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Chip CM1041. Description of the operating principle of Battery "Detail"

Soldering and
protection IC for lithium batteries installation
Digital electronics
CM1041 is a dedicated battery protection controller. The so-called Battery protection IC. Many PCB
Microcontrollers
(Protection Circuit Board) protection boards for lithium batteries for self-powered devices are made
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The microcircuit has several modifications for different types of lithium batteries and can be used to
protect composite batteries of 3, 4 and 5 cells.

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CM1031, CM1041, CM1051 are all modifications of the same chip, but used to protect batteries of
3, 4 and 5 batteries connected in series. Знай и применяй!

The third number in the marking indicates the number of lithium cells in the composite battery for 4,328 followers
which the microcircuit is designed.

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Typical circuit diagram for connecting a microcircuit with common charge and discharge circuits.
MOSFET transistor Q2 acts as an electronic switch. When it is open, charging current flows through
it from the charger connected to the CH+ and CH- terminals.

Transistor Q1 is a discharge transistor. Discharge current flows through it when a load is connected
to terminals P+ and P-.
As you can see, according to the circuit with common charge-discharge circuits, it turns out that
during discharge the same load current flows through transistors Q1 and Q2. It follows from this that
both mosfets must be designed for the same drain current (I ).
D

If we take into account the fact that the load can consume significant current, for example, the motor
of a power tool, then the charge transistor Q2 must withstand the same current as the discharge
transistor Q1.

The following circuit allows the use of a less powerful charge transistor Q2, since the charge and
discharge circuits are separated from each other.

Typical switching circuit for the CM1041-DS microcircuit with separation of the charge and
discharge circuits.

According to this scheme, the battery is charged through a separate connector, the contacts of which
(CH+, CH-) are supplied with voltage from the charger. The load is connected to terminals P+ and
P- bypassing the charging circuit.
The lithium-ion battery protection module for the Varyag Professional DA-16/2P screwdriver is
assembled using exactly the same scheme .

Table No. 1. Pin assignment of the CM1041 microcircuit.

No. Designation Purpose

1 VCC Battery power supply terminal (+)
2 VC1 Connection terminal for the positive contact of the battery G1
3 VC2 Connection terminal for battery negative G1 and battery positive G2
4 VC3 Connection terminal for battery negative G2 and battery positive G3
5 VC4 Connection terminal for battery negative G3 and battery positive G4
6 NC not used
7 VSS Connection terminal for negative voltage from battery
8 TOC Capacitor connection pin for overcharge protection delay
9 TOD Capacitor connection pin for overdischarge protection delay
10 TEC Capacitor connection pin for overcurrent protection delay
eleven RTS NTC resistor connection pin for temperature control

12 RTV Connection terminal for resistor R Setting the overheat protection threshold
T.

13 VINI Overcurrent detection pin

14 DO Load/discharge key transistor control pin
15 CO Charge transistor control pin
16 V.M. Load detection/charger connection terminal

The CM1041 chip receives power from the battery itself. Plus “+” is supplied to pin 1 (VCC), and
minus “-” is fed to pin 7 (VSS).

Since there are different types of lithium batteries that differ in their parameters, for example,
minimum operating voltage or full charge voltage, several modifications of the CM1041
microcircuit are produced.
For comparison, Table No. 2 shows the main parameters of two modifications of the microcircuit.

Table No. 2. Parameters of the CM1041 chip for batteries with different types of batteries.

Modification VOC V V V VEC1 VEC2 V V

OCR OD ODR SHORT CHA

CM1041-
4.25V 4.15V 2.7V 3V 0.1V 0.2V 0.5V -0.05V
DS/DT
CM1041-
3.65V 3.56V 2.32V 2.58V 0.1V 0.2V 0.5V -0.05V
GS/GT

Based on the given parameters, it is easy to understand that the CM1041-DS/DT version is suitable
for lithium-ion batteries with a cobalt-based cathode (NCA, NMC), since the full charge voltage for
them is in the range of 4.2...4.3V. While for lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries, the full charge
voltage is 3.65V. Therefore, the CM1041-GS/GT version is suitable for them.

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In the documentation for the microcircuit, various states and modes are indicated by abbreviations,
here are just a few of them:

V ( Overcharge voltage ) – overcharge voltage. For different types of lithium batteries, the
OC
recharge voltage is different. For example, for lithium iron phosphate batteries (LiFePO ,
4
LFP) it is 3.65V. For lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum-oxide batteries (LiNiCoAlO , NCA), –
2
4.2V. Therefore, each type of battery has its own modification of the microcircuit. So, for
LiFePO the most suitable version with index G is CM1041-GS/GT;
4
V ( Overcharge release voltage ) – overcharge release voltage. This means resetting the
OCR
protection. The voltage on the battery, upon reaching which the overcharge protection is turned
off;
T ( Time overcharge ) – recharge time. The time during which the battery voltage is too
OC
high, that is, it has reached the V level ;
OC
T ( Time overcharge release ) – overcharge release time. The time during which the
OCR
battery voltage does not exceed the permissible charge level. So, for example, the recharge
voltage is 4.25V, and the protection reset voltage is 4.15V (V );
OCR
V ( Overdischarge voltage ) – overdischarge voltage. The voltage of the battery is
OD
 completely discharged, a further decrease in which will lead to damage to the battery or
deterioration of its characteristics;
V ( Overdischarge release voltage ) – overdischarge release voltage. Reset voltage (turn
ODR
off) of overdischarge protection. Corresponds to the minimum operating voltage of a
discharged battery. So, for most lithium-ion batteries it is 2.7...3V;

T ( Time overdischarge ) – overdischarge time. The time during which the battery voltage
OD
corresponds to the voltage of the battery being fully discharged;
T ( Time overdischarge release ) – overdischarge release time. The time during which the
ODR
battery voltage corresponds to the voltage of the battery being fully discharged.

For the CM1041 microcircuit, the response delay of various protections is set by external capacitors:

C – overcharge delay capacitor;

TOC
C – overdischarge delay capacitor;
TOD
C – delay capacitor for protection against current overload and short circuit.
TEC

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The capacitance of capacitors , and CTEC 0.1µF, and the operating voltage is not
CTOC CTOD is
lower than 10V.

In total, the CM1041 chip has 7 protections. Each of them has a response delay. This is the minimum
time during which a certain condition must be met.

Overcharge protection.

The microcircuit constantly monitors the voltage on each of the cells of the composite battery. If the
voltage on any of them exceeds V (for example, level 4.25V), the controller will turn off the
OC
charge transistor Q2.

The delay time for overcharge protection is set by capacitor C , which is connected to pin 8
TOC
(TOC).

If the voltage on any of the four batteries rises above VOC 4.25V for the CM1041-DS/DT version)
(
and lasts exactly or longer than the time TOC then the charge transistor Q2 closes, blocking the
,
battery charge.

When the battery voltage drops to 4.15V (V ) and if it lasts no less than the overcharge
OCR
protection reset time (T ), then the protection is turned off and the battery charge is restored.
OCR

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Overdischarge protection.

If the voltage on any of the battery cells drops to the over-discharge level (V ) and remains at this
OD
level for the over-discharge time (T ) or longer, then the controller turns off the MOSFET
OD
transistor Q1. No current is supplied to the load.

To reset the overdischarge protection mode, the voltage on each of the battery cells must reach the
level V and last for the duration of the overdischarge protection reset time (T ).
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time T (0.5...1.5 s);
EC1
When the voltage at the V pin is higher than V (0.16...0.24V) and lasts at least time T
INI EC2
(50...200 ms);
EC2
When the voltage at the V pin is higher than V (0.4...0.6V) and lasts at least the time
INI SHORT
T (0.1...0.6 ms).
SHORT

In any of the three cases, the load is turned off using transistor Q1.

To reset the protection mode, you must disconnect the load from the battery. The microcircuit
recognizes that the load has been disconnected or a short circuit has been eliminated by the voltage
at the VM pin (16). If it is less than 3V, then the controller considers that the overload or short circuit
has been eliminated and opens the discharge transistor Q1 again.

The response delay time T and T is set using one capacitor C . The delay time ratio is
EC1 EC2 TEC
10:1.

Charge current overload protection.

During the battery charging process, if the voltage at the V pin is lower than the charging
INI
overcurrent protection voltage level V and lasts for T or more, then the charge transistor
CHA CHA
Q2 is turned off. Battery charge is blocked. This condition is called a charge overcurrent condition.

The protection is reset if the charger is disconnected. The chip has a charger and load detection
circuit. Monitoring is carried out at pin 16 (VM). When the charger is turned off, the voltage at the
VM pin becomes greater than the threshold V and the charging overcurrent protection is
CHA

disabled.

Shutdown protection.

The status of each battery is monitored at terminals VC1, VC2, VC3 and VC4 through a voltage
detection circuit.

If the batteries are disconnected from one or more terminals VC1, VC2, VC3 or VC4, the
microcircuit closes the charge and discharge transistors, completely blocking the battery. This
condition will remain in effect until the correct connection of the battery cells and the microcircuit
pins is restored.

Judging by the block diagrams of the internal structure of similar microcircuits, the voltage detection
circuit is made of comparators and resistive dividers, which monitor voltage levels.
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Temperature protection.

Lithium batteries are sensitive to low and high operating temperatures. Therefore, the charging and
discharging of the battery is blocked at low and high temperatures.

The microcircuit implements three levels of temperature protection:

Protection against low charging temperature, – TLCP ( Temperature Low Charge Protection );
Protection against high charging temperature, – THCP ( Temperature High Charge Protection );
Protection against discharge at high temperatures - THDP ( Temperature High Discharge
Protection ).

A thermistor (NTC resistor) is connected to the RTS pin . Typically, it is teardrop-shaped with two
wire leads and is attached to one of the battery cells. But there are exceptions. The thermistor can be
in SMD design and mounted directly on the printed circuit board.
The low temperature charging protection TLCP trigger temperature is fixed at -10°C. Therefore, if
the battery temperature is less than -10°C, then the battery charge is blocked, mosfet Q2 closes and
does not allow current from the charger to pass through.

is connected to the RTV pin . It is used to set the THCP high charging temperature
A resistor R T
protection threshold.

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The datasheet for the chip contains a table of correspondence between R and the required
T
temperatures THCP and THDP. A 100 kOhm thermistor (at 25°C) with a temperature sensitivity
coefficient of B = 3950 is used as a sensor (R
NTC ).

Table No. 3. Correspondence between R and required temperature THCP and THDP.
T

THCP level (°C) THDP level (°C) R (kΩ) R (kΩ)

NTC T

45 65 43.66 130
50 70 35.88 110
55 75 29.79 91
60 80 24.62 72

At elevated temperatures, battery discharge is also blocked, but the THDP response level is 20°C
higher than the THCP level (THDP = THCP + 20°C). This can be clearly seen from the difference
between THDP and THCP in Table No. 3.

All three protections are reset if the temperature changes by 10°C. That is, in case of increased
temperature, it should decrease by 10°C, for example, from 60 to 50°C. In case of low temperature,
increase by 10°C, for example from -10°C to 0, so that the battery charge is resumed.

The temperature protection function of the CM1041 series microcircuits can be disabled by
installing a 1 kOhm resistor between the RTS and VSS pins. In this case, the RTV output is not
connected anywhere.

Datasheet for CM1031/CM1041/CM1051 series microcircuits (.rar archive, ~752 KB).

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