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Studies in Ditransitive Constructions

Studies in
Ditransitive Constructions
A Comparative Handbook

Edited by
Andrej Malchukov
Martin Haspelmath
Bernard Comrie

De Gruyter Mouton
ISBN 978-3-11-022036-0
e-ISBN 978-3-11-022037-7

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Studies in ditransitive constructions : a comparative handbook / edited


by Andrej Malchukov, Martin Haspelmath, Bernard Comrie.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-3-11-022036-0 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Grammar, Comparative and general ⫺ Transitivity. 2. Gram-
mar, Comparative and general ⫺ Verb. 3. Generative grammar.
4. Semantics. I. Malchukov, Andrej, 1961⫺ II. Haspelmath, Mar-
tin, 1963⫺ III. Comrie, Bernard, 1947⫺
P281.S777 2010
4151.6⫺dc22
2010034295

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek


The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie;
detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de.

쑔 2010 Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/New York


Cover design: Martin Zech, Bremen
Printing: Hubert & Co. GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen
⬁ Printed on acid-free paper
Printed in Germany
www.degruyter.com
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(YD 6FKXOW]H%HUQGW                                                   
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