Lesson 1

Identity- a distincitve characteristics that defines an individual or is shared bu those

belonging to a prticular group

          - can also be influenced by other factors such as age, gender, status, and
nationality.

- it is also dynamic. It shapes behavior and widens perspective, achievable

through constant dialogue and interaction.

Culture- the way of life, The word "culture" derives from the Latin "colere," which
means to tend to the earth and grow, or cultivate and nurture. Culture is the
characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people, encompassing
language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts.

TYPES OF CULTURE:

1. Material Culture - concrete and tangible (ex. food, clothes, gadget, accessories,
shelter and infrastructures.)

2. Non-material Culture - intangible components.(ex. values, language, religion, and

age)

Society - a group of people with common territory, interaction, and culture. It came
from the Latin word “societas” which means a friend or an ally

Lesson 2

Governance - action of governing an organization, by using and regulating influence

to direct and control the actions and affairs of management and others.

-is the type of system used to rule a country. (Democracy or Monarchy)

Social Change - changes in human interactions and relationships that transform social
institutions over time.

Social Institutions:

Government (Society)

Marcos (Parliamentary System) – Now (Democratic and Republic System)

Economy

Barter Sytem - Free trade and E-commerce

Education

Traditional Classes – Online Classes

Family

Nuclear Family – Extended family and other type of families

Healthcare

Herbal Medicine – Vaccines and Machines

Religion

Paganism and Animism - Christianity

Political Change - Occurs when leaders lose their power or the government system
changes.

TYPES OF POLITICAL CHANGE:

1. Internal political change - initiated by citizens of the country such election, coup
d’etat or people power and civil war.

Coup D’etat - sudden, violent overthrow of an existing government by a small group

2. External Political Change- initiated by other countries.

Cultural Change - modification of a society through innovation, invention, discovery,

or contact with other societies.

Factors that led to Social, Cultural and Political Change?

Globalization - growing interdependence of the world's economies, cultures, and

populations

Diffusion - the spread of material and non-material culture

Lesson 3

Anthropology - Simply known as “the study of man”. Derived from the Greek word
anthropos which means “man” and logos which means “to study”

BRANCHES OF ANTHROPOLOGY:

1. Social Anthropology- deals with social patterns and practices and cultural variation
develop across different societies.

Social Pattern and Practices- refer to everyday practices and the way these are
typically and habitually performed.

Cultural Variation- the differences in social behaviors that different cultures exhibit
around the world.

2. Cultural Anthropology- studies cultural variations across different societies and

examine the need to understand each culture in its own context.

3. Linguistic Anthropology- studies language and discourse and how they reflect and
shape different aspect of human society and culture.

4. Biological or Physical anthropology- studies the origin of human as well as the

interplay between social factors and the processes of human evolution, adaptation,
and variation over time

5. Archaeology- deals with prehistoric societies by studying their tools and

environment.

PEOPLE OF ANTHROPOLOGY:

1. Franz Boas - Father of American Anthropology. He found that all people believe
the culture they occupy is superior to others. Define the theory of cultural relativism.

Cultural Relativism- the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be
understood based on that person's own culture, rather than be judged against the
criteria

2. Alfred Koeber - developed the concepts of “cultural areas” and "cultural elements".

Cultural Area- a geographical area with relatively homogenous human activity

Cultural Element- is an essential part of what constitutes a culture
3. Clifford Geertz - "champion of symbolic anthropology," which gives prime
attention to the role of symbols in society.

4. Margaret Mead - pioneer of the feminist movement in America strong presumption

of cultural relativism tending toward moral relativism.

Sociology - The study of Society. derived from the Latin word socius (companion)
and the Greek word logos which means to study.

PEOPLE OF SOCIOLOGY:

1. Herbert Spencer - initiated a philosophy called ‘Social Darwinism’ that believes in

the term “Survival of the fittest” implying those who were most fit would survive the
social world.

2. Emile Durkheim - Functionalism emphasizes a societal equilibrium. If something

happens to disrupt the order and the flow of the system, society must adjust to achieve
a stable state.

Anomie- breakdown of social norms regulating behavior

3. Karl Marx - He is famous for his theories about capitalism and communism. Marx
argues that society is composed of two main classes: Capitalists (Bourgeoisie) or the
business owners and Laborers (Proletariat)

4. Max Weber - defines bureaucracy as a highly structured, formalized, and also an

impersonal organization.

5. Auguste Comte - he first to develop the concept of "sociology.“ the father of

sociology. Study and initiated Positivism.

Positivism- utilizes scientific evidence such as experiments, statistics, and qualitative

results to reveal a truth about the way society functions

Political Science - the academic study of Politics, The activity through which people
make, preserve and amend the general rules under which they live.

BRANCHES OF POLITICAL SCIENCE:

1. Public Administration- examines how the government functions and how decisions
and policies are made
2. Political Economy- evaluates the interplay of between economics, politics and law
and its implication to various facets of the society

3. Comparative Politics- compare domestic politics and governance across the world.

PEOPLE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE:

1. Plato - established the First University in Europe - The Academy

Political and Economic Model (Division of Labor)- people could work together for
mutual gain, which would, in turn, lead to a prosperous and thriving political and
economic structure.

2. Aristotle - Political science is the practical science par excellence. He is concerned

with the human good, or happiness, generally, and therefore the one that orders all
other sciences, such as medicine or farming.

3. Niccolo Machiavelli - The Prince is "the greatest single study of power on record."
His thoughts on the rules of power encompass the struggles for every level of power,
from the proletariat struggling in the corporate world to strategies performed by the
world leader in the sixteenth century to now.

Machiavellianism - personality trait which sees a person so focused on their own

interests they will manipulate, deceive, and exploit others to achieve their goals.

4. Jean-Jacques Rousseau - formulated the social contract theory (or

Contractarianism). People live together in society in accordance with an agreement
that establishes moral and political rules of behavior. Some people believe that if we
live according to a social contract, we can live morally by our own choice and not
because a divine being requires it.

5. Baron de Montesquieu - Coined the term "trias politica“ or Separation of Powers.

Refers to the division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to limit
any one branch from exercising the core functions of another. The intent is to prevent
the concentration of power and provide for checks and balances.

6. Thomas Hobbes - viewed government primarily as a device for ensuring collective

security. Materialism, the view that only material things are real. A collective
security arrangement, an aggressor against any one state is considered an aggressor
against all other states, which act together to repel the aggressor.

7. John Locke - claims that men are naturally free and equal. He argued that people
have rights, such as the right to life, liberty, and property, that have a foundation
independent of the laws of any particular society.
Lesson 4

Elements of Society:

1. Social Solidarity

2. Shared identity and culture

3. Common Language

4. A population and the ability to sustain succeeding generations

5. Definite geographical area

6. Political, Economic and Social Organization

Hunting and Gathering Society - Oldest type of society, People hunt for a living, No
permanent settlement (NOMADS), Family is the basic social unit

Horticultural Societies - Learned how to plant and cultivate, Established semi-

permanent settlements (Nomads), Food production became stable

Pastoral Societies - People who travel with a herd of domesticated animals, Rely on
animals for food, Established semi-permanent settlements (Nomads)

Agricultural Societies - Food production became more efficient, They used more
advance tools, Permanent settlement and rise of civilizations (Sumerians and
Chinese).

Industrial Society - Technological Advancement lead to invention of machines, Rise

of Cities and Urban centers.

Post-Industrial Societies - Modern day societies, Knowledge and is a commodity.

COMPONENTS OF CULTURE:

Symbols - things that convey meaning or represent an idea.

Language - set of symbols that enable members to communicate verbally or non-
verbally

Ideas - A thought or collection of thoughts that generate in the mind

Knowledge - awareness or familiarity gained by experience of a fact or situation

Beliefs- the idea of how the world works

Values- the idea of right and wrong

Norms- rule or standard of behavior shared by members of a social group:

Mores- norms with moral connotations

Laws- legal norms

Taboo- violation of mores

Folkways- common things we do everyday

Rituals- a ceremony or action performed in a customary way

Traditions- transmission of customs or beliefs from generation to generation

Lesson 5

John Locke - TABULA RASA or Blank Slate, notion that individual human beings
are born "blank slate”. Learning will just developed through experiences and
observations.

Socialization - The continuous process by which people are taught to be a functional

member of the society. The central process of social life, Socialization is not the same
as socializing (interacting with others, like family, friends, and coworkers).

TYPES OF SOCIALIZATION:

1. Primary Socialization- takes place within the family(ex: Parents are teaching us
values and attitudes, They serve as role models, Introduce to us their culture such as
religion, rules, and norms.)

2. Secondary Socialization- takes place outside the family(ex: Knowledge, skills and
values learn in school, Observing traffic rules, Following Netiquettes)
Internalization - process of accepting social norms, attitudes, roles and values
transmitted by people and social groups within society’s as one’s own.

Synthesized view of Socialization

Believes that socialization is a two way process between the individual and the larger
groups in society such as social organizations and institutions.

3 SIGNIFICANT ASPECTS OF SOCIALIZATION:

1. Social Context- refers to the specific setting or circumstances in which social

interaction takes place

2. Content- information that is passed on by members to other individuals

3. Process- methods of interaction that enable the content to be given to another

person.

Result - outcomes of socialization

Self-identity - a SIGNIFICANT result of socialization, wherein an individual

established a sense of identity and an awareness of how it relates to their society and
the world.

Agent of Socialization and Enculturation - Persons, group or institutions that teach

people essential knowledge to participate successfully in society.

Family- basic unit of the society

Primary agent of socialization, because we are socialized first at home within the
family structure and we learn what is and what is not permissible behavior.

Schools- academic and school social’s activities mold students, competitiveness,

cooperation, innovation, skills, punctuality and respect for authority. Provides venue
for political values such as patriotism, nationalism and economic significance.
Prepares you to be equipped with skills, knowledge needed for professional world.

Peer groups- people who share the same interest or characteristics such as age and
social background. Attain a sense of belonging and shared identity.

Mass Media- includes forms of communication. It is a powerful agent of socialization

because it is widely used by people. Source of information, Provides entertainment,
Mass media is different from Social Media.
Religion and State- both exerts influence on the views of a person, legitimizes
accepted social practices, provides stability to society and can even be sources of
social change.

Major Social and Historical Events- the changes and development brought about by
historical events caused transformation in the values, attitudes and views that define
society.

Lesson 6

Conformity - refers to the process of altering one’s thoughts and actions to adapt to
the accepted behavior within his or her group or society.

Compliance - Conforming yet privately disagreeing. This action is motivated by the

desire to gain rewards or avoid punishments.

Identification - It is a process whereby the individual assimilates an aspect, property,

or attribute of the other and is transformed wholly or partially by the model that other
provides.

Internalization or Acceptance - The most permanent and deeply-rooted response to

social influence. Involves both public compliance and internal acceptance of norms.

Deviance - Behaviors and actions that violate norms. However, deviance varies
depending on the context of the group or society.

Anomie - Condition wherein social control becomes ineffective due to the loss of
shared values and sense of purpose in life.

Social Strain Theory - The tensions and strain between socially approved goals and
an individual’s ability to meet them will lead to deviance.

Sub-Cultural View - Emergence of deviant behavior within certain groups in society

or subculture.

Labeling Theory - There is no deviant in a society! But deviance only emerges when
people begins labeling certain actions as deviant.

Conflict View - Deviance as a competing interests between social groups and the
maintenance of power among the elites.
Social Control - as systematic means and practices used to maintain norms, rules and
laws, regulate conflict and discourage deviant behavior.

Sanctions- is the most common means of social control.

TYPES OF SANTIONS:

Formal Sanctions- provided of laws and other regulations in society.

Informal Sanctions- no set laws or regulations that define the nature of these
sanctions.

Human Dignity - Refers to the idea that a person has the innate right to be valued,
respected and treated well.

Human Rights - Are legal, social, and ethical principles that consider the human
person as deserving of liberties and protections by virtue of his or her human dignity.

Characteristics of Human Rights:

1. Universal- they belong to all human beings

2. Fundamental- they cannot be taken away

3. Indivisible- as various rights are interrelated and given equal importance.

4. Absolute- the state cannot lawfully interfere because they are considered basic
necessities for living.

Lesson 7

Social Group - two or more people who interact with one another, share similar
characteristics, and collectively have a sense of unity.

Social Category - is a collection of people who do not interact but who share similar
characteristics. (example, women, men, the elderly, and high school students all
constitute social categories.)

Aggregate Group - a collection of people who happen to be at the same place at the
same time but who have no other connection to one another.

Interdependence - a relationship between multiple parties that depend on each other

to strive. It means that each party has something the other party need.
Primary Group - typically a small social group whose members share close,
personal, enduring relationships. (Examples: family, friends, classmates, workmates
and church groups.)

-a group in which one exchanges implicit items, such as love, caring, concern,
support, etc. Relationships formed in primary groups are often long lasting and goals
in themselves. They also are often psychologically comforting to the individuals
involved and provide a source of support and encouragement.

Secondary Group - are large groups whose relationships are impersonal and goal
oriented; their relationships are temporary.

-Are established to perform functions, people’s roles are more interchangeable. A

secondary group is one you have chosen to be a part of. They are based on interests
and activities. They are where many people can meet close friends or people they
would just call acquaintances. Secondary groups are also groups in which one
exchanges explicit commodities, such as labor for wages, services for payments, etc.

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Self-categorization theory - seeks to understand and explain the processes by

which people form cognitive representations of themselves and others in relation
to different social groups

In-group - is a group that you associate yourself with.

Out-group - is any group that you don't belong to.

Reference Group - refers to a group to which an individual or another group is

compared(example: An individual trying to emulate the trait of people within their
group. They seek to emulate the career, attitude, and personality.)

Networks - refers to the structure of relationships between social actors or groups.

These are interconnections, ties, and linkages between people, their groups and the
larger social institutions.