Alarm Management for Process Control

a Best Practice Guide for Design

Implementation and Use of Industrial
Alarm Systems Rothenberg
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Alarm Management for Process Control FROM THE FIRST EDITION Rothenberg Douglas H. Rothenberg
“This book provides a thorough view of what it takes
Second Edition to manage our alarms. But it is not just a book on
by Douglas H. Rothenberg, PhD alarm management; the underlying messages are
about Safety and Awareness. It solidly conveys the
mantra that the most effective way to run a manufac-
The first edition of this book received enthusiastic reception in the industrial turing site is this: Ensure employee safety & provide
communities world wide. Through its careful treatment and broad coverage, a work environment that delivers the right amount

Alarm
it has elevated alarm management to a place of importance for control room of information at exactly the right time. The book
operational safety. contains details and insight that can only be gained
This book elevates alarm management from a fragmented collection of through experience, lessons learned, and problem

procedures, metrics, experiences, and trial-and-error, to the level of a technology
discipline. It provides a complete treatment of best practices in alarm management.
The technology and approaches found here provide the opportunity to completely
understand the what, the why, and the how of successful alarm systems.
Management
solving. It is presented for those of us with an interest
or desire for proper alarm management, yet who
do not know where to start or how to sustain our
progress.”

for Process
No modern industrial enterprise, particularly in such areas as chemical —A. T. Stump
processing, can operate without a secure and reliable infrastructure of alarms and
controls—they are an integral part of all production management and control “His book is a comprehensive treatment of the

Control
systems. Improving alarm management is an effective way to provide operators current best practices in industrial process control

for Process Control

with high-value support and guidance to successfully manage industrial plant
operations. Readers will find:
• Recommendations and guidelines are developed from fundamental con-
cepts to provide powerful technical tools and workable approaches.
• Alarms are treated as indicators of abnormal situations, not simply sensor
Alarm Management
alarm management. Doug covers the entire alarm
management process from how to recognize the level
of performance of existing systems through the meth-
odology and procedures for redesigning (or designing
new) state-of-the-practice alarm systems. All critical

A Best-Practice Guide for

readings that might be out of position. tasks are explained, with examples and insight into
• Alarm improvement is intimately linked to infrastructure management, what they mean.”
including the vital role of plant maintenance to alarm management, the —W. Boyes, Control Magazine
need to manage operators’ charter to continue to operate during abnormal
situations vs. cease operation, and the importance of situation awareness “This is the most complete book on alarm manage-
Design, Implementation,
and Use of Industrial
without undue reliance upon alarms ment; it covers the theory and many years of practical
The ability to appreciate technical issues is important, but this book requires experience in resolving alarm issues. I found the book
no previous specific technical, educational, or experiential background. to be full of gems for an alarm management rational-
The style and content are very accessible to a broad industrial audience
from board operator to plant manager. All critical tasks are explained
ization team.”
—Ian Nimmo, Founder of ASM Consortium; Alarm Systems
with workflow processes, examples, and insight into what it all means. currently President of UCDS
Alternatives are offered everywhere to enable users to tailor-make solutions

Second Edition
to their particular sites.

Doug Rothenberg is founder and president of D-RoTH, Inc., a leading world-class consulting
firm in all areas of alarm management systems for industrial manufacturing and technology
providers, based in Shaker Heights, Ohio. He holds a BSEE in electrical engineering from
Virginia Tech, a MSEE from Case Institute of Technology, and a PhD in systems engineering
from Case Western Reserve University. He is past president of the Cleveland section of the
International Society of Automation and remains active in both regional and national engi-
neering and professional societies, including ISA and Sigma Xi. He serves on ISA 18 and API Second Edition
1167 alarm management standards committees.

ISBN: 978-1-94708-334-9
Alarm
Management
for Process
Control
Alarm
Management
for Process
Control
A Best-Practice Guide for
Design, Implementation,
and Use of Industrial
Alarm Systems
Second Edition

DOUGLAS H. ROTHENBERG

MOMENTUM PRESS, LLC, NEW YORK

Alarm Management for Process Control: A Best-Practice Guide for Design, Implementation, and Use
of Industrial Alarm Systems, Second Edition

Copyright © Doug Rothenberg, 2018

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording or any other
except for brief quotations, not to exceed 400 words, without the prior permission of the publisher

First published in 2009 by

Momentum Press®, LLC
222 East 46th Street, New York, N.Y. 10017
www.momentumpress.net

ISBN-13: 978-1-94708-334-9 (print)

ISBN-13: 978-1-94708-335-6 (e-book)

Cover and interior design by Exeter Premedia Services Private Ltd., Chennai, India

Second Edition: 2018

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Printed in the United States of America

To my dearest wife, constant companion, champion, and best friend, Katarzyna
Gustaw, under whose sheltering roof and within whose protecting walls the first
words to this book, nearly the final words, and much in between were written.

Książkę tą dedykuję mojemu najlepszemu przyjacielowi, drogiej żonie mojej

Katarzynie Gustaw. Za jej to przyczyną i w jej przyjaznym domu pracowałem
przez długi czas, rozpocząłem i zakończyłem pisanie.
About the Author

D
ouglas H. Rothenberg is the president and principal
consultant of D-RoTH, Inc., a technology consult-
ing company providing innovative technology and
services for industry. His background includes nearly 20 years
as an independent consultant to Fortune 1000 companies;
over 20 years with Standard Oil, BP Oil, and BP Amoco,
where he was responsible for new, state-of-the-art technology
to support advanced manufacturing solutions; and 10 years
in academia at Case Western Reserve University. Current
areas of specialty with D-RoTH include alarm management,­
fit-for-purpose product design, and innovation development
for new products and services. He has a world-renowned
­reputation in consulting, training, and services in alarm management.
Rothenberg has a PhD in systems and control engineering from Case Western
Reserve University, an MS in electrical engineering from Case Institute of Technology,
and a bachelor of electrical engineering degree from Virginia Polytechnic Institute. He
has several patents in instrumentation and controls. He is active in the ­International
Society of Automation (ISA; formerly Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation
Society; and before that the Instrument Society of America) and a member of Sigma Xi,
the Scientific Research Society. He is the recipient of 2005 Educator of the Year Award
from Cleveland Technical Societies Council, Cleveland, Ohio. His early work helped
shape the approach and content of the EEMUA Publication 191 Alarm ­Management.
He is serving on the ISA18.2 Alarm Management Standards ­ Committee and the
­American Petroleum Institute API 1167 Alarm Management ­Standards Committee.

vii
Contents

About the Author vii

List of Figures xxviii
List of Tables xxxiv
Foreword xxxvii
Acknowledgments xxxix
Second Edition Preface xl
Credits xlii
Introduction xliii
Not a Handbook xlv
Audience xlv
Usefulness xlvi
Contents xlvi
Part I: The Alarm Management Problem xlvii
Part II: The Alarm Management Solution xlvii
Part III: Implementing Alarm Management xlvii
Book Deliverables xlviii
Important Word xlviii
Notes xlix

Part 1: The Alarm Management Problem 1

Chapter 1: Meet Alarm Management 3

1.1 Key Concepts 4

1.2 Alarm Performance Problems 5
Symptoms 5
Evidence 5
1.3 Reasons for Alarm Improvement 6
How Alarms Fit into Process Operating Situation 6
ix
Contents • Chapter 1

Alarm Management 8
Benefits 8
1.4 A Brief History of Alarm Management 10
1.5 The “Management” in Alarm Management 11
1.6 Alarm Design Roadmap 12
1.7 Audience for this Book 13
1.8 Importance of Alarm Management 13
1.9 Fundamentals of Alarm Management 15
Bottom Line of Alarm Management 15
Fundamentals 15
Operator Action 17
Importance of the Fundamentals 18
1.10 Design for Human Limitations 19
1.11 Alarm Management and Six Sigma 19
1.12 Controls Platforms 21
PLC versus DCS 21
PLC Special Considerations 22
1.13 Continuous versus Discrete and Batch 22
1.14 Application Effect on Alarm Design 23
1.15 Time and Dynamics 24
1.16 Historical Incidents 27
Three Mile Island 27
Milford Haven 28
Texas City 29
Why Now? 30
1.17 The New Design 31
Not by Subtraction Alone 31
Starting Alarm Improvement 32
Alarm Philosophy 32
Data Gathering and Analysis 32
Alarm Conventions and Redesign Guidelines 36
1.18 Example Alarm Redesign (Rationalization) Results 39
1.19 Completing the Design 40
Advanced Techniques 40
Situation Awareness 40
Operator Screen Design 41

x
 Contents • Chapter 2

Operational Integrity Improvement 41

Condition Monitoring 41
1.20 Alarm Improvement Projects 42
1.21 Lessons for Successful Alarm Management 43
1.22 Important Design and Safety Notice 44
1.23 Conclusion 44
1.24 Notes and Additional Reading 44
Notes 44
Recommended Additional Reading 45

Chapter 2: Abnormal Situations 47

2.1 Key Concepts 48

2.2 Introducing Abnormal Situations 49
Two Scenarios 49
The Two Sides of Abnormal Situations 50
2.3 Observing Abnormal Situations 51
2.4 Understanding Abnormal Situations 53
2.5 Understanding Incidents 55
General Concepts Learned 55
Your Plant Data 55
2.6 General Lessons from Incidents 56
Examination for Cause 57
Hazards Defined by the FAA 60
Two Events 61
2.7 Critical Contributors to Incidents 61
Subtle Abnormalities 61
The Human Nature of Operators 62
Stop in Time 63
2.8 The Importance of Time 63
An Example 63
Process Safety Time 65
SUDA 66
Alarm Activation Point and Time 67
2.9 Why Abnormal Situations Are Important 67
2.10 Message of Abnormal Situations 70
State of Control Loops 70

xi
Contents • Chapter 3

The Magic in a Control Loop 71

Abnormal Situations in Perspective 73
2.11 Notes and Additional Reading 73
Notes 73
Recommended Additional Reading 73

Chapter 3: Strategy for Alarm Improvement 75

3.1 Key Concepts 76

3.2 How We Got Ourselves into Trouble 76
Controls Technology Evolution 77
How We Think 78
The Way Forward 79
3.3 The Alarm Management Problem 80
Symptoms 80
Root Causes 81
A Good Alarm 81
So Many Alarms, So Little Time 81
Benefits of Rationalization 82
3.4 Alarm Activation Path 83
3.5 The Geography of Alarm Management 84
Plant Area Model 85
Smallest Area of Rationalization 86
3.6 Alarm Improvement Teams 87
Representation 87
Local Teams 89
Site Team 89
Large Corporate Team 90
3.7 Alarm Improvement Projects 90
3.8 Standards and Regulations Overview 92
Best Practices Summary 92
Key Messages 93
Guides, Standards, and Regulations 94
3.9 Regulations 94
Department of Transportation (United States) 94
3.10 Standards and Guides 95
EEMUA 191 95

xii
 Contents • Chapter 4

NAMUR (Germany) 98
ANSI/ISA 18.2 100
OSHA (United States) 101
HSE (UK) 102
API (United States) 103
IEC 62682 103
EPRI (United States) 104
Remarks 104
3.11 Conclusion 105
3.12 Notes and Additional Reading 105
Notes 105
Recommended Additional Reading 106

Chapter 4: Alarm Performance 107

4.1 Key Concepts 108

4.2 Alarm Problems 108
4.3 Alarm Performance Assessment 109
4.4 Alarm Metrics and Benchmarks 109
Why Have Metrics? 110
Plant Area of Focus—A Single-Operator Area 111
Basic Configuration Metrics 111
Basic Activation Metrics 113
4.5 Alarm Assessment Tools 114
Why Use a Tool? 115
Characteristics of Good Tools 115
Tool Providers 115
Getting the Data In 117
Configuration Data 117
Activation Data 118
4.6 Configuration Analysis 120
4.7 Activation Analysis 122
Activation Analysis across Industrial Segments 125
Deriving Implications from Activation Analyses 126
Alarm Priority Activation Rates 126
Acknowledgment Ratio 127
Time to Acknowledge 128

xiii
Contents • Chapter 4

Time to Clear 128

Alarm Flood 128
Chattering and Repeating 128
Related and Consequential 129
Standing and Stale 129
Nuisance Alarms (Bad Actors) 129
4.8 Advanced Activation Analysis 132
4.9 Alarm Correlation Analyses 132
Situations 132
General Comments 134
4.10 One Day in the Life of an Alarm System—
Configuration 135
Number of Tags and Tags with Alarms 135
Number of Alarms by Alarm Type 135
Priority of Configured Alarms 136
Duplicate Alarms 137
4.11 One Day in the Life of an Alarm System—Activation 138
The Raw Data 139
Amount of Data Produced in One Day 140
Alarm Activations 141
Time in Alarm 142
Time to Acknowledge 142
Operator Actions 144
4.12 Alarm System Performance Levels 144
4.13 Conclusion 146
4.14 Notes and Additional Reading 147
Notes 147
Recommended Additional Reading 147

Part 2: The Alarm Management Solution 149

Chapter 5: Permission to Operate 151

5.1 Key Concepts 152

5.2 Management’s Role 152
5.3 Operating Situations 153
Operating in Uncertainty 153

xiv
 Contents • Chapter 5

Unique Events 153

Explosive Events 154
Definitions 155
5.4 How Permission to Operate Came to Be 155
5.5 How Permission to Operate Works 156
5.6 Permission to Operate 156
5.7 Alternative Methods for Granting Permission 157
De Facto Decisions 157
Operating Modality Decisions 158
5.8 Managing the Operator’s Permission 159
Qualifying Abnormal 159
No Help at Hand 159
Observer Evaluation 160
Operator Evaluation 160
Putting It All Together 162
5.9 Shut Down and Safe Park 162
Operator-Initiated Shutdown 163
Automated Shutdown 163
Safe Park 164
5.10 Special Technology 164
Detection and Warning of Abnormal Conditions 165
Conditions Related to the Plant 165
Conditions Related to the Operator 165
5.11 Operator Redeployment 166
5.12 Process Complexity 169
Linearly Related Complexity 170
Integrated/Complex Related 170
5.13 Training and Skills 171
Industrial Manufacturing 171
Military Training 172
5.14 Other Key Principles of Operation 173
Additional Operating Principles 173
Field Principles 174
Safety System Principles 174
Design and Inspection Principles 174
Management Principles 174

xv
Contents • Chapter 6

5.15 What Is Being Done by Others 175

Technology in Development 175
5.16 Conclusion 175
5.17 Notes 176

Chapter 6: Alarm Philosophy 177

6.1 Key Concepts 178

6.2 Caveats 178
A Foundation Is at the Bottom 178
Owner versus Designer 179
Reliance on Philosophy 179
Completeness 179
6.3 Getting Started 179
Operator Survey 180
Advice to the Reader on Timing of This Topic 180
6.4 Special Alarm Issues 181
Types of Alarms and Their Recommended Use 181
Smart Field Devices 182
Light Boxes 182
Special Cases of Redundant Alarms 182
About Alerts 183
Classes of Alarms 184
6.5 Overview of Alarm Philosophy 184
Philosophy 101 185
Operator-Centric Items 185
Plant-Centric Items 186
Alarm System Purpose 187
Philosophy Intent 187
Elements in the Philosophy 188
6.6 Alarm Priority 189
Priority Levels 190
Priority Names 192
Humorous Illustration of Priority 193
Consequence and Severity 194
Propagation of Abnormal Situations 197
Urgency 198

xvi
 Contents • Chapter 6

Priority Assignment 199

Alarm Priority Assignment Setup Review 199
6.7 Enterprise Philosophy Framework 201
Overview 201
Framework Philosophy Document 203
At the Enterprise Level 203
Factoring It All into the Philosophy 205
6.8 Site-Level Philosophy 206
Site Personality 207
The Rest of the “Bases” 207
6.9 Alarm Design Principles 208
Fundamental Principles 208
Functional Principles 209
Key Performance Indicators 210
Critical Success Factors 210
Approved Management of Change Requirements 211
Procedure for Rationalization 211
Alarm Configuration: Specific Issues 212
Alarm Activation Point Determination 212
Priority Assignment 212
Alarm Presentation 212
Operator Roles 213
Interplay with Procedures 213
Training 214
Escalation 215
Maintenance 215
6.10 Example Procedure: To Silence or to Acknowledge 216
6.11 Philosophy Hit List 220
6.12 Alarm Philosophy Workshop 221
Workshop Details 221
Facilitation 224
Preparation 224
6.13 Enterprise Philosophy Framework 226
6.14 Conclusion 227
6.15 Notes 227

xvii
Contents • Chapter 7

Chapter 7: Rationalization 229

7.1 Key Concepts 229

7.2 Introduction 230
Basic Approaches 231
Cornerstone Concepts of Alarm Management 232
7.3 About the Word “Rationalization” 234
7.4 Checklist 234
7.5 Getting Ready to Rationalize 235
Housekeeping 235
Bad Actors 236
Filters and Deadbands 237
The Data 239
Alarm Documentation and Rationalization Tools 239
Rationalization Is Not Just About Numbers 240
7.6 Alarm Response Manual 241
Header Information 243
Configuration Data 244
Causes 244
Confirmatory Actions 244
Consequences of Not Acting 245
Automatic Actions 245
Manual Corrective Actions 245
Advanced Alarm Requirements 246
Alarm Response Timing Data 246
Safety-Related Testing Requirements 246
Example Online Alarm Response Sheet 246
Additional Items 247
7.7 Rationalization Methods 248
Alarms Are Not the Important Part 248
Rationalization Approaches 248
“Starting from Where You Are” Rationalization 249
“Starting from Zero” Rationalization 250
7.8 Required Alarms 252
7.9 Common Elements and Common Subsystems 252
7.10 “Starting from Where You Are” Rationalization 254
Work Process 255

xviii
 Contents • Chapter 7

7.11 “Starting from Zero” Rationalization 257

Work Process 258
Wrap-Up 260
7.12 Only Four Alarms 260
7.13 Identifying Subsystem Boundaries 261
Decomposition 262
7.14 “Starting from Zero” Examples 266
Furnace 266
Heat Exchanger 268
7.15 Working Through the Database 270
Method of Flows 270
Method of Elements 272
Choosing a Method 273
7.16 The Alarm Activation Point 273
Alarm Activation Point Determination 274
A Digression in Setting Alarm Activation Points 277
The Limit of Alarm Limits 278
Generalizing Alarm Activation Point Calculations 279
Too Much Time; Just Enough Time 281
Alarm “Pick-Up” Order 282
7.17 Determining Alarm Priority 286
Assigning Priority 287
Calibrating the Alarm Priority Assignment Process 289
Nonweighted Maximum Severity with Urgency
Direct to Priority 291
7.18 Alarm Priority Assignment Examples 294
Sum of All Severities 294
Sum of All Severities Weighted by Urgency 295
Maximum Severity 296
Urgency Only 296
Maximum Severity Weighted by Urgency 297
Summary of Examples 298
7.19 Purpose of Alarm Priority 299
7.20 Rationalization Working Sessions 299
Teams 299
Participant Preparation 301

xix
Contents • Chapter 8

Work Areas 301

Work Sessions 302
Events Schedule 303
7.21 Partial Rationalizations 305
Concepts and Experience 305
Bad Actors 306
Rationalize Only Important Parts of the Operator’s
Area 306
Rationalize Only Alarms that Activate 307
Bottom Line 308
7.22 Conclusion 309
7.23 Notes and Additional Reading 309
Recommended Additional Reading 309

Chapter 8: Enhanced Alarm Methods 311

8.1 Key Concepts 312

8.2 Beginning 312
8.3 The Situation 314
8.4 Safety Notice 315
Operator Awareness 315
Monitoring 316
Unsafe Operations 316
8.5 Enhanced Alarm Functions 316
8.6 Enhanced Alarm Infrastructure 318
General Considerations 318
Alarm Processors 318
Basic Infrastructure 318
Enhanced Infrastructure 319
Alarm Integrity Monitoring 319
8.7 Operator Consent 319
Implement Automatically 320
Implement Unless Cancelled 321
Suggest with Positive Response Required 321
Suggest Only 322
8.8 Operator-Controlled Suppression Techniques 322
8.9 Preconfigured, Simplified Suppression Techniques 324

xx
 Contents • Chapter 9

8.10 Informative Assistance 326

When Informative Assistance Is Useful 326
How to Do It 327
Examples 328
More Examples 330
8.11 Knowledge-Based 331
Pattern Recognition 332
Neural Networks 333
Fuzzy Logic 334
Knowledge-Based Reasoning 335
Model-Based Reasoning 336
8.12 Keeping Track of Plant State 337
Explicit Plant States 338
Implicit Plant States 338
8.13 Alarm Information without Alarm Activation 339
Plant Area Model 340
Conditional Alarming Facilitators 341
8.14 Alarm Activation Permissions 342
Category I Alarms 343
Category II Alarms 344
Category III Alarms 344
8.15 Conclusion 344
8.16 Notes and Additional Reading 345
Notes 345
Recommended Additional Reading 345

Part 3: Implementing Alarm Management 347

Chapter 9: Implementation 349

9.1 Key Concepts 349

9.2 Beginning 350
9.3 Implementation Steps 351
Approvals 351
Configuration 352
Enhanced Alarm Features 352
Process Graphics and Other Displays 353

xxi
Contents • Chapter 10

Procedures 353
Training 353
Documentation 353
Infrastructure 354
Operability Review 354
Final Approval 354
9.4 Implementation 355
Simulators and Training 355
Cutover and Testing 355
Moving On 355
9.5 Conclusion 355

Chapter 10: Life Cycle Management 357

10.1 Key Concepts 357

10.2 Assess Alarm Performance 358
Initial Assessment 359
Periodic Assessment 359
Timing of Assessments 359
Collection of Data 360
Every Alarm Activation Points to Opportunity 360
10.3 Interpretation of Periodic Assessments 361
Evaluate 361
Look for Added Benefits 361
Modify and Repair 362
Monitor and Enforce 362
Nuisance Alarms 362
Alarm Creep 363
Adding and Removing Alarms 364
10.4 Advanced Interpretation of Periodic Assessments 364
Nomenclature and Design 364
Value 366
Cases 366
10.5 Statistical Process Control and Alarm Management 376
Background 376
Relevance to Alarm Management 377
Guidance 378

xxii
 Contents • Chapter 11

10.6 Enforcement 379

Enforcement by Shift 380
Periodic Enforcement 381
Aperiodic Enforcement 381
10.7 Notes 381

Chapter 11: Project Development 383

11.1 Key Concepts 384

11.2 The Fit of Alarm Improvement 384
11.3 The Business Case 386
Percentage of Daily Losses 386
Direct Calculation 387
Negotiation 388
Bottom Line 388
11.4 Project Design Approaches 388
Alarm Improvement by Starting from Where You Are 389
Alarm Improvement by Starting from Zero 391
Usefulness of Stages 393
11.5 Project Construction Alternatives 393
Sitewide, Comprehensive 394
Sitewide, Staged 395
Sitewide, Unit-by-Unit, Comprehensive 395
Review 396
11.6 Why Some Projects Fail 397
11.7 “Low-Hanging” Fruit 398
11.8 Conclusion 398

Chapter 12: Situation Awareness 399

12.1 Key Concepts 400

12.2 Operator Support Needs 400
The Hat 400
The Disaster Chain 401
Need for Situation Awareness 403
Visualizations 404
12.3 The Deviation Diagram 404
12.4 User-Centered Design—Human Factors 406

xxiii
Contents • Chapter 12

Human Factors Details 406

Environment 407
Scaling 408
Compensation 408
Understandability 408
Implementability 409
Unified Feel 409
12.5 Our Biological Clock 409
12.6 Other Operator Support Issues 411
Intent Recognition 411
Operator Vigilance 412
To Push or to Pull 412
12.7 Operator Displays 413
Physical Display Architecture 414
Modern Displays 415
Hierarchical Display Architecture 417
The Overview Level 419
The Secondary Level 421
The Tertiary Level 421
12.8 Navigation 424
12.9 Notifications Instead of Alarms 425
12.10 Perception Problems with Video Displays 427
Relationships and Size 427
Coding Conflicts 427
Color 430
Comments 436
12.11 New Operator Display Design 437
Coding Schemes and Icons 437
Overview Level 439
Secondary Level 440
Tertiary Level 443
Do ASM-Style Displays Work? 444
12.12 Wrap-Up 444
12.13 Notes and Additional Reading 446
Notes 446
Recommended Additional Reading 447

xxiv
 Contents • Appendices

Appendix 1: Definitions of Terms, Abbreviations,

and Acronyms 449

Appendix 2: Review
 of Alarm Management Standards,
Guidelines, and Best Practices 463
A2.1 Setting the Stage 463
A2.2 IEC 62682; ANSI/ISA 18.2 470
A2.3 NAMUR 473
A2.4 Norwegian Petroleum Directorate 502
A2.5 Notes 526

Appendix 3: Operator Alarm Usefulness Questionnaire 527

A3.1 Operator Alarm Usefulness Questionnaire 528

Explanation 528
Purpose 528
General Instructions 528
Confidentiality 528
Surveyors 529
Additional Information If You Have Questions 529
Where Questionnaire Is to Be Returned 529
Operator Alarm Usefulness Questionnaire 530
Normal Steady Operation 532
Plant Faults and Trips 534
General 541
A3.2 Quiet Period Alarm Usefulness Questionnaire 543
Explanation 543
Instructions 543
Column Definitions 543
Survey Data Table 544
Summary 545

Appendix 4: Alarm Philosophy from

Honeywell European Users 547

Appendix 5: Overview of Alarm Management

for Process Control 563

A5.1 The Chapters 564

xxv
Contents • Appendices

Part I: The Alarm Management Problem 564

Part II: The Alarm Management Solution 567
Part III: Implementing Alarm Management 570

Appendix 6: Alarm Response Sheet 573

Appendix 7: Metrics and Key Performance Indicators 575

Part I: Recommended Requirements for Analysis Tools 575

A7.1 Purpose 575
A7.2 Background 575
A7.3 Analysis Types 576
A7.4 Queries 577
A7.5 Alarm Remediation Analyses 581
A7.6 Tools and Key Features 584
Part II: Metrics 587
A7.7 Introduction 587
A7.8 Static (Configuration) Metrics 588
A7.9 Dynamic (Activation) Metrics 590

Appendix 8: Alarm Management Pioneers 593

A8.1 Opening Notes 593

Father of Modern Alarm Management 593
A8.2 Alarm Management Taskforce 593
Pioneering Members 594
Objectives for Work 596
A8.3 Abnormal Situation Management Consortium 596
Key Players 597
Objectives for Work 597
A8.4 Additional Credits 598
Standards and Practice Organizations 598
Trainers and Consultants 598
Services Providers 598
Technology Providers 598
Industrial Controls Providers 598
Personalities at Large 599
A8.5 Note 599

xxvi
 Contents • Appendices

Appendix 9: Qualitative Risk Method for Priority Assignment 601

Acknowledgment 601
A9.1 Qualitative Risk 601
A9.2 Porter’s Discussion on the Rationales for the
Qualitative Risk Matrix for Alarm Prioritization 602
Goal 602
Scope 602
A9.3 Description of Matrix 602
Probability Axis 602
Severity Axis 604
A9.4 Definition of Priorities 604

Appendix 10: Manufacturing Modalities and Alarm

Management 609

A10.0 Note for Second Edition 609

A10.1 Introduction 609
A10.2 Characteristics of Manufacturing Modalities 610
A10.3 Comparison Matrix 612
A10.4 Note 615

Appendix 11: Notifications Management 617

A11.0 Note for Second Edition 617

A11.1 Introduction 618
A11.2 Points to Consider 618
A11.3 Questions and Issues 619
A11.4 Note 620

Index 621

xxvii
Figures

Figure 1.0.1. Alarms are an intrusive notification to the operator 4

Figure 1.3.1. Operating region versus modality of remediation 7
Figure 1.3.2. Aging workforce in U.S. power industry 10
Figure 1.6.1. Alarm redesign roadmap 12
Figure 1.9.1. Alarm design foundation fundamentals 16
Figure 1.9.2. Operator action types 18
Figure 1.15.1. Magical viewer stage 25
Figure 1.15.2. Looking into our process 26
Figure 1.16.1. The iceberg of alarm management 31
Figure 1.17.1. Number of alarm occurrences
within last 30 days (by frequency) 33
Figure 1.17.2. Example of an alarm flood 34
Figure 1.17.3. Typical alarm priority spread 35
Figure 1.17.4. Link between alarms and actions (3 months) 35
Figure 2.3.1. What an abnormal situation looks like 52
Figure 2.4.1. Incident severity triangle 54
Figure 2.6.1. Causes of incidents 56
Figure 2.8.1. Timeline of an explosive gas leak 64
Figure 2.8.2. Process safety time and SUDA 65
Figure 2.9.1. Mapping current production 68
Figure 2.9.2. Improved production through better process management 69
Figure 3.2.1. Exponential growth in configured alarms 77
Figure 3.2.2. Panel board semigraphic 78
Figure 3.2.3. Engraved window for dedicated panel-mounted alarm 78
Figure 3.3.1. Top ten reasons to rationalize your alarm system 82
Figure 3.4.1. Alarm activation path 83
Figure 3.5.1. Conceptual plant area model 85

xxviii
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
answered by [238]a “burning, as in hell-fire, of priestly shams and
lies,” and not one out of twenty French monasteries escaped the fury
of the avengers. Our Protestant clergymen see their temple walls
cracked by a breach of ever-multiplying schisms, and can prop their
prestige only by more and more humiliating concessions, and in
every intelligent community have to purchase popularity by rank
heresies against the dogmas of their predecessors. Here and there
the orthodox tenets of the New Testament have survived the
progress of rationalism, but haunt the shade, like specters scenting
the morning air, and momentarily expecting the summons that shall
banish them to the realms of their native night.

[Contents]

E.—REFORM.

When the harbinger of day dispels the specters of darkness, half-

awakened sleepers often mourn the fading visions of dreamland, as
they would mourn the memories of a vanished world, till they find
that the solid earth still remains, with its mountains and forests, and
that the enjoyment of real life has but just begun. With a similar
regret the dupes of Jesuitism mourn the collapse of their creed and
lament the decline of morality, till they find that religion still remains,
with its consolations and hopes, and that the true work of redemption
has but just begun.

The reign of superstition begins to yield to a religion of reason and

humanity. The first forerunners of that religion appeared at the end of
the sixteenth century, when the philosophers of northern Europe
[239]first dared to appeal from dogma to nature, and since that revival
of common-sense the prison walls of clerical obscurantism have
been shaken by shock after shock, till daylight now enters through a
thousand fissures.

But Secularism has a positive as well as a negative mission, and

after removing the ruins of exploded idols, the champions of reform
will begin the work of reconstruction. Temples dedicated to the
religion of progress will rise from the ruins of superstition.
Communities of reformants will intrust the work of education to
chosen teachers, who will combine the functions of an instructor with
those of an exhorter. In the languages of several European nations
the word “rector” still bears that twofold significance. The ministers of
Secularism will not sacrifice physical health to mental culture. They
will be gymnasiarchs, like the Grecian pedagogues who
superintended the athletic exercises of their pupils and accompanied
them on foot journeys and hunting excursions. They will be teachers
of hygiene, laboring to secure the foundations of mental energy by
the preservation of physical vigor, and to banish diseases by the
removal of their causes. They will seek to circumscribe the power of
prejudice by the extension of knowledge. They will obviate the perils
of poverty by lessons of industry and prudence. Their doctrines will
dispense with miracles; they will make experience the test of truth,
and justice the test of integrity; they will not suppress, but
encourage, free inquiry; their war against error will employ no
weapons but those of logic. [240]

The religion of reason will limit its proper sphere to the secular
welfare of mankind, but will ask, as well as grant, the fullest freedom
of metaphysical speculation. Why should the friends of light darken
the sunshine of earth with fanatical wars for the suppression of
private theories about the mystery of the unrevealed first cause?
Why should they rage about the riddle of the veiled hereafter to
please the ordainer of the eternal law that visits such inexorable
penalties upon the neglect of the present world? Should the friends
of common sense quarrel about guesses at the solution of
unknowable secrets? We need not grudge our wonder-loving brother
the luxury of meditating on the mysteries of the unseen or the
possibilities of resurrection. Shall the soul of the dying patriarch live
only in his children? Shall it wing its way to distant stars? Shall it
linger on earth:

“Sigh in the breeze, keep silence in the cave,

And glide with airy foot o’er yonder sea?”

Why should we wrangle about riddles which we cannot possibly

solve? But we might certainly have honesty enough to admit that
impossibility. Musing on the enigmas of the “land beyond the veil”
may entertain us with the visions of a dreamy hour, but should not
engross the time needed for the problems of the only world thus far
revealed.

Thus, founded on a basis of health-culture, reason, and justice, the

office of priesthood will regain its ancient prestige, and the best and
wisest of men will become ministers of Secularism by devoting their
lives to the science of happiness on earth. [241]
[Contents]
 PROF. FELIX L. OSWALD’S WORKS.

THE SECRET OF THE EAST; or, The Origin of the

Christian Religion, and the Significance of its Rise
and Decline. Cloth, $1.

THE BIBLE OF NATURE; or, The Principles of

Secularism. A Contribution to the Religion of the
Future. Cloth, $1.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION; or, The Health-Laws of

Nature. Cloth, $1.

HOUSEHOLD REMEDIES; for the Prevalent

Disorders of the Human Organism. Cloth, $1.

THE POISON PROBLEM; or, The Cause and Cure of

Intemperance. Pap., 25cts; clo., 75cts.

SUMMERLAND SKETCHES; or, Rambles in the

Backwoods of Mexico and Central America.
Profusely Illustrated from Designs by H. F. Farny and H.
Faber. 8vo, cloth, $2.50.

ZOOLOGICAL SKETCHES. A Contribution to the

Outdoor Study of Natural History. 8vo, cloth, $2.

For all of the above address

THE TRUTH SEEKER CO.,

28 Lafayette Place, New York. [242]
[Contents]
 WORKS OF
L. K. WASHBURN.

Sunday and the Sabbath. “A law regulating human

conduct on the Sabbath is an impertinence.” Price, 10
cents.

The False Teaching of the Christian Church. “The

Thirty-nine Articles of the Christian church are thirty-nine
poor, broken-down opinions.” Price, 10 cents.

The Foolishness of Prayer. “Think of a minister’s

praying God to kill grasshoppers, or trying to induce the
deity to undertake a crusade of one against the Colorado
beetle!” Price, 10 cents.

Followers of Jesus. Price, 10 cents.

Religious Problems. Price, 10 cents.

Spiritualism: Is It a Faith or a Fact? Price, 5 cents.

Do You Love Jesus? Price, 5 cents.

America’s Debt to Thomas Paine. Price, 5 cents.

Is Liberalism Moral? Price, 5 cents.

A Holy Superstition. Price, 5 cents.

Temperance and the Bible. Price, 5 cents.

Free Religion; or, The Religious Demand of To-day.
Price, 5 cents.

The Brute God of the Old Testament. Price, 5 cents.

The Public Schools and the Catholic Church. 5 cents.

 Colophon
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Metadata

The Bible of Nature;

Or, The Principles of
Title: Secularism. A
Contribution to the
Religion of the Future
Felix Leopold Oswald Info
Author:
(1845–1906) https://viaf.org/viaf/16832833/
File
2023-11-15 20:45:25
generation
UTC
date:
Language: English
Original
publication 1888
date:

Revision History

2023-11-04 Started.
Corrections

The following corrections have been applied to the text:

Edit
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13 jailors jailers 1
31 - [Deleted] 1
38 night-shaft night-shift 1
42 Golgatha Golgotha 1
44 [Not in source] . 1
75 koenig König 3/2
75 koennen können 2/1
89 Jerstaecker Gerstäcker 3/2
90 Rhus Rushd 3
97 Hartz Harz 1
98 kreuze Kreuze 1
98 Luetzen Lützen 2/1
98 Oudenarde Oudenaarde 1
102 wordly worldly 1
105 Hooglyn Hooghly 2
117 cooperation coöperation 1/0
123 intemperence intemperance 1
124 eshalten erhalten 1
152 hypocrits hypocrites 1
160 michievousness mischievousness 1
165,
179, Moriscoes Moriscos 1
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