PRELIMS

Fcl 400

Lesson 1 (The notion of society)

Definition Society
-Specific geographical location
-Sharing of common culture
-Interactions With one another

Society in Wide Sense:

a. Natural or Primary society- members are associated to it without choice. One
necessarily belongs to a family, barangay or nation.
b. Voluntary or secondary – freely willed, educational societies, religious societies,
joint stock companies, sports club, FB group, NGO's, associations.

Society in restricted sense

-Society is association of men and women for the attainment of their existential ends
-Society designates association of both men and women which are characterized by
systematic organization and external institutions
a) laws
b) Administrative bodies
c) Governing officials
-The main cohesive force of society is the shared values, ideals and commitments of its
members.

The sociologist Gerhard Lenski on society.

-Gerhard Lenski in Power and Privilege (1966) classified societies on the basis of their
main tools of subsistence and, unlike Marx, demonstrated statistically that variations in
the primary tools used in a given society systematically accounted for different types of
social stratification systems.
Types of Society
•Historical dominance 50,000-10,000 BCE
•Technology-economy, Stone-wood,
Subtenece several week surplus

(Hunting Gathering 50-150 population size)

•Contemporary examples Mbuti of Central African republic, Ju/hoansi of South Africa

•Social organization Family or kin bands

Hunting-gathering Society

•VOCABULARY
-Hunter-gatherer culture is a type of subsistence lifestyle that relies on hunting and
fishing animals and foraging for wild vegetation and other nutrients like honey, for food.
Until approximately 12,000 years ago, all humans practiced hunting-gathering.
Because hunter-gatherers did not rely on agriculture, they used mobility as a survival
strategy. Indeed, the hunter-gatherer lifestyle required access to large areas of land,
between seven and 500 square miles, to find the food they needed to survive. This
made establishing long-term settlements impractical, and most hunter-gatherers were
nomadic. Hunter-gatherer groups tended to range in size from an extended family to a
larger band of no more than about 100 people.

Types of Society
Historical dominance
7,000-5,000 years ago

Technology-economy
Sickle, hoe
Horticulture several month surplus.
Horticultural 150-3000 pop. Size (middle)

Social organization
Chiefdoms, specialized religious military roles

Contemporary examples
Yanomamo of Brazil, Dani of New Guinea

Horticulture society
-Horticultural societies developed around 7000 BCE in the Middle East and gradually
spread west through Europe and Africa and east through Asia. They were the first type
of society in which people grew their own food, rather than relying strictly on the hunter-
gather technique. This means that they were also the first type of society in which
settlements were permanent or at least semi-permanent.
There are both simple and more advanced forms of cultivation used in horticultural
societies. The simplest use tools such as axes (to clear forest) and wooden sticks and
metal spades for digging. More advanced forms may use foot-plows and manure,
terracing and irrigation, and rest plots of land in fallow periods. In some cases, people
combine horticulture with hunting or fishing, or with the keeping of a few domesticated
farm animals.

Types of Society
Historical dominance
5,000-10,000 yrs. ago

Technology-economy
Domesticated animals
Surplus on the hoof

Pastoral 150-10,000(pop. Size) (middle)

Social organization
Chiefdoms /marked inequality

Contemporary examples Masai of Kenya/Fulani of Nigeria/Navajo of Amerian

West

Types of society
Historical dominance
5,000 to 1750 A.C.E.

Technology-economy
Animal drawn plow, irrigation, agriculture, animals

Agrarian (middle)

Social organization
Complex division of lak religious institutions, ma social inequality

Contemporary examples
Ancient Egypt, Feudal Europe Third world countries, rural Philippines, Thailand, Mexico

Agrarian Society
-Human society earlier constituted of hunter-gatherers. While the reasons are unknown,
humans started shifting from hunting-gathering to agriculture around 12000 years ago
which also marked the end of the last ice age and the start of the Holocene epoch. This
is known as the Neolithic Revolution
Agriculture is believed to have first begun in the Fertile Crescent which extends from
Iraq to Egypt. Agriculture allowed people to settle down and form communities which
gave rise to new social structures and forms of human societal organization. The
ancient Egyptian civilization, Indian civilization, Chinese civilization, and Mayan
civilization were all agrarian
Types of Society
Historical dominance
18th-20th century

Technology-economy
Machine power; electric, petroleum, nuclear power

Industrial Millions to over billions (middle)

Contemporary examples Brazil, Eastern Europe

Social organization Growth of state power

Types of Society
Historical dominance
Late 20th century and early 21st centuries

Technology-economy
Computer information technologies, photonics,
robotics; biogenetics

Postindustrial (middle)

Social organization
Scientific and technical institutions, emerging global classes, social networks and power
Structures

Contemporary examples
US, Japan and much Western Europe

Summary Conclusion
-Elements of of society
-Definite geographical locations Interactions with another
-Sharing one culture

Types of Society
•Hunting gathering 50,000-10,000BCE
•Pastoral 7,000-5,000
•Industrial 18th-20th century
•Horticulture 7,000-5,000 BCE
•Agrarian
5.000 BCE 1750 ACE
•Post industrial
Late 20th c., early 21st century

Lesson 2 The Common Good

Definition
The Catechism, following Pope John XXIII in Mater et Magistra and Vatican II defines
the common good as: “the sum total of social conditions which allow people, either as
groups or as an individual, to reach their fulfillment more fully and more easily. Mater et
Magistra – “Mother and Teacher” (1961), paragraph 65

Mater et magistra – an encyclical letter written by the Pope to all Catholics

Vatican II – was an ecumenical council that took place in Vatican City from October 11,
1962, until December 8, 1965. This council represents a major event in the life of the
Church of the 20th century, and for this reason it constitutes a fundamental era in
universal history.
Common Good Short History – Aristotle
In Book I of the Politics, Aristotle asserted that man is political by nature. It is only
through participation as citizens in the political community, or polis, provided by the
state that men may achieve the common good of community safety- only as citizens
and through active engagement with politics, whether as a public servant, a participant
in the deliberation of laws and justice, or as a soldier defending the polis, that the
common good can be achieved. Indeed, Aristotle argued that only matters of the
common good are right; matters for the rulers’ good are wrong.

Short History – Rousseau

For Rousseau, writing in the mid-18th century, the notion of the common good, achieved
through the active and voluntary commitment of citizens, was to be distinguished from
the pursuit of an individual’s private will. Thus, the “general will” of the citizens of a
republic, acting as a corporate body, should be distinguished from the particular will of
the individual. Political authority would only be regarded as legitimate if it was according
to the general will and toward the common good. The pursuit of the common good
would enable the state to act as a moral community.

The Principle of the Common Good

The common good includes all social conditions that help people reach their full human
potential. The common is determined by respect for the person, social well-being and
peace. The universal common good, focuses on our world as a global village that
makes us see beyond out immediate environment.

Three Essential Elements of the Common Good

1. Respect for the human person
 All human beings have dignity because they are made in the image of God and
are loved by God.
 Nothing can take away this fundamental dignity, not even his/her worst actions.
 This belief is the foundation of all the principles of our social teachings.
 People motivate by selfishness, fear or hate, have always found reasons not to
respect the dignity of others: race, gender, nationality, disability, age, history.
How could respect for the sacredness of life is manifested in our actions?
A. Respect for human life
A.1. Respect for the Unborn Life
The catechism of the Catholic church states: “since the first century the church has
affirmed the moral evil of every procured abortion. This teaching has not changed and
remains unchangeable. Direct abortion, that is to say, abortion willed either as an end or
a means, is gravely contrary to the moral law” (no. 2271).
Life is sacred.
A.2. The Death Penalty
Recourse to the death penalty on the part of legitimate authority, following a fair trial,
was long considered an appropriate response to the gravity of certain crimes and an
acceptable, albeit extreme, means of safeguarding the common good.
A.3. The PWD (Person with Disability)
More than a billion people, about 15% of the world’s population, are estimated to live
with some form of disability worldwide. (World Health organization’s World Report,
2011). According to a 2010 government census, there are at least 1.4 million Filipinos
with disabilities.

Republic Act 7277

“An Act to Enhance the Mobility of Disabled Persons by Requiring Certain Building,
Institution, Establishments, and Other Public Utilities to Install Facilities and Other
Devices.”
Public and private buildings and related structures for public use and which shall be
constructed, repaired or renovated.
- Streets and highways and public utilities
 Streets and highways
 Public transport vehicles
 Public telephones

A.4. Gender Equality

A.4.1. Gender Equality in workplace
A.4.2. All gender restroom
2. Social wellbeing and development of the group.
Social policy promotes wellbeing in providing equality education and universal literacy.

3. Peace and stability for a just society.

Social Stability and Theoretical Background

 The social role premise of social stability is reflected in the most frequently
referenced measures of social stability, which calculate one’s cumulative social
stability score based on a predefined set of criteria. These most commonly include
assessment of one’s employment, marital, and housing status, but also include
criminal justice and mobility indicators.
For example, Straus and Bacon measured social stability using a cumulative index of
 living in one’s own home,
 residential immobility for at least 2 years,
 living with wife, and
 having a steady job for at least 3 years.

Constancy and Resilience in Social Stability

Cyclical and exacerbating associations among stability domains and associated feelings
of constant change and uncertainty that challenge attempts to improve one’s social
situation.
 homelessness,
 lack of regular employment,
 poverty, and
 fragile relationships that contribute to a “chronic sense of uncertainty” and feeling
“out of control” that contrasts stability.
Similarly, among urban welfare recipients, a litany of daily struggles made it nearly
impossible to maintain long-term daily routines given
 varying income,
 housing difficulties,
 employment wait lists, and
 health care issues
Respondents lived in circumstances of “constant uncertainty and instability” and could
take little for granted on any regular basis.
Lesson 3 (NOTION AND ORIGIN OF CATHOLIC SOCIAL TEACHINGS)

Catechetical Foundation
- The Church, mother of mankind, above all, sees with profound sorrow' an innumerable
multitude of men and women, children and adults and old people and unique human
beings who suffer in misery
- By means of catechesis, in which due emphasis is given to her social teaching, the
Church desires to stir Christian hearts to the cause of justice and to a preferential option
or love for the poor; so, what her presence may really be light that shines and salt that
cures."

Catholic Social Teaching

The Early Church
The scriptures: Early church took seriously Jesus' mandate to his followers to relate to
others as brothers and sisters
- The first Christians shared their property and goods (Acts 2:44-47)
- Condemned selfishness (1Cor. 11:18-34)
- And encouraged generous haring, especially when others are in need. Because of
Church's compassion, many were attracted to Christ and converted.

The Church Fathers

- St. Ambrose (340? -397 ACE)
You are not making gift to the poor man from your possessions, but you are returning
what is his. For what is common has been given for the use of all, you make exclusive
use of it. The earth belongs to all, not to the rich.
- As the church became more organized, the church established hospitals, homes for
battered women, orphanages, school system, homes for the aged and dying.
- This Religious Congregation, founded in 1864 by José María Benito Serra and Antonia
de Oviedo and Schönthal, lives out its charism by comprehensive care to women in
prostitution or victims of trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation
Modern Teaching
Pope Leo XIII (pope from 1878-1903)
Pope Leo lived at the time when Marxism was greatly followed by worker of the world.
Marxism made a critique of capitalism
- which often exploited workers for profits, and
- industrial barons trampled workers' rights
- Lack decent wages
- No pensions, health insurance
- Marxism claimed workers' paradise, a utopia which would result his ideas
- Marx believes the state would treat all men equally.
- Pope Leo XIII wrote the encyclical Rerum Novarum in 1891. “On the Condition of
Labor"

RERUM NOVARUM
Common Good
- The purpose of the State is to provide common good
- Everyone has equal dignity and the government protects those rights
- Pope Leo wanted everyone to be a contributor of common good

Rights and duties of property ownership

- Right to own private property
- Pope Leo wanted the wealthy to meet their own needs
- The wealthy were responsible to give alms

LJUSTICE AS A VIRTUE
- Justice the moral and cardinal virtue by which we give God and our neighbor, what is
their due by right.
- Justice disposes one to respect the rights of each and to establish in human
relationships the harmony that promotes equity with regard to persons and the common
good.

Four types of justice

Commutative justice
Distributive justice
Legal justice
Social justice

Commutative justice
- Commutative justice is the justice of exchange.
- It requires for fairness of agreements and exchanges between individuals or private
social groups.
- It requires that we respect the equal human dignity of everyone in our economic
transactions, contracts or promises.
Example:
If a mother hires a baby sitter to watch her toddler, then in justice the babysitter should
do a good job of caring for the child and not spend the whole time on her cellphone or
watching tv. Similarly, the mother should pay the baby sitter the agreed upon wage and
not renege on her part of the agreement.

Distributive justice
- Is justice that guarantees the common welfare. It involves sharing.
- Distributive justice sees to the just distribution of the goods of creation that God
intends for us all to use and share.
- Basic human dignity requires that each person has a right to the world's good to live a
truly human life.

We pay our taxes so that government can guarantee that all citizens
- Education
- Police and fire protection
- Healthcare
- Disability compensation in times of forced unemployment

Examples:
- Share an example when you were treated unfairly,
when commutative justice was violated. How was the situation resolved.?
- In your life as a student, how is commutative justice exemplified?
- A high unemployment rate is a sign of an unjust society. Agree or disagree?

Legal justice
- Legal justice relates to citizens' obligations toward the larger society and government.
Legal justice requires that citizens obey the laws of society.

Are some Philippine laws unjust?

- Yes, according to the Philippine Commission on Women. (PCW) points out some
articles in the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines which are unfair to women.

Revised penal code article 202

Article 202 defines prostitution as the act of women who engage in sexual relations and
lascivious acts for profit, and outlines the appropriate punishment for such acts.

According to PCW, the law is unfair since it implies that prostitutes are "criminals who
engage in the sex industry for monetary gain." It doesn't take into account that most
prostitutes are forced into the sex trade by socio-economic factors such as poverty,
making them victims rather than perpetrators
The group adds that the law only penalizes prostitutes - not the customers or pimps.

SUMMARY CONCLUSION
- Catholic Church Teaching in history
- Early Church: Early church took seriously Jesus' mandate to his followers to relate to
others as brothers and sisters
- Modern Teachings: Pope Leo XIII condemned both excessive capitalism and utopian
Marxism
- Four types of justice
Commutative justice
Distributive justice
Social justice
Legal justice

Lesson 4 & 5 (Different Principles of Catholic Social Teachings)

1. Dignity of the human person

2.Principle of the Common Good
3. Option for the Poor
4. Rights and responsibiliti es
5. Principle of Subsidiarity
6. The Rights of Workers
7. Principle of Stewardship of God's creation

7 Major Themes from Catholic Social Teaching

1.Dignity of the Human Person

- The Catholic Church proclaims that human life is sacred and that the dignity of the
human person is the foundation of a moral vision for society. This belief is the
foundation of all the principles of our social teaching

Foundational principle
- Every person regardless of age, gender, race, nationality and religion or economic
status- deserves respect.
- This principle is grounded in the idea that the person is made in the image of God.
- And redeemed by Christ, and therefore is invaluable and worthy of respect as a
member of the human family.

2. Principle of the Common Good

“We need to participate for the common good. Sometimes we hear: a good Catholic is
not interested in politics. This is not true: good Catholics immerse themselves in politics
by offering the best of themselves so that the leader can govern." - Pope Francis,
9/16/13

The Principle of the Common Good

- Includes those conditions that permit people to reach their full human potential and to
realize their human dignity.
- Principle of the Common Good Human beings grow and achieve fulfillment in
community.
- Human dignity can only be realized and protected in the context of relationships with
the wider society.
- How we organize our society -- in economics and politics, in law and human directly
affects dignity and the capacity of individuals to policy grow in community.

3.Option for the poor

- The moral test of a society is how it treats its most vulnerable members.
- The poor have the most urgent moral claim on the conscience of the nation. We are
called to look at public policy decisions in terms of how they affect the poor.
- The option for the poor is an essential part of society's effort to achieve the common
good.
- A healthy community can be achieved only if its members give special attention to
those with special needs, to those who are poor and on the margins of society.

Peace and security

- For decades, Rohingya, an ethnic Muslim minority group, in Myanmar, a
predominantly Buddhist country, have faced institutionalized discrimination, such as
exclusionary citizenship laws.
- Common good seeks peace and security of minority group like the Rohingya Muslims.

4.Rights and responsibilities

- "The Catholic tradition teaches that human dignity can be protected and a healthy
community can be achieved only if human rights are protected and responsibilities are
met.
- Every person has a fundamental right to life and a right to those things required for
human decency - starting with food, shelter and clothing, employment, health care, and
education.
- Corresponding to these rights are duties and responsibilities - - to one another, to our
families, and to the larger society.

The killing of a government doctor-tagged by anticommunist groups as a part of the

communist armed movement-should be enough to prove that red tagging puts people's
lives in danger, according to activist groups.

Why is "red-tagging" against the principle of the human dignity?

What is the responsibility of the state when some state forces are killing human rights
defenders with impunity?

The state/government has the right to execute a criminal? Agree or disagree

Martin Luther King said "violence begets violence" and that holds true when the
violence is committed by the government. Brandon became a beautiful person. When
we killed Brandon, we killed the belief that one can change.
Brandon Bernard a prisoner was executed in the US last December 11, 2020 Bernard,
40, was one of five gang members convicted in Texas of killing Stacie and Todd Bagley
-- who were youth ministers -- in 1999.
5.Principle of subsidiarity
- The church is wise in encouraging us to join a variety of associations so that everyone
has the " ability to participate actively in the economic, political, and cultural life of
society."
- The principle of subsidiarity affirms that the tasks of governance should be carried out
at the lowest (most local) level possible, so long as it can be carried out properly.
- Just as it is gravely wrong to take from individuals what they can accomplish by their
own initiative and industry and give it to the community, so also it is an injustice and at
the same time a grave evil and disturbance of right order to assign to a greater and
higher association what lesser and subordinate organizations can do.
- For every social activity ought of its very nature to furnish help to the members of the
body social, and never destroy and absorb them
- When the needs in question cannot adequately be met at the lower level, then it is not
only necessary, but imperative that higher levels of government intervene.

Role of Government and Subsidiarity

- The state has a positive moral function. It is an instrument to promote human dignity,
protect human rights, and build the common good.

Principle of subsidiarity implies the existence of

- PTA association-homeowners association-tricycle owners drivers association (TODA),
labor unions association
- Some of these associations or institutions are responsible for making decisions that
affect the community or individual citizens. For example, a city council may affect a
curfew law for minors after consulting citizens groups.
Manila Mayor Isko Moreno Domagoso signed the memorandum implementing City
Ordinance No. 8547 or the ordinance establishing protection and discipline hours for
children and wards in the Philippine capital on Monday.
This was a day after the mayor himself caught around 22 "batang hamog" or street
children getting drunk and loitering during the wee hours of the night

6.Principle of the Dignity of Work and the rights of workers

Economic justice
- The economy must serve people, not the other way around.
- All workers have a right to productive work, to decent and fair wages, and to safe
working conditions.
- They also have a fundamental right to organize and join unions.
- People have a right to economic initiative and private property, but these rights have
limits. No one is allowed to amass excessive wealth when others lack the basic
necessities of life.

Principle of the Dignity of Work and the rights of workers

- Catholic teaching opposes collectivist and statist economic approaches. But it also
rejects the notion that a free market automatically produces justice.
- Distributive justice, for example, cannot be achieved by relying entirely on free market
forces. Competition and free markets are useful elements of economic systems.
However, markets must be kept within limits, because there are many needs and goods
that cannot be satisfied by the market system. It is the task of the state and of all society
to intervene and ensure that these needs are met.

7. Stewardship of God's Creation

- The goods of the earth are gifts from God, and they are intended by God for the
benefit of everyone.
- There is a "social mortgage" that guides our use of the world's goods, and we have a
responsibility to care for these goods as stewards and trustees, not as mere consumers
and users.
- How we treat the environment is a measure of our stewardship, a sign of our respect
for the Creator

MIDTERM

Midterm-FCL (Lesson 5-9)

Lesson 5(Nature and Functions of the family)

What is a Family?
  Basic social institution united through kinship or marriage
 The family is the sanctuary of life
 A group of people related by blood or marriage
 The family is a community of life and love

The Nature and Functions of the Family

1. Union - the family "an intimate community of life and love" fed through the
sacramental relationship between a man woman in mutual self-giving and receptivity. It
is the sacrament of marriage that gives us both the grace and the obligation to form the
family as a "community of life and love

By virtue of the sacramentality of their marriage, spouses are bound to one another in
the most profoundly indissoluble manner. Their belonging to each other is the real
representation, by means of the sacramental sign, of the very relationship of Christ with
the Church.

2. Procreation of Children - According to the plan of God in the Bible,

Gen 1:26 (RSV) Then God said, "Let us make man in our image, after our likeness, and
let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the air, and over
the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps upon the
earth. Marriage and conjugal love are ordained to the procreation and education of
children.
Family and Relationships Problems
All relationships and families go through difficult times and experiencing occasional
problems and conflict in personal relationships is normal. However, sometimes these
problems can become overwhelming.

Frequent arguing
Disagreements
Breakdown in communication
Angry outbursts
Avoidance
Physical conflict
Triggers for family and relationships problems

Difference in opinions,
personalities,
beliefs,
values or goals change in family circumstances e.g. new baby,
divorce/separation,
blending families
Financial problems
Stress
Issues relating to sexually
Alcohol or drug use

Spider Web discussion

In Spider Web Discussion the students themselves learn how to ask and discuss the
big, important questions. The results in classes could be :
deeper learning,
stronger critical thinking,
a better data on every student, greater empathy
developed through listening and question
asking, and
higher student engagement.

Setting up the Class

1. It is possible to design an online discussion environment that leads to strong critical
thinking, deep inquiry, and enhanced interpersonal skills.
2. Class could be divided in groups which use an online discussion board like the
breakout room.
THINGS YOU CAN DO IF YOU ARE HAVING FAMILY/RELATIONSHIP PROBLEMS

Talk - communication is the key and often the first step to finding solutions. Be calm and
honest about your concerns when discussing your problems with a loved one.

Accept your differences - it can help avoid unnecessary conflict if you can recognise
that people have different ideas, opinions and beliefs and you may not always be in
agreement.

Have fun together - even when things are tough, it's important to find the time to have
fun with your loved ones.

Make a plan - it can help reduce stress and give common goals to work towards. For
example if you are having financial problems it can help to create a budget.

Get help - you may not always be able to solve your problems yourself so you may
need some external help.

Some Issues on Modern Family

Leo Tolstoy said it best when he said that "A happy families are alike; each unhappy
family is unhappy in its own way." Although each family unit has its own individual hang-
ups, there are common family issues t plague many of us. It may feel like our persona
situations are unique, but in most cases, these 'problems' are things that millions of
families around the world are dealing with as well.

Some Issues on Modern Family

1. Divorce and Separation
Numerous studies have found that parental separation and diverse is associated with a
range of negative outcomes for younger chi dren and adolescents across various
domains. Parental separation/divorce is associated with academic difficulties, including
lower grades and prematurely dropping out of school, and greater disruptive behaviours
e.G., Being oppositional with authority figures, getting into fights, stealing, and using
and abusing alcohol and illegal drugs).

Children and adolescents who experience the divorce of their parents also have higher
rates of depressed mood, lower self-esteem, and emotional distress.

2. Effects of Poverty on Family

When families have a home where they feel safe and sure they will draw together as a
family unit to love and suppone another. There is also an added sense of pride and
digni hat comes with a decent home which translates to a hopefulness for the future well
being and success of the family.

There is plenty enough research showing that growing nsafe environment not only
affects children's health seriou Iso as a result of this their attendance at school.

WORRIED ABOUT PARENTS UNHAPPY

FRUSTRATED ANXIOUS
HOW POVERTY FEELS TO CHILDREN
IMPORTANT BULLIED & JUDGED
FEW OPPORTUNITIES WORTHLESS
HOPELESS SOCIAL INSECURITY
ASPIRATIONS HOPES AND DREAMS RESILIENCE
TEACHERS DON'T UNDERSTAND NO SCHOOL TRIPS
EXCLUDED CONSTRAINED CONFLICTED EMBARRASSED
INSECURE, OVERCROWDED HOMES
NO PLACE FOR HOMEWORK OR PLAY
Summary Conclusion
What is a Family?
Basic social institution united through kinship or marriage
The family is the sanctuary of life
A group of people related by blood or marriage
The family is a community of life and love

Nature of the Family

Union : sacrament of marriage that gives us both the grace and the obligation to form
the family as a "community of life and love
Procreation of children: Marriage and conjugal love are ordained to the procreation
and education of children.

Lesson 6(Duties and Rights of Parents and children)

NATURE OF CHRISTIAN FAMILY

The Christian family constitutes a specific revelation and realization of ecclesial
communion, and for this reason it can and should be called "a domestic church." It is a
community of faith, hope, and charity; it assumes singular importance in the Church, as
is evident in the New Testament.

THE DUTIES OF PARENTS

1. Parents have first responsibility for the education of their children.
2. Parents should teach children to avoid the comprising and degrading influences
which threa human societies.
3. Parents should initiate their children at an early age into the mysteries of faith of
which they are "first heralds" for their children.
4. Education in the faith by the parents should begin in the child's earliest year.

INCARNATION AS MYSTERY OF FAITH

 - a mystery of faith in the strict sense, one of the 'mysteries that are hidden in God,
which can never be known unless they are revealed by God

5. Provision for life, health, and material well-being

- They should look after their children in a manner worthy of human beings by
providing them food, clothing, health, shelter, and home
6. Care and Attention
- Parent's respect and affection are expressed by the care and attention they
develop to bringing up their young children and providing their physical and
spiritual needs.
7. School
- Parents have the right to choose a school for them which corresponds to their
won convictions.

DUTIES OF CHILDREN TOWARDS PARENTS

1. Reverence and Honor
- “Honor your father and your mother, that your days may be long in the land which
the Lord your God gives you." (Ex. 20:12)
2. Obedience
- The relation of Children to parents is characterized by the duty of obedience
(according to apostolic letters).
3. Love and Gratitude
- Filial love must be a grateful love since children owe to the parents their
education, and many other benefits

THE WIDER FAMILY

THE WIDER FAMILY

Domestic servants and maids belong to the family in the wider sense, and employer
should see in them more than just workers and wage earners. It is more than a contract
by Christian ideal. The relationship between the family and domestic servants is, on
both sides, one of loyalty. The family is responsible of its domestics in body and mind.

THE WIDER FAMILY

Duties of loyalty and personal care
1. Duties of justice
Employers are obliged to look after the corporal and spiritual welfare. Regarding
servants of long service, employers have special duties of loyalty and respect. They
should be considered as members of the family and the employers must provide for
their essential needs especially for the need of respect, affection, of recreation, of
security in sickness and in old age. Servants, on the other hand, have the duty of
sympathetic interest in the f nily.

2.Duties of loyalty and personal care

Employers are in justice obliged to pay just wages, not to overburden the servants with
work, to grant them a reasonable measure of free time, not to dismiss them with out
sufficient reason before the contract expire. Servants are in justice bound to measure
their work up to the wage and benefit they receive.

Lesson 7(Nature an Origin of the state)

DEFINITION OF THE STATE

- THE STATE IS a community of persons, permanently occupying a definite
territory, legally independent of external control, and possessing a organized
government which create and administrates law over all persons and groups
within its jurisdiction.

ELEMENTS OF THE STATE

- POPULATION
- TERRITORY
- GOVERNMENT
- SOVEREIGNTY

Elements of the State

1. Population or People
- Aristole, for instance, held that while ten men were too few to constitute a
satisfactory polis, a hundred thousand were too many. The Greeks were well
aware that huge empires existed; they disliked such large groupings not because
they thought them impossible of realization, but for the sake of good governme

- Good government was not taken to mean merely efficient government, although
the practical difficulty involved in governing an extensive population was real
enough before modern developments in transport and communication.

2 Territory or geographical land

- Membership is based on territorial qualifications. (Membership of State is usually
acquired by birth within its territory or by an immigrant signifying his intentions to
live there permanently)

- State is composed of all the people living permanently on a particular tract of

land.

- The possession of territory, then, is the necessary basis for all modern states.

Monaco- 4 square mile

Russia-6 million sq.miles

The formation of states, and consequently the extent of the territories on which
they are based, can be influenced by a variety of factors:
1. Including religion
2. , common descent,
3. economic interests,
4. war, geographic barriers, and
5. the accidents of history.

Formation of States
1. What could be the economic interests a both Germany and Great Britain in going to
war in World War 1
2. How did World War 1 affect the formation of new state boundary in Europe?

•Consider the following random examples: religious conflict during the period of the
Reformation profoundly affected the formation of European states; the separation of
India and Pakistan too has its basis in
•after the revolution of 1917 many of the Russian provinces declared themselves
independent Republics -

3. Government
•Any group of people other than a casual crowd requires some form of organisation.
Once common purposes are admitted, there must be a method of organisation through
which these can be achieved.
•All associations - whether they be churches, universities, trade unions, or clubs -
develop a system through which the relevant activities of the members are regulated;
and in such a system some person or body of persons are regarded as speaking or
acting for the whole in some sense, and under appropriate circumstances this person or
body of persons ma naha make decisions which are recognized as binding on the whole
•The basic purpose served by government in the State is the maintenance of law and
order which is needed for personal security, cooperative activity, and common
advantage. Objections have sometimes have been voiced against government, law, and
the force which is necessary to maintain law in the State, but such objections cannot
hold:

4. Sovereignty
The essence of this key concept in political science is its final and incontestable legal
power. According to our original definitions of the state there must be an authority with
the power to enforce - with violence if necessary - its decisions on its subjects, there
being no other power that can question its authority

Lesson 8(Task and moral duties of the state)

CATECHETICAL FOUNDATION
•The exercise of authority is a means to give outward expression to a just hierarchy of
values in order to facilitate the exercise of freedom and responsibility by all.
• (CCC 2236)

THE MORAL DUTIES OF THE STATE

Avoidance of repressive laws and systems that violate human dignity even if they
contribute to material progress.

DEFINITION OF STATE REPRESSION

 repression involves the actual or threatened use of physical sanctions against an
individual or organization, within the
 territorial jurisdiction of the state, for the purpose of imposing a cost on the target
 as well as deterring specific activities and/or beliefs perceived to be challenging
 to government personnel, practices or institutions
 State repression includes harassment, surveillance/spying, bans, arrests, torture,
and mass killing by government agents and/or affiliates within their jurisdiction

Why most government respond with repression?

•Government forces responded to behavior that threatens the:
1. political system,
2. government personnel,
3. the economy,
4. or the lives, beliefs, and livelihoods of those within their territorial jurisdiction

SOUTHEAST ASIA STATE REPRESSION

1. Burma.
•The Burmese military's atrocities in Rakhine state, including summary executions,
rape, expulsion, and mass burning of villages, amounted to crimes against humanity
and resulted in the deaths of thousands and the displacement of over 650,000
Rohingya to neighboring Bangladesh
•Military and civilian officials have repeatedly denied the abuses and provided ludicrous
explanations that are contradicted by evidence and witness accounts.
2. Indonesia
•In Indonesia in October 1965, Suharto, a powerful Indonesian military leader, accused
the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) of organizing a brutal coup attempt, following the
kidnapping and murder of six high-ranking army officers. Over the months that followed,
he oversaw the systematic extermination of up to a million Indonesians for affiliation
with the party, or simply for being accused of harboring leftist sympathies. He then took
power and ruled as dictator, with U.S. support, until 1998.

THE MORAL DUTIES OF THE STATE

•B. Coordinate the concerns of important sectors of the society like women and children,
OFW, cultural minorities, with the state's national goals.

1. VAW – VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

•Based on the preliminary findings of the 2017 National Demographic and Health
Survey (NDHS), one in four (26%) ever-married women aged 15-49 has ever
experienced physical, sexual or emotional violence by has ever experienced emotional
violence, 14 percent has ever experienced physical violence, and 5 percent has ever
experienced sexual violence by their current their husband or partner. One in five (20%)
women or most recent husband or partner.

VAW – Violence against women

The UN Declaration on Violence against Women, adopted in 1 n es violence against

women as encompassing "any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to
result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats
of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivations of liberty, whether occurring in public or
private life".
Violence against women has particular characteristics and therefore requires particular
responses. The gender dimensions of violence are explicit; for example, women are at
risk more in their own homes than on the street, and often violence against women
takes the form of sexual assault.

Spider web group discussion

Violence against Women

Are you aware in the local community if these services are provided to women
who experienced violence?

1. providing health care for their injuries,

2. responding to their sexual and reproductive health needs,
3. including provision of post-rape care and counselling
4. facilitating their access to police and justice system

2. RIGHTS OF MINORITIES
The term minority as used in the United Nations human rights system usually refers to
national or ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities, pursuant to the United Nations
Minorities Declaration. All States have one or more minority groups within their national
territories, characterized by their own national, ethnic, linguistic

Are indigenous peoples considered to be minorities?

•Similarly to minorities, there is no universally accepted international definition of
indigenous peoples
•Various sources cite the following characteristics, either alone or in combination:
indigenous peoples are descendants of the peoples who inhabited the land or territory
prior to colonization or the establishment of State borders;
•They possess distinct social, economic and political systems, languages, cultures and
beliefs, and are determined to maintain and develop this distinct identity; they exhibit
strong attachment to their ancestral lands and the natural resources contained therein;
and/or they belong to the non-dominant groups of a society and identify themselves as
indigenous peoples.

What is the relationship between minorities, non-citizens and stateless persons?

-A particular problem relating to minorities and citizenship is that all too often members
of certain groups are denied or deprived of their citizenship because of their national or
ethnic, religious and linguistic characteristics.

•This practice is contrary to international law, particularly in regard to article 9 of the

1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, which states that "a Contracting
State may not deprive any person or group of persons of their nationality on racial,
ethnic, religious or political grounds.
•It is thus important to note that discrimination against a person on one of the
aforementioned grounds resulting in the arbitrary deprivation of nationality may
contribute to meeting some of the requirements in the determination of refugee status.

Lesson 9 (The task of church authorities)

Tasks of Church Authority

- Teacher of divine truth -preaching the Word of God
- Mediator between God and Man - eucharistic celebration
- Building of the Christian community
- The Church as servant in the ministry

Teacher of the Divine Truth

- The task of giving an authentic interpretation of the Word of God, whether in its
written form or in the form of Tradition, has been entrusted to the living teaching
office of the Church alone.

Mediator between God and Man

- There is one God and one mediator between God and men, the man Jesus
Christ.
- Christ is our one mediator/intercessor, yet, St. Paul commands all Christians to
be intercessors/mediators.
Mediation in New Testament
- In New Testament theology the term invariably implies that the estranged beings
are God and man, and it is appropriated to Christ, the One Mediator.

- When special friends of God angels, saints, holy men - plead your cause before
God, they mediate "with Christ"; their mediation is only secondary and is better
called intercession. Moses, however, is the proper mediator of the Old Testament
(Galatians 3:19-20).

- St. Paul says we are all called Christ is the one mediator and for this reason he
was called to be a mediator of God's love to be mediators because and grace to
the world!

The rationale of mediation of the saints

- We can, of course, address our prayers directly to God, and He can hear us
without the intervention of any creature. But this does not prevent us from asking
the help of our fellow-creatures who may be more pleasing to Him than we are. It
is not because our faith and trust in Him are weak, nor because His goodness
and mercy to us are less; rather is it because we are encouraged by His precepts
to approach Him at times through His servants.

Process of Mediation

 Christ the one almost all the

mediator ancient liturgies.
 Doctrine of one
mediator
 Apostle beg for
the prayers of the
brethren

 Prayers to the
saints occur in
Christ the one mediator
 The doctrine of one Mediator, Christ, in no way excludes the invocation and
intercession of saints.
 All merit indeed comes through Him; but this does not make it unlawful to ask our
fellow-creatures, whether here on earth or already in heaven, to help us by their
prayers.

Apostle beg for the prayers of the brethren

 The same Apostle who insists so strongly on the sole mediatorship of Christ,
earnestly begs the prayers of his brethren: "I beseech you, therefore, brethren,
through our Lord Jesus Christ, and by the charity of the Holy Ghost, that you help
me in your prayers for me to God " ( Romans 15:30 );

Mediation in ancient liturgies

 St. Cyprian , writing to Pope Cornelius, says:
 ”let not prayer for our brethren and sisters cease in the presence of the mercy of
the Father" (Ep. Ivii, in P. L., IV, 358.

Building of the Christian community

- St. Paul teaches us how to build a good Christian community. He tells us how we
should show basic respect for one another. He also teaches us how both male
and female elders should live godly lives.

1 Timothy 5,1-5
 Do not rebuke an older man harshly, but exhort him as if he were your father.
Treat younger men as brothers, 2 older women as mothers, and younger women
as sisters, with absolute purity.

 Give proper recognition to those widows who are really in DO need. 4 But if a
widow has children or grandchildren, these should learn first of all to put their
 religion into practice by caring for their own family and so repaying their parents
and grandparents, for this is pleasing to God.

Building relationships in Christian community

1. Show basic respect to one another
- In our society, people tend to see others based on certain human criteria. They tend to
admire people with money, power, and social status, while talking down to those who
seem to have little to offer. But all of us in our Christian community are forgiven sinners
by God's grace. We have been saved by the blood of Jesus Christ. As such, we should
see each other in light of God's grace. We should have basic respect for each other
because all of us have received the grace of salvation from God.

2. Second, recognize those who are really in need and help them (3-7). Look at verse 3.
Give proper recognition to those widows who are really in need

- St. Paul singles out widows as those who are really in need, but we can apply
this principle to anyone who is in our community. In Paul's time, most women had
no means of financially supporting themselves. So when their husbands died,
they had to depend on someone else to support them. The church in the first
century took care of these widows (Acts 6:1)

Third, we are a family in Christ (8). Let us read verse 8 together. If anyone does not
provide for his relatives, and especially for his immediate family, he has denied the faith
and is worse than an unbeliever.

We in our Christian community are all brothers and sisters who have been baptized by
the blood of Jesus Christ (Ro 6:5). True family members share joys and sorrows
together. We cannot be indifferent to one another. We should take care of those who
are weak and needy, such as the elderly, disabled, ill or poverty stricken.

The Church as servant in the ministry

- Servanthood requires the right attitudes and ambitions, not merely the right
actions. Playing the part eventually shows itself. Leaders must serve from the
inside out. Servanthood begins in the heart.
 - A servant is not stifling by a need to maintain control but rather open to the
contributions of others . . . does not lord it over.

- A servant is not self-serving but rather selflessly yielding to the opinions of others
and not always having to take the credit for what is done ... does not consider
oneself the benefactor.

FINALS

Lesson 10-Obedience in Holy Scriptures

Biblical Foundation
 22 And Samuel said,
 "Has the LORD as great delight in burnt offerings and sacrifices,
•as in obeying the voice of the LORD?

 Behold, to obey is better than sacrifice,

•and to listen than the fat of rams.

23 For rebellion is as the sin of divination,

•and presumption is as iniquity and idolatry.

 Because you have rejected the word of the LORD,

•he has also rejected you from being king."

1 Samuel 15: 22-23

Origin of the word –obedience

 Greek word -
 ÚTTAKOŃ (urakon), obedience
 hypakoé from akoúõ, (akouo) "to hear" and
 hypó, (hyro) "beneath"

Obedience - literally, "submission to what is heard", i.e. obedience as the response to

someone speaking. This refers both to an earthly voice and the Lord's voice (see 2 Cor
10:5; 1 Pet 1:2).

Origin of the word -obedience

The common Greek word translated as obey is hupakouo. It is a compound word that
means literally, "to listen under." The sense is of understanding and responding.
Obedience is the outward expression of a heart that has turned to God (Hebrews 11:8).
Obedience can be spoken of as an attitude (2 Corinthians 2:9; Philippians 2:12) and
most particularly as a faith-rooted disposition. In many contexts, obedience to Christ or
the gospel has the same meaning as faith in Christ and a faith response to the gospel
(Romans 15:18; 16:26; 2 Thessalonians 1:8).

Examples of the virtue of obedience

Jesus Christ
- The eternal Son of God, obeyed his Father by becoming man through the power
of the Holy Spirit and was born of the Virgin Mary It is more likely that when Paul
spoke of Jesus' obedience as the cause of our justification he meant not merely
the final acts of obedience on the cross, but rather the cross as the climax of his
obedient life. This seems to be the way Paul is thinking in Philippians 2:7-8: “He
emptied himself ... being born in the likeness of men. And being found in human
form, he humbled himself by becoming obedient to the point of death, even death
on a cross."

Blessed Virgin Mary

- Obeyed God by consenting to become the Virgin-Mother of the long awaited
Messiah.
Saint Joseph
- Joseph is warned in a dream to flee with the infant Jesus and his mother to Egypt
in order to escape Herod's continuing plots to destroy him. After Herod's death,
Joseph, once again in obedience to a dream and in fulfillment of prophecy, goes
to reside in Nazareth of Galilee.
- Joseph stands as a model of discipleship in his unquestioning and obedient
response to God's leading. As such he contrasts Herod's viciously cruel and
calculated response in which Matthew invites the reader to ponder what
Bethlehem and shepherds and the weakness of innocents can do against the
Jerusalems and powerful ruling authorities of this world. The flight into Egypt and
return is a reminder of the story of God's people and the recollection of God's
presence with them in the delivery from slavery and bondage

Baptized Christians
- The Bible stresses man's faith unto salvation. The watchword of the Christian
belief was,

“The just shall live by his faith."

But all of this recognizes that the expression of faith by the lips must be coupled with
obedience to the divine command or submit to the Word of God

Religious obedience
- The evangelical foundation of religious obedience is first of all found in the
perfect accord of that obedience with the spirit of the Gospel. Freedom from
ambition which leads a man to choose a position of inferiority, implies a spirit of
humility which esteems others as superior, and willingly yields them the first
place; he sacrifice of his own independence and his own will presupposes in a
high degree that spirit of self-denial and mortification which keeps the passions
under proper restraint;
- the readiness to accept a common rule and direction manifests a spirit of union
and concord which generously adapts itself to the desires and tastes of others;
eagerness to do the will of God in all things is a mark of the charity towards God
which led Christ to say "I do always the things which please my Father"

Voluntary Poverty , Chastity and Obedience

- The Church continually keeps before it the warning of the Apostle which moved
the faithful to ch ity, exhorting them to experience personally what Christ Jesus
 had known within Himself. This was the same Christ Jesus, who "emptied
Himself, taking the nature of a slave.. becoming obedient to death",(Phil. 2, 7-8.)
and because of us "being rich, he became poor".(2 Cor. 8, 9.) Because the
disciples must always offer an imitation of and a testimony to the charity and
humility of Christ, Mother Church rejoices at finding within her bosom men and
women who very closely follow their Saviour who debased Himself to our
comprehension.
- There are some who, in their freedom as (children) of God, renounce their own
wills and take upon themselves the state of poverty. Still further, some become
subject of their own accord to another (person), in the matter of perfection for
love of God. This is beyond the measure of the commandments, but is done in
order to become more fully like the obedient Christ.(De spirituali paupertate et
oboedientia testimonia praccipua S. Scripturae et Patrum afferuntur in Relatione
pp. 152-153.)

Catholic obedience
- Catholic obey God and the church by heeding the commandments and precepts
of the church.

The Five Precepts of the Catholic Church

1.Attend the eucharist on Sundays and hold days of obligation

The faithful is invited to participate in the eucharistic celebration when the Christian
community gathers together on the day commemorating the resurrection of the Lord

2. You shall confess your sins at least once a year. It ensures preparation for the
Eucharist by the reception of the sacrament of reconciliation
3. You shall humbly receive your Creator in Holy Communion at least during the Easter
season.") Guarantees as a minimum the reception of the Lord's Body and Blood in
connection with the Paschal feasts, the origin and center of the Christian liturgy.
4. You shall keep holy the holy days of obligation.") Completes the Sunday observance
by participation in the principal liturgical feasts which honor the mysteries of the Lord,
the Virgin Mary, and the saints.85
5. Observe the prescribed days of fasting and abstinence
Main purposes of fasting
 It allows us to come before God in humility and repentance.
 It helps us to focus on God, and to become sensitive to the leading of the Holy
Spirit.
 It empowers us through God for service.

Summary Conclusion
Origin of the word obedience - The common Greek word translated as obey is
hupakouo. It is a compound word that means literally, "to listen under.” The sense is of
understanding and responding. Obedience the outward expression of a heart that has
turned to God.

Examples of Obedience
Jesus- The eternal Son of God, obeyed his Father by becoming man through the power
of the Holy Spirit and was born of the Virgin Mary.
Blessed Virgin Mary- Obeyed God by consenting to become the Virgin-Mother of the
long awaited Messiah
Saint Joseph- Joseph listened, yes, but he listened with his heart. This is the kind of
obedience that we Christians are called to in our relationship with God and with one
another.

Lesson 11- Global Peace and Solidarity Good Governance

Biblical Foundation

- Cease doing evil, learn to do good. Make justice your aim: redress the wronged,
hear the orphan's plea, and defend the widow... .

- Release those bound unjustly, untie the thongs of the yoke, set free the
oppressed, break every yoke; share your bread with the hungry, shelter the
oppreseed and the homeless; clothe the naked... (Isaiah 1:16;58:6-7)
Governance
- the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are
implemented (or not implemented)

Good governance
 Openness, transparency and integrity
 Effective collaboration
 Performance orientation

Government
 Executive
 Legislative
 Judiciary

Military
 Armed Forces
 Police

Civil society
 Financial
 institutions
 Religious
 leaders
 Peasant
 farmers
 NGO’s

Good governance Seven factors (United Nation)

1. Transparency in Governance
- Transparency is the principle of allowing those affected by administrative
decisions to know about results and about the process that led to decisions.
2. Participation in Governance
What we mean by participation, citizen engagement and good governance?
a) a)implies the involvement of citizens in a wide range of policymaking activities,
including
b) the determination of levels of service,
c) budget priorities, and
d) the acceptability of physical construction projects in order to orient government
programs toward community needs, build public support, and encourage a sense
of cohesiveness within neighborhoods.

3. Rule of law in Governance

- Rule of Law is exemplified by impartial legal systems that protect the human
rights and civil liberties of all citizens, particularly minorities. This is indicated by
an independent judicial branch and a police force free from corruption.

The idea of the rule of law as the "government of/under laws”

Implies that everyone, including the monarch or sovereign, must be under the law.

Rule of law
Greeks word "isonomia" meaning "equality of laws to all manner of persons": i.e.
governed and governors, poor and rich (and, nowadays, in a constitutional democracy
applicable to ... believers and non believers, foreigners and nationals, heterosexuals
and homosexuals, men and women, and so forth).

They actually readapted it into the English form "isonomy" to describe a state of "equal
laws for all and responsibility of the magistrates" and continued in use during the
seventeenth century until "equality before the law", government of law", and "rule of law"
gradually displaced it.

4. Consensus oriented in Governance

How can we make decisions that are outcomes of successful collaboration, thoroughly
studied, and supported by the majority of the team and, most importantly, the
stakeholders?
Consensus oriented in Governance

needs

perspectives. Citizenry

expectations

- Consensus Oriented is demonstrated by an agenda that seeks to mediate

between the many different needs, perspectives, and expectations of a diverse
citizenry. Decisions needs to be made in a manner that reflects a deep
understanding of the historical, cultural, and social context of the community.

5. Equity and inclusiveness in Governance

- Equity and Inclusiveness
Depends on ensuring that all the members of a community feel included and
empowered to improve or maintain their wellbeing, especially those individuals and
groups that are the most vulnerable.

Spider Web group discussion

Mayor Vico Sotto is named as one of its 12 International Anticorruption Champions, the
U.S. State Department described the mayor as a standard bearer for a new generation
of Philippine politicians who prioritize anti corruption and transparency initiatives in their
election campaigns and in office.

Browsing its (Pasig City) website :

https://www.pasigcity.gov.ph/

1. What transparency actions could be noticeable from its websites?

2. What category in the city website has full disclosures?
Equity and inclusiveness in Governance

A vicious cycle: how inequality begets inequality?

- In societies in which inequality is high, the effectiveness of governance to deliver
on equity outcomes can be weakened structurally because those at the top of the
income ladder not only have control over a disproportionate amount of wealth
and resources, but also have a disproportionate ability to influence the policy
process.

- This type of power asymmetry may lead even a benevolent planner, who is fair
and freely elected and is seeking efficiency (and even more so, a corrupted
official) to end up systematically favoring the interests of those at the top over
those at the bottom. The result is a more inefficient allocation of resources and
further entrenchment of existing inequalities over time (Esteban and Ray 2006).

There is certainly research that suggests constituents can influence legislation. For
example, a recent study by Jeff Smith, a former state senator and now an assistant
professor of politics and advocacy at the Milano School of International Affairs, shows
that contacts from constituents affect the passage of legislation. But it also shows how
the rich exercise influence. While 21 percent of those with an income below $30,000
reported contacting a government official, 49 percent of those earning $150,000 or more
reported doing so.

According to a survey (US) designed to examine the political activities of the top 1
percent, 55 percent of the wealthy reported contacting public officials. When the wealthy
contact officials, they are more likely to report receiving a response.
n short, policy is biased toward the rich. Diagnosing how this bias occurs is the key to
prescribing remedies. It's clear that lack of effective mobilization - in terms of voting and
other political activities - is at - the core of disproportionate representation. The
overwhelming power of the donor class further hampers equal representation.

6. Effectiveness and efficiency in Governance

- Effectiveness and Efficiency- is developed through the sustainable use of
resources to meet the needs of a society. Sustainability refers to both ensuring
social investments carry through and natural resources are maintained for future
generations.
7. Accountability in Governance
- Accountability- refers to institutions being ultimately accountable to the people
and one another. This includes government agencies, civil society, and the
private sector all being accountable to one another as well.

Lesson 11-Transparency in good governance

BIBLICAL FOUNDATION
"Is not this the kind of fasting I have chosen: to loose the chains of injustice and
untie the cords of the yoke, to set the oppressed free and break every yoke?

7 Is it not to share your food with the hungry and to provide the poor wanderer with
shelter when you see the naked, to clothe them, and not to turn away from your own
flesh and blood" ?

Isaiah 58:6-7

TRANSPARENCY IN GOVERNANCE
- Transparency is the principle of allowing those affected by administrative
decisions to know about results and about the process that led to decisions.

Citizen's attitude toward transparency in local government

 There are varying degrees of perceived citizens' level of demand for
governmental transparency. Some feel strongly about the need to access
government information and to learn more about what government is doing,
whereas others are less interested. Moreover, people differ in terms of the kinds
of government information they seek to access.

 Economist Joseph Stiglitz (1999), makes a different and perhaps more tangible
argument for the release of information from public organizations. He believes
that governmental information belongs to the public:
- The question is, given that the public has paid for the gathering of government
information, who owns the information? Is it the private province of the
government official, or does it belong to the public at large? I would argue that
information gathered by public officials at public expense is owned by the public-
just as the chairs and buildings and other physical assets used by government
belong to the public. (p. 7)

 Thus, the level and type of governmental transparency that is appropriate

remains a matter of contention, not only among experts but importantly among
ordinary citizens. Yet little systematic effort has been devoted to measuring the
demand for governmental transparency among the public. Also, little is known
about what factors might influence this desire for governmental transparency.
 The high cost of open government in practice is not the only critique of
governmental transparency. Commonly cited and well-established reasons for
not releasing government information are national security, homeland security,
law enforcement, proprietary information, and personal privacy. Indeed, concerns
about privacy are growing in this age of intense information sharing and
processing.

IMPROVING LOCAL GOVERNMENT TRANSPARENCY THROUGH REPORT

SHARING
 City/Municipal leaders understand that in order to be effective, they need to be as
open with their citizens as possible. But what's the best way to go about this?
How can a city actually create a culture of transparency and openness while
fostering good visibility into their strategic outcomes? Furthermore, how can
municipalities get the feedback from citizens they need?
 There are a million reasons why sharing these reports with the citizens in your
municipality is a good idea, but in the end, it boils down to local government
transparency. Locals are saying, "I'm a tax-paying member of this community-
and I want to know where the money is going." And these requests are both
straightforward and fair.
 These documents help them understand how funds are being allocated, offers a
better idea of what the community is like, provides more insight into whether local
services are modern and competitive, and much more. In the end, those seeking
this report just want to know that the fund pool they are contributing to is being
managed wisely and appropriately.
2 IMPORTANT FOR SHARING INFORMATION

1. Make the reports easily accessible.

- First and foremost, make sure that your reports are online. Hard copies that are
only available through mail or in-person are a thing of the past.

1. Make the reports easily accessible.

Be sure that your reports are in a clean, organized format-a simply designed PDF is
usually the best format.
 Optimize your website so citizens can easily find the reports. A good user
experience online is very important. Hiding your reports in a deep, dark corner of
your website-a place that takes 15 clicks to get to-doesn't convey transparency.

2. Be sure the information you're releasing is relevant.

- Residents don't care about reports and data that are several years old-they want
to know about what has happened recently, on a quarterly, semi-annual, and
annual basis. Keep in mind that the reports you publish will likely also be viewed
by those at prospective businesses looking to move to your municipality, peers in
nearby towns, those in municipalities across the country, and more. So, gear
your strategic reports toward a broader audience so the information is relevant to
anyone interested.

Lesson 12-Accountability Principles

Accountability- means ensuring that officials in public, private and voluntary sector
organizations are answerable for their actions and that there is redress when duties
and commitments are not met.

Accountability Relationship
 setting out the behavior expected of the 'accountee' and the criteria by which
they might validly be judged.
 a process in which accounte are required to defend their actions, face skeptical
questions, and generally explain themselves.

Standard setting
Answerability
Investigation
Sanction

 exploring whether or not accountees have met the standards expected of them.

 a process in which accountees are in some way punished for falling below the
standards expected of them (or perhaps rewarded for achieving or exceeding
them).
Public Accountability
- The decision-makers of the government, the private sector and community
organizations are accountable to the public and to the agencies concerned.

Forms of Accountability

Vertical accountability
Vertical accountability measures allow citizens to hold institutions
 elections or through social mobilization or and states to account, whether through
 advocacy and lobbying.

Vertical accountability
- Vertical accountability refers to direct engagement by individuals and groups with
governments and other duty-bearers through participation in democratic political
processes, and with service providers through advocacy and oversight channels
and mechanisms.

Vertical accountability

The effectiveness of vertical accountability mechanisms thus depends on

- citizens' awareness of rights and choice, and
- their ability and readiness to engage and use voice, either through political cycles
- or through civil society mobilization and involvement in monitoring mechanisms.

Citizen driven accountability in use

- There are various mechanisms for empowering citizens to participate in the
delivery of public services. These include
1. participatory budgeting,
2. public expenditure tracking,
3. social audits,
4. 4./community score cards, and
5. participatory monitoring and evaluation. Citizen-led initiatives are particularly well
developed in the area of budget processes.

Philippines Budget Transparency

- In the 2017 Open Budget Survey (OBS) conducted by the International Budget
Partnership (IBP), the Philippines ranked first in Asia for budget transparency
and 19th worldwide in the Open Budget Index (OBI).
- With an OBI score of 67 out of 100, the Philippines is said to be providing
"substantial" budget information, making it the top country in Asia to be so. The
archipelago is followed by Indonesia, which scored an OBI score of 64 out of
100, Jordan (63), Japan (60) and South Korea (60). The country's latest score is
also three points higher than its mark in 2015.
- MENDOZA said the Philippines's showing in the OBS shows the government's
budgeting system has strong points. However, he said there is still room for
improvement to make the process more efficient and to make sure that the
budget goes to the right priorities of the government.
- Mendoza laments the shelving of the Government Integrated Financial
Management Information System (Gifmis) given the concerns on the scale and
limited time-frame for its rollout across the bureaucracy. He emphasized that,
with the shelving of the Gifmis, the country has yet to have a fully integrated
information system that can provide real-time and online data to monitor the
budget usage as well as project implementation.

Forms of Accountability

Horizontal accountability
Horizontal accountability involves state institutions engaging in mutual scrutiny to
prevent abuses of office. This can take a variety of forms. For example,

 judicial institutions can review the constitutionality of executive decisions;

 the public audit function can monitor public spending;
 parliamentary committees can provide government oversight;
 and ombudspersons or human rights commissions can investigate citizens'
complaints.
Horizontal accountability

Justice accountability
- A country's justice system defines, interprets and enforces the formal, legal, and
regulatory 'rules of the game'. In an accountable system of governance, these
are standards which should be respected by all individuals and state officials

Justice systems offer channels of 'horizontal' and 'vertical accountability...

 A justice system is an important channel for horizontal accountability because

state entities can use legal and judicial proceedings to demand answers from
and sanction other state entities. Even a president is subject to the decisions of a
country's highest court
 The separation of powers between different branches of government is key. A
strong, independent and well-respected judiciary can provide a check on the
arbitrary exercise of state power. However, leaders may attempt to undermine
this accountability channel if it threatens their interests, such as by removing
judges.

 A country's justice system can also be used as a channel of vertical

accountability.
 This describes the way in which state entities can be held to account by citizens
and Non-citizens taking steps to formally claim their rights and seek redress. For
example, action can be taken against powerful officials accepting bribes from
illegal loggers

The rule of law: upholding political accountability

A fair and effective justice system is an important guarantor of the rule of law

- The rule of law refers to a principle of governance in which all persons,

institutions and entities, public and private, including the state itself, are
accountable to laws that are publicly promulgated, equally enforced and
independently adjudicated and which are consistent with international human
rights norms and standards.
A fair and effective justice system is an important guarantor of the rule of law

- The judiciary, one of the three branches of government, is mandated with

applying the constitution and the law, adjudicating disputes and issuing decisions
and sanctions in line with these standards.
- However, the courts are only one component in the administration of justice.
They need to work with others in order to reach fair judgements that can be
implemented.

The rule of law: upholding political accountability

For example, fair and effective prosecution is essential:

 prosecutors review, advise on and prosecute cases, ensuring that the law is
properly applied.
 Humane and secure prisons are necessary to detain sentenced prisoners.

The rule of law: upholding political accountability

- The police in particular have a role at the front-line of the justice system. They
are often the principal accountability institution' with which members of the public
interact on a regular basis.