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5G Verticals
5G Verticals

Customizing Applications, Technologies

and Deployment Techniques

Edited by
Rath Vannithamby
Intel Corporation
Portland, OR
USA

Anthony C.K. Soong

Futurewei Technologies
Plano, TX
USA


This edition first published 2020
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Names: Vannithamby, Rath, editor. | Soong, Anthony C.K., editor.
Title: 5G verticals : customizing applications, technologies and deployment
techniques / edited by Rath Vannithamby, Anthony C.K. Soong.
Description: First edition. | Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2020.
| Series: IEEE series | Includes bibliographical references and index.
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9781119514855 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: 5G mobile communication systems.
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| DDC 621.3845/6–dc23
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 v

Contents

List of Contributors xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv

Part I Introduction to 5G Verticals 1

1 Introduction 3
Anthony C.K. Soong and Rath Vannithamby
1.1 ­Introduction 3
1.2 ­5G and the Vertical Industries 5
1.3 ­5G Requirements in Support of Vertical Industries 10
1.4 ­Radio Access 12
1.5 ­Network Slicing 14
1.6 ­Other Network Issues 17
1.7 ­Book Outline 19
­References 20

Part II 5G Verticals – Deployments and Business Model

Opportunities and Challenges 25

2 5G Network for a Variety of Vertical Services 27

Jin Yang
2.1 ­5G Services 29
2.1.1 Enhanced Mobile Broadband 29
2.1.2 Ultra Reliable and Low Latency Communications 31
2.1.3 Massive Machine Type Communications 32
2.2 ­Networks 33
2.2.1 5G Network Architecture 34
2.2.2 Multi-Access Edge Computing Network 38
2.2.3 Virtualized Radio Accesses 40
vi Contents

2.3 ­ ervice-Aware SON 42

S
2.3.1 5G-NR SON Control 44
2.3.2 An Intelligent Hybrid 3-Tier SON 46
2.3.3 Service-Aware Access Scheme 48
2.3.4 Performance Benefits 50
2.4 ­Summary 51
Acronyms 52
­References 54

Part III 5G Verticals – Radio Access Technologies 57

3 NR Radio Interface for 5G Verticals 59

Amitava Ghosh, Rapeepat Ratasuk, and Frederick Vook
3.1 ­Introduction 59
3.2 ­NR Radio Interface 60
3.2.1 eMBB 67
3.2.2 URLLC 70
3.2.3 mMTC 72
3.2.3.1 eMTC Overview 74
3.2.3.2 NB-IoT Overview 74
3.2.3.3 Coexistence with NR 76
3.3 ­5G Verticals 78
3.3.1 Industrial IoT 78
3.3.2 Automotive V2X 82
3.3.3 eHealth 86
3.4 ­Conclusion 88
Acknowledgment 88
­Acronyms 89
­References 90

4 Effects of Dynamic Blockage in Multi-Connectivity

Millimeter-Wave Radio Access 93
Vitaly Petrov, Margarita Gapeyenko, Dmitri Moltchanov,
Andrey Samuylov, Sergey Andreev, and Yevgeni Koucheryavy
4.1 ­Introduction 93
4.2 ­Blockage Effects in 5G Millimeter-Wave Cellular
Communication 94
4.2.1 Millimeter-Wave Link Blockage at a Glance 94
4.2.2 Blockage Modeling Methodology 95
4.2.2.1 Geometric Representation of Blocking Objects 95
4.2.2.2 Attenuation Caused by Blocking Objects 96
 Contents vii

4.2.2.3 Channel Models 96

4.2.2.4 Blockage States 96
4.2.3 Accounting for mmWave Blockage 96
4.2.4 Summary 97
4.3 ­Modeling Consumer 5G-IoT Systems with Dynamic Blockage 97
4.3.1 Spontaneous Public Event 97
4.3.2 Moving Through the Crowd 98
4.3.3 AR Sessions in Dense Moving Crowd 100
4.3.4 Connected Vehicles 102
4.3.5 Summary 103
4.4 ­Dynamic Multi-Connectivity 103
4.4.1 Multi-Connectivity at a Glance 103
4.4.2 Optimizing the Degree of Multi-Connectivity 104
4.4.3 Modeling 5G NR Systems with Multi-Connectivity 105
4.4.4 Impact of Multi-Connectivity Policy 107
4.4.5 Summary 108
4.5 ­Bandwidth Reservation 109
4.5.1 Session Continuity Mechanisms 109
4.5.2 Concept of Bandwidth Reservation 109
4.5.3 Summary 110
4.6 ­Proactive Handover Mechanisms 111
4.6.1 Dynamic Blockage Avoidance 111
4.6.2 Deterministic AP Locations 112
4.6.3 Deterministic UE Locations/Trajectories 113
4.6.4 Summary 114
4.7 ­Conclusions 114
­References 115

5 Radio Resource Management Techniques for 5G Verticals 119

S.M. Ahsan Kazmi, Tri Nguyen Dang, Nguyen H. Tran,
Mehdi Bennis, and Choong Seon Hong
5.1 ­Introduction 120
5.2 ­5G Goals 120
5.3 ­Radio Access Network Management 121
5.4 ­Network Slicing 124
5.5 ­Use Case: Virtual Reality 125
5.5.1 System Model 125
5.5.2 Problem Formulation 127
5.5.3 ADMM-Based Solution 128
5.5.4 Performance Analysis 131
5.6 ­Summary 131
References 133
Further Reading 135
viii Contents

Part IV 5G Verticals – Network Infrastructure Technologies 137

6 The Requirements and Architectural Advances to Support

URLLC Verticals 139
Ulas C. Kozat, Amanda Xiang, Tony Saboorian, and John Kaippallimalil
6.1 ­Introduction 140
6.2 ­URLLC Verticals 141
6.2.1 URLLC for Motion Control of Industry 4.0 141
6.2.2 Multi-Media Productions Industry 142
6.2.3 Remote Control and Maintenance for URLLC 142
6.2.4 Vehicle-to-Everything 144
6.3 ­Network Deployment Options for Verticals 145
6.4 ­SDN, NFV and 5G Core for URLLC 147
6.4.1 SDN for URLLC 147
6.4.2 NFV for URLLC 148
6.4.2.1 NFV Background 148
6.4.2.2 Reducing Virtualization Overhead on a Single Physical Server 149
6.4.2.3 Evolution of NFV toward Cloud Native Network Functions 152
6.4.3 5G Core and Support for URLLC 154
6.5 ­Application and Network Interfacing Via Network Slicing 161
6.6 ­Summary 165
­References 165
7 Edge Cloud: An Essential Component of 5G Networks 169
Christian Maciocco and M. Oğuz Sunay
7.1 Introduction 170
7.2 Part I: 5G and the Edge Cloud 170
7.3 ­Part II: Software Defined Networking and Network Function
Virtualization 175
7.3.1 Rise of SDN 176
7.3.2 SDN in Data Centers and Networks 176
7.3.3 Network Function Virtualization 179
7.4 ­Evolving Wireless Core, e.g. OMEC, Towards Cloud Native and 5G
Service-Based Architecture 184
7.4.1 High Volume Servers’ Software and Hardware Optimization for Packet
Processing 188
7.4.1.1 Data Plane Development Kit 188
7.4.1.2 Flow Classification Bottleneck 190
7.4.1.3 Cuckoo Hashing for Efficient Table Utilization 190
7.4.1.4 Intel Resource Director Technology 192
7.5 ­Part III: Software-Defined Disaggregated RAN 193
7.5.1 RAN Disaggregation 193
7.5.2 Software-Defined RAN Control 194
7.6 ­Part IV: White-Box Solutions for Compute, Storage, Access,
and Networking 197
 Contents ix

7.7 ­ art V: Edge Cloud Deployment Options 200

P
7.8 ­Part VI: Edge Cloud and Network Slicing 204
7.9 ­Summary 207
Acknowledgments 207
­References 208

Part V 5G Verticals – Key Vertical Applications 211

8 Connected Aerials 213

Feng Xue, Shu-ping Yeh, Jingwen Bai, and Shilpa Talwar
8.1 ­Introduction 213
8.2 ­General Requirements and Challenges for Supporting UAVs over
a Cellular Network 215
8.3 ­Summary on Current Drone Regulations 217
8.4 ­Review of Aerial Communication R&D Activities in General 217
8.4.1 R&D Activities from Industry and Government Agencies 217
8.4.2 Academic Activities 218
8.4.3 3GPP Activities in General 219
8.5 ­3GPP Enhancement on Supporting Drones 220
8.5.1 3GPP Drone Study Item and Work Item in RAN1 220
8.5.2 3GPP Drone Study Item and Work Item in RAN2 223
8.6 ­5G Challenges, Solutions, and Further Studies 225
8.6.1 Challenges, New Emerging Usages, and Requirements for 5G 225
8.6.2 3GPP Features Addressing These New Requirements 227
8.6.2.1 eMBB 227
8.6.2.2 URLLC 228
8.6.2.3 Massive Machine-Type Communications 228
8.6.2.4 V2X 228
8.6.2.5 Next Gen Core Network 229
8.6.2.6 Positioning 229
8.6.3 Further Study Needed for Aerial Vehicles in 5G 229
Acronyms 231
­References 231

9 Connected Automobiles 235

Murali Narasimha and Ana Lucia Pinheiro
9.1 ­Introduction 235
9.2 ­Levels of Vehicle Automation 238
9.3 ­Multi-Access Edge Computing in 5G 239
9.4 ­Platoon-Based Driving Use Case 240
9.4.1 Platoon Model 242
9.4.2 Edge Computing for Platooning 249
9.5 ­High Definition Maps Use Case 251
x Contents

9.5.1 HD Maps Procedures 253

9.5.1.1 Map Download Procedure 253
9.5.1.2 Map Update Procedure 254
9.5.2 Edge Computing for HD Maps 257
9.6 ­Summary 259
­Acknowledgment 261
References 261

10 Connected Factory 263

Amanda Xiang and Anthony C.K. Soong
10.1 ­Introduction 263
10.2 ­5G Technologies for the Manufacturing Industry 264
10.2.1 Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communications 264
10.2.2 Enhanced Mobile Broadband 264
10.2.3 Massive Machine Type Communication 265
10.3 ­5G Alliance for Connected Industries and Automation 266
10.4 ­Use Cases 268
10.4.1 Motion Control 270
10.4.2 Control to Control Communication 272
10.4.3 Mobile Control Panels with Safety Functions 272
10.4.4 Mobile Robots 273
10.4.5 Massive Wireless Sensor Networks 273
10.4.6 Remote Access and Maintenance 274
10.4.7 Augmented Reality 275
10.4.8 Process Automation – Closed Loop Control 276
10.4.9 Process Automation – Process Monitoring 276
10.4.10 Process Automation – Plant Asset Management 276
10.4.11 Inbound Logistics 276
10.4.12 Wide Area Connectivity for Fleet Maintenance 277
10.4.13 High-End Camera 278
10.5 ­3GPP Support 278
10.5.1 5G Use Case and Requirements for Smart Factory 278
10.5.2 5G Standardized Solution Development for Smart Factory 282
10.5.2.1 5G System Architecture for Smart Factory (SA2) 282
10.5.2.2 Other 3GPP Work for Smart Factory 284
10.6 ­Early Deployments 287
10.6.1 Spectrum 287
10.6.2 Early Trials 288
10.7 ­Conclusions 289
­Acronyms 290
­References 290

Index 293
 xi

­List of Contributors

S.M. Ahsan Kazmi Yevgeni Koucheryavy

Innopolis University, Innopolis,
Russia
Sergey Andreev
Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
Ulas C. Kozat
Futurewei Technologies, Santa Clara,
CA, USA

Christian Maciocco
Jingwen Bai
Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA
Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, CA,
USA
Dmitri Moltchanov
Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
Mehdi Bennis
University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Murali Narasimha
Futurewei Technologies, Rolling
Tri Nguyen Dang Meadows, IL, USA
Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
Vitaly Petrov
Margarita Gapeyenko Tampere University, Tampere,
Tampere University, Tampere, Finland Finland

Amitava Ghosh Ana Lucia Pinheiro

Nokia Bell Labs, Naperville, IL, USA Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA

Choong Seon Hong Rapeepat Ratasuk

Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea Nokia Bell Labs, Naperville, IL, USA

John Kaippallimalil Tony Saboorian

Futurewei Technologies, Plano, TX, Futurewei Technologies, Plano, TX,
USA USA
xii List of Contributors

Andrey Samuylov Frederick Vook

Tampere University, Tampere, Finland Nokia Bell Labs, Naperville, IL,
USA
Anthony C.K. Soong
Futurewei Technologies, Plano, TX, Amanda Xiang
USA Futurewei Technologies, Plano, TX,
USA
M. Oğuz Sunay
Open Networking Foundation, Menlo Feng Xue
Park, CA, USA Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, CA,
USA
Shilpa Talwar
Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, CA, USA Jin Yang
Verizon Communications Inc.,
Nguyen H. Tran Walnut Creek, CA, USA
The University of Sydney, Sydney,
NSW, Australia Shu-ping Yeh
Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, CA,
Rath Vannithamby USA
Intel Corporation, Portland, OR, USA
 xiii

Preface

Looking back at the technical history of wireless communication systems, it

becomes apparent that the fifth generation (5G) is following a fundamentally
different developmental tract than what came before it. The first generation was
based upon analog transmission technology. The second generation was the
transition from analog to digital transmission technology in the form of mainly
time division multiple access. The third generation was the transition of the
wireless industry to the Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) wave form. The
fourth generation was the adoption of Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM). Each generation was associated with a change in the
waveform and an associated improvement in the spectral efficiency due to the
waveform. However, 5G is decidedly not a change in the waveform because
OFDM is still the waveform in the first release of 5G; Release 15. The main
­reason for this, in our opinion, is that in the frequency range from 1 to 60 GHz,
OFDM is extremely flexible and a proven waveform does not exist in the litera-
ture that significantly outperforms it.
This raises the question: What is so special about 5G leading to all the hype?
In the literature and in the press, there are numerous articles about how 5G will
be “more”; more capacity, more coverage, higher data rates, and lower latency.
Yes, 5G is about all of that but in our opinion, these aspects are insignificant to
the revolution that is 5G. To understand its significance, we must look at the
­environment onto which 5G will be deployed.
As humans we have gone through approximately three industrial revolutions.
The first industrial revolution was the harnessing of steam power for manufactur-
ing. Humans experienced more interaction and communication sped up with the
invention of the steam railroad. The second industrial revolution was the harmo-
nization of science in manufacturing processes which resulted in mass production
and the assembly line. Associated with the industrial advances was another order
of communication improvements with the development of the telegraph and
telephony. The third industrial revolution witnessed the rise of electronics and
xiv Preface

ushered in the digital age that we are enjoying today. It started the era of
­miniaturization which notably opened up new space and biotechnical frontiers.
Communication was again revolutionized with the development of untethered
wireless communication. What is clear is that associated with every industrial
revolution there was an improvement in human communications by orders of
magnitude. Communication and industrial revolution can then be considered dif-
ferent sides of the same coin.
5G is arriving as the fourth industrial revolution is unfolding. This industrial
revolution is about the merging of the industrial physical world with the ­biological
and the digital worlds. One characteristic which is already clear is that digitaliza-
tion and artificial intelligence has evolved to a point where we can build a new
virtual world from which we can control the physical world. In the communica-
tion industry literature, the Internet of Things (IoT) or vertical industry evolution
fall under the umbrella of enabling the fourth industrial revolution by 5G.
Unfortunately, due to its diversity, the information about how 5G will support this
industrial revolution is scattered among a number of papers, keynote presenta-
tions, and panel discussions. This motivated us to try to gather and harmonize the
different bits of information into one book.
This book is written by experts in the field and experts who developed the 5G
standards. It not only discusses technically the 5G system as it is standardized in
Release 15 but it also discusses the technology that enables the 5G system to be
flexibly deployed and scaled as new use cases that support the vertical industry are
identified and developed. It also looks at the market forces that are driving how 5G
will support the vertical use cases. Furthermore, several specific vertical indus-
tries, which have the potential to be among the first industries to use 5G, will be
analyzed in detail. It will demonstrate that 5G together with the fourth industrial
revolution has a chance to break the link between development and environmen-
tal cost. For the first time, the efficiencies enabled by 5G may allow for economic
development without sacrificing the environment.

Portland, OR and Plano, TX, June 2019 RV and ACKS

 xv

Acknowledgments

This book would not have been possible without the support of others. We would
like to gratefully acknowledge our colleagues who have contributed chapters. Not
only have they shaped the commercial wireless industry but, over many years, we
have also learned a great deal from them. We would also like to thank our families
for their encouragement, support, and undying love. Special thanks go to our
wives, Srirajani and Sherry, who have endured our absence for many days while
we were away at standards and industrial meetings developing the 5G standards.
A special acknowledgment goes to the editorial team and production team at John
Wiley; especially to our project editor, Louis Manoharan.
 1

Part I

Introduction to 5G Verticals
 3

Introduction
Anthony C.K. Soong1 and Rath Vannithamby 2
1
Futurewei Technologies, Plano, TX, USA
2
Intel Corporation, Portland, OR, USA

Abstract

This chapter looks at the features in the first phase of fifth generation (5G) that ­supports
the vertical industry. Moving onto future phases of 5G, Third Generation Partnership
Project and the cellular industry has invited and offered to work with all vertical indus-
tries to define additional requirements for future 5G releases. One interesting vertical
industry, for example, is professional audio production which requires strict synchroni-
zation of devices to function. The chapter discusses the significance of network slicing
for the support of the vertical industry services. It examines a number of other issues that
impact the vertical services such as virtual network function placement, multi-access
edge computing, and artificial intelligence. The chapter further presents an overview of
the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The book examines
the impact of 5G cellular ­communications on the various vertical industries.

Keywords 5G cellular communications; network issues; network slicing; radio access;

Third Generation Partnership Project; ultra-reliable and low-latency communications
standardization; vertical industries

1.1 ­Introduction

It is without a doubt that commercial wireless cellular communication has

changed how we, as human beings, interact with each other. As young graduate
students over 30 years ago, we could not have imagined how enhancing our

5G Verticals: Customizing Applications, Technologies and Deployment Techniques, First Edition.

Edited by Rath Vannithamby and Anthony C.K. Soong.
© 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published 2020 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
4 5G Verticals

communications would have altered the way we interact in the world. At that
time, our dream was to bring ubiquitous wireless telephony to the world. The
attraction of that dream is obvious, to give users the freedom of movement while
being able to continue a telephone call. There was no discussion about the killer
application because voice was the only application. Commercial wireless sys-
tems were in their infancy, analog modulation was king, and only the very elite
would have a telephone in their car. If you wanted to take the phone with you,
it was carried in its own briefcase because the size of the phone was that large.
Decades ago, the concept of cellular was considered new. It necessitated the
development of base stations serving a small area, or cell, because of the require-
ment of providing high capacity mobile telephony that did not require a very large
number of channels. Arguably, cellular communication was born on 4 January
1979, when the Federal Communications Commission authorized Illinois Bell
Telephone Co. to conduct a trial of a developmental cellular service in the Chicago
area. Around the same time, American Radio Telephone Service Inc. was ­authorized
to operate a cellular service in the Washington–Baltimore area. The feasibility and
affordability of cellular services where the same channel may then be re‐used within
a relatively small distance was then demonstrated. More importantly, from a com-
munication system point of view, the concept of capacity increase by densification1
was established and full commercial service first began in Chicago in October 1983.
From these humble beginnings, cellular communication has grown into a
­common and necessary part of everyday human interaction. The transformation
of the cellular phone from a telephony device to a pillar of human social interac-
tion can be laid at the development of the so‐called “smart phone”. Humanity
changed in 2008 and is now dependent upon the applications on the smart phone
as a harbinger of information, as well as to enable socialization with others in an
individualized way. Indeed it is ubiquitous customized socialization that has
transformed our society. In some sense, it has not only brought us closer to each
other but also closer to our humanity.
As we move into the era of 5G cellular communication, humanity will move
from the age of human social communication to a world where communications
is ­fusing together the physical, digital, and biological worlds; the so‐called “fourth
industrial revolution” [3]. This will represent an unprecedented opportunity to
transform our industry and simultaneously drive profitability and sustainability.
Innovations will enhance the production cycle and connect manufacturers
with their supply chains and consumers to enable closed feedback loops to
improve products, production processes, and time‐to‐markets. As an example of

1 It should be noted that almost all of the gain in the capacity of the commercial wireless
communication system in history has come from densification of the network. A discussion
of fifth generation (5G) densification can be found in [1, 2].
 Introduction 5

the potential economic impact, the World Economic Forum studied the impact of
this on the state of Michigan [4]; the birthplace of modern automotive mass manu-
facturing. Today, the manufacturing environment of the automotive industry is
undergoing unprecedented change spurred on by the changing expectation of
digital consumers, the emergence of the smart factory, and the rise of connected
vehicles.2 This change is coinciding with the transition from mass manufacturing
to hyper‐customization demanded by the customer. No longer are consumers
looking to just buy a product; they are looking for a complete customized user‐cen-
tric experience.
Sustainability has now also become a prime concern for consumers and manu-
facturers alike. Embracing sustainability and green principles is not just a mere
marketing tool anymore. Consumers and regulators are no longer satisfied when
economic growth happens at the expense of the environment and are setting higher
and higher sustainability requirements. The fourth industrial revolution presents
an opportunity to decouple this relationship by providing both economic growth
while enhancing simultaneously the environment [4]. As an example, the auto
manufacturers are, more and more, making bold commitments to sustainability.
The vision of General Motors (GM) of zero crashes, zero emissions, and zero con-
gestion demonstrates the auto industry’s strategy of coupling growth with sustain-
ability. As part of this, GM is committed to using 100% renewable energy by 2050.
Both GM [5] and Ford [6] have committed to the United Nations 2030 sustainability
goals [7].
For the state of Michigan alone, the fourth industrial revolution is projected to
add $7 billion to the automotive industry by 2022 [4]. From a global perspective, the
main societal benefits are the time and cost savings and efficiency gains from spe-
cific hyper‐customized services and applications while enhancing sustainability.
Paramount within this transformation is that human‐to‐human communication
will only form one pillar. The other pillars will be the revolutionary changes to
other vertical industries enabled by ubiquitous communication. This book will
examine the impact of 5G cellular communications on the various vertical
industries.

1.2 ­5G and the Vertical Industries

As the fourth generation (4G) cellular system, embodied by Long‐Term Evolution

(LTE), is now reaching maturity, the cellular industry has developed the first
standards for 5G: Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Release 15 [8, 9].
5G, however, arrives at a challenging time for the industry because the industry

2 See Chapters 9 and 10.

6 5G Verticals

has reached 8.8 billion global mobile connections from 5.1 billion unique sub-
scribers [10]. This implies that almost every person who wants a mobile connec-
tion already has one. The economic impact is such that increasing revenue for
mobile carriers from enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) service will be difficult.
The first wave of 5G users will not be new users but mostly users that are upgrad-
ing their services from older generations to the 5G eMBB service. It can then be
argued that the success of 5G, for the industry, will depend upon more than the
success of the 5G eMBB service. In other words, one must look beyond the eMBB
service in order to expand the 5G footprint.
There is, however, a pot of gold at the end of the rainbow. It is expected that in
the future, the number of connected things will far exceed the number of humans
on Earth (7.6 billion). One research report predicted that by 2020 the number of
connected devices will reach 20 billion [11]; roughly three times the number of
humans on Earth. Furthermore, the growth of this number is expected to be expo-
nential and unbounded. Consequently, connected devices (the so‐called Internet
of Things [IoT]) provides a growth path for the cellular industry.
This growth path, however, is not without its challenges. While the eMBB
­service is a monolithic service, the IoT potential includes a large number of verti-
cal industries; each with its own service requirements. Indeed the service is so
diverse that it resemble the long tailed services discussed in [12] with eMBB as the
head service and the vertical services representing the long tail (Figure 1.1). The
main characteristic of the long tail is that each vertical service in the long tail does
not generate significant revenue but because the tail is long, there is a large
­number of different vertical services, the total revenue is significant; often more
than the so‐called “head service”. This is the classic so‐called “selling less to more”
scenario.
The size of the long tail has been examined by a number of studies. For exam-
ple, [13] estimated that the economic impact would be a massive 2016 $12 trillion
per year by 2035 (Figure 1.2). A similar projection of $14 trillion by 2030 was
reported by [14]. To give a sense of the scale, the current global revenue of the cel-
lular industry is about $1 trillion per year in 2018 [10]. The total size of the tail has
the potential to be 12 times that of the head in 2018. Even capturing a part of this
would represent significant growth for the cellular industry.
The European Commission has an in‐depth study on the growth in vertical
business for the mobile 5G service providers [15]. This report focused on just a few
key verticals but the trend is very clear. It showed that the revenue mix in 5G, is
perhaps, the biggest difference between 5G and 4G (Figure 1.3). Currently the
revenue from IoT services is a very small part and most of the revenue is from the
eMBB service. By 2025, however, it is anticipated that the revenue from the verti-
cal services would surpass that of eMBB. This would be just as transformative a
milestone in the history of the commercial wireless industry as the first time that
 Introduction 7

5G Marketplace

eMBB
Value

This is where the

verticals live

Head
The long tail
Services

Figure 1.1 A schematic representation of the vertical services as long tailed services.
The figure is modified from that in [12] to reflect the wireless industry.

Total: 12.301 Trillions US $

3500 3364

3000
Billions of 2016 US$

2500

2000

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510 562
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Figure 1.2 An estimate of the economic impact of different industries by 2035.

Source: Data from [13].
8 5G Verticals

Verticals
Automotive

eMBB Healthcare
eMBB
Transport

Utilities

CURRENT 2025

Figure 1.3 The projected operator revenue from difference services. Source: Projection
data from [15].

the revenue from data exceeded that from voice. 5G has the capability for such a
transformation because it offers more to the vertical industry than just connectiv-
ity. It offers an innovative communication platform to not only do things more
efficiently but to do more and different kind of things; ranging from smart facto-
ries to smart cars to smart unmanned aerial vehicles.
From service providers’ point of view, the road to 5G is clear; they have to begin
to restructure their businesses around the vertical industry opportunities that
5G provides. Several tier one operators have already begun to restructure their
organization to take advantage of these new opportunities. In the past, the
­operator might have been divided into a mobile, an enterprise, and maybe an IoT
business unit. Today, we are starting to see them structure by vertical industries.
This allows them to provide the needed focus on the new business initiatives built
around specific vertical industries.
While carriers are at the beginning of their journey to support the vertical
industry, some of the ecosystem players are further ahead [14]. Intel, Qualcomm,
and Huawei are well on their way to building interoperable integrated solutions
across diverse vertical sectors. Apple and Samsung are providing horizontal
­interoperability between devices with their integrated home IoT suites. The com-
mercial mobile industry will provide the key backbone that supplies essential con-
nectivity between billions of cloud applications and sensors with the biggest
opportunities in providing consumer and enterprise applications and services to
the verticals making the IoT a reality.
Mobile carriers are not the only ones that can see this new opportunity. Over the
top (OTT) players, such as Amazon that started the whole heavy tail transforma-
tion, are also extremely excited about the potential new 5G business opportuni-
ties. They are also transforming themselves to provide new customized services
for the vertical market. The carriers, if they are to stop the trend, namely OTT
provides the service and the carriers just provide the pipe for the communications
that is needed by the services, that 4G started, will need to find ways to out innovate
 Introduction 9

the OTT players. All is, however, not bleak for the carriers. As the rest this book
will make evident, 5G is ushering in the age of ultra‐customization. This means
that the competitive advantage for the carriers is laid in the unique network intel-
ligence that allows the carriers to customize their 5G service. For example, they
can use machine learning techniques to customize the network slice for the appli-
cation that will provide a better service experience.
Socioeconomically 5G support of the vertical industry has the potential to offer
the most promise for eliminating the disadvantages associated with the digital
divide [16]. The access to mobile broadband, from 4G, has significantly closed the
digital divide by providing broadband access to those without fixed broadband
access. The socioeconomic disadvantage, however, persisted even though access
to broadband improved because the digital divide and physical divide are often in
conjuction. The physical isolation of these vulnerable populations lock them out
of opportunities and services even if they are provided with a broadband link. For
example, they are unable to maintain regular contact with service providers
which hampers their ability to monitor chronic diseases, connect with job oppor-
tunities real time, or connect with assistance for homework and research papers
to aid their academic pursuits. The support of the different verticals with 5G can
potentially solve all these issues by bringing the services to the disadvantaged. It
can untether expert medical care from physical hospitals, expert career coaching
from physical offices, and expert teachers from their academic institution, to offer
customized services to their clients. The report [16] studied a number of vertical
use cases and concluded that 5G vertical support, along with the hyper‐custom-
ized technologies and applications that they will support, can be the great socio-
economic equalizer by providing emerging pathways for economic and social
opportunities.
The concept of hyper‐customization, selling less to more, has a profound impact
on the requirement of the cellular systems. For one thing, it is no longer economi-
cal to build a customized system for every service. That does not mean that each
vertical service does not need customization but just that such customization can
no longer be at the hardware level. Fortunately, at about the same time that 5G
was being developed, the phenomenon of movement of data to the cloud so that
it can be easily accessed from anywhere with any device was taking shape [1]. The
end points and the time frame for which network services are providing are thus
fundamentally redefined. The resulting network needs to be much more nimble,
flexible, and scalable. The two enabling technologies are: network function virtu-
alization (NFV) and software defined networking (SDN). Network functions that
have been traditionally tied to customized hardware appliance via NFV can now
be run on a cloud computing infrastructure in the data center. It should be
understood that the virtualized network function here does not necessarily have a
one to one correlation with the traditional network functions but rather can be
10 5G Verticals

new functions created from, e.g. the functional decomposition of traditional functions.
This gives the network designer extreme flexibility on how to design the virtual-
ized functions and interconnection. SDN provides a framework for creating intel-
ligent programmable networks from the virtualized network functions that are,
possibly, interconnected on all levels [17]. Together these technologies endow the
5G network with significant nimbleness through the creation of virtual network
slices that support new types of vertical services [18] that may leverage informa-
tion centric network features [19]. A more precise and detailed discussion of net-
work slicing will be given later, for now we will just use the concept that a network
slice contains all the system resources that are needed to offer a particular services
so that each vertical industry can be supported in a slice. Consequently, 5G solves
the economic issue by affording the network designer to create a single network
that can be customized (slice) and scaled [20] for different vertical markets eco-
nomically via software.

1.3 ­5G Requirements in Support of Vertical Industries

There are now a significant number of papers in the literature that discuss
5G systems support for vertical industries. The main characteristics of these
­systems are rapidly becoming open ecosystems built on top of common
­infrastructures [21]. In essence, they are becoming holistic environments for
technical and business innovation that integrates network, computer and
­storage resources into one unified software programmable infrastructure.
Moreover, the strict latency requirements of verticals, such as factory 2.0, is forc-
ing the network designer to put significant network resources at the edge of the
network for distributed computing. This is the so‐called multi‐access edge com-
puting (MEC) phenomenon.
The 5G service and operational requirements have been detailed in [22]. Detailed
requirements from the automotive, eHeath, Energy, Media, and Entertainment,
and Factory of the Future were analyzed. The needs of these industries can be con-
densed into five use cases: dense urban information society (UC1), virtual reality
office (UC2), broadband access everywhere (UC3), massive distribution of sensors
(UC4), and actuators and connected car (UC5). These can then map to the follow-
ing radio network requirements:
1) 300 Mbps per user in very dense outdoor and indoor deployments.
2) Broadband access (50 Mbps per user) everywhere else.
3) 1 Gbps per user for indoor virtual reality office.
4) Less than 10 ms exchange to exchange (E2E) latency everywhere.
5) One million devices per square kilometer.
 Introduction 11

6) Battery life of 10 years.

7) Ultra reliable communication with 100 Mbps per user with 99.999%
reliability.
8) Ultra low latency communication with 5 ms E2E latency.
These requirements were developed into the standards [9] as eMBB, massive
machine type communication (mMTC) and ultra‐reliable and low‐latency
­communications (URLLC) services. Since the use of unlicensed carriers in coor-
dinated, on demand service‐orientated fashion can offer high performance system
gains [23] for certain vertical industry services, the standards also developed the
support for Licensed Assisted Access.
The role of the network operator can clearly been seen as to provide a tailored
communication system to its customers (end users, enterprises, and vertical
industries). This requires the 5G system to have the ability to flexibly integrate the
cellular communication system for various business scales ranging from multi‐
nationals to local micro‐businesses [24]. Having to adopt to a variety of require-
ments, some of which may not be known during initial system design, has led to
the concept of network slicing. This network flexibility will, thus, become a first
key design principle in the 5G control plane. Other key design principles which
allows the customer to customize, manage and even control the communication
slice include: the openness of the control plane for service creation, connectivity
via a multitude of access technologies (e.g. licensed and unlicensed access) and
context awareness by design. The technology enablers are:3 network slicing, smart
connectivity, modular architecture, resource awareness, context awareness, and
control without ownership. Some of these concepts, such as control without own-
ership, are still under discussion in 3GPP and will not be finalized in the first
release of the standards.
The aforementioned requirements are the first step in supporting the vertical
industries. More detailed requirements for supporting the different verticals will
be discussed in later chapters. The remainder of this chapter will look at the fea-
tures in the first phase of 5G that supports the vertical industry. Moving onto
future phases of 5G, 3GPP and the cellular industry has invited and offered to
work with all vertical industries to define additional requirements for future 5G
releases. One interesting vertical industry, for example, is professional audio
­production which requires strict synchronization of devices to function [25]. The
requirement for low latency and synchronization goes beyond what is being
developed in the current URLLC standardization. 3GPP will consider these
requirements and the suite of options for vertical support in 5G in future releases
of the standard will, thus, be enhanced as needed.

3 A more detailed discussions of the 5G network technologies can be found in Chapters 6 and 7.
12 5G Verticals

1.4 ­Radio Access

The 3GPP has been working on specifying the 5G radio interface, also referred to
as New Radio (NR) [26].4 There is always a need for mobile broadband with higher
system capacity, better coverage, and higher data rates. In 5G, the needs are for
more than mobile broadband. One such need is for URLLC, providing data deliv-
ery with unprecedented reliability in combination with extremely low latency, for
example targeting industrial applications in factory setting.
Another is for mMTC, providing connectivity for a very large number of devices
with extreme coverage, very low device cost and energy consumption. NR is being
designed to support eMBB, URLLC, and mMTC. Moreover, it is possible that
other use cases that are not yet known may emerge during the lifetime of NR.
Therefore, NR is designed to support forward compatibility, enabling smooth
introduction of future use cases within the same framework.
At present, 3GPP plans to develop the technologies and features to support
eMBB, URLLC, and mMTC over multiple releases, e.g. 3GPP Releases 15, 16,
and 17. The Release 15 specification covers technologies and features that are
needed to support eMBB and URLLC. 3GPP has developed technologies, e.g.
enhanced machine type communication and narrowband IoT that can handle
mMTC use cases and can satisfy mMTC 5G requirements, and further tech-
nologies are expected to be developed to support other mMTC use cases in the
later releases.
The eMBB service is to support a range of use cases including the ones identi-
fied in [27], namely (i) broadband access in dense areas, (ii) broadband access
everywhere, and (iii) higher user mobility. Broadband access must be available in
densely populated areas, both indoors and outdoors, such as city centers and
office buildings, or public venues such as stadiums or conference centers. As the
population density indoors is expected to be higher than outdoors, this needs cor-
respondingly higher capacity. Enhanced connectivity is also needed to provide
broadband access everywhere with consistent user experience. Higher user mobil-
ity capability will enable mobile broadband services in moving vehicles including
cars, buses, and trains.
The URLLC is a service category designed to meet delay‐sensitivity services
such as industrial automation, intelligent transportation, and remote health [28].
Since the human reaction time is in the order of a millisecond (e.g. around 1 ms

4 A more detailed discussion of how the industry developed the 5G standards, its technology
and evaluated the performance can be found in [8].
 Introduction 13

for hand touch and 10 ms for visual reaction), packets for the mission‐critical
applications should be delivered in the order of a microsecond [28].
The NR is designed in such a way that eMBB, URLLC, and mMTC use cases are
supported over a unified, flexible, and scalable frame structure. The NR interface
provides a flexible framework that can be used to support different use cases. This
is accomplished through a scalable Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) based numerology and flexible frame structure. When scheduling URLLC
traffic together with eMBB traffic within the same frame, since the URLLC traffic
needs to be immediately transmitted due to its hard latency requirements, the
URLLC transmission may overlap onto previously allocated eMBB transmissions.
Various techniques to efficiently provide the resource allocation for eMBB and
URLLC are given in [29, 30].
The service requirements of 5G also cause significant changes in the concept
of a cellular system. For example, the concept of a cell is no longer relevant. It
has evolved, in 5G, to a concept known as multi‐connectivity. In principle,
multi‐connectivity refers to a device sharing resource of more than one base
­station. This concept is not really new and it has its roots in Release 12 dual con-
nectivity. For 5G FDD/TDD dual connectivity, this allows for the transmission of
multiple streams to a single UE that is semi‐statically configured. The higher
layer parallel transmission here is the key. It makes dual connectivity applicable
to those deployment scenarios without requiring ideal, almost zero latency
backhauls. 5G support LTE‐NR dual connectivity which allows one of the carri-
ers to be LTE while the other is NR.
Also within the multi‐connectivity umbrella, it allows for uplink (UL)/downlink
(DL) decoupling; having different cells associated with the UL and DL. The basic
configuration is for one cell to be configured with two ULs and one DL. One of the
UL carriers is a normal TDD or FDD UL carrier while the other is a supplemen-
tary uplink5 (SUL) band (Figure 1.4). This configuration allows for the dynamic
scheduling and carrier switching between the normal UL and the SUL. The UE is
configured with two ULs for one DL of the same cell, and uplink transmissions on
those two ULs are controlled by the network. One major advantage of the SUL is
for it to be in a lower frequency while the paired UL and DL carrier is in a higher
frequency. This is extremely important because the UL is power restricted for
health reasons. For high data rates, configuring the SUL in this configuration can
give extra range to the UL to balance the UL and DL coverage. This capability is
key to certain vertical use cases that are more UL intensive.

5 In 5G, an UL-only carrier frequency is referred to as the SUL frequency from a NR

perspective. See [8].
14 5G Verticals

UL coverage

DL coverage

SUL coverage

SUL DL+NUL

Low NR Frequency High NR Frequency

Figure 1.4 Single cell with two uplink carriers and one downlink carrier. NUL, normal
uplink.

1.5 ­Network Slicing

It should now become clear to the reader that we cannot understate the importance
of network slicing in supporting the vertical industries. On account of the recent
advances in the NFV and SDN technologies [31], mobile network operators
(MNOs) or even mobile virtual network operators6 (MVNOs) can use network
slicing to create services that are customized for the vertical industries [32].
The impact of slicing in a 5G system was studied in [33] for the specific case of
a vehicle network. It confirmed that slice isolation is a key requirement in three
different aspects: (i) slice A should not be influenced by other slices even when
the other slices are running out of resources, (ii) to prevent eavesdropping, direct
communication between the slices should not be allowed, and (iii) a mechanism
to prevent “through the wall hijacking” should be in place. Security isolation was
the topic of investigation in [34]. Their conclusion is that a prerequisite for run-
ning a highly sensitive service in a network slice is full isolation of the slice from
all other users. This needs a trusted relation between the vertical industry and the
mobile operator from which the vertical is renting the resources. The operator
needs to ensure to the vertical that it will guarantee the needed isolation and secu-
rity for their traffic and devices. Currently in 3GPP there is a study item to look at
the isolation issue. One proposal that is favored by some of the industrial 2.0 com-
panies is for the vertical industry to take full control over the network slice. This

6 The difference between a MNO and a MVNO is that the MNO owns the underlying network
resources. A MVNO offers mobile services like a MNO but does not own the network resources.
It rents the resources from one or more MNOs.
 Introduction 15

allows for the vertical industry to dictate the isolation and security. It should be
noted that this point is still begin discussed in 3GPP and the solution is currently
not yet settled.
The feasibility of using NFV and SDN for slicing has been recently studied. In
[35] a network slicer which allows vertical industries to define vertical services
based upon a set of service blueprints and arbitrating, in the case of resource
shortages, among the various vertical industries was shown to be effective for net-
work slicing implementation. In a similar concept, a slice optimizer which com-
municates with an SDN controller to receive information regarding the network
slice and adapts the slices according to the network state was proposed and ana-
lyzed in [36].
In parallel to the NFV and SDN advances, semantic interoperability develop-
ment allows for the exchange of data between applications, as well as an increase
in the level of interoperability, analytics, and intelligence [37]. This technology is
now overcoming the limitation of static data models and bridges the gap between
the different vertical industries’ network slices.
An overview of the solutions proposed in the literature [38, 39], and the current
network slicing status in 3GPP are detailed in [40]. A network slice is defined, in
the standards, as a logical network that provides specific network capabilities and
network characteristics. From a user’s point of view, it behaves like a customized
wireless system, which may be dynamically reconfigured, dedicated for its use.
The standards have taken a strong step toward a cloud native approach to net-
work slicing [41]. This is achieved through virtualization and modularization of
the network function while providing a notion of network programmability
through a system service‐based architecture. The intension is for network
­function services to be flexibly used by other authorized network functions by
exhibiting their functionality via a standardized service‐based interface in the
control plane. The question as to whether the slice extends and how far into the
radio access network (RAN) [42] was discussed extensively in 3GPP. RAN slicing
is particularly challenging because of the inherently shared nature of the radio
channel, the desire for multi‐user diversity gain, and the impact of the transmitter
on the receiver [43]. The conclusion is that for the first phase of 5G, it was agreed
that the RAN will only be slice‐aware so as to treat the sliced traffic accordingly.
The RAN will support inter‐slice resource management and intra‐slice quality of
service differentiation. The network designer has full flexibility of how to achieve
this in the system.
It is now clear that NFV and SDN allow network resources to be isolated into a
programmable set of slices in order to guarantee the E2E performance of the net-
work. Note that this guarantee is regardless of what is happening elsewhere in the
network. This is known as “slice isolation”. We will see later on that slice isolation
is one of the reasons that makes the design of the 5G network so challenging
16 5G Verticals

because one cannot just blindly implement the IT cloud concepts in the mobile
network and hope to obtain an efficient network.
Efficient resource management [38] and orchestration [44], with and without
mobility [45], to effectively manage the network slice to exploit is inherent flexi-
bility will be paramount to servicing the vertical industries economically. The first
challenge is for the graceful life cycle management of the virtual network func-
tions (VNFs) and scaling of the system resources in a dynamic fashion. This is
complicated by the fact that the VNFs are just pieces of software that can be
instantiated anywhere in the network topology. The consequence of this is that
the traditional protocol stack was designed without this flexibility of the location
of the VNFs in mind. The interrelationships between the protocol stack and any
instantiation has not been optimized in Release 15 which put certain constraints
on the locational relationship between the VNFs. 3GPP is currently studying the
issues and the optimization of the protocol stack for anywhere instantiation may
be a feature in future releases. For example, there may need to be a design of a
slice aware mobility management protocol to optimize the mobility challenges in
network slicing [46].
The second challenge is to manage and orchestrate the resources such that the
multiple network slices implemented on a common infrastructure can maintain
isolation. The network would need to have resource elasticity to optimize the net-
work sizing and resource consumption by exploiting statistical multiplexing gains
[44] while maintaining isolation. Here, resource elasticity is defined as the ability
of the wireless communication system to allocate and deallocate resources for
each slice autonomously to scale the current available resources with the service
demand gracefully.
The standards do not specify how the management and orchestration is done
for network slicing. Such design is left up to the system designer. Part IV of this
book will give some insights on how to achieve this in support of the vertical
industry. Clearly, in order to customize the network for the service, joint resource
allocation strategy that takes into account the significance of the resource to a
particular service would be advantageous in supporting the diverse vertical appli-
cations on a common infrastructure [47]. Furthermore, to guarantee isolation,
there is a desire to augment each virtual resource at instantiation with back up
resources. This ensures that when failures occur, sufficient resources are available
to maintain the service. In so doing, it becomes clear that there is a utilization
tradeoff between reliability, isolation and efficient utilization of the resource. One
method to circumvent this is to use pooled and shared backup resources [48]. The
analysis showed that significant utilization improvement can be obtained.
One of the main challenges to slicing is an efficient method of exposing the
capabilities of the network using network abstraction to the orchestration layer.
This is compounded by the fact that the network is distributed and the service
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11. Alex. H. Stephens’ speech, at Augusta, Ga., defending secession,
and soliciting contributions to aid the Confederacy.
11. The State Journal, at St. Louis, Mo., suppressed by Gen. Lyon
for disloyal sentiments.
11. Battle of Rich Mountain, Va. Defeat of the rebels under Col.
Pegram, 60 killed, 150 wounded, and 150 prisoners. Capture of 200
tents, 60 wagons, 6 cannon, and other stores. Union loss 11 killed
and 35 wounded.
 12. Fight at Barboursville, Va. Six companies of Col. Woodruff’s 2d
Kentucky attack and defeat 600 rebels. 1 Kentuckian and 10 or 12
rebels killed.
12. 600 rebels, under Col. Pegram, surrendered to Gen. McClellan,
at Beverly, Va.
12. Twelve of Col. Bendix’s N. Y. regiment captured at Newport
News.
13. John B. Clark, of Mo., expelled from the House of
Representatives, having been found in arms against the Government.
13. Great Union speech of Joseph Holt, at Louisville, Ky.
13. Battle of Carrick’s Ford, Va., and death of Gen. Garnett, rebel
commander. Defeat and rout of the rebels, with a loss of 150 killed
and wounded, and 800 prisoners. Federal loss 13 killed, 40
wounded.
15. Skirmish at Bunker Hill, Va. Rout of rebel cavalry by fire of R. I.
battery. The rebels pursued by 2d U.S. cavalry.
15. Peace meeting at Nyack, N. Y.
16. Railway cars, containing Union troops, fired into at Millsville,
Mo. 3 soldiers killed, 7 wounded; 7 rebels killed.
16. Federal army under Gen. McDowell marched toward
Manassas.
16. Bill authorizing the President to call out militia to suppress the
rebellion, passed the House of Representatives, and the bill to accept
services of 500,000 volunteers.
16. Speech of J. C. Breckinridge in the Senate in opposition to the
Union Defence Bill.
16. Tilghman, a negro, killed 3 of a rebel prize crew on the
schooner S. J. Waring, and brought the vessel into N. York on the
22d.
17. Advance column of national army occupied Fairfax Court
House, Va.
17. Battle at Scarytown, Va. Repulse of Federate with loss of 9
killed, 38 wounded, 9 missing. Rebel loss less. 3 Federal colonels and
2 captains captured.
 17. Gen. Patterson’s army marched from Bunker Hill, Va., to
Charlestown.
17. Skirmish at Fulton, Mo. Rebels driven back with loss.
18. Kansas City, Mo., Home Guards, under Major Van Horn,
attacked near Harrisonville by a superior force of rebels, whom they
defeated, killing and wounding 20. Union loss 1 killed.
18. Battle at Blackburn’s Ford. Attack on the rebel entrenchments
at Bull Run by a portion of Gen. Tyler’s Division, who were repulsed
with a loss of 83 men killed, wounded and missing. Rebel loss 68
killed and wounded.
19. Six Federal officers, near Hampton, Va., fired on by rebels in
ambush. Major Rawlings killed, and Lieut. Johnson and Mr.
Shurtliffe wounded and captured.
19. By Gen. Order No. 46 of War Department, Maj.-Gen. Patterson
was honorably discharged, and Maj.-Gen. Banks appointed his
successor in the Department of the “Shenandoah,” and Gen. Dix
appointed to succeed Gen. Banks in the Department of Maryland.
19. The Captain-General of Cuba liberated all the vessels brought
into Cuban ports by privateer Sumter as prizes.
20. Rebel Congress met at Richmond, Va.
21. Battle of Bull Run.
22. Brig.-Gen. Beauregard promoted to the rank of “General” in
the rebel army, the highest grade.
22. Rebel Congress appointed a day of thanksgiving for the victory
at Manassas.
22. Maj. Gen. McClellan assigned to command the Department of
the Potomac.
22. Missouri State Convention met at Jefferson City.
22. Rebels attacked and dispersed at Forsythe, Mo., by Federal
troops under Gen. Sweeny, with loss of two wounded. Rebel loss, 5
killed, 10 wounded.
24. Naval expedition from Fortress Monroe to Black river, by
Lieut. Crosby and 300 men. Nine sloops and schooners of the rebels
burnt, and one schooner with bacon and corn captured.
 25. U. S. steamer Resolute, Lieut. Budd, brought two schooners
and one sloop prizes to Washington.
25. Gen. McClellan arrived at Washington, and Gen. Fremont at
St. Louis, and Gen. Banks at Harper’s Ferry, to take charge of their
respective departments.
25. Robert Toombs resigned the Secretaryship of State of the
Confederacy, to take office in the army, and R. M. T. Hunter, of Va.,
was appointed to succeed him.
26. Fifteen Home Guards from Rolla, Mo., were attacked at Lane’s
Prairie by a superior force of rebels, who were repulsed with the loss
of 1 lieutenant killed and 3 men wounded. Two guards were slightly
wounded.
26. Three rebels captured by Col. McLeod Murphy, of New York, in
Virginia, scouting alone.
28. Flight of Gen. Wise’s army from Gauley Bridge, Va., pursued
by Gen. Cox, who captured 1000 muskets and a quantity of powder.
28. A detachment of Col. Mulligan’s Chicago regiment, aided by
Home Guards, captured 28 rebels, 40 horses and 2 teams, at Hickory
Hill, Mo.
29. A rebel battery at Aquia Creek, Va., engaged by four U. S.
steamers for three hours, with slight damage.
30. Six Government clerks at Washington resigned, owing to a
Virginia ordinance of disfranchisement.
30. Three hundred kegs of powder and 6 cannon were captured
from the rebels near Warsaw, Mo.
30. The Confederate forces occupied and fortified New Madrid,
Mo.
30–31. Missouri State Convention abolished the State Legislature,
declared the offices of Governor, Lieut.-Gov. and Sec.-of-State
vacant, appointed special State officers, and provided for a special
election by the people in Aug. 1862.
Aug. 1. Rebel privateer Petrel, formerly U. S. revenue cutter
Aiken, sunk by U. S. frigate St. Lawrence, near Charleston. Thirty-six
out of 40 of her crew were rescued by the frigate’s boats.
1. Gov. Gamble, of Mo., delivered his inaugural to the State
Convention.
 1. Departure of Gen. Fremont’s expedition from St. Louis to Cairo
and Bird’s Point.
2. Fort Fillmore, New Mexico, with 750 men, traitorously
surrendered by Major Lynde, U. S. A.
2. Schooner Enchantress, with a valuable cargo, recaptured by U.
S. steamer Albatross, Capt. Prentiss, off Charleston, S. C.
2. Defeat of rebel forces at Dug Spring, Mo., by Gen. Lyon. Federal
loss, 9 killed, 30 wounded. Rebel loss, 40 killed, 80 wounded.
3. Lieut.-Col. Baylor, commanding the rebel forces in Arizona,
issued a proclamation taking possession of New Mexico, in the name
of the Confederate States, declaring all Federal offices vacant, and
appointing a secretary, attorney general and other officers.
3. Engagement at Mesila, N. M., between Federal troops and 700
rebels. Capt. McNeely and Lieut. Brooks, of Federal army, were
wounded, and 12 rebels killed.
5. The bark Alvarado, having a rebel prize crew, chased ashore
near Fernandina, Fla., and burned by sailors from U. S. ship
Vincennes.
5. Skirmish at Point of Rocks, Md. Sixty men of New York 28th
attacked rebel cavalry, killing 3, wounding 2 and capturing 7 men
and 20 horses, without loss themselves.
5. Skirmish at Athens, Mo. 300 Home Guards, under Col. Moore,
defeated a force of 1000 rebels, killing 23 and wounding 50. 10
Federals killed and 10 wounded. 5 wagon loads of supplies and 40
horses were captured by the Guards.
5. Election in Kentucky for members of the Legislature, the returns
showing a large Union majority.
6. Adjournment sine die of Special Congress at Washington.
7. The village of Hampton, Va., was burned by rebel forces under
Gen. Magruder. They were prevented from burning the bridge by
skirmishers of Max Weber’s New York regiment.
7· The privateer York was burned by gunboat Union, which also
recaptured the schooner G. V. Baker.
8. Rebel cavalry routed at Lorrettsville, Va., with loss of 1 killed
and 5 wounded, by 100 men of 19th N. Y., under Capt. Kennedy.
 8. Messrs. Breckinridge and Vallandigham partook of a banquet at
the Eutaw House, Baltimore. Mr. Breckinridge, in an attempt to
address the people, was prevented by popular clamor.
9. Skirmish at Potosi, Mo. Rebels driven off with loss of 2 killed, 3
wounded.
10. Battle of Wilson’s Creek, Mo. The Federal army under Gen.
Lyon, 5,200 men, was defeated by the combined forces of Gens. Price
and McCulloch, 20,000. Gen. Lyon was killed. Federal loss, 223
killed, 721 wounded, 292 missing. Rebel loss, (McCulloch’s report,)
265 killed, 800 wounded, 30 missing; Price’s report of Missouri
troops, 156 killed, 517 wounded.
12. “Bangor (Me.) Democrat” office destroyed by a mob.
12. C. J. Faulkener, ex-minister of U. S. to France, arrested on a
charge of treason.
13. Skirmish near Grafton, Va. 200 rebels routed, 21 killed and
wounded, by Capt. Dayton’s company of 4th Virginia, without loss.
14. Mutiny in New York 79th regiment, near Washington.
14 Gen. Fremont declares martial law in St. Louis, Mo.
14 “War Bulletin” and “Missourian” journals suppressed at St.
Louis.
14. Mutiny of 60 men of 2d Maine at Arlington, Va.; who were
arrested and sentenced to be sent to the Dry Tortugas.
14. All loyal men notified by Jeff. Davis to leave the Confederate
States in 40 days.
15. Two Federal sailors killed and 2 wounded, of the U. S. steamer
Resolute, in a skirmish at Mathias Point, Va.
16. Col Hecker’s regiment surprised 400 rebels at Fredericktown,
Mo., capturing 12 men and all the camp equipage.
16. Five New York newspapers were presented by the Grand Jury
as hostile to the Government.
16. A “Peace” meeting at Saybrook, Conn., broken up.
16. $58,000 seized by U. S. troops at Genevieve, Mo., and taken to
St. Louis.
16. Proclamation of Pres. Lincoln, declaring commercial
intercourse with the eleven States in rebellion unlawful, excepting
such parts thereof as have or may become restored to loyal
government, and forfeiting all vessels therefrom or bound to the
same, after 15 days.
17. Railway train near Palmyra, Mo., fired into by rebels. One
soldier was killed, and several wounded.
18. Privateer Jeff. Davis wrecked on the bar at St. Augustine, Fla.
18. Gen. Wool assumed command at Fortress Monroe.
19. Capt. Haleman with 50 mounted men left Bird’s Point for
Charleston, Mo., and encountered a body of rebels, killing 2 and
capturing 33 men and 35 horses, without any casualty themselves.
19. Skirmish at Charleston, Mo. Two hundred and fifty of 22d
Illinois under Col. Dougherty, and Lieut.-Col. Ransom of 11th Illinois
defeated 300 rebels under Col. Hunter of Jeff. Thompson’s army. 20
rebels were killed and wounded, and 17 prisoners taken. The Union
loss was 1 killed and 6 wounded.
19. Two hundred and forty Union fugitives from E. Tenn. arrived
at Danville, Ky., and were fed in the Seminary yard.
19. Office of the “Sentinel,” Easton, Pa., destroyed by a Union mob.
19. A. L. Kimball, editor of the “Essex Co. Democrat,” Haverhill,
Mass., was tarred and feathered, and ridden on a rail by a Union
mob.
19. “Passports” required, by notice from the Department of State,
from all persons leaving or arriving within the United States.
19. Office of the “Jeffersonian,” Westchester, Pa., destroyed by a
Union mob.
19. Office of “The People’s Friend,” at Covington, Ind., destroyed
by a Union mob.
20. Skirmish at Hawk’s Nest, in the Kanawha Valley, Va. A body of
rebels attacked the 11th Ohio, but were driven back with loss. Union
loss, 2 wounded and 1 missing.
20. The Wheeling (Va.,) Convention passed an ordinance to erect a
new State, to be called Kanawha.
20. A railway train from Jefferson City, Mo., when near Lookout
Station, was fired into by rebels, and 1 soldier killed and 6 wounded.
2 rebels were killed, several wounded, and 5 prisoners taken.
 20. Gen. McClellan assumed command of the army of the
Potomac.
20. Gen. Butler assumed command of U.S. Volunteer forces near
Fortress Monroe.
21. Surprise of part of company K, Ohio 7th, near Cross Lane, W.
Virginia, 2 killed and 9 wounded, 5 of whom were taken prisoners,
including Capt. Shutte.
22. Disloyal papers were rejected from the U. S. mails. Large
bundles of papers were seized by the U. S. Marshals in Philadelphia
and other cities.
22. The “Stark County Democrat” office, in Canton, Ohio, was
destroyed by a Union mob.
22. The steamer “Samuel Orr” was seized at Paducah, Ky., by
rebels, and taken up the Tennessee river.
24. A portion of the Cherokee Indians made an alliance with the
“Southern Confederacy.” The Cherokees and Creeks raised 2,000
men for the rebel army, and were promised payment of their
annuities by the Confed. Commissioners.
24. Arrest of Mayor Berret, of Washington.
24. The office of the Bridgeport (Conn.,) “Farmer” was destroyed
by a Union mob.
24. Office of the “Alleghanian,” Cumberland, Md., was destroyed
by a Union mob.
25. A band of rebels at Wayne Court-House, Va., was routed by 53
Federals under Capt. Smith, from Camp Pierpont, Ceredo, Wayne
co., Va. 4 rebels were killed, and 8 taken prisoners.
25. All vessels and boats on the Potomac seized by Government
authorities.
25. Gov. H. R. Gamble, of Mo., issued a call for 42,000 State
militia, to serve six months, unless sooner discharged.
26. Surprise of 7th Ohio, Col. Tyler, at Cross Lanes, near
Summersville, W. Virginia, by a large force of rebels. 15 killed, 40
wounded, and 30 prisoners. Rebel loss not known.
26. The War Department prohibited the transmission or
publication of any intelligence of army or naval movements
calculated to give information to the enemy.
 26. The Postmaster-General directed postal agents to arrest
express agents or others engaged in transmitting letters to seceded
States in violation of the President’s proclamation of 16th inst.
26. Com. Foote ordered to the command of U. S. naval forces on
the Western waters.
26. A naval and military expedition to N. Carolina coast sailed
from Hampton Roads, Va., under command of Com. Stringham and
Maj.-Gen. Butler.
26. Skirmish of two companies of N. Y. 23d, with a large force of
rebels at Ball’s Cross Roads, Va. One Federal killed, and one
wounded.
28. A party of Federal troops under Capt. Smith attacked and
dispersed a force of rebels at Wayne Court-House, W. Virginia, and
returned to Ceredo without loss. Five or 6 of the rebels were killed or
wounded, and 8 captured.
28–29. Bombardment and capture of Forts Hatteras and Clark, at
Hatteras Inlet, N. C. 30 pieces of cannon, 1,000 stand of arms, 3
vessels with valuable cargoes, and 750 prisoners were taken.
29. Fight at Lexington, Mo. The rebels, under Col. Reed, were
driven off with loss of 8 killed and several wounded. The Federals
had 5 or 6 wounded, and several loyal citizens were captured.
30. Martial law was proclaimed throughout Missouri, by Gen.
Fremont, and the slaves of all persons found in arms against the U. S.
declared free.
Sept. 1. Skirmish at Bennett’s Mills, Mo. Attack on Home Guards
commanded by Lieut. Chandler, by a large force of rebels. Federal
loss, 3 killed, 6 wounded. Rebel loss unknown.
1. Fight at Boone Court-House, Va. Rebels defeated, with a loss of
30. Six Federal soldiers wounded.
2. Fight near Fort Scott, Mo. 600 rebels under Gen. Rains, were
attacked and pursued by 500 Federals under Col. Montgomery. The
rebels falling back on reinforcements, Montgomery retreated.
2. The Mass. 13th captured 20 Charleston, S. C., cavalry, after
killing 3 and wounding 5, 2½-miles from Harper’s Ferry.
2. Col. Crossman, of Gen. Kelly’s staff, with two companies,
attacked 400 rebels, at Worthington, Marion co., Va., by whom he
was repulsed with the loss of two men.
3. Passenger train on the Hannibal and St. Joseph railway, Mo.,
was thrown into the Platte river, by the giving way of a bridge, partly
burned by the rebels. 17 persons were killed, and 60 wounded.
4. An engagement on the Mississippi river occurred, near
Hickman, Ky., between national gunboats Tyler and Lexington and
the rebel gunboat Yankee and shore batteries.
6. Paducah, Ky., was occupied by Federal forces under Gen. Grant.
7. Gens. Pillow and Polk occupied Columbus, Ky., with 7,000
rebels.
7. Five schooners were captured by Federal officers at Hatteras
Inlet.
8. Gen. Pope broke up a camp of 3,000 rebels near Hunneville,
Mo., under Gen. Green, and captured a large quantity of stores.
9. A revolt occurred among the N. Y. Rifles, at Willett’s Point, N. Y.
Two men were killed and 5 wounded.
9. A government steamer conveying prisoners from Lexington,
Mo., to Fort Leavenworth, broke her rudder, and being obliged to
land, the vessel was seized by the rebels, the prisoners liberated, and
40 Federal soldiers captured.
10. 156 Union prisoners, among them all the principal officers held
captive by the rebels at Richmond, were sent to Castle Pinckney, in
Charleston harbor.
10. Battle of Carnifex Ferry, near Summersville, Va. Federal
commander, Rosecranz, rebel, Floyd, who retreated with small loss.
Federal loss, 16 killed, 102 wounded.
11. Skirmish at Lewinsville, Va. Federal loss, 6 killed, 10 wounded.
11. The President modified Gen. Fremont’s emancipation
proclamation.
11. The Kentucky Legislature, by a vote of 71 to 26, ordered the
Confederate troops to leave the State.
12. A rebel camp at Petersburg, Hardy co., Va., was broken up by
Capt. Kid’s cavalry, and large amount of stores captured.
12. Skirmish at Black river, near Ironton, Mo. A detachment of
Indiana cavalry, under Major Gavitt, defeated a body of rebels, under
Ben. Talbot, killing 5, capturing 4, and 25 horses and a quantity of
arms.
12. The Legislature of Kentucky authorized the Governor to call
out the State military to repel the Southern invaders.
12. Two slaves, the property of T. L. Snead, a secessionist of St.
Louis, were manumitted by Gen. Fremont.
13. A large body of rebels, under Col. Brown, were repulsed from
Booneville, Mo., with a loss of 12 killed and 30 wounded, by Home
Guards under Capt. Eppstein, who lost 1 killed and 4 wounded.
12–14. Two engagements occurred on Cheat Mountain, Western
Va., in which the rebels, under Gen. R. E. Lee, were defeated with a
loss of 100 killed and wounded, among the former, Col. J. A.
Washington, and 20 prisoners. The Federal forces, under Gen. J. J.
Reynolds, lost 13 killed, 20 wounded, and 60 prisoners.
13–18. The provost-marshal of Baltimore, Md., arrested Mayor
Brown, Ross Winans, and Messrs. Pitts, Sangster, Wallis, Scott,
Dennison, Quinlan, Lynch, Warfield, Hanson, and J. C. Brune, of the
Legislature, also editors Howard and Hall, by order of the War
Department.
13. An expedition from the U.S. frigate Colorado, under Lieut. J. H.
Russell, cut out and destroyed the privateer Judah, under the rebel
guns at Pensacola. The Federal loss was 3 killed and 15 wounded.
14. A rebel camp near Kansas City, Mo., was broken up; 7 men
killed and 6 taken prisoners.
18. Col. F. P. Blair, Jr., was arrested at St. Louis for disrespectful
language when alluding to superior officers.
15. A body of rebels attacked Col. Geary’s 28th Pennsylvania
regiment, stationed on the Potomac, three miles above Harper’s
Ferry, and were repulsed with severe loss. One of Col. Geary’s men
was killed, and several slightly wounded.
16. A naval expedition from Hatteras Inlet under command of
Lieut. J. Y. Maxwell, destroyed Fort Ocracoke, on Beacon Island, N.
C.
16. The Federal gunboat Conestoga captured the steamers V. R.
Stephenson and Gazelle, on Cumberland river, Ky.
 16. Ship Island, near the mouth of the Mississippi river, was
occupied by Federal forces from the steamer Massachusetts.
17. A fight took place at Mariatown, Mo., between 600 Federals,
under Cols. Montgomery and Johnson, and 400 rebels, who were
defeated with a loss of 7 killed, and 100 horses and their tents and
supplies captured. Col. Johnson and 2 Federal privates were killed,
and 6 wounded.
17. A train on the Ohio and Mississippi railway, with a part of the
19th Illinois regiment, broke through a bridge near Huron, Ind., by
which 26 soldiers were killed and 112 wounded.
17. 500 of the 3d Iowa, under Lieut.-Col. Scott, attacked and were
repulsed by 3,000 rebels, under Gen. D. R. Atchison, at Blue Mills
Landing, Mo. The Federal loss was over 100 in killed and wounded.
18. Skirmish at Barboursville, Ky., between the Home Guard and
Zollicoffer’s men. 7 rebels were killed, and 1 guard wounded and
another taken prisoner.
18. Eighteen secession members of the Maryland Legislature were
arrested and lodged in Fort McHenry.
19. Ex-Governor Morehead and others, of Louisville, Ky., were
arrested by the U. S. marshal on charges of treason, or complicity
with treason.
20. Surrender of Col. Mulligan’s command, at Lexington, Mo., to
the rebel Gen. Price, after 4 days’ siege.
21. Gen. Lane’s command surprised a superior force of rebels at
Papinsville, Mo., routing them with a Union loss of 17 killed and 40
wounded; rebel loss, 40 killed, 100 prisoners, and all their tents and
supplies.
21. Two detachments of troops from Union gunboats, near
Glasgow, Mo., encountered each other, while reconnoitering at night,
and by mistake four were killed and several wounded.
21. Gen. Robert Anderson assumed command of Federal and State
troops in Ivy.
21. J. C. Breckinridge fled from Frankfort, Ky., and openly joined
the rebels.
22. Skirmish of the 7th Iowa, at Elliott’s Mills, Ky., with rebel
cavalry, who were defeated with the loss of three of their number.
 23. Ross Winans, of Md., took the oath of allegiance.
23. Capt. Goldsborough succeeded Com. Stringham in command
of the Chesapeake blockading fleet.
23. Detachments of 8th and 4th Ohio, and Ringgold’s cavalry,
under Cols. Parke and Cantwell, advancing from New Creek toward
Romney, Va., attacked and drove out 700 rebels from Mechanicsville
Gap, and pursued their combined forces of 1,400 from Romney to
the mountains. Federal loss 3 killed, 10 wounded; rebel loss 15 killed,
30 wounded.
24. The Comte de Paris and the Duc de Chartres, grandsons of
Louis Philippe of France, were attached as aids to Gen. McClellan’s
staff, and commissioned as captains.
25. Successful expedition of 3,000 men, under Gen. W. F. Smith,
for reconnoitering and forage, from Chain Bridge to Lewinsville, Va.
A large quantity of stores were captured.
25. Engagement at Chapmansville, Western Va. Col. Pratt, with
560 of the 34th Ohio, defeated a body of rebels under Col. J. W.
Davis, killing 29, including their commander, and wounding a large
number. Col. Pratt’s loss was 4 killed, 8 wounded.
25. A body of rebels were defeated near Osceola, Mo., by Federal
troops under Col. Montgomery, who set fire to the town. 10 rebels
killed; 1 Federal killed, 4 wounded.
25. James B. Clay (son of the illustrious Henry,) and 16 other
rebels were captured near Danville, Ky., while on their way to
Zollicoffer’s camp.
26. At Lucas Bend, Ky., 75 of Captain Stewart’s cavalry attacked
and routed 40 rebel cavalry, killing 4 and capturing 5, without loss
themselves.
26. By Presidential proclamation of August 12, this day was
observed as a day of fasting and prayer throughout the loyal States.
27. A body of Kansas troops, under Montgomery and Jamison,
engaged the advance guard of McCulloch’s rebel army near
Shanghai, in Benton co., Mo., and drove them back with loss.
27. Gen. Fremont, with 15 steamers and 15,000 men, sailed from
St. Louis up the Missouri river.
 27. The rebels evacuated Munson’s Hill, Va., which was occupied
by Federal troops.
28. Baker’s California regiment, and Baxter’s Philadelphia
volunteers mistook each other for rebels, at Fall’s Church, Va., and
fired, killing 15 and wounding 30.
Oct. 1. The U. S. steamer Fanny, with 35 men of the 9th N. Y.
volunteers, was captured by the rebels on the north coast of Hatteras
Inlet. She was loaded with government stores.
2. A secessionist camp at Charleston, Mo., was broken up, and 40
rebels captured.
2. $33,000, deposited in the St. Louis Building and Savings
Association, for the part payment of a U. S. annuity to the Cherokee
Indians, declared confiscated to the Government in consequence of
the secession of that tribe.
3. Attack on an entrenched camp commanded by Gen. H. A.
Jackson, at Greenbrier, Western Va., by Union forces under Gen. J.
J. Reynolds. Union loss 8 killed, 32 wounded; rebel loss greater. A
drawn battle.
3. Gen. Price, and the rebel army under his command, withdrew
from Lexington, Mo., leaving a brigade as a guard.
3. Gustavus Smith, formerly Street Commissioner of New York,
was appointed a Major-General in the rebel army.
4. Commander Alden, U. S. steamer South Carolina, captured two
schooners off the S.W. Pass of the Mississippi, with four to five
thousand stand of arms.
4. A company of 110 Texas rangers were defeated by 100 U. S.
troops from Fort Craig, at Alimosa, N. M. 10 Texans and their
captain killed, and 30 wounded.
4. Two boats from U. S. steamer Louisiana, Lieut. A. Murray,
destroyed a rebel schooner, being fitted out for a privateer, at
Chincoteague Inlet, Va. They engaged and repulsed the rebels with a
loss of 4 U. S. seamen wounded.
4. A large force of rebels, under Col. Wright, attacked the 20th
Indiana, Col. Brown, at Chicamacomico, near Hatteras Inlet.
Federals retreated, leaving their pickets, wounded, and camp
equipage in the hands of the enemy.
 4. Gen. Butler, commanding the Military Department of New
England, had his headquarters at Boston.
5. The rebel forces under Col. Wright were driven from the
Chicamacomico with severe loss, by U.S. steamer Monticello.
7. John Ross, principal Chief of the Cherokee Indians, negotiated a
treaty of alliance on behalf of that people with the Confederate
Government.
7. 57 released prisoners, taken by the rebels at the battle of Bull
Run, arrived at Fortress Monroe from Richmond.
7. U. S. gunboats Tyler and Lexington exchanged shots with rebel
batteries at Iron Bend, 3 miles above Columbus, Ky.
8. Brig.-Gen. William T. Sherman appointed to command the
Department of the Cumberland (Kentucky), in place of Brig.-Gen. R.
Anderson, retired from ill-health.
8. 200 rebels under Capt. Holliday, encamped two miles from
Hillsboro’, Ky., were attacked and defeated by a body of Home
Guards, under Lieut. Sadler. Rebel loss 11 killed, 29 wounded, 22
prisoners; also 127 rifles and other arms. Federal loss 3 killed, 3
wounded.
9. Attack upon Wilson’s N. Y. Zouaves, at Santa Rosa Island, four
miles from Fort Pickens, at 2 A. M., by 1,500 rebels under Gen.
Anderson. The regulars from Fort Pickens, and the Zouaves, defeated
the rebels, killing and wounding about 100, and taking 35 prisoners.
Federal loss 13 killed, 21 wounded.
9. Federal troops under Gen. Smith advanced from Chain Bridge,
and occupied Lewinsville, Va.
10. Cavalry skirmish 4 miles from Paducah, Ky. 2 of the 4th U. S.
cavalry mortally wounded, and 2 taken prisoners.
11. The rebel steamer Nashville, commanded by Lieut. R. B.
Pegram, escaped from Charleston, S. C.
11. Lieut. Harrell, of U. S. steamer Union, with three boats’ crews,
cut out and burnt a rebel schooner in Dumfries Creek, on the
Potomac, and escaped without loss.
11. Missouri State Convention met at St. Louis.
11. Marshal Kane was transferred from Fort McHenry to Fort
Lafayette.
 12. Rebel steamer Theodora ran the blockade at Charleston, S. C.,
having on board Messrs. Mason and Slidell, Commissioners to
England and France, with their secretaries.
12. Capt. P. G. Morton captured a train of 21 wagons, 425 cattle,
and 35 prisoners, with stores for hostile Cherokees, at Chelsea,
Kansas.
12. Cavalry skirmish south of Cameron, Ray co., Mo. A company of
Major James’ cavalry routed a large body of rebels, who lost 8 killed
and 5 prisoners. One Federal was killed and 4 wounded.
12. Six rebel gunboats, the ram Manassas, and a fleet of fireships,
attacked the U. S. fleet at the mouth of the Mississippi, and were
repulsed by them with slight loss on either side.
12. A party of 12 of a N.Y. Zouave regiment, under Lieut. Zeller,
were captured by the rebels near Newport News, Va.
12. Forty men of the 39th Indiana attacked and defeated a superior
force of rebels, 8 miles from Green river, Western Va., without loss
themselves, killing 5 and wounding 3 of the enemy.
12. Night skirmish near the residence of Cy. Hutchinson, Barren
co., Ky. Ten Federal horsemen, under Cols. Hobson and
Pennebraker, and Capt. S. Taylor, encountered 100 rebel cavalry, of
whom 4 were killed and several wounded. Federal loss, 3 killed.
12. 500 men of the Piatt (Cincinnati) Zouaves, under Lieut, Col.
Toland, and two companies of the 4th Va., drove out a large body of
rebels from Winfield, 20 miles below Charleston, on the Kanawha,
Western Va., who had been committing depredations. The Federals
captured a large quantity of military stores.
12. Skirmish between a detachment of the 39th Indiana, under
Lieut.-Col. Jones, and 58 rebel cavalry, near Upton’s, 14 miles below
Camp Nevin, Ky. The rebels were repulsed with a loss of 5 killed and
3 wounded.
12. A woman and five children, from families of U. S. soldiers from
Utah, were drowned while attempting to cross the Platte river on a
raft, near St. Josephs, Mo., the rope having been cut by an enemy.
13. Eighteen miles N.E. of Lebanon, Mo., Major Wright, with two
companies of U.S. cavalry, routed 300 mounted rebels, under Capts.
Lorrels and Wright. 62 of the rebels were killed and wounded, and
30 taken prisoners. One Federal trooper was killed.
 13. Skirmish at Beckweth’s farm, 12 miles S.E. of Bird’s Point, Mo.
20 men under Lieut. Tufts, encountered a superior force of rebels,
and after engaging them retired. 2 were killed, 5 wounded, and 3
missing, of the national force: 12 were killed and wounded of the
rebels.
13. Brig Grenada, of New York, was captured by the privateer
“Sallie,” of Charleston, which ran the blockade on the 10th instant.
14. 150 voters of Chincoteague Island, Accomac co., Va., took the
oath of allegiance to the U. S., in the presence of Lieut. Murray, of U.
S. ship Louisiana. The inhabitants of the island, 1,000 in number,
were loyal: no other flag than the national had thus far been allowed
to float on the island.
14. Major White, with one company of Missouri Scouts, captured
45 rebels at Linn Creek, Mo., commanded by Capt. Roberts.
14. The U. S. Secretary of State, Wm. H. Seward, issued a circular
to the Governors of all States bordering on the ocean and the lakes,
recommending that their defences should be put in effective
condition to meet the contingency of foreign war, instigated by rebel
emissaries.
5. U. S. steamer Roanoke, off Charleston, captured and burnt the
ship Thomas Watson, which ran on Stono reef while attempting to
evade the blockade.
15. Ten of the N. Y. 14th killed 2 rebels in a skirmish near
Lewinsville, Va.
15. Gen. Wool, at Fortress Monroe, declined to receive a flag of
truce from Norfolk.
15. 600 rebels, under Gen. Jeff. Thompson, attacked and captured
40 U. S. soldiers guarding the Big river bridge, near Potosi, Mo.
Federal loss 1 killed, 6 wounded; rebel loss 5 killed, 4 wounded. The
rebels paroled the U. S. soldiers and burnt the bridge.
15. The rebel batteries at Aquia creek and Shipping Point, on the
Potomac, fired on all vessels passing, but inflicted no serious
damage.
15. Three U. S. steamers sailed from New York in pursuit of the
privateer Nashville.
 16. Col. J. W. Geary, of the Penn. 28th, with 400 men from his
own, the 13th Mass, and 3d Wis., crossed the Potomac at Harper’s
Ferry, and captured 21,000 bushels of wheat, stored in a mill near
Bolivar Heights. A severe skirmish occurred with a body of rebels
who disputed the ground, from whom the Federals captured a 32-
pounder, and made good their retreat, accomplishing the object of
the expedition. Federal loss, 4 killed, 8 wounded.
16. Major F. J. White, with 220 Missouri scouts, surprised the
rebels at Lexington, Mo., and without loss, captured 60 or 70
prisoners, released Cols. White and Grover, and 12 other captives,
and seized 2 steamboats, with arms, ammunition and stores.
16. 1,000 rebels under Gen. Thompson and Col. Lowe, near
Ironton, Mo., were defeated with a loss of 36 killed and wounded, by
Maj. Gavitt’s Indiana cavalry, and 5 companies of Col. Alexander’s
21st Illinois. Union loss, 11.
19. Col. Morgan, with 220 men of the 18th Missouri regiment, and
two pieces of artillery, defeated 400 rebels on Big Hurricane Creek,
Carroll co., Mo., killing 14, and taking 8 prisoners. Col. Morgan had
14 men wounded—two mortally.
19. Twenty rebel N. C. prisoners were sent to Fortress Monroe, to
be released on taking an oath not to bear arms against the
Government.
21. Battle of Edward’s Ferry, Va. 1,900 men from Gen. C. P. Stone’s
division, under command of Col. E. D. Baker, U. S. senator from
Oregon, were ordered to cross the Potomac at Harrison’s Island, or
Ball’s Bluff, to support reconnoissances above and below that point.
At 4 P. M. they were attacked by 3,000 rebels under Gen. Evans, and
driven to the river bank, where, there being no adequate provision
for crossing, they suffered severe loss, by the enemy’s fire, and by
drowning. Killed, 223, wounded, 250, taken prisoners, 500. Rebel
loss about 200 in killed and wounded.
21. About 2,500 rebels, near Fredericktown, Mo., under Jeff.
Thompson and Col. Lowe, were attacked by 3,500 Federal troops,
commanded by Col. J. B. Plummer, of 11th Missouri, with Missouri,
Illinois, Wisconsin and Indiana troops, under Cols. Ross, Marsh,
Hovey, Baker, Lieut.-Col. Pennabaker, Maj. Schofield, Capt. Stewart
and Lieut. White. The rebels were defeated with great loss, and Col.
Lowe was killed. They left 175 bodies on the field, and had a large
number wounded. Eighty were taken prisoners, and 4 heavy guns
were captured. The Federal loss was 7 killed and 60 wounded.
21. A portion of the rebel General Zollicoffer’s command was
repulsed from an advanced position of General Schoepf’s brigade,
near Camp Wild Cat, Laurel co., Ky. The Federal loss was 4 killed
and 21 wounded.
22. Flag-officer Craven, of the Potomac flotilla, reported the
Potomac river commanded by rebel batteries, at all important points
below Alexandria.
22. A detachment of U. S. cavalry broke up a rebel camp at Buffalo
Mills, Benton co., Mo., killing and wounding 20, taking 60 prisoners,
22 wagons and a number of horses.
23. Col. Len. Harris, with the 2d Ohio, two guns of Capt. Konkle’s
Ohio battery and Capt. Laughlin’s cavalry, drove out a body of 200
rebels from West Liberty, Morgan co., Ky., after a skirmish in which
10 were killed, 5 wounded, and 6 made prisoners, of the rebels, with
no loss on the part of the Federals. A small quantity of stores was
captured.
23. Fifty men of the 6th Indiana while skirmishing near
Hodgesville, Ky., were attacked by a superior force of rebels, whom
they repulsed, killing 3 and wounding 5. Three of the Federals were
severely wounded, including Lieut. Grayson, their commander.
23. Gen. Fred. W. Lander was appointed to command the brigade
of the late Col. Baker.
24. President Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus, so far
as related to military arrests, in the District of Columbia.
24. The steamer Salvor was captured while attempting to run the
blockade at Tampa Bay, Fla.
24. Western Virginia voted almost unanimously in favor of a
division of the State.
24. The western section of the California telegraph was completed
to Salt Lake City, connecting the wires from the Pacific to the
Atlantic ocean.
24. Skirmish between the pickets of Gen. Wm. T. Ward and a
scouting party of rebels near Campbellsville, Ky. Several of the rebels