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 A Course in
Analysis
Vol. II
Differentiation and integration of
Functions of Several Variables, Vector Calculus
A Course in Analysis
Vol. I
Part 1 Introductory Calculus
Part 2 Analysis of Functions of One Real Variable

Vol. II
Part 3 Differentiation of Functions of Several Variables
Part 4 Integration of Functions of Several Variables
Part 5 Vector Calculus

Vol. III
Part 6 Measure and Integration Theory
Part 7 Complex-valued Functions of a Complex Variable
Part 8 Fourier Analysis

Vol. IV
Part 9 Ordinary Differential Equations
Part 10 Partial Differential Equations
Part 11 Calculus of Variations

Vol. V
Part 12 Functional Analysis
Part 13 Operator Theory
Part 14 Theory of Distributions

Vol. VI
Part 15 Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces
Part 16 Differentiable Manifolds and Riemannian Geometry
Part 17 Lie Groups
Vol. VII
Part 18 History of Analysis
 A Course in
Analysis
Vol. II
Differentiation and Integration of
Functions of Several Variables, Vector Calculus

Niels Jacob
Kristian P Evans
Swansea University, UK
Published by

World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.

5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224
USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601
UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Jacob, Niels.
A course in analysis / by Niels Jacob (Swansea University, UK),
Kristian P. Evans (Swansea University, UK).
volumes cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Contents: volume 1. Introductory calculus, analysis of functions of one real variable
Identifiers: ISBN 978-9814689083 (hardcover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-9814689090 (pbk : alk. paper)
1. Mathematical analysis--Textbooks. 2. Mathematics--Study and teaching (Higher)
3. Calculus--Textbooks. I. Evans, Kristian P. II. Title.
QA300.J27 2015
515--dc23
2015029065

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Copyright © 2016 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.

All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval
system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the publisher.

For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance
Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not
required from the publisher.
ISBN 978-981-3140-95-0
ISBN 978-981-3140-96-7 (pbk)

Printed in Singapore
Preface
A detailed description of the content of Volume II of our Course in Analysis will
be provided in the introduction. Here we would like to take the opportunity to
thank those who have supported us in writing this volume. We owe a debt of
gratitude to James Harris who has typewritten a major part of the manuscript.
Thanks for typewriting further parts are expressed to Huw Fry and Yelena
Liskevich who also provided a lot of additional support. Lewis Bray, James
Harris and Elian Rhind did a lot of proofreading for which we are grateful. We
also want to thank the Department of Mathematics, the College of Science and
Swansea University for providing us with funding for typewriting.
Finally we want to thank our publisher, in particular Tan Rok Ting and Ng Qi
Wen, for a pleasant collaboration.
Niels Jacob
Kristian P. Evans
Swansea, January 2016
Introduction
This is the second volume of our Course in Analysis and it is designed for
second year students or above. In the first volume, in particular in Part 1, the
transition from school to university determined the style and approach to the
material, for example by introducing abstract concepts slowly or by giving very
detailed (elementary) calculations. Now we use an approach that is suitable for
students who are more used to the university style of doing mathematics. As we
go through the volumes our intention is to guide and develop students to nurture
a more professional and rigorous approach to mathematics. We will still take
care with motivations (some lengthy) when introducing new concepts, exploring
new notions by examples and their limitations by counter examples. However
some routine calculations are taken for granted as is the willingness to “fight”
through more abstract concepts.
In addition we start to change the way we use references and students should
pick up on this. Calculus and analysis in one dimension is so widely taught that
it is difficult to trace back in textbooks the origin of how we present and prove
results nowadays. Some comments about this were made in Volume I. The more
advanced the material becomes, the more appropriate it becomes to point out in
more detail the existing literature and our own sources. Still we are in a territory
where a lot of material is customary and covered by “standard approaches”.
However in some cases authors may claim more originality and students should
know about the existing literature and give it fair credit - as authors of books are
obliged to do. We hope that the more experienced reader will consider our
referencing as being fair, please see further details below.
The goal of this volume is to extend analysis for real-valued functions of one
real variable to mappings from domains in m to n, i.e to vector-valued
mappings of several variables. At a first glance we need to address three wider
fields: convergence and continuity; linear approximation and differentiability;
and integration. As it turns out, to follow this programme, we need to learn in
addition much more about geometry. Some of the geometry is related to
topological notions, e.g. does a set have several components? Does a set have
“holes”? What is the boundary of a set? Other geometric notions will be related
to the vector space structure of n, e.g. quadratic forms, orthogonality,
convexity, some types of symmetries, say rotationally invariant functions. But
we also need a proper understanding of elementary differential geometric
concepts such as parametric curves and surfaces (and later on manifolds and sub-
manifolds). Therefore we have included a fair amount of geometry in our treatise
starting with this volume.
The situation where we introduce integrals is more difficult. The problem is to
define a volume or an area for certain subsets in G ⊂ n. Once this is done for a
reasonably large class of subsets a construction of the integral along the lines of
the one-dimensional case is possible. It turns out that Lebesgue’s theory of
measure and integration is much better suited to this and we will develop this
theory in the next volume. Our approach to volume (and surface) integrals
following Riemann’s ideas (as transformed by Darboux) is only a first,
incomplete attempt to solve the integration problem. However it is essentially
sufficient to solve concrete problems in analysis, geometry as well as in
mathematical physics or mechanics.
Let us now discuss the content of this volume in more detail. In the first four
chapters we cover convergence and continuity. Although our main interest is in
handling mappings f : G → n, G ⊂ m, in order to be prepared for dealing with
convergence of sequences of functions, continuity of linear operators, etc., we
discuss convergence and continuity in metric spaces as we introduce the basic
concepts of point set topology. However we also spend time on normed spaces.
We then turn to continuous mappings and study their basic properties in the
context of metric and topological spaces. Eventually we consider mappings f : G
→ n and for this we investigate some topological properties of subsets of n. In
particular we discuss the notion of compactness and its consequences. The main
theoretical concepts are developed along the lines of N. Bourbaki, i.e. J.
Dieudonné [10], however when working in the more concrete Euclidean context
we used several different sources, in particular for dealing with connectivity we
preferred the approach of M. Heins [24]. A general reference is also [9]
Differentiability is the topic in Chapter 5 and Chapter 6. First we discuss partial
derivatives of functions f : G → , G ⊂ n, and then the differential of mappings
f : G → n, G ⊂ m. These chapters must be viewed as “standard” and our
approach does not differ from any of the approaches known to us. Once
differentiability is established we turn to applications and here geometry is
needed. An appropriate name for Chapter 7 and Chapter 8 would be G. Monge’s
classical one: “Applications of Analysis to Geometry”. We deal with parametric
curves in n, with some more details in the case n = 3, and we have a first look
at parametric surfaces in 3. In addition to having interesting and important
applications of differential calculus we prepare our discussion of the integral
theorems of vector calculus where we have to consider boundaries of sets either
as parametric curves or as parametric surfaces. These two chapters benefit
greatly from M. DoCarmo’s textbook [11].
In Chapter 9 to Chapter 11 we extend the differential calculus for functions of
several variables as we give more applications, many of them going back to the
times of J. d’Alembert, L. Euler and the Bernoulli family. Key phrases are Taylor
formula, local extreme values under constraints (Lagrange multipliers) or
envelopes. However note that Taylor series or more generally power series for
functions of several variables are much more difficult to handle due to the
structure of convergence domains and we postpone this until we discuss
complex-valued functions of complex variables (in Volume III). Of a more
theoretical nature, but with a lot of applications, is the implicit function theorem
and its consequence, the inverse mapping theorem. In general in these chapters
we follow different sources and merge them together. In particular, since some of
the classical books include nice applications, however in their theoretical parts
they are now outdated, some effort is needed to obtain a coherent view. The
book of O. Forster [19] was quite helpful in treating the implicit function
theorem. In Chapter 12 curvilinear coordinates are addressed - a topic which is
all too often neglected nowadays. However, when dealing with problems that
have symmetry, for example in mathematical physics, curvilinear coordinates are
essential. In our understanding, they also form a part of classical differential
geometry, as can be already learned from G. Lamé’s classical treatise.
Almost every book about differential calculus in several variables discusses
convexity, e.g. convex sets which are useful when dealing with the mean value
theorem, or convex functions when handling local extreme values. We have
decided to treat convex sets and functions in much more detail than what other
authors do by including more on the geometry of convex sets (for example
separating hyperplanes) where S. Hildebrandt’s treatise [26] was quite helpful.
We further do this by discussing extreme points (Minkowski’s theorem) and its
applications to extreme values of convex functions on compact convex sets. We
also look at a characterisation of differentiable convex functions by variational
inequalities as do we discuss the Legendre transform (conjugate functions) of
convex functions and metric projections onto convex sets. All of this can be
done in n at this stage of our Course and it will be helpful in other parts such as
the calculus of variations, functional analysis and differential geometry. Most of
all, these are beautiful results.
After introducing continuity or differentiability (or integrability) we can consider
vector spaces of functions having these (and some additional) properties. For
example we may look at the space C(K) of all continuous functions defined on a
compact set K ⊂ n, which is equipped with the norm ǁgǁ∞ := supx∈K|g(x)| a
Banach space. Already in classical analysis the question whether an arbitrary
continuous function can be approximated by simpler functions such as
polynomials or trigonometrical functions was discussed. It was also discussed
whether a uniformly bounded sequence of continuous functions always has a
uniformly convergent subsequence. We can now interpret the first question as
the problem to find a “nice” dense subset in the Banach space C(K) whereas the
second problem can be seen as to find or characterise (pre-) compact sets in
C(K). We deliberately put these problems into the context of Banach spaces, i.e.
we treat the problems as problems in functional analysis. We prove the general
Stone-Weierstrass theorem, partly by a detour, by first proving Korovkin’s
approximatiuon theorem, and we prove the Arzela-Ascoli theorem. We strongly
believe at this stage of the Course that students should start to understand the
benefit of reformulating concrete classical problems as problems of functional
analysis.
The final chapter of Part 3 deals with line integrals. We locate line integrals in
Part 3 and not Part 4 since eventually they are reduced to integrals of functions
defined on an interval and not on a domain in n, n > 1. We discuss the basic
definition, the problem of rectifying curves and we start to examine the
integrability conditions.
As already indicated, defining an integral in the sense of Riemann for a bounded
function f : G → , G ⊂ compact, is not as straightforward as it seems. In
Chapter 16 we give more details about the problems and we indicate our strategy
to overcome these difficulties. A first step is to look at iterated integrals for
functions defined on a hyper-rectangle (which we assume to be axes parallel)
and this is done in the natural frame of parameter dependent integrals. In the
following chapter we introduce and investigate Riemann integrals (volume
integrals) for functions defined on hyper-rectangles. This can be done rather
closely along the lines we followed in the one-dimensional case. Identifying
volume integrals with iterated integrals allows us to reduce the actual integration
problem to one-dimensional integrals.
Integrating functions on sets G other than hyper-rectangles is much more
difficult. The main point is that we do not know what the volume of a set in n
is, hence Riemann sums are difficult to introduce. Even the definition of an
integral for step functions causes a problem. It turns out that the boundary ∂G
determines whether we can define, say for a bounded continuous function f : G
→ an integral. This leads to a rather detailed study of boundaries and their
“content” or “measure”. Basically it is the intertwining of the topological notion
“boundary” with the (hidden) measure theoretical notion “set of measure zero”
which causes difficulties. We devote Chapter 19 to these problems and once we
end up with the concept of (bounded) Jordan measurable sets, we can construct
integrals for bounded (continuous) functions defined on bounded Jordan
measurable sets. In our presentation of this part we combine parts of the
approaches of [20], [25] and [26].
In order to evaluate volume integrals we need further tools, in particular the
transformation theorem. Within the Riemann context this theorem is notoriously
difficult and lengthy to prove which is essentially due to the problems mentioned
above, i.e. the mixture of topological and measure theoretical notions. In the
context of Lebesgue’s theory of integration the transformation theorem admits a
much more transparent proof, we also refer to our remarks in Chapter 21. For
this reason we do not provide a proof here but we clearly state the result and give
many applications. Eventually we return to improper and parameter dependent
integrals, but now in the context of volume integrals. Many of these
considerations will become of central importance when investigating partial
differential equations.

The final part of this volume is devoted to vector calculus in 2, but most of all
in 3. A pure mathematician’s point of view could be to first introduce manifolds
including E. Cartan’s exterior calculus, then to introduce integrals for k-forms
over m-dimensional sub-manifolds of n-dimensional manifolds, and then to
eventually prove the general Stokes’ theorem. By specialising we can now derive
the classical theorems of Gauss, Green and Stokes. This programme neither
takes the historical development into account nor is it suitable for second year
students. Thus we decided on a more classical approach. Chapter 23 gives in
some sense a separate introduction to Part 5, hence we can be more brief here.
In Chapter 24 we discuss the problem of how to define the area of a parametric
surface and then we turn to surface integrals for scalar-valued functions as well
as for vector fields. With line and surface integrals at our disposal we can prove
Gauss’ theorem (in 3 and later on in n), Stokes’ theorem in 3 and Green’s
theorem in the plane. One part of our investigations is devoted to the question of
in what type of domain can we prove these theorems? Another part deals with
applications. Our aim is to give students who are interested in applied
mathematics, mathematical physics or mechanics the tools (and the ideas of the
mathematical background) needed to solve such problems. Only in Volume VI
will we provide a rigorous proof of the general Stokes’ theorem.
As in Volume I we have provided solutions to all problems (ca. 275) and since
we depend on a lot of results from linear algebra we have collected these results
in an appendix. Since many of our considerations are geometry related, the text
contains a substantial number of figures (ca. 150). All of these figures were done
by the second named author using LaTex. Finally a remark about referring to
Volume I. When referring to a theorem, a lemma, a definition, etc. in Volume I
we write, for example, Theorem I.25.9 etc., and when referring to a formula we
write, for example, (I.25.10) etc.
As in Volume I, problems marked with a * are more challenging.
Contents
Preface

Introduction

List of Symbols

Part 3: Differentiation of Functions of Several Variables

1 Metric Spaces
2 Convergence and Continuity in Metric Spaces
3 More on Metric Spaces and Continuous Functions
4 Continuous Mappings Between Subsets of Euclidean Spaces
5 Partial Derivatives
6 The Differential of a Mapping
7 Curves in ℝn
8 Surfaces in ℝ3. A First Encounter
9 Taylor Formula and Local Extreme Values
10 Implicit Functions and the Inverse Mapping Theorem
11 Further Applications of the Derivatives
12 Curvilinear Coordinates
13 Convex Sets and Convex Functions in ℝn
14 Spaces of Continuous Functions as Banach Spaces
15 Line Integrals

Part 4: Integration of Functions of Several Variables

16 Towards Volume Integrals in the Sense of Riemann
17 Parameter Dependent and Iterated Integrals
18 Volume Integrals on Hyper-Rectangles
19 Boundaries in ℝn and Jordan Measurable Sets
20 Volume Integrals on Bounded Jordan Measurable Sets
21 The Transformation Theorem: Result and Applications
22 Improper Integrals and Parameter Dependent Integrals

Part 5: Vector Calculus

23 The Scope of Vector Calculus
24 The Area of a Surface in ℝ3 and Surface Integrals
25 Gauss’ Theorem in ℝ3
26 Stokes’ Theorem in ℝ2 and R3
27 Gauss’ Theorem for ℝn

Appendices

Appendix I: Vector Spaces and Linear Mappings

Appendix II: Two Postponed Proofs of Part 3

Solutions to Problems of Part 3

Solutions to Problems of Part 4

Solutions to Problems of Part 5

References

Mathematicians Contributing to Analysis (Continued)

Subject Index
List of Symbols
In general, symbols already introduced in Volume I are not listed here and we
refer to the List of Symbols in Volume I.

the set of all multi-indices

α! = α1! · … · αn! for α = (α1,..., αn)
for α = (α1,...,αn)
α ≤ β αj ≤ βj, α,
α + β = (α1 + β1,..., αn + βn), α,
for α = (α1,..., αn) and x ∈ n
(X) power set of X
fj the jth component of f
prj projection on the jth factor or component
f = (f1,..., fn) vector-valued f with components
R(f ) = ran(f) range of f
Γ(f) graph of f
f|K restriction of f to K
(f ∨ g)(x) := max(f(x), g(x))
(f ∧ g)(x) := min(f(x), g(x))
f * g convolution of f and g
supp f support of f
At transpose of the matrix A
βA(x, y) bilinear form associated with the matrix A
βA(x) = βA(x, x) quadratic form associated with A
det(A) determinant of the matrix A
⊗a algebraic tensor product
x ⊥ y x and y are orthogonal
angle between a and b
x, y , = x · y scalar product of x and y
x × y cross product of x and y
 M(m, n; ) vector space of all real m × n matrices
M(n; ) = M(n, n; )
GL(n; ) general linear group
O(n) orthogonal group in n
SO(2) special orthogonal group
(X, d) metric space
d(x, y) distance between x and y (metric)
Br(y) open ball with centre y and radius r > 0
diam(A) diameter of A
C(x) connectivity component of x
interior of Y
closure of Y
∂Y boundary of Y
dist(A, B) distance between two sets A and B
dist(x, A) distance between a point x and a set A
disto∞(x, H) := inf{ǁx − yǁǁ|y ∈ H}
(V, ǁ·ǁ) normed space
ǁ·ǁ norm
, x = (x1, ..., xn) ∈ n
ǁxǁ∞ := max1≤j≤n {|xj|x =(x1, ..., xn)}
dp(x, y) = ǁx − yǁp
ǁuǁ∞ = supx∈G|u(x)|

ǁhǁ∞,X := supx∈X ǁh(x)ǁ

dis(h) point(s) of discontinuity of h

Sn−1 unit sphere in n
upper unit sphere in n
partial derivative with respect to xj
second order partial derivative first with respect to xk and then with
respect to xj
∂α, Dα, higher order partial derivatives
Dν derivative in the ν direction
normal derivative (with respect to outer normal)
Jf(x) Jacobi matrix of f at x
(Hessf)(x) Hesse matrix of f at x
gradφ(x) = ∇φ(x) gradient of φ(x)
divA divergence of A
curlA curl or rotation of A
n-dimensional Laplace operator applied to u
tr(γ) trace of γ

tangent vector
normal vector
lγ length of a curve
γ1 ⊕ γ2 sum of two curves
epi(f) epi-graph of f
conv(A) convex hull of A
ext(K) set of extreme points of K
voln(G) n dimensional volume of G
J(n)(G) Jordan content of G
mesh(Z) mesh size or width of the partition Z
∫* lower integral
∫* upper integral
∫γ ψ · dp line integral of a function
∫γ Xp · dp line integral of a vector field
∫S ψ · dp surface integral of a function
∫S A · dp surface integral of a vector field
VZ(γ) Z-variation of a curve
V(γ) total variation of a curve
(X; ) vector space of all bounded functions f : X →
C([a, b]) continuous functions on [a, b]
Ck([a, b]) k times continuously differentiable functions on [a, b]
C(X) continuous functions on X
Cb(X) space of bounded functions on the metric space X
C0(X) space of all continuous functions with compact support
Ck(G) k-times continuously differentiable functions on G

C∞( n) space of all continuous functions vanishing at infinity

Cper space of all continuous 2π-periodic functions
Part 3: Differentiation of Functions of Several
Variables
1 Metric Spaces
In the first volume of our treatise we discussed sequences and series of real
numbers or of functions from subsets of the real numbers to the real line. In
every case our investigations depended heavily on the concept of a limit: limits
of sequences and series; limits of functions; continuity; and differentiability and
integrability. In fact we have already studied limits of sequences of functions.
Even a proper understanding of the real numbers needs the notion of a limit,
namely the limits of sequences of rational numbers. All these definitions of
limits make use of the absolute value of a real number. A more careful analysis
shows that when dealing with limits we use a function of two variables derived
from the absolute value. We always look at a term |x − y| for (real) numbers x, y
∈ , and we interpret |x − y| as the distance between x and y. When working
with limits we use the following three properties:
(a) |x − y| ≥ 0 and |x − y| = 0 if and only if x = y;
(b) |x − y| = |y − x|;
(c) |x − y| ≤ |x − z| + |z − y|.
These properties have simple and natural interpretations:
(a’) the distance is non-negative and two distinct points have a strict
positive distance while the distance from x to itself is 0;
(b’) the distance from x to y is equal to the distance from y to x, i.e.
distance is symmetric;
(c’) the triangle inequality holds, meaning that the distance of “going from
x to y” should be shorter than the distance of “going first from x to z”
and then “going from z to y”.
The idea of a limit, say of a function f : [a, b] → at a point x0 ∈ [a, b], was
that given an error bound ϵ > 0 we can find a δ < 0 such that if the distance from
x ∈ [a, b] to x0 is less than δ then the distance from f(x) to f(x0) is less than ϵ:

Suppose that for each pair (x, y) of points x, y belonging to a set X we can define
a distance d(x, y) such that d satisfies (a’) - (c’). It is natural to ask the following
question: can we transfer our theory of limits established in to X using the
distance d? The answer to this question is yes and it leads to the theory of metric
spaces.
Definition 1.1. Let ≠ X be a set. A metric (or distance or distance function) on
X is a mapping d : X × X → such that the following properties
(i) d(x, y) ≥ 0 and d(x, y) = 0 if and only if x = y;
(ii) d(x, y) = d(y, x);
(iii) d(x, y) ≤ d(x, z) + d(z, y),
hold for all x, y, z ∈ X. The pair (X, d) is called a metric space.
Remark 1.2. A. It is possible to replace in Definition 1.1 condition (i) by the
second part of (i) : d(x, y) = 0 if and only if x = y. Indeed, for x, y ∈ X we find

implying d(x, y) ≥ 0.
B. Of course (ii) is a symmetry condition and we will again call (iii) the triangle
inequality.

First of all we want to look at some examples of metric spaces.

Example 1.3. A. Of course we can associate on a metric with the absolute
value by defining for x, y ∈ the metric d(x, y) := |x − y|.
B. Let (X, d) be a metric space and ≠ Y ⊂ X be a subset. Define

Then (Y, dY) is again a metric space. The proof is obvious, the interpretation is
that if we can define the distance for every pair of points in X, we can of course
restrict this distance to subsets and the restriction defines a distance on this
subset.
C. On every ≠ X we can define a metric by

and (X, d) is a metric space. Indeed, (i) is trivial by the definition as is (ii). In
order to see (iii), i.e. the triangle inequality, note that for x ≠ y we find
Thus on every non-empty set we can introduce at least one metric, which
however is not very interesting. But it is worth to note a corollary of this fact: on
a given set we may have several metrics.
D. We want to return to X = and add a class of examples which later on will
turn out to be quite useful. Let φ : → + be an even function such that φ(x) = 0
if and only if x = 0. Further we assume that φ is sub-additive, i.e. for all x, y ∈
we have

If we define

then dφ is a metric on . From our assumptions it follows immediately that dφ(x,

y) ≥ 0 and dφ(x, y) = 0 if and only if x = y, as well as

Using sub-additivity we find also the triangle inequality

Now let ψ : + → + be a monotone increasing function such that ψ(x) = 0 if and

only if x = 0. Moreover assume that ψ has a continuous derivative on + (ψ′(0) is
considered as one-sided derivative) which is monotone decreasing. For 0 ≤ x < y
we get

or

Now it follows that

is again a metric on . Clearly dψ(x, y) ≥ 0 and dψ(x, y) = 0 if and only if x = y, as

well as dψ(x, y) = dψ(y, x). The triangle inequality follows now as above:
More concrete examples are ψ1(t) = arctan t or ψ2(s) = ln(1 + s). We only have to
note that and . In Problem 1 we will prove that for 0 < α < 1
a metric on is given by d(α)(x, y) := |x − y|α.

Lemma 1.4. For a metric d on X we have for all x, y, z ∈ X that

Proof. The triangle inequality yields together with the symmetry of d

or

as well as

or

which together with (1.6) gives (1.5)).

We already know the notion of a norm on a vector space (over ), see Definition
I.23.12. We recall the definition and prove that every norm induces a metric.
Definition 1.5. Let V be a vector space over or . A norm ǁ.ǁ on V is a
mapping

with the properties

(i) ǁxǁ =0 if and only if x = 0;
(ii) ǁλxǁ = |λ| ǁxǁ for all x ∈ V and λ ∈ (or );
(iii) ǁx + yǁ ≤ ǁxǁ + ǁyǁ for all x, y ∈ V.
If ǁ.ǁ is a norm on V we call (V, ǁ.ǁ) a normed (vector) space.
Remark 1.6. A. Since 0 = ǁx − xǁ ≤ ǁxǁ + ǁxǁ = 2 ǁxǁ it follows that ǁxǁ ≥ 0 for all x
∈ V.
B. A norm is defined on a vector space V. Since a subset Y of a vector space need
not be a vector space we can restrict a norm to Y, but the restriction will not in
general be a norm on Y.
C. Condition (ii) is called the homogeneity of the norm and (iii) is also referred
to as the triangle inequality.
Proposition 1.7. Let (V, ǁ.ǁ) be a normed space. Then by

a metric is defined on V.
Proof. Obviously we have ǁx − yǁ = d(x, y) ≥ 0 and 0 = d(x, y) = ǁx − yǁ if and
only if x = y. Moreover we find

Furthermore, for x, y, z ∈ V we have

Example 1.8. A. By Corollary I.23.18 we know that for 1 ≤ p < ∞ a norm is

given on n by

B. On n we define

which is a further norm on n. Indeed ǁxǁ∞ = 0 holds if and only if xj = 0 for j =

1, . . . , n, i.e. x = 0. Moreover we have
Finally we observe that

Note that

and by the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality we find

where the first inequality follows from

In addition we have

since
In Problem 6 we will prove that for p, q ≥ 1 there exists constants cp, q > 0 and
Cp, q > 0 such that

holds for all x ∈ n. Combining (1.15) with (1.12) or (1.14) we see that (1.15)
holds for all 1 ≤ p, q ≤ ∞.
Example 1.9. (Compare with Lemma I.24.5) Let X ≠ be a set and b(X; )
the vector space of all bounded real-valued functions on X, i.e. f ∈ b(X; ) if f
: X → and |f(x)| ≤ Mf < ∞ for all x ∈ X. On b(X; ) we have the norm

In Problem 9 we will see that on every real vector space a positive definite
symmetric bilinear form will induce a norm. We want to combine the metrics
considered in Example 1.3.D with norms. Let (V, ǁ.ǁ) be a normed space and ψ :
+ → + be as in Example 1.3.D, i.e. ψ is monotone increasing such that ψ(t) =
0 if and only if t = 0 and ψ has on [0, ∞) a continuous monotone decreasing
derivative. On V we can define the metric

It follows as in Example 1.3.D that dψ is indeed a metric. Clearly, dψ(x, 0) need

not be a norm. For example on n with the Euclidean norm ǁ.ǁ2 we find that

is a metric but x ↦ darctan(x, 0) cannot define a norm since the homogeneity

condition fails to hold: In general

which follows from the fact that for x ≠ 0 the right hand side is unbounded with
respect to λ ∈ while the left hand side is of course bounded with respect to λ.
Thus on n, or more generally, on every normed space we have a lot of different
metrics, certain ones are derived from the norms given by (1.10), but others are
not necessarily derived from norms.
There is an important difference between a norm and a metric with regard to
subsets. We know by Example 1.3.B that we can restrict every metric to any
subset and the restriction is again a metric. This does not apply to a norm. A
norm is always defined on a vector space and in general a subset of a vector
space is not a vector space. However we can always restrict the metric induced
by a norm to any subset of a normed space and we will get a metric space.
Example 1.10. A. Let (X, dX) and (Y, dY) be two metric spaces. On X × Y a
metric dX×Y is defined by

Clearly dX×Y((x1, y1), (x2, y2)) ≥ 0 and equality implies that dX(x1, x2) = 0 and
dY(y1, y2) = 0, or x1 = x2 and y1 = y2, i.e. (x1, y1) = (x2, y2). Moreover, the
symmetry of dX×Y follows immediately from that of dX and dY, respectively.
Finally, since

the triangle inequality holds too.

B. For two normed spaces (V, ǁ.ǁV) and (W, ǁ.ǁW) we define on the product V × W

and claim that (V × W, ǁ.ǁV×W) is a normed space too. The proof goes along the
lines of part A, we refer also to Problem 5.
As pointed out in the introduction to this chapter open intervals, i.e. sets of the
form {y ∈ | |x − y| < η} are playing a central role when introducing limits for
sequences of real numbers or real-valued functions defined on a subset of . We
now introduce a substitute for open intervals in general metric spaces.
Definition 1.11. Let (X, d) be a metric space and y ∈ X.
A. We call

the open ball with centre y and radius r > 0.

B. A set U ⊂ X is called a neighbourhood of y ∈ X if there exists ϵ > 0 such that
Bϵ(y) ⊂ U. In particular y ∈ U and Bϵ(y) is a neighbourhood of y.
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Hodgkinson. Letters on Emigration. London, 1794.
Smith, William. Address to his Constituents. Philadelphia, 1794.
Taylor, John. An Examination of the Late Proceedings of Congress,
Respecting the Official Conduct of the Secretary of the Treasury.
Philadelphia, 1793.
Contemporary Newspapers

Boston:
The Columbian Centinel.
The Independent Chronicle.
New York:
New York Daily Advertiser.
Commercial Advertiser.
New York Journal.
American Minerva.
The Argus.
The Time Piece.
Gazette of the United States.
Louden’s Diary, or Register.
Philadelphia:
National Gazette.
Gazette of the United States.
The General Advertiser.
The Aurora.
Porcupine’s Gazette.
Pennsylvania Daily Advertiser.
Baltimore:
Maryland Gazette.
Maryland Journal.
Portsmouth:
New Hampshire Gazette.
Charleston:
City Gazette.
Windsor, Vermont:
Spooner’s Vermont Journal.
Hartford:
 The Courant.
The American Minerva.
New Haven:
Connecticut Gazette.

Magazines
American Historical Review, October, 1899, January, 1900, ‘Contemporary
Opinion of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions,’ by Frank M.
Anderson.
American Historical Association, Annual Reports, 1912, ‘The Enforcement
of the Alien and Sedition Laws,’ by Frank M. Anderson; 1896-97, ‘Letters
of Phineas Bond.’
The Nation, July 18, 1912, ‘Extracts from Diary of Moreau de St. Mery’;
September 5, 1895, ‘The Authorship of the Giles Resolutions,’ by Paul L.
Ford.
INDEX
Adams, Abigail, New York house at Richmond Hill, 16;
on removal of capital to Philadelphia, 116;
on Philadelphia, 125;
and Mrs. Bingham, 128, 129.

Adams, Abijah, bookkeeper for editor of Independent Chronicle,

imprisoned for libel, 394, 395.

Adams, John, begins ‘reign’ as Vice-President, 3;

troubled as to proper titles for the President and Vice-President, 3;
on reception of President in Senate, 3;
what is the Vice-President when the President is in Senate?, 3;
writer of ‘Discourses of Davilla,’ published in Fenno’s Gazette, 17;
on Hamilton, 37;
Jeffersonians attempt to defeat for Vice-Presidency in 1792, 181;
elected, but by small margin, 183;
candidate for Presidency, in 1796, 310;
suspects trickery, 312;
retains Washington’s Cabinet, 314;
sketch of, at time of entering on Presidency, 316-26;
Maclay on, 317;
his vanity, 318;
jealousy of Washington, 319;
difficult in conference, 320;
not in sympathy with democracy, 322;
his love of country, 323;
moral courage, 325, 326;
war with France threatened, 339;
sends special mission to France, 345;
reports failure of envoys to France, and recommends Congress to
authorize warlike measures, 363;
is ignorant that Hamilton through McHenry is dictating policy, 363;
action on publication of X Y Z papers commended, 366;
pulls down the pillars, 412;
is troubled about French situation, 412;
offers command of army to Washington, 412, 413;
conspiracy in Cabinet in favor of Hamilton, 412, 413;
 nominates Hamilton, Pinckney, and Knox as major-generals, 413;
Federalist conspirators bombard him with suggestions that Hamilton
should be second in command, 414;
war plans all in Hamilton’s hands, 418-28;
is ignorant of much going on, 426;
considers sending new mission to France, 428;
submits questions to Cabinet, for new negotiations with France or a
declaration of war, 429;
Cabinet conspirators with Hamilton write war Message, 429;
A. rewrites Message, 429, 430;
is conscious of Cabinet conspiracy, 430;
appoints Minister to France, 430;
contest with Senate over confirmation, 430, 431;
agrees to compromise, 432, 433;
confounds his Cabinet conspirators, 436-38;
depressed by Federalist defeat in New York elections in 1800, 455, 456;
suspects Hamilton, 456;
dismisses McHenry and Pickering from Cabinet, 456, 457;
defeated for Presidency, 486;
relations with Jefferson, on quitting office, 489, 490.

Adams, John Quincy, on speculation by Congressmen, 47;

on Madison, 57.

Adams, Samuel, defeated for Representative to First Congress by Fisher

Ames, 1;
looked to by Jefferson for aid in forming opposition party in
Massachusetts, 144;
chosen by Jefferson as lieutenant, 144;
presides at meeting in Boston on Jay Treaty, 278.

Adams, Thomas, editor Boston Independent Chronicle, 152;

prosecuted under Sedition Law, 393-94.

Adet, ——, Minister to United States, from French Republic, credited with
efforts to influence election in 1796, 311.
Alien Bill, aimed at Irish immigrants, 374;
French residents frightened and sail for France, 376;
passed by close vote, 379.

Allen, John, Representative from Connecticut, 379.

American Minerva, on party feeling, 232.

Ames, Fisher, Representative from Massachusetts, elected over Samuel

Adams, 1;
cynical over prospect of improvement in form of government over old
Confederation, 1;
not impressed by his fellow Congressmen, 1;
on cost of Federal Hall, 2;
on titles, 6;
Hamilton’s defender in House, 47;
on Madison, 51, 52;
disgusted with contest for site of permanent capital, 65;
on proposed amendment to Excise Bill, 73;
defends doctrine of ‘implied powers,’ 76;
elected director of Bank of United States, 90;
on Giles’s resolutions attacking Treasury management, 201, 203;
on yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia, 237;
on Madison commerce resolutions, 240, 241;
sketch of, 302-04;
makes strong plea in House for appropriations to carry out Jay Treaty,
305, 306.

An Examination of the Late Proceedings of Congress Respecting the

Official Conduct of the Secretary of the Treasury, pamphlet published in
Philadelphia, 205;
authorship attributed to John Taylor of Caroline, 206.

Assumption, favored by North, where most of State indebtedness was

unpaid, 59;
opposed by Virginia, whose debt was largely paid, 59;
defended by Madison, 61;
 lobbying for passage of bill, 61;
uneasiness of friends of, 61, 62;
Hamiltonian press comments, 63;
adopted after Hamilton’s bargain with Jefferson, 65, 68.

Aurora, The, on the Jay Treaty, 273, 274, 276, 277, 280, 286;
on Hamilton’s Reynolds pamphlet, 355, 356.

Austin, Ben, rope-maker, Jeffersonian organizer in Massachusetts, 144.

Bache, Benjamin F., editor Pennsylvania Daily Advertiser, 152.

Bank of the United States, Hamilton’s Report on, 74;

bill for establishing, 75, 76;
debate on bill in Congress, 75, 76;
constitutionality questioned, 76;
fears of veto, 77;
much speculation in stock, 87, 88;
members of Congress involved, 89;
charges of ‘corrupt squadron,’ 89;
election of directors, 90;
public indignation, 90;
bill introduced to reimburse for loan to Government, 190.

Bard, Dr. John, fashionable physician, 15.

Barnwell, Robert, Representative from South Carolina, on Giles’s

resolutions attacking Treasury management, 203.

Beckwith, ——, British Agent at Philadelphia, cultivates Madison, 80;

Jefferson on, 80;
protests Jefferson’s commendation of Paine’s Rights of Man, 83.

Biddle, Charles, resolutions of welcome to Genêt prepared at home of, 219;

leads parade in honor of Genêt, 220.
Bingham, Marie, daughter of Mrs. William Bingham, 130.

Bingham, William, elected director of Bank of United States, 90.

Bingham, Mrs. William, social leader in Philadelphia, 127, 128;

one of her fashionable gatherings described, 131-35.

Bishop, Abraham, Jeffersonian organizer in Connecticut, 145.

Black Friars, New York City club, 10.

Bloodworth, Timothy, on Excise Bill, 72;

lieutenant for Jefferson in North Carolina, 150.

Bond, Phineas, British Consul in Philadelphia, 244.

Boudinot, Elias, speculator in public securities, 62, 170;

on Giles’s resolutions attacking Treasury management, 201.

Bowen’s Wax Works, Philadelphia, 138.

Bradford, William, classmate of Madison at Princeton, 157.

Breckel, Van, Dutch Minister to United States, entertains lavishly, 13.

Breckenridge, John, of Kentucky, in conference with Jefferson on Alien and

Sedition Laws, 407;
author of the Kentucky Resolutions, 408;
sketch of, 408, 409.

Brown, John, Jeffersonian leader in Kentucky, 180.

Burk, John D., editor of New York Time Piece, arrested for sedition, 405.

Burke, Ædanus, Representative from South Carolina, makes vicious attack

on Hamilton and his financial measures, 62.
Burke, Edmund, and the French Revolution, 82.

Burr, Aaron, on wines in Philadelphia, 126, 147;

Jefferson moves to attach him to his party, 147;
fellow student of Madison at Princeton, 157;
possible candidacy of, for Vice-President in 1792, 181;
leader of Jeffersonians in New York election of 1800, 448;
sketch of, contrasted with Hamilton, 449;
combines forces with Society of Tammany, 451;
his campaign methods, 452-54;
urged for the Vice-Presidency in 1800, 455;
secures copy of Hamilton’s pamphlet attacking Adams, publishes it in
The Aurora, 478.

Butler, Pierce, Senator from South Carolina, 9;

a ‘democrat’ whose associates were aristocrats, 134;
votes against ratification of Jay Treaty, 280.

Cabot, George, sees irrevocable ruin of country, 63;

pained at attitude of Madison, 63;
candid friend and supporter of Hamilton, 63;
elected director of Bank of United States, 90;
on meeting in Boston on Jay Treaty, 278;
on Washington’s hesitation in signing Jay Treaty, 285.

Callender, James Thomas, author of pamphlet, The Prospect Before Us,

indicted and convicted under Sedition Law, 400-02;
defended by William Wirt, 401.

Capital of the Nation, battle on permanent site for, 64, 65;

bargaining to trade votes on Assumption, 65;
bargain between Hamilton and Jefferson on location of, 65, 67;
Hamilton indifferent as to location, 65;
Virginians and Marylanders want it at Georgetown, 65;
Jefferson’s part in bargain, 66.
Carrington, Edward, letter from Hamilton to, in 1792 campaign, 180.

Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton, Senator from Maryland, on titles, 5;

elected director of Bank of United States, 90;
mentioned for Vice-President in 1792, 181.

Certificates of indebtedness, issued to soldiers of Revolution, in lieu of

cash, bought up by speculators, 44, 45;
Hamilton’s plans for redemption by funding scheme known in advance to
members of Congress and friends, 46.

Charleston City Gazette, on the Jay Treaty, 281.

Chase, Samuel, Judge, and Mrs. William Bingham, 131;

presiding justice in Alien and Sedition trials, 398, 400-02.

Chateaubriand, Viscount de, on Philadelphia, 123, 125.

Chestnut Street Theater, Philadelphia, 137, 185.

Church, Mrs. Angelica, sister-in-law of Hamilton, 12;

letters on Hamilton, 39.

Cincinnati, Society of the, 48.

City Tavern, Philadelphia, 119.

Clinton, George, newspaper attack on Hamilton’s funding plans ascribed to,

50;
Jeffersonian leader in New York, 147;
in bitter fight with John Jay for governorship of New York in 1792, 178;
urged to become candidate for Vice-President in 1792, 181;
receives votes of four States, though not an avowed candidate, 183;
Jeffersonian candidate for Governor in New York election of 1800, 452.

Clymer, George, Representative from Pennsylvania, on Assumption, 58, 62;

dinner party at house of, described, 126, 127.
Cobbett, William, author of reply to Priestley’s addresses, 259;
proprietor of Porcupine’s Gazette, q.v.

Columbian Centinel, on Funding Bill, 57;

letters to, on Madison and the Funding Bill, 57;
‘Publicola’ (John Quincy Adams) attacks Jefferson, Paine, and
democracy, 84;
on Jeffersonians, 152;
on Freneau’s attacks on Hamilton, 164;
on speculative craze, 176, 178;
on Indian expedition of St. Clair, 175;
on Hamilton’s vindication of official conduct of Treasury, 199;
on French Revolution, 207, 211;
on relations with England, 220;
on the Jay Treaty, 278;
on prospects of war with France, 366;
war propaganda, 370, 371.

Congress, meets in New York City, 1;

Washington and Adams declared elected, 2;
ceremonial forms and titles excite much discussion, 3-6;
first tariff measure in, 19;
executive departments established, 19, 20;
jealousy of executive, 20;
Hamilton’s Report on Public Credit debated, 44 ff.;
debate on Funding Bill, 48 ff.;
scandal over speculation by members in certificates, Bank stock, and
scrip, 89;
‘corrupt squadron,’ 89;
bill to pay loan from Bank of United States hotly debated, 190-92;
Giles’s resolutions condemning Hamilton, debates on, 199-203;
resolutions defeated, 203;
Madison’s resolutions on Jefferson’s Report on Commerce, 240;
Non-Intercourse Act, as reply to England’s high-handed seizure of
American vessels, 244;
debates in Senate on Jay Treaty, 272;
 debate in House over right to have papers as to treaty, 298;
Alien Bill, debates on, 374-79;
Sedition Bill, debates on, 378, 380.

Connecticut Gazette, on French Revolution, 211, 212;

on Genêt, 219.

Cooper, Dr. Thomas, scientist and physician, indicted under Sedition Act,
398;
convicted and imprisoned, 399;
refuses to ask for pardon, 399.

Coxe, Tench, Assistant Secretary of Treasury under Hamilton, and location

of capital, 65.

Croswell, Joseph, poem by, on French Revolution, 208.

Dallas, Alexander James, one of Jefferson’s leaders in Pennsylvania, 148;

aids in preparations for reception of Genêt, 219;
efforts of, in case of brig Little Sarah, 227, 228;
defends Duane in prosecution under Alien Law, 396, 397.

Davie, William R., on opposition to Jay Treaty, 281.

Dayton, Jonathan, 148;

scandal over retention of public funds, 466.

Democratic Party. See Jeffersonians.

Democratic Clubs, organized, 222, 223;

Federalists insist they must be abolished, 260;
condemned by Washington in Message, 261.

Democratic Societies. See Democratic Clubs.

De Moustier, French Minister to United States, Jefferson on, 108.

Dodd, William E., quoted on Jefferson, 96.

Duane, William, editor of The Aurora, arrested and prosecuted under the
Alien Act, 396, 397;
is acquitted, 397;
indicted for sedition, 397;
assaulted and beaten by soldiers, 420;
prosecuted under Sedition Law, 442.

Duer, William, financial failure of, in 1792 starts panic, 176, 177;
threatens damaging revelations from debtors’ prison, 187.

Dunlap, William, historian of American theater, 10.

Dwight, Timothy, on newspapers, 156.

Ellsworth, Oliver, Senator from Connecticut, on titles, 4;

and the Assumption Bill, 62;
on French Revolution, 209;
efforts of, to induce Washington to send Hamilton on special mission to
England, 247;
on Washington’s delay in signing Jay Treaty, 285.

Emmet, Thomas Addis, Irish refugee (brother of Robert Emmet), of the

New York Bar, 375.

Everleigh, Nicholas, appointed Comptroller of the Treasury, 21.

Excise Bill, warm debate on, in Congress, 71, 73;

amendment proposed to prohibit revenue officers interfering in elections,
73;
debate on duration of tax, 73.

Fairfax estate, Virginia, litigation over, 281.

Federal Gazette, Freneau in, opposes Bank Bill, 78.

Federalists, policy to capitalize politically

popularity of Washington, 41;
from beginning under domination of Hamilton, 140;
favored by commercial, intellectual, and professional classes, 140;
leaders men of strength in most of the States, 140, 141;
opposition to, inevitable, 144;
denounce Democrats as conspirators, 151;
attack Jeffersonian newspapers in Federalist organs, 203, 204;
sympathies with royalists in French Revolution, 207, 208;
enforce policy of neutrality in French Revolution wars, 216;
force recall of Genêt, 231;
avert war with England and send Jay to negotiate treaty, 247;
leaders induce attacks on ‘Democratic Societies,’ 261;
defend Jay Treaty, but with wry faces, 285-88;
refuse to confirm nomination of Rutledge as Chief Justice, 289;
pass Alien and Sedition Acts, 375-80;
efforts of leaders to force war with France, 412-28;
mean war to be a Federalist war, 412;
Hamilton is to conduct war with no interference from Adams, 412;
secure appointment of Hamilton as second in command, 415;
conspire to prevent Jeffersonians from securing commissions in army,
416;
war not popular among the people at large, 418;
raising funds for war purposes difficult, 418;
taxes for war arouse resentment, 419;
recruiting slow, 421;
public refuse to believe there is to be a war, 421, 422;
Logan’s visit to France upsets Federalist war plans, 423, 424;
the war hawks disappointed, 425, 426;
Federalists determined on war, 426, 427;
Cabinet conspirators write war Message for Adams, 429;
scheme to override Adams, 430;
caucus, 430;
friends of Adams’s policy in majority, 430;
 losing ground politically in 1799, 440;
plan for changing method of counting electoral votes in Presidential
election, 441, 442;
bill passes Senate, but fails in the House, 442, 443;
spring elections of 1800 show tide running against them, 448, 451-55;
under Hamilton’s influence leaders plan to defeat Adams for Presidency,
455-58;
hints at secession from Federalist leaders in case of Jefferson’s election,
468, 470;
party split hopelessly on publication of Hamilton’s attack on Adams, 481,
482;
defeated in election, leaders conspire to have electors vote for Burr, 491;
Hamilton opposed to plan, 491-501;
plan fails, after much balloting, 506.

Fenno, John, protégé of Hamilton, establishes Gazette of the United States,

4;
his paper aspires to be the ‘court journal,’ 4;
King and Hamilton interested in financing paper, 153, 154;
patronage of government printing, 154;
death of, from yellow fever, 381.

Fenno, John Ward, son of founder of Fenno’s Gazette, continues

publication, 381.

Fitzsimons, Thomas, Representative from Pennsylvania, speculator in

certificates, 47;
Hamiltonians meet at lodgings of, 58;
and the Assumption Bill, 62;
Hamilton’s lieutenant in the House, 186;
introduces resolution asking Hamilton to report plan for redemption of
part of national debt, 186;
resolution precipitates sharp debate, 186, 187;
on Giles’s resolutions attacking Treasury management, 201.

Florida Tea Garden, New York City, 10.

Ford, Paul Leicester, quoted, on Jefferson, 199.

France, revolution in, effect of, in United States, 207;

asked to recall Genêt, 216;
Adams sends mission to, 345;
envoys unsuccessful, 363;
publication of X Y Z papers, 364, 365;
Adams recommends preparations for war with, 365.

Franchise, in 1789 limited in most of the States, 142;

property qualifications, 142;
Jefferson and, 142.

French Revolution, the, its influence in the United States, 207, 208;
Hamiltonians instinctively hostile to purposes of, 208;
denounced by leading Federalist Senators, 209;
supported by Jefferson, 210;
sympathy for, of the common people, 213;
enthusiasm for the French, 213, 214;
enthusiasm for, heightened by arrival of Genêt, 221, 222;
liberty caps and liberty poles, 222;
Democratic and Jacobin Clubs everywhere, 223;
Federalists alarmed, 223;
clubs denounced as vicious ‘nurseries of sedition,’ 223.

Freneau, Philip, ‘Poet of the Revolution,’ induced by Madison to establish

newspaper, 154;
appointed to clerkship in Department of State, 155;
establishes National Gazette, 155;
Jeffersonians aided, 155;
at once assumes leadership, 155;
paper recognized as Jefferson’s organ, 155;
arouses Federalist rage, 156;
influence of paper felt in back country, 156;
classmate of Madison, Lee, Burr, and Brockholst Livingston at Princeton,
157;
rebel by nature, 158;
 his career in the Revolutionary War, 158, 159;
Gazette carefully watched by Hamilton, 163;
attacks Hamilton’s policies, 164-68;
attacked anonymously in Fenno’s Gazette, 168;
his dignified reply, 168;
denies any connection of Jefferson with his paper, 169;
renews crusade against Hamilton’s financial policies, 195, 196;
contrast of newspaper with Fenno’s, 163;
criticisms of acts of Administration, 163;
‘Brutus’ article, 164;
‘Sidney’ articles open attacks on Hamilton, 164, 165;
controversy with Fenno, 166, 167;
charges Hamilton with authorship of anonymous articles in Fenno’s
Gazette, 169, 170;
‘Patriot’ articles in National Gazette, 195-97;
analyzes votes in Congress vindicating Hamilton’s financial policies,
204;
on Genêt and French Revolution, 218, 219;
begins series of attacks on Washington, 221.

Funding of debt, Hamilton’s scheme for, well received, 44;

protests against, because of speculations in certificates, 45.

Funding Bill, acrimonious debate on, in Congress, before passage, 48 ff.

Gallatin, Albert, Representative in Pennsylvania Legislature, denounces

Hamilton’s Excise Bill, 70;
leading Jeffersonian in Pennsylvania, 149;
elected to Senate from Pennsylvania, but not allowed to take seat, on
technicality, 289;
elected as Representative, 289;
sketch of, 292-94.

Gates, Horatio, Jeffersonian candidate in New York elections of 1800, 452.

Gazette of the United States, ‘court journal,’ 4, 10;

 Adams’s ‘Discourses of Davilla’ published in, 17;
Fenno defends speculation in public securities, 48;
Fenno in, on criticisms of proceedings of Congress, 57;
on Funding Bill, 57;
attacks in, on ‘demagogues,’ 63;
on Bank, 79;
Fenno’s verses on passage of Bank Bill, 79;
probably established with aid of Rufus King, 153;
Hamilton interested in raising money for, 154;
tone pro-English, 154;
received government patronage, 154;
controversy with National Gazette, 166-70;
Fenno engages in controversy with Freneau, 166, 167, 169;
on Hamilton’s defense of official conduct of Treasury, 199;
on Boston Argus, 203;
on French Revolution, 211;
on attacks on Washington, 221;
‘Pacificus’ letters in, by Hamilton, 225, 226;
attacks on Jefferson, 233;
on the Jay Treaty, 282.

Geisse’s Tavern, Philadelphia, 121.

General Advertiser, on defeat of Jay by Clinton in New York election, 178.

Genêt, Edmond Charles, Minister from the French Republic, arrives in

Charleston, 124;
enthusiastically received everywhere, 218;
his progress to Philadelphia continuous ovation, 218;
formally welcomed at Philadelphia by people, 219, 220;
cordially received by Jefferson, 220;
cold reception of, by Washington, 220;
impudent conduct of, 224.

Giles, William Branch, Representative from Virginia, in favor of Excise

Bill, 71, 72;
opposes Bank Bill, 76;
 organizer for Jefferson in Virginia, 149;
opposes bill to repay loan from Bank of United States, 190, 191;
his personal characteristics, 192;
a giant in debate, 194;
selected by Jefferson to lead in attacks on Hamilton’s financial policies,
195, 197;
presents resolutions demanding information from Secretary of the
Treasury, 197;
presents resolutions condemning Hamilton’s conduct in management of
Treasury, 199-203;
in conference of Jeffersonian leaders, 205;
on Madison commerce resolutions, 241.

Golden Lion, the, Philadelphia tavern, 120.

Goodrich, Chauncey, on adoption of French Revolution titles, 222.

Gove, Christopher, prominent Massachusetts Federalist, 47;

speculates largely in certificates, 47.

Granger, Gideon, Democratic leader in Connecticut, 145.

Gray’s Gardens, on the Schuylkill, 121, 122.

Graydon, Rev. Alexander, on yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia, 237.

Greenleaf, Thomas, editor New York Journal, 152.

Grenville, Lord William Wyndham, negotiates treaty with John Jay, 269-71.

Grout, Jonathan, opposes Bank Bill, 76.

Gunn, Georgia Senator, votes for ratification with Jay, 283;

burned in effigy along with Jay, 283.

Hamilton, Alexander, an interested spectator at Washington’s inaugural, 7;

 appointed Secretary of the Treasury, 21;
a portrait, 22-42;
his personal appearance, 22;
his birth, illegitimate, 23;
his mother brilliant and high-strung, 23;
his ambition always military, 24;
comes from the West Indies to America, 25;
his genius that of writer and thinker on governmental affairs, rather than
as soldier, 25;
his Federalist writings, 26;
master of invective, 26;
a persuasive orator, 26, 27;
refused permission by Congress to present his reports personally, 27;
essentially an aristocrat, 28;
ideal of government ‘the rule of gentlemen,’ supported by a strong
military force, 29;
distrusted always a democracy, 29;
held public opinion of no value, 29;
disapproved of the Constitution as adopted, but urged its ratification as
better than nothing, 30;
his own plan presented to the Constitutional Convention radically
different from that adopted, 30, 31;
his republic to be an aristocratic republic, with the States as States
abolished, 31;
took little part in Constitutional Convention, 32;
large factor in making the Convention possible, and in securing
ratification of Constitution, 32, 33;
his sense of system, 33;
capable of long-sustained exertion, 33, 34;
a hard fighter, 34;
honesty, 34;
as a party leader, lacking in tact, 35;
never consulted, but directed, 35;
egotistical and vain, 36;
lacking in judgment in handling of men, 36;
unnecessarily offended sensibilities, 36, 37;
lacked sympathy always with the ‘common man,’ 37;