she would like to be
a chemist someday. She lives on campus. Her boyfriend is also in the class. There is a chance
that Sarah is a science major.

a. 40%
b. 50%
c. 60%
d. 100%

72. Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n)

a. novel object.
b. familiar object.
c. frequently used object.
d. object with a specific function.

73. When given the following two choices,

1) Win $1000 for 1% chance

2) Win $10 for sure

People tend to choose ___ over ___ to _________ risks because the decisions are framed
________.

a. 1), 2), take, negatively

b. 2), 1), avoid, positively
c. 1), 2), take, positively
d. 2), 1), avoid, negatively

Continued on page 16

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Name:________________________ Student ID:_____________________________

74. Kevin is a native English speaker and Max just started learning English as a second
language. If Kevin and Max were to participate in word superiority experiment, which of the
following would be expected?

a. Kevin identifies more bound phonemes than Max does.

b. Kevin’s RT in recognizing “K” in a briefly presented letter string “WORK” is greater
than recognizing “K” presented in the letter string “RWOK”.
c. Max’s RT in recognizing “K” in a briefly presented letter string “WORK” is greater
than recognizing “K” presented in the letter string “RWOK”.
d. none of above

75. As a result of severe damage to occipital and parietal lobe, patient R.M. became unable to
_____ while he was still able to _______. This demonstrates a _________ of visual
perception and mental imagery.

a. name objects in front of him; draw accurate images from memory; double dissociation
b. name objects in front of him; draw accurate images from memory; single dissociation
c. draw accurate images from memory; name objects in front of him; double dissociation
d. draw accurate images from memory; name objects in front of him; single dissociation

76. Checkerboard problem is difficult to solve unless one realizes the ______.

a. functional fixedness
b. analogical transfer
c. parity rule
d. surface features

END OF EXAM.
TOTAL POINTS = 76

PSY270H5S August 2022 Final Exam Page 16 of 16