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Download textbook Bacterial Pangenomics Methods And Protocols Second Edition Alessio Mengoni Editor Giovanni Bacci Editor Marco Fondi Editor ebook all chapter pdf
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Methods in
Molecular Biology 2242
Alessio Mengoni
Giovanni Bacci
Marco Fondi Editors
Bacterial
Pangenomics
Methods and Protocols
Second Edition
METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Series Editor
John M. Walker
School of Life and Medical Sciences
University of Hertfordshire
Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
Second Edition
Edited by
Marco Fondi
Department of Biology
University of Florence
Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
This Humana imprint is published by the registered company Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer
Nature.
The registered company address is: 1 New York Plaza, New York, NY 10004, U.S.A.
Preface
Bacterial genomics has become in the last 10 years a mature research field, contributed by
ecologists, geneticists, bacteriologists, molecular biologists, and evolutionary biologists. In
1999, Carl Woese wrote “Genome sequencing has come of age, and genomics will become
central to microbiology’s future. It may appear at the moment that the human genome is the
main focus and primary goal of genome sequencing, but do not be deceived. The real justifica-
tion in the long run, is microbial genomics” [1]. Indeed, microbial genomics, especially
prokaryotic genomics, is now central in life science, spanning from environmental studies
to medical, agricultural, and industrial application. The discovery of the importance of
microbial communities, their tremendous diversity, and their impact over the life of multi-
cellular organisms, including humans, has led to the emergence of new concepts, including
evolutionary interpretations of biotic relationships. Concurrent improvement of sequencing
technologies is then allowing to shift the interest from the mere assembly/reconstruction
and description of genomes and metagenomes to their functional interpretation.
Under these premises, this second edition of the book Bacterial Pangenomics belonging
to the Methods in Molecular Biology series, became a challenge, in the aim to propose to
readers selected up-to-date methods which are relevant and can bring forth novel discoveries
in such a rapidly evolving field. Consequently, the book has been completely renewed with
respect to the previous edition, paying special attention to the technical and computational
improvements, to the methods used for bacterial pangenome analysis which relies on
microbiome studies and metagenomic data, and also considering the necessity of computa-
tional methods being understandable to every researcher in the field, not a domain restricted
to bioinformaticians.
This book has been organized into five main parts, starting from the up-to-date
sequencing methods (Part I) to the methods for deep phylogenetic analysis (Part II), to
the central role of metagenomic data in understanding the genomics of the many yet
uncultured bacteria (Part III), to the current Part IV. This book ends with two chapters
devoted to promoting the diffusion of computational genomic tools among graduate and
undergraduate students (Part V).
The aim of the present book is then, as for the previous edition, to serve as a “field
guide” both for qualified investigators on bacterial genomics and for less experienced
researchers (including students and teachers) who need references for approaching genomic
analysis and genome data.
Reference
1. Woese C (1999) The quest for Darwin’s grail. ASM News 65:260–263
v
Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
vii
viii Contents
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Contributors
ix
x Contributors
JIAN JIAO • State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, and College of Biological Sciences,
China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
MICHAL KABZA • Department of Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz
University, Poznan, Poland
ALEXANDER KELLER • Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, Biocenter,
University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter,
University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
FABIAN KLÖTZL • Research Group Bioinformatics, Max–Planck-Insitut für
Evolutionsbiologie, Plön, Germany
MARTINA LARI • Department of Biology, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
JIE-LIANG LIANG • Institute of Ecological Science, School of Life Science, South China Normal
University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
EWA LOJKOWSKA • Department of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty
of Biotechnology University of Gdansk & Medical University of Gdansk, University of
Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
ALESSIO MENGONI • Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
AGNIESZKA MISZTAK • Department of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Intercollegiate
Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk & Medical University of Gdansk, University
of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
ALESSANDRA MODI • Department of Biology, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
AGATA MOTYKA-POMAGRUK • Department of Plant Protection and Biotechnology,
Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk & Medical University of
Gdansk, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
WEN-SHENG SHU • Institute of Ecological Science, School of Life Science, South China Normal
University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Magigene
Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
TIMOTHY G. STEPHENS • Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland,
Brisbane, QLD, Australia
CHANG-FU TIAN • State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, and College of Biological
Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
STEFANIA VAI • Department of Biology, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
CHIARA VANNI • Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany; Jacobs
University, Bremen, Germany
ZHANG WANG • Institute of Ecological Science, School of Life Science, South China Normal
University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
BILIANG ZHANG • State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, and College of Biological
Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
PAN ZHANG • State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, and College of Biological Sciences,
China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
ZIDING ZHANG • State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, and College of Biological
Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
SABINA ZOLEDOWSKA • Department of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Intercollegiate
Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk & Medical University of Gdansk, University
of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Gdansk,
Poland
Part I
Abstract
Acquisition of high-quality bacterial genomes is fundamental, while having in mind investigation of subtitle
intraspecies variation in addition to development of sensitive species-specific tools for detection and
identification of the pathogens. In this view, Pacific Biosciences technology seems highly tempting taking
into consideration over 10,000 bp length of the generated reads. In this work, we describe a bacterial
genome assembly pipeline based on open-source software that might be handled also by
non-bioinformaticians interested in transformation of sequencing data into reliable biological information.
With the use of this method, we successfully closed six Dickeya solani genomes, while the assembly process
was run just on a slightly improved desktop computer.
1 Introduction
High throughput and low cost are the hallmarks of next generation
sequencing (NGS) methods, which replaced Sanger-based
approaches in numerous studies on whole bacterial genomes. In
early 2011, Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) RS sequencer has been
released together with Ion Torrent’s PGM and the Illumina
MiSeq platforms [1]. The first technique exploits DNA polymerase
as a single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing engine, yielding
significantly longer reads (approx. 10,000 bp) than the other
above-mentioned methods. Besides, tracking with the base-pair
resolution the kinetic parameters of each individual enzyme opens
perspective for studying the base methylation patterns, polymerase
inhibitors, or DNA binding proteins [2].
The insight into single nucleotide incorporations according to
SMRT technology is achieved within zero-mode waveguide
(ZMW), being a nanophotonic visualization compartment
operating at 100 zeptoliters detection volumes [3]. As depicted in
Alessio Mengoni et al. (eds.), Bacterial Pangenomics: Methods and Protocols, Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 2242,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1099-2_1, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2021
3
4 Agata Motyka-Pomagruk et al.
Fig. 1 The principle of PacBio sequencing technology. Polymerase immobilized at the bottom of ZMV is
incorporating fluorescent phospholinked nucleotides into the nascent DNA strand. Attachment of each correct
nucleotide is associated with specific light emission signal followed by liberation of the fluorophore.
Subsequently, the enzyme shifts to the next nucleotide until the end of the template strand is reached.
Brown arrows mark excitation light, while blue and yellow arrows refer to the emission spectra, corresponding
in this case to T and G, respectively
Table 1
Dickeya solani strains for which the herein described PacBio reads-based genome assembly pipeline
was used
2 Materials
2.2 Biological Bacterial biomass (the strains analyzed herein are listed in Table 1)
Material or 8 μg of high molecular RNA-free DNA (see Note 1).
2.3 Computer System Linux Mint version 17.3 Cinnamon 64-bit, Memory 62.8
Hardware GiB, Hard Drives 190 GB, Processor Intel Core i7-5820K
3.30GHz x 6, NVIDIA Corporation GM206 GeForce GTX 960.
2.4 Computer SMRT Analysis version 2.3, Canu version 1.5 [24], Quiver [25],
Software Prokka version 1.12 [18], samtools, pbalign.
3 Methods
Read Read
Strain No. of No. of bases Read No. of No. of bases length No. of No. of bases length
no.a readsb (bp) N50 length (bp) reads (bp) N50 (bp) reads (bp) N50 (bp)
IFB0167 150,292 1,407,716,051 22,946 9366 93,363 1,348,072,198 23,103 14,439 258,262 1,340,261,637 6168 5189
IFB0212 150,292 321,139,805 24,438 2136 26,205 309,536,324 24,763 11,812 62,031 307,660,285 6047 4959
IFB0231 300,584 805,230,988 21,411 2678 71,357 773,018,933 21,741 10,833 170,468 766,788,395 5500 4498
IFB0311 300,584 858,690,222 24,096 2856 73,736 825,635,137 24,433 11,197 221,577 816,213,960 4314 3683
IFB0417 150,292 1,107,402,396 14,983 7368 102,794 1,043,716,238 15,128 10,153 149,146 1,041,633,970 9484 6983
IFB0421 150,292 1,234,534,051 17,467 8214 106,388 1,201,169,375 17,650 11,290 186,060 1,197,494,239 8913 6436
IFB0487 150,292 1,080,552,377 14,413 7189 100,274 1,029,957,366 14,603 10,271 145,866 1,027,880,868 9524 7046
IFB0695 150,292 1,159,232,658 16,064 7713 99,604 1,127,327,575 16,294 11,318 160,271 1,124,511,594 9505 7016
a
Characteristics of the reads generated for IFB0099 and IFB0223 strains by BaseClear (Leiden, The Netherlands) company are listed in Note 2
b
300,584 reads were generated by 2 SMRT cells 2 movies, while 150,292 reads were obtained from 1 SMRT cell 1 movie
N50 - minimum lenght of contigs covering half of the assembly basses.
PacBio Protocol for Bacterial Genomes
7
8
Table 3
Statistics of the assembled Dickeya solani genomes
3.2 Primary l The reads generated by the PacBio RS II instrument were pro-
Analysis: Quality cessed and filtered with the use of SMRT Analysis version 2.3
Control and Adapter software (see Note 13) to generate the subreads (Fig. 2;
Trimming with SMRT Table 2). Data Management and SMRT Analysis modules are
Analysis compatible with the PacBio RS II data of interest.
3.3 Assembly l At first all the FASTQ format files have been merged (see Note
of PacBio Data 14).
l Then the successor of Celera assembler, Canu version 1.5 [24] was
incorporated for further correction, trimming and subsequent
assembly of the PacBio reads. This software is based on hierarchical
strategy, therefore profits from multiple rounds of read overlap-
ping in order to increase the quality of single-molecule reads
before performing the assembly process (see Note 15).
3.4 Polishing l Primarily the pacbio.fofn (see Note 16) file containing all paths
the Assembled to .bas.h5 (see Note 17) files present in the pacbio folder was
Genomes created.
with PacBio Data l Secondly, the data were converted with samtools (version 1.4.1)
faidx and pbalign [28] (see Notes 18 and 19).
l For getting consensus and variant calling Quiver [25] was
applied (see Note 20).
3.5 Functional l Functional annotation was accomplished with the use of Prokka
Annotation version 1.12 [18] (see Note 21; Table 3).
of the Genomes
4 Notes
Acknowledgments
References
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Chapter 2
Abstract
The NovaSeq 6000 is a sequencing platform from Illumina that enables the sequencing of short reads with
an output up to 6 Tb. The NovaSeq 6000 uses the typical Illumina sequencing workflow based on library
preparation, cluster generation by in situ amplification, and sequencing by synthesis. Flexibility is one of the
major features of the NovaSeq 6000. Several types of sequencing kits coupled with dual flow cell mode
enable high scalability of sequencing outputs to match a wide range of applications from complete genome
sequencing to metagenomics analysis. In this chapter, after explaining how to assemble a normalized pool
of libraries for sequencing, we will describe the experimental steps required to run the pools on the
NovaSeq 6000 platform.
Key words Library quality control, Library quantification, Sequencing pool, Standard sequencing
workflow, XP sequencing workflow, Run setup
1 Introduction
Alessio Mengoni et al. (eds.), Bacterial Pangenomics: Methods and Protocols, Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 2242,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1099-2_2, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2021
15
16 Alessandra Modi et al.
Table 1
NovaSeq 6000 flowcells and outputs
Flow cell Sequencing output Number of lanes on Single Paired-end Run time
type (Gb) flowcell reads reads (h)
SP 2 50 bp 65–80 2 0.6–0.8 1.3–1.6 13
SP 200–250 25
2 150 bp
SP 325–400 38
2 250 bp
S1 2 50 bp 134–167 2 1.3–1.6 2.6–3.2 13
S1 2 100 bp 266–333 19
S1 2 150 bp 400–500 25
S2 2 50 bp 333–417 2 3.3–4.1 6.6–8.2 16
S2 2 100 bp 667–833 25
S2 2 150 bp 1000–1250 36
S4 2 100 bp 1600–2000 4 8–10 10–20 36
S4 2 150 bp 2400–3000 44
Fig. 1 NovaSeq 6000 flow cell types. From left to right SP, S1, S2, and S4 flow cell respectively. Lanes size
and number according to kit output
2 Materials
2.1 General Automated electrophoresis system with related reagents and data
Equipment and processing software.
Reagents Fluorometer with related reagents.
Vortex.
20 Alessandra Modi et al.
Microspin.
Micropipettes with disposable tips.
Ice bath.
10 mM Tris–HCl, pH 8.5.
0.2 N NaOH.
For library dilutions and pool assembling we suggest using LoBind
or siliconized tubes.
1
At the time of writing, the authors are not aware of alternative suppliers offering sequencing reagents and
materials compatible with Illumina NovaSeq6000 System.
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