GENERAL PHYSICS 2 - GRADE 12

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Grade: ______________________________________ Section: ___________________

Quarter: 3 Week: 8 SSLM No. 8 MELC(s): Differentiate electric interactions from magnetic
interactions. (STEM_GP12EMIIIh-54). Evaluate the total magnetic flux through an open
surface. (STEM_GP12EMIIIh-55). Describe the motion of a charged particle in a magnetic
field in terms of its speed, acceleration, cyclotron radius, cyclotron frequency, and kinetic
energy. (STEM_GP12EMIIIh-58). Evaluate the magnetic force on an arbitrary wire segment
placed in a uniform magnetic field (STEM_GP12EMIIIh-59).

Title of Textbook/LM to Study: General Physics 2: Magnetic Fields, Magnetic Flux, and
Magnetic Force SLM

Lesson: Magnetic Fields, Magnetic Flux, and Magnetic Force

➢ Objectives:
1. Differentiate electric interactions from magnetic interactions.
2. Evaluate the total magnetic flux through an open surface.
3. Describe the motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field in terms of its speed,
acceleration, cyclotron radius, cyclotron frequency, and kinetic energy.
4. Evaluate the magnetic force on an arbitrary wire segment placed in a uniform
magnetic field.

Let Us Discover

ELECTRIC INTERACTIONS VS MAGNETIC INTERACTIONS

Analyze the figure shown below and answer the questions that follow.
Questions:
1. What are the similarities of
electric and magnetic fields?
2. What are the differences
of electric and magnetic
fields?
Figure 1. Electric Field vs. Magnetic Field.
Source: https://www.sciencefacts.net/electric-
field-vs-magnetic-field.html

Magnetic field is an
exerted area around the magnetic force. It is obtained by moving electric charges. The
direction of the magnetic field is indicated by lines, while the electric

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 fields are generated around the particles which obtains electric charge. During this
process, positive charges are drawn, while negative charges are repelled.
An object with moving charge always has both magnetic and electric field. They have
some similarities and have two different fields with same characteristics. Both fields are inter-
related called electromagnetic field but there are not depended on each other.
ELECTRIC FIELD MAGNETIC FIELD

Symbol 𝐸⃗ ⃗
𝐵
𝐹
Formula 𝐸⃗ = ⃗ =Ø
𝐵
𝑞 𝐴

Existence of Pole Monopole Dipole

SI Unit Volt/meter or Tesla
Newton/coulomb
Interaction Like charges repel, Like poles repel,
unlike charges attract unlike poles attract
(Electric Force) Stationary (Magnetic Force) A
or moving charges are both moving charge whose
affected. velocity has a component
that is perpendicular to
the magnetic field vector
interacts with magnetic
field.
Field lines Originates from a positive Originates from the north
charge and terminates at and terminates at the
a negative charge south pole
Do field lines form No Yes
a closed loop?
Measured by Electrometer Magnetometer

MAGNETIC FLUX THROUGH AN OPEN SURFACE

The magnetic flux (often denoted Φ or ΦB) through a surface is the surface integral of
the normal component of the Magnetic field B passing through that surface. The magnetic flux
through a surface when the magnetic field is variable relies on splitting the surface into small
surface elements, over which the magnetic field can be locally constant. The total flux is then
a formal summation of these surface elements.

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If the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux passing through a surface of
vector area A is
⃗ ∙ 𝐴 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃
Φ𝐵 = 𝐵
where B is the magnitude of the magnetic field (the magnetic flux
density) having the unit of Wb/m2 (Tesla), A is the area of the surface,
and θ is the angle between the magnetic field lines and
the normal (perpendicular) to A. Figure 2. Magnetic Flux.
Source: https://commons.princeton.edu/59-
Let us apply the equation on the sample problems below. tiger-cub/electrical/electromagnetism/

1) Calculate the magnetic flux through each square (50cm x 50cm)

shown in the figure. The magnitude of the magnetic field is 10T.
Φ𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃
= (10𝑇)(0.5𝑚 𝑥 0.5𝑚) cos 40°
Φ𝐵 = 0.766 𝑊𝑏

2) The dimension of a rectangular loop is 0.50m and 0.60m. 𝐵 ⃗ and

ϴ are 0.02T and 45° respectively. Determine the magnetic flux through the surface.

⃗ ∙ 𝐴 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃
Φ𝐵 = 𝐵
= (0.02𝑇)(0.5𝑚 𝑥 0.6𝑚) cos 45°
Φ𝐵 = 4.24 𝑥10−3 𝑊𝑏
MOTION OF A CHARGED PARTICLE IN A MAGENTIC FIELD
A charged particle experiences a force when moving
through a magnetic field. Since the magnetic force is
perpendicular to the direction of travel, a charged particle follows
a curved path in a magnetic field. The particle continues to follow
this curved path until it forms a complete circle. Another way to
look at this is that the magnetic force is always perpendicular to
velocity, so that it does no work on the charged particle. The
particle’s kinetic energy and speed thus remain constant. The
direction of motion is affected but not the speed.
As shown in the figure, a particle with positive charge q is Figure 4. A charged particle
at point O, moving with velocity v in a uniform magnetic field B moves in a plane perpendicular to
a uniform magnetic field B .
directed into the plane of the figure. If a charged particle is under Specifically, this shows the orbit
the sole action of magnetic field, then its motion is always with of a charged particle in a uniform
constant speed. With this, both F and v have constant magnetic field (Retrieved from
https://web.njit.edu/~levyr/Physics
magnitudes. As shown in Fig. 7, at points where the directions of _121/chapter29.ppt)
force and velocity have changed, such as at points P and S, their
magnitudes remained constant. Hence, the particle moves under the influence of a constant-
magnitude force that is always perpendicular to the velocity of the particle. With this, the
magnetic force can never do work on the particle.
Recall that in General Physics 1, you learned that object moving in a circular motion
has an acceleration 𝑎𝑐 , velocity 𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔, and 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓. For a charged particle moving in a
circular motion in a region of uniform magnetic field, it experiences the centripetal force that is
perpendicular to its velocity. It can also be observed in Figure 7 that particle’s path is a circle,

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 𝑣2
traced out with constant speed 𝑣. The centripetal acceleration and only the magnetic force
𝑟
acts, so from Newton’s second law,

𝐹𝐵 = 𝐹𝐶 = 𝑚𝑎𝑐

𝑣2
𝐹𝐶 = 𝑚
𝑟
where 𝑚 is the mass of the particle. Noting that 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 1, we see that 𝐹 = |𝑞|𝑣𝐵. The Lorentz
magnetic force supplies the centripetal force, so the following terms are equal

𝑣2
|𝑞|𝑣𝐵 = 𝑚
𝑟
Hence, to solve for the radius r of the circular orbit in a magnetic field, we can use the equation,
𝑚𝑣
𝑟 =
|𝑞|𝐵
This radius is known as the cyclotron radius or gyroradius. A cyclotron radius is the radius of
the charged particle’s circular motion in the presence of a uniform magnetic field. The angular
𝑚𝑣
speed 𝜔 of the particle can be found from the equation 𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔. Combining this with 𝑟 = ,
|𝑞|𝐵
we get
𝑣 |𝑞|𝐵 |𝑞|𝐵
𝜔= =𝑣 =
𝑟 𝑚𝑣 𝑚
Frequency, which is the number of revolutions per unit time is quantitatively expressed as 𝑓 =
𝜔
. This frequency is known as the cyclotron frequency and is independent of the radius of the
2𝜋
path. In a particle accelerator called a cyclotron, particles moving in nearly circular paths are
given a boost twice each revolution, increasing their energy and their orbital radii but not their
angular speed or frequency.
MAGNETIC FORCE OF A CURRENT-CARRYING WIRE
Recall that the right-hand rule is based on the underlying physics that relates magnetic
fields and the forces that they exert on moving charges—it just represents an easy way for
physicists to remember the directions that things are supposed to point.
Right hand rule #1: Moving Charges and Current in a wire
When charges are sitting still, they are unaffected by magnetic fields, but
as soon as they start to move, the magnetic
field pushes on them. But the direction in
which the field pushes on charges is not the
same as the direction of the magnetic field
lines. We can remember this diagram using
Figure 5. Moving Charges.
the right-hand rule. We can use the same Source:
right-hand rule as we did for the moving https://www.khanacademy.org/
charges—pointer finger in the direction the current is flowing,
middle finger in the direction of the magnetic field, and thumb in
Figure 6. Current in a wire.
Source: khanacademy.org/ the direction the wire is pushed.

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Right hand rule #2: Magnetic field caused by current in a wire
We can find the magnetic field that is caused by moving
charges using a second right-hand rule. The magnetic field
made by a current in a straight wire curl around the wire in
a ring. You can find it by pointing your right thumb in the
direction of the current in the wire and curling your fingers.
Your fingers will be curled in the same direction as the
magnetic field around the wire.
Figure 7. Magnetic field caused by current
Right hand rule #3: Magnetic field caused by current in a in a wire. Source: khanacademy.org/
wire
This last case represents what happens in an
electromagnet in which current is run through a wire
wrapped in the shape of a coil. This coil generates
magnetic field lines that point in the direction of the coil’s
long axis. One way to remember these two coiling right-
hand rules is that straight magnetic field lines are caused
by circles of current, and straight lines of current cause
circular magnetic fields. The right-hand rule allows us to
Figure 8. Magnetic field caused by current
in a wire. Source: khanacademy.org/
remember both cases with a single hand gesture.
You can compute the force on a current-carrying conductor starting with the magnetic force
𝐹 = 𝑞𝑣 × 𝐵 ⃗ on a single moving charge. You can derive an expression for the total force on
all the moving charges in a length 𝑙 of conductor with cross-sectional area 𝐴. The number of
charges per unit volume is 𝑛; a segment of conductor with length 𝑙 has volume 𝐴𝑙 and contains
several charges equal to 𝑛𝐴𝑙. The total force 𝐹 on all the moving charges in this segment has
magnitude

𝐹 = (𝑛𝐴𝐼)(𝑞𝑣𝑑 𝐵) = (𝑛𝑞𝑣𝑑 𝐴)(𝐼𝐵)

You have learned that the current density 𝐽 = 𝑛𝑞𝑣𝑑 . The product 𝐽𝐴 is the total current 𝐼, so
the equation can be written as 𝐹 = 𝐼𝑙𝐵. Only the component of 𝐵 ⃗ perpendicular to the wire
(and to the drift velocities of the charges) exerts a force; this component is 𝐵⊥ = 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅. The
magnetic force on the wire is then
𝐹 = 𝐼𝑙𝐵⊥ = 𝐼𝑙𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛∅.
Hence this force can be expressed as a vector product, just like the force on a single moving
charge. We represent the segment of wire with a vector 𝑙 along the wire in the direction of
the current; then the force 𝐹 on this segment is

⃗
𝐹 = 𝐼𝑙 × 𝐵

Let Us Try

I. Read each problem and understand the process of finding the answers.
a. A wire 36m long carries a current of 22A from west to east. Find the magnetic force on
the wire if the magnetic field of Earth at this location is directed from south to north and
has a magnitude of 5.0 𝑥 10 −5 𝑇.

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 Given: B = 5.0 𝑥 10 −5 𝑇. Required: F =?
𝐼 = 22 A Eq’n: 𝐹 = 𝐼𝑙𝐵
𝑙 = 36 m
Solution: F = (22 𝐴)(36 𝑚)(5.0 𝑥 10 −5 𝑇)
F = 0. 04 N

Using your right hand, point your thumb to the east and your fingers north.
Your palm points up, so the force is up.
b. A 2.5 N magnetic force acts on a 475 m wire that is perpendicular to a 0.50T magnetic
field. What is the current in the wire?
Given: F = 2.5 N Required: 𝐼 =?
𝑙 = 475 m Eq’n: 𝐹 = 𝐼𝑙𝐵
B = 0.50 T
𝐹
Solution: 𝐹 = 𝐼𝑙𝐵 → 𝐼 =
𝐼𝐵

2.5𝑁
𝐼=
(475𝑚)(0.50𝑇)

𝐼 = 0.01 𝐴
II. Discuss the following.
At a given instant, an electron and a proton are moving with the same velocity in a
constant magnetic field. Compare the magnetic forces on these particles. Compare
their accelerations.

Let Us Do

Answer the given problems. Show your solution completely.

1. A square loop of wire 10.0 cm on a side is in a 1.25-T magnetic field B. What are the
maximum and minimum values of flux that can pass through the loop?

2. A rectangular loop of wire (2.5cm X 4.0cm) is placed in between

the poles of a horseshoe magnet such that the upward magnetic
field lines make a 30.0 ̊ angle with the loop surface as shown in
the figure on the right. The magnetic field has a strength of 1.2
Tesla. Calculate the magnetic flux through the loop.

3. A house has a floor of dimensions 22 m by 18m. The local magnetic field due to Earth
has a horizontal component 2.6 𝑥 10−5 𝑇 and a downward vertical component 4.2 𝑥10−5 𝑇.
Calculate the magnetic flux

6
Let Us Apply
Solve. Show your solution.

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 1. A 0.45 m long wire is carrying a 1.75 A current [W] while the wire is perpendicular to a
0.35 T magnetic field directed to the north. What is the size and direction of the force
acting on the wire?
2. The magnetic force acting on a wire that is perpendicular to a 0.25 T uniform magnetic
field is 3.4 N. If the current in the wire is 2.75 A, what is the length of the wire that is
inside the magnetic field?
3. A copper wire 25 cm long carries a current of 6.0 A and weighs 0.35 N. A certain
magnetic is strong enough to balance the force of gravity that acts on the wire. What
is the strength of the magnetic field?

References

Bord, D. J., and Ostdiek, V. J. The World of Physics. Manila: Vibal Publishing House, Inc.,
2012.

Cutnell, J. D. and Johnson, K. W. Introduction to Physics. Singapore: C & E Publishing, Inc.,

2010

Khan Academy. “Using the Right-Hand Rule.” Available at:

https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/magnetism-
mcat/a/using-the-right-hand-rule

Leonoras, G.T. and Santos, A.T. General Physics 2 Activity Sheet No. 14 – Magnetic Field,
Magnetic Flux, and Magnetic Force, 1st Edition. Philippines: DepEd Region VI, 2021.

Littman, Michael, FRS 106. 59 Tiger Cub Motorcycle “Electromagnetism.” Spring 2013

Santisteban-Cook, C.J. Baguio, S.S. M. Breaking Through General Physics 2 for Senior High
School. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc., 2018.

ScienceFacts.net. “Electric Field vs. Magnetic Field.” Available at:

https://www.sciencefacts.net/electric-field-vs-magnetic-field.html

The Organic Chemistry Tutor. “Magnetic Flux, Basic Introduction – Physics Problems.”
Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y30ATrKpwpU

University of Saskatchewan. “8.3 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field.” Available

at: https://openpress.usask.ca/physics155/chapter/8-3-motion-of-a-charged-particle-
in-a-magnetic-field/

Young, H.D. and Freedman, R.A. Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics with Modern
Physics, 13th Edition. USA: Pearson Education, Inc., 2012.
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