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Close Encounters
Fifth Edition

2
To our daughters—Gabrielle, Kristiana, Kirsten, Leila, and Rania And to Peter’s granddaughter—Elise Our
relationships with them bring us great joy.

3
Sara Miller McCune founded SAGE Publishing in 1965 to support the dissemination of usable knowledge
and educate a global community. SAGE publishes more than 1000 journals and over 800 new books each
year, spanning a wide range of subject areas. Our growing selection of library products includes archives, data,
case studies and video. SAGE remains majority owned by our founder and after her lifetime will become
owned by a charitable trust that secures the company’s continued independence.

Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Melbourne

4
Close Encounters
Communication in Relationships

Fifth Edition

Laura K. Guerrero
Arizona State University
Peter A. Andersen
San Diego State University
Walid A. Afifi
University of California, Santa Barbara

Los Angeles
London
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Singapore
Washington DC
Melbourne

5
 Copyright © 2018 by SAGE Publications, Inc.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Guerrero, Laura K., author. | Andersen, Peter A., author. | Afifi, Walid A., author.

Title: Close encounters : communication in relationships / Laura K. Guerrero, Arizona State University; Peter A. Andersen, San Diego State
University; Walid A. Afifi, University of California at Santa Barbara.

Description: Fifth edition. | Thousand Oaks : SAGE Publications, Inc., 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2016050544 | ISBN 9781506376721 (pbk. : alk. paper)

Subjects: LCSH: Interpersonal communication.

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7
Brief Contents
1. Preface
2. Acknowledgments
1. Chapter 1 • Conceptualizing Relational Communication
2. Chapter 2 • Communicating Identity
3. Chapter 3 • Drawing People Together
4. Chapter 4 • Making Sense of Our World
5. Chapter 5 • Changing Relationships
6. Chapter 6 • Revealing and Hiding Ourselves
7. Chapter 7 • Communicating Closeness
8. Chapter 8 • Making a Love Connection
9. Chapter 9 • Communicating Sexually
10. Chapter 10 • Staying Close
11. Chapter 11 • Coping With Conflict
12. Chapter 12 • Influencing Each Other
13. Chapter 13 • Hurting the Ones We Love
14. Chapter 14 • Healing the Hurt
15. Chapter 15 • Ending Relationships
3. Glossary
4. References
5. Author Index
6. Subject Index
7. About the Authors

8
Detailed Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1. Conceptualizing Relational Communication: Definitions and Principles
The Field of Personal Relationships: A Brief History
Contributions of Interpersonal Communication Research
Contributions of Social Psychology
Roots in Other Disciplines
Relationships
General Types of Relationships
Need Fulfillment in Close Relationships
Relationship Categories
Characteristics Distinguishing Different Relationship Types
Principles of Interpersonal Communication
Verbal and Nonverbal Messages
Communication as Inevitable
Interpersonal Communication Goals
Effectiveness and Shared Meaning
Content Versus Relational Information
Symmetry in Communication
Principles of Relational Communication
Relationships Emerge Across Ongoing Interactions
Relationships Contextualize Messages
Communication Sends a Variety of Relational Messages
Relational Communication Is Dynamic
Relational Communication Follows Both Linear and Nonlinear Patterns
Summary and Application
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Chapter 2. Communicating Identity: The Social Self
The Development of Personal Identity
Defining Identity
Human Nature and Identity
Communication and Identity
Cultural and Ethnic Identity
The Image: Creating an Identity
“Talkin’ ‘Bout Your Generation”: Millennials and Generation Z-ers’ Identity
Social Networking and Identity

9
 Identity, Perception, and Self-Esteem
Expanding Identity
Principles of Identity Management
Identity and Hierarchical Structure
Identity and the Looking-Glass Self
Identity and the Interpretation of Feedback
Identity, Expectations, and Behavior
Identity and Self-Evaluation
Identity and Goal Achievement
Identity and Relationships
Communicating Identity to Others
General Issues in Self-Presentation
“Life Is a Stage”: The Dramaturgical Perspective
Politeness Theory
Summary and Application
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Chapter 3. Drawing People Together: Forces of Social Attraction
Attraction
Types of Attraction
Fatal Attraction
A Framework for Understanding Attraction
Personal Qualities
Perceptions of Reward Value
Expectations
Biological Aspects of Attraction
Demographic Characteristics
Personality
Other People’s Qualities
Physical Attractiveness
Interpersonal Communication Skills
The “Hard-to-Get” Phenomenon
Qualities of the Pair
Similarity: “Birds of a Feather Flock Together”
Complementarity: Sometimes Opposites Attract
Similarity and Complementarity in Initial Versus Committed Relationships
Qualities of the Physical or Social Environment
Physical Environment
Proximity
Social Environment

10
 Summary and Application
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Chapter 4. Making Sense of Our World: Managing Uncertainty and Expectancy Violations
Uncertainty
Uncertainty Reduction Theory: Issues and Challenges
The Motivation to Reduce Uncertainty
The Relationship Between Communication and Uncertainty
General Strategies for Reducing Uncertainty
Secret Tests
Predicted Outcome Value Theory
The Theory of Motivated Information Management
Relational Turbulence Theory
Expectancy Violations
Expectancy Violations Theory
Types of Expectancy Violations in Close Relationships
Expectancy Violations and Uncertainty in Specific Contexts
Summary and Application
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Chapter 5. Changing Relationships: Stages, Turning Points, and Dialectics
Communication Skills
Relationship Stages
The “Coming Together” Stages
The “Coming Apart” Stages
The Ordering and Timing of Stages
Turning Points
Communication-Based Turning Points
Activities and Special Occasions
Events Related to Passion and Romance
Events Related to Commitment and Exclusivity
Changes in Families and Social Networks
Proximity and Distance
Crisis and Conflict
Perceptual Changes
The Dialectical Perspective
Relational Dialectics Theory
Dialectical Tensions in Friendships
Summary and Application
Key Terms

11
 Discussion Questions
Chapter 6. Revealing and Hiding Ourselves: Self-Disclosure and Privacy
Self-Disclosure
Dimensions of Self-Disclosure
Self-Disclosure and Liking
Reciprocity of Self-Disclosure
Risks Associated With Self-Disclosure
Privacy
Privacy Ownership
Privacy Control
Privacy Turbulence
Influences on Rules for Privacy Management
Negotiating Privacy in Relationships: Challenges and Violations
Topic Avoidance and Secret Keeping
Topics Commonly Avoided or Kept Secret
Reasons for Topic Avoidance and Secret Keeping
How People Engage in Topic Avoidance
Topic Avoidance During Relationship Transitions
Consequences of Topic Avoidance
Consequences of Secret Keeping
Consequences of Revealing Secrets
Summary and Application
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Chapter 7. Communicating Closeness: Affection, Immediacy, and Social Support
Closeness in Relationships
Physical Closeness
Emotional Closeness
Relational Closeness
Communicating Closeness
Affectionate Communication
Affection Exchange Theory
Communicating Affection
Immediacy Behavior
Verbal Immediacy
Nonverbal Immediacy
Cognitive Valence Theory
Behavior
Perception
Arousal

12
 Cognition
Relational Outcomes
Supportive Communication
The Dual Process Model of Supportive Communication
Invisible Support
Person-Centered Messages
Nonverbal Immediacy
Sex Differences in the Experience and Expression of Closeness
Perceptions of Closeness
Communication of Closeness
Preferences for Same-Sex Versus Cross-Sex Friendships
Summary and Application
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Chapter 8. Making a Love Connection: Styles of Love and Attachment
What Is Love?
Love Versus Liking
Love as a Triangle
Finding Love and Falling in Love
Love Styles
Lee’s Love Styles
Ways to Communicate Love
Attachment Theory
The Propensity for Forming Attachments
Internal Working Models and Attachment Styles
Attachment Styles in Childhood
Attachment Styles in Adulthood
Attachment and Relational Satisfaction
Stability and Change in Attachment Styles Across the Life Span
Summary and Application
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Chapter 9. Communicating Sexually: The Closest Physical Encounter
Sex in Relationships
Sex in Short-Term and Early Dating Relationships
Sex in Long-Term Relationships
Sex Differences
Sex in Same-Sex Relationships
Sexual Attitudes
Developing Sexual Attitudes and Beliefs

13
 Communication About Sex
Courtship and Flirtation
Communication, Sexual Satisfaction, and Relational Satisfaction
Sexual Scripts
Pillow Talk
Sexual Coercion and Harassment
Sexual Coercion
Sexual Harassment
Communication and Safe Sex
Summary and Application
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Chapter 10. Staying Close: Maintaining Relationships
Defining Relational Maintenance
Behaviors Used to Maintain Relationships
Prosocial Maintenance Behaviors
Antisocial Maintenance Behavior
Modality of Maintenance Behavior
Strategic and Routine Maintenance Behaviors
Maintenance Behavior in Romantic Relationships
Changes in Maintenance Over the Course of Romantic Relationships
Maintenance in Gay and Lesbian Relationships
Maintenance Behavior in Same-Sex Friendships
Talking Versus Doing
Men and Women Are From the Same Planet
Maintenance Behavior in Cross-Sex Friendships
Challenges in Cross-Sex Friendships
Coping With Romantic Intent
Keeping Friendships Platonic
Maintenance Challenges in Other Relationships
Friends-With-Benefits Relationships
Long-Distance Relationships
Cohabiting Relationships
Equity Theory
Principles of Equity Theory
Reducing Distress in Inequitable Relationships
Combined Influence of Benefit-Cost Ratios and Equity
Summary and Application
Key Terms
Discussion Questions

14
Chapter 11. Coping With Conflict: When Relational Partners Disagree
Conflict in Relationships
Defining Conflict
Frequency of Conflict in Various Relationships
Effects of Conflict on Relationships
Conflict Styles
Competitive Fighting
Compromising
Collaborating
Indirect Fighting
Avoiding
Yielding
Patterns of Conflict Interaction
Negative Reciprocity
Demand-Withdraw
The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
Accommodation
Explanations for Conflict Patterns
Emotional Flooding
Attributions
Communication Skill Deficits
Summary and Application
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Chapter 12. Influencing Each Other: Dominance and Power Plays in Relationships
Defining Power and Related Terms
Power Principles
Power as a Perception
Power as a Relational Concept
Power as Resource Based
Power as Having Less to Lose
Power as Enabling or Disabling
Power as a Prerogative
Interpersonal Influence Goals
Making Lifestyle Changes
Gaining Assistance
Sharing Activities
Initiating Sexual Activity
Changing Political Attitudes
Giving Health Advice

15
 Changing Relationships
Verbal Power Ploys
Verbal Influence Strategies
Relational Control Moves: One-Ups and One-Downs
Powerful and Powerless Speech
Nonverbal Positions of Power
Physical Appearance
Spatial Behavior
Eye Behavior
Body Movements
Touch
The Voice
Time
Artifacts
Power and Influence in Families
Parent and Child Relationships
Traditional Versus Egalitarian Marriages
Summary and Application
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Chapter 13. Hurting the Ones We Love: Relational Transgressions
Hurt Feelings in Relationships
Relational Transgressions
Hurtful Messages
Types of Hurtful Messages
Responses to Hurtful Messages
Deception
Types of Deception
Motives for Deception
Deception Detection
Effects of Deception on Relationships
Infidelity
Types of Infidelity
Behavioral Cues to Infidelity
Sex Differences in Reactions to Infidelity
Jealousy
Characteristics of Jealousy
Experiencing Romantic Jealousy
Communicative Responses to Jealousy
Jealousy and Relational Satisfaction

16
 Sex Differences in Jealous Emotions and Communication
Unrequited Love
Obsessive Relational Intrusion
Reasons People Use Obsessive Relational Intrusion Behavior
Consequences of Obsessive Relational Intrusion Behavior
Relational Violence
Common Couple Violence
Intimate Terrorism
Summary and Application
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Chapter 14. Healing the Hurt: Relationship Repair and Reconciliation
The Investment Model of Relationship-Maintaining Behavior
Commitment
Pro-Relationship Behaviors
The Model of Accommodation
Destructive Behaviors
Constructive Behaviors
Remedial Strategies
Apologies and Concessions
Appeasement
Explanations
Denials
Avoidance and Evasion
Relationship Talk
Forgiveness
What Forgiveness Means
Forgiving Communication
Conditions That Promote or Impede Forgiveness and Forgiving Communication
Relational Reconciliation
Reconciliation Strategies
Reintegration in the Social Network
On-Again Off-Again Relationships
Relational Redefinition
Summary and Application
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Chapter 15. Ending Relationships: Disengagement and Termination
Why Relationships End
Infidelity and Interest in a Third Party

17
 Incompatibility
Alcohol and Drugs
Growing Apart
Loss of Love
Equity Issues Related to Family Obligations
Communication as a Cause of Relational Breakup
Withdrawal
Negative Communication
Lack of Openness and Intimacy
Abusive Communication
The Disengagement Process
A Process Model of Relational Dissolution
Catastrophe Theory
Fifteen Ways to Leave Your Partner
Unilateral and Indirect Strategies
Unilateral and Direct Strategies
Bilateral and Indirect Strategy
Bilateral and Direct Strategies
Outcomes: The Results of Relationships Endings
Negative Outcomes of Relational Breakups
Healing After a Separation
Positive Outcomes of Relational Breakups
Summary and Application
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Glossary
References
Author Index
Subject Index
About the Authors

18
19
Preface

We are pleased and privileged to release the fifth edition of Close Encounters. We wrote the first edition of this
book in response to the increasing number of upper-division courses on relational communication and
advanced interpersonal communication being taught at colleges and universities across the country. Since
then, more courses in relational communication are being offered, and research on close relationships has
continued to flourish. Indeed, it is challenging to update the content in this book because there is so much
new research on relational communication published each year. Because of space limitations, we could not
include everything we wanted to include. Nonetheless, we believe that this edition contains an appropriate
mix of recent and classic research related to communication in relationships.

Our goal in writing Close Encounters continues to be to produce an informative yet readable textbook that will
help students understand their relationships better and be more critical consumers of information about
relationships. This book is research based. We strive to present concepts and theories in more depth than the
average textbook on interpersonal communication while writing in an accessible style. For us, writing this
textbook is a rewarding experience; it lets us reach beyond the pages of scholarly journals to share information
with students who are eager to learn more about relationships.

20
APPROACH
The book takes a relational approach to the study of interpersonal communication by focusing on issues that
are central to describing and understanding close relationships, particularly between romantic partners,
friends, and family members. One of the most exciting trends in the field of personal relationships is the
interdisciplinary nature of research and theory. Scholars from fields such as communication, family studies,
psychology, and sociology, among other disciplines, have all made important contributions to scholarly
knowledge about relationships. This book reflects the interdisciplinary nature of the field of personal
relationships while focusing strongly on interpersonal communication.

21
ORGANIZATION
Close Encounters is organized loosely around the concept of relationship trajectories. However, we use the term
trajectory loosely because all relationships are different, and no two follow exactly the same path. Nonetheless,
from a developmental perspective it is helpful to think of how relationships progress from initial meetings
toward farewells. It is also important to acknowledge, however, that there are different perspectives on how
relationships change and develop over time. Thus, we include a chapter on relational stages, turning points,
and dialectics to show students how these different perspectives complement one another. The organization of
the book also reflects that various forms of communication, such as disclosure and conflict, can occur during
any point in a relationship. For example, conflict can be studied in terms of a couple’s first big fight, the
mundane disagreements that people have on a fairly regular basis, the conflicts that enhance relational
functioning, or the argument that ultimately marks the destruction of a relationship. Some topics are also
related to one another in important ways that guided our organization of Close Encounters. For example,
theorists taking a dialectical perspective have argued that both disclosure and privacy are important in
relationships. Thus, we include information on “revealing ourselves” and “hiding ourselves” in the same
chapter. Similarly, relational scholars have long recognized that conflict is not inherently good or bad; rather,
it is how conflict is managed that determines positive or negative outcomes. Accordingly, the conflict
management chapter now follows the relational maintenance chapter so that instructors can emphasize that
both relational maintenance behaviors and constructive conflict management are key ingredients in happy
relationships. The three chapters that focus on relational transgressions, relationship repair, and relational
disengagement are packaged together at the end of the book to showcase how people deal with challenges in
their relationships. Although these chapters may be considered to reflect the “dark side” of interpersonal
communication, we believe that most topics covered in this book have a dark side and a bright side. For
example, affection is generally seen as a positive behavior, but too much affection can be smothering; breakups
are generally seen as negative actions, but ending a bad relationship can pave the way for a better one in the
future. These are examples of the complexities highlighted throughout this book.

22
FEATURES IN THIS EDITION
For this edition we retained the features that have made Close Encounters successful. Each chapter starts with a
scenario that features fictional characters dealing with communication issues, and each chapter ends with a
section called “Summary and Application.” These chapter endings tie back to the scenarios at the beginning of
each chapter so that students can see how the information they learned can be applied to a specific situation.
Throughout each chapter, we refer to the opening scenarios at various times to provide examples of how the
concepts we discuss relate to real-life situations. With the exception of Chapter 1, all chapters include at least
one Put Yourself to the Test box that enables students to find out how they rate on a particular concept. Our
students have told us that they find these boxes very helpful in identifying their communication style as well as
some of the characteristics of their relationships. Some instructors incorporate these self-tests into their course
assignments. For example, students may complete some of these tests and then write self-reflection papers
about their own communication style.

Each chapter includes an Around the World box, featuring ways that relational communication is similar and
different across cultures or within intercultural versus intracultural couples. Every chapter also includes a Tech
Talk box that highlights research showing how various aspects of communication using technology and new
media, such as texting, Facebook, Snapchat, and Instagram, function within close relationships. Highlights
boxes throughout provide definitions and details for key concepts discussed in the book. There is also a word
list at the end of each chapter, as well as a glossary at the end of the book, to help students identify and define
key concepts.

Content has been updated throughout this edition, with new material added on topics such as on-again off-
again relationships, different types of friends with benefits and cohabiting relationships, pillow talk, and
identity issues in generation Z. More research on new technologies, such as Facebook and Snapchat, as well as
texting, was added throughout the book. In Chapter 5, for example, the discussion of relational stages
includes the role that texting, Snapchat, and other new technologies play in developing, maintaining, and
ending relationships. This edition of the book also includes updated versions of privacy management theory,
the four horsemen of the apocalypse in conflict interaction, and relational goal pursuit theory. As was true in
past editions, our goal is to present topics that are at the forefront of relational communication research and
that are of high interest to students.

23
FEATURES
In addition to the features already discussed, Close Encounters is designed to appeal to students and professors
alike based on the following features:

Current, interdisciplinary research: The research in Close Encounters reflects the interdisciplinary nature of the
study of personal relationships and draws from across the social science disciplines while maintaining a focus
on communication. This edition has been carefully updated to include recent cutting-edge research on
interpersonal communication.

High-interest topics: Intriguing subjects, such as long-distance relationships, cross-sex friendships, friends with
benefits, flirting, sexual interaction, on-again off-again relationships, cohabitation, and the dark side of
relational communication are explored in depth.

Put Yourself to the Test boxes: These boxed exercises, found throughout the book, assess various aspects of
students’ own relationships and communication styles.

Around the World boxes: These boxes help students understand and appreciate that relational communication is
partially determined by culture and that they should not assume that someone from another culture thinks or
communicates the same as they do.

Tech Talk boxes: These boxes feature research that looks at how people use technology and new media (such as
cell phones, social networking sites, the Internet, and blogs) to develop and manage relationships.

Highlights boxes: These boxes take a closer look at issues in relational research and challenge students to think
critically about research and popular concepts.

Discussion Questions: These questions, found at the end of each chapter, can help students prepare for class or
can be used as springboards for classroom discussion. Some instructors also have students write position
papers in response to some of the discussion questions.

24
DIGITAL RESOURCES

edge.sagepub.com/guerrero5e

SAGE edge offers a robust online environment featuring an impressive array of free tools and resources for
review, study, and further exploration, keeping both instructors and students on the cutting edge of teaching
and learning.

SAGE edge for Students provides a personalized approach to help students accomplish their coursework goals
in an easy-to-use learning environment.

Mobile-friendly eFlashcards and quizzes strengthen understanding of key terms and concepts
A complete online action plan includes tips and feedback on students’ progress and allows them to
personalize their learning experience
Learning objectives reinforce the most important material
Video and multimedia links encourage further exploration of certain topics, which appeal to students
with different learning styles
Full-text SAGE journal articles support and expand on the concepts presented in each chapter

SAGE edge for Instructors supports your teaching by making it easy to integrate quality content and create a
rich learning environment for students. SAGE edge includes:

Test banks that allow you to edit any question and/or insert your own personalized questions, helping
you assess students’ progress and understanding
Sample course syllabi for semester and quarter courses that assist in structuring your course
Editable, chapter-specific PowerPoint® slides that offer flexibility in creating multimedia presentations
EXCLUSIVE! Access to carefully selected SAGE journal articles, which support and expand concepts
presented in each chapter
Video and multimedia links, which appeal to students with different learning styles
Lecture notes that summarize key concepts by chapter to aid in preparing lectures

25
Acknowledgments

Writing a textbook is an exciting challenge and a daunting task. As we worked on this edition of Close
Encounters, our dens were cluttered with articles and our families had to listen to the click-click-click of our
computer keyboards even more than usual. The support of our families and colleagues was critical in helping
us complete this project, and we owe them our sincere gratitude. We are especially indebted to our partners—
Vico, Janis, and Tammy—and our daughters—Gabrielle, Kristiana, Kirsten, Leila, and Rania—who provide
social support as well as examples and feedback.

We would also like to thank the many people who helped during the writing and editing process. We are
especially grateful to our editors, Karen Omer and Matthew Byrnie, and our editorial assistant, Sarah Dillard,
who were supportive through all aspects of the publication process. We would also like to thank our copy
editor, Alison Hope; production editor, Kelly DeRosa; and to acknowledge two other people who we consider
to be part of the Close Encounters family—Holly Allen and Todd Armstrong. Holly was the editor for the first
edition; a conversation between Laura and Holly back in 1998 started the Close Encounters ball rolling. Todd
Armstrong stepped in to publish a second and third edition of the book for SAGE, and he was always
enthusiastic and supportive regarding our work.

Many of our colleagues across the discipline also deserve a word of praise. We have received formal and
informal feedback from many valued colleagues throughout the years, including (but not limited to) Katherine
Adams, Jess Alberts, Guy Bachman, Jennifer Bevan, Dawn Braithwaite, San Bolkan, Brant Burleson, Daniel
Canary, John Caughlin, Scott Christopher, Michael Cunningham, Victoria DeFrancisco, Kathryn Dindia,
Norah Dunbar, Renee Edwards, Lisa Farinelli, Cara Fisher, Kory Floyd, Michael Hecht, Susan Jarboe,
Susanne Jones, Leanne Knobloch, Pamela Lannutti, Bree McEwan, Tara McManus, Sandra Metts, Claude
Miller, Paul Mongeau, Larry Nadler, Sylvia Niehuis, Donna Pawlowski, Sue Pendall, Sandra Petronio, Pam
Secklin, Denise Solomon, Brian Spitzberg, Susan Sprecher, Laura Stafford, Glen Stamp, Claire Sullivan, Paul
Turman, Richard West, Christina Yoshimura, and Stephen Yoshimura. A special thanks goes to Judee
Burgoon (Laura and Walid’s doctoral adviser and an exceptional role model) who suggested that we use the
term close encounters as part of the title.

SAGE Publications would like to thank the following reviewers for their contributions: Rukhsana Ahmed,
University of Ottawa; Suzanne Buck, Jack J. Valenti School of Communication/University of Houston; Janie
Harden Fritz, Duquesne University; Annelise Ewing Goodman, James Madison University; Sheryl Hurner,
CSU Sacramento; Cheryl Pawlowski, The University of Northern Colorado; Leslie Ramos Salazar, California
State University, Fresno; Xiaowei Shi, Middle Tennessee State University; Kandi Walker, University of
Louisville; Cory Williams, Concord University; Valerie Young, Hanover College; and Nicohlas A. Zoffel,
Sierra College.

Finally, we would like to thank all the students we have had in our classes over the years. We use some of their
examples in this book, and we have incorporated their feedback into every new edition. Just as importantly,

26
lively dialogue with students has helped sustain our enthusiasm for teaching courses on interpersonal
communication and relationships. We hope this book contributes to spirited discussions about relationships in
your classrooms as well.

—L. K. G.

—P. A. A.

—W. A. A.

27
1 Conceptualizing Relational Communication

People accomplish a lot by communicating with others. For example, take these three situations. Jake is having trouble with his
statistics homework, which is due tomorrow. His friend and roommate, Dave, is a whiz at math, so Jake tries to persuade Dave to
stay home (rather than go to a party) and help him. Meanwhile, Su-Lin recently arrived in the United States as an international
student and feels a lot of uncertainty about the university and student life. However, after joining a couple of student clubs and
getting to know some of her classmates, she starts to feel more comfortable in her new surroundings. Kristi’s husband moves out of
the house and tells her he wants a divorce. Rather than sitting at home alone, moping around and feeling sorry for herself, Kristi
drives over to her parents’ house where she receives comfort and support from her mother.

Personal relationships are central to being human. McAdams (1988) suggested that “through personal
relationships, we may find our most profound experiences of security and anxiety, power and impotence, unity
and separateness” (p. 7). People are born into relationships and live their lives in webs of friendships, family
networks, romances, marriages, and work relationships. In fact, research shows that when people talk, the
most common topics are relationship problems, sex, family, and romantic (or potential romantic) partners
(Haas & Sherman, 1982). The capacity to form relationships is innate and biological—a part of the genetic
inheritance that has enabled the human race to survive over time. Humans have less potential for survival,
creativity, and innovation as individuals than they do in relationships. Personal relationship experts have
begun to unlock the mysteries of these universal human experiences, to assist people with problematic
relationships, and to help people achieve greater satisfaction in their close encounters.

As Jake, Su-Lin, and Kristi illustrate, communication plays a central role in relationships. When we need
help, comfort, or reassurance, communication is the tool that helps us accomplish our goals. Relationships
cannot exist unless two people communicate with each other. “Bad” communication is often blamed for
problems in relationships, whereas “good” communication is often credited with preserving relationships. In
this introductory chapter, we take a close look at what constitutes both communication and relationships.
First, however, we provide a brief history of the field of personal relationships. Then we define and discuss
three important terms that are central to this book: (1) relationships, (2) interpersonal communication, and
(3) relational communication. The chapter ends with principles of interpersonal and relational
communication.

28
The Field of Personal Relationships: A Brief History
People have been curious about their relationships for thousands of years, but the formal study of personal
relationships is a fairly recent phenomenon. Today we take the study of personal relationships for granted, but
a few decades ago the scholarly investigation of relationships was considered unscientific and a waste of
resources. In 1975 Senator William Proxmire of Wisconsin publicly criticized two of the finest and earliest
relationship researchers, Ellen Berscheid and Elaine Hatfield (formerly Elaine Walster), for their research on
love. Proxmire gave the “golden fleece award” for wasteful government spending to the National Science
Foundation for supporting Berscheid and Walster’s research on love with an $84,000 grant. The senator’s
objections to “squandering” money on love research were twofold: (1) Scientists could never understand the
mystery of love, and (2) even if they did, he didn’t want to hear it and was confident that no one else did
either (E. Hatfield, personal communication, August 20, 1999). Of course, like many Americans Proxmire
had problematic relationships of his own and had just been divorced at the time he gave his “award.” Months
of harassing phone calls and even death threats to Berscheid and Walster followed (E. Hatfield, personal
communication, August 20, 1999).

Now most people, including politicians, realize that close relationships are as important to study as
earthquakes or nutrition, especially since having good relationships is associated with better mental and
physical health (Ryff, Singer, Wing, & Dienberg Love, 2001; Taylor et al., 2006; Willitts, Benzeval, &
Stansfeld, 2004). People now find social scientific knowledge compatible with personal political and religious
beliefs. In fact, some churches conduct premarital workshops and marriage encounters based on relationship
research. Bookstores and newsstands are crammed with books and magazines that focus on every aspect of
relationships, providing advice (of variable quality) on topics such as the “These are the Qualities Men
*Actually* Look for in Women” (Keong, 2016) and why “My Husband and I Text More Than We Talk—
and That’s OK” (Wright, 2015), as well as offering “11 Things You Need to Do to Have a Lasting
Relationship” (Moore, 2016), “20 Body Language Signs That Mean He’s Into You” (Narins, 2015), and “10
Things You Should Never, Ever Say In a Fight With Your Girlfriend or Wife” (Walgren, 2016), just to name
some of the advice in the popular press. One critical function of scientific research on relationships is to
provide a check-and-balance system for the popular advice given in the media. Critical consumers can
compare the scientific literature to the popular, often inaccurate, advice in magazines, best-selling books, and
television shows. Box 1.1 presents one such comparison.

Several major tributaries have contributed to the steady stream of scholarly research on personal relationships.
The early pioneers in the field could not have envisioned the vast amount of research on relationships that
exists in several disciplines today. The young field of personal relationships has always been transdisciplinary,
although it sometimes took years for scholars from different disciplines to discover one another’s work. Duck
(1988) commented that the field of personal relationships is unusual because it is truly interdisciplinary and
has the power to impact people’s everyday lives. Scholars from disciplines such as communication, social
psychology, child development, family studies, sociology, and anthropology are all in the business of studying
human relationships. In particular, research in interpersonal communication, social psychology, and other

29
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
No. Expended in this Service for Boats Freight, and 28 4 0
25 other Charges in embarking the Troops, Landing
and reimbarking them from time to time as
occasion required, subsistence to them and for
Information, Guides, etc.

Feb Expended in providing Boats at Leith and Horses

. at Kinghorn for carrying with the utmost
174 Expedition a Quantity of Ammunition for the Army
5/6 at Perth by Order of Lord Justice Clarke of the 8th
No. February
26
1 15 0

Upon the arrival of the Hessian Troops in the River

Forth the 8th February: The Prince of Hesse having sent
Colonel Steuart[623] to Lord Justice Clarke to know
where they were to disembark; Mr. Grosett was
thereupon directed by His Lordship to proceed with the
utmost expedition to the Duke then at Perth to acquaint
His Royal Highness thereof,[624] and to know his
Pleasure, [whether they should disembark at Leith, or be
ordered to the North]; And Mr. Grosett having by three in
the morning received his Royal Highness’s Directions to
prepare for disembarking them at Leith he immediately
returned to Lord Justice Clarke with these Directions.

No. Expended in this Service for Boats Freight to and

27 from Kinghorn, and for Horses from that to and
from Perth, and Coach Hire betwixt Leith and
Edinburgh 2 15 0

[As Aberdeen, Montrose, Inverness, and the other

Places in the North, through which the Army was to
march are supply’d with Coals for fireing from the Ports
in the River Forth, and as no Coals were allowed to go
there while the Rebells were in Possession of these
Places they were in that Country in so great want of
fireing that the Army under the Duke could not march
from Perth till this Want was supply’d, and] As those who
were employed to provide the Army with Coals had in
vain endeavoured it, and the Duke having directed Lord
Justice Clark to be acquainted with the difficulties they
were in Mr. Grosett together with Mr. Henry[625] were
thereupon sent by his Lordship’s Directions of the 11th
February[626] to all the Ports and Creeks upon the River
Forth, and got immediately a considerable Number of
Ships and Vessells loden with Coals, and sent them to
the different Ports and Places in the North where the
Army was to be, and who by these means were instantly
well supply’d, and enabled to March, when and where
his Royal Highness thought proper.

No. Expended in this Service

28
690

Feb The Duke having ordered Blyth’s

., [627]
174 Regiment with about Four hundred Men of
5/6 different Corps to be sent by sea from Leith to join
the Army in the North; Mr. Grosett by Direction of
Lord Justice Clarke of the 23rd February got
proper Transports prepared for that purpose, shipt the
necessary Provisions, and embarked the men, and
which was oblig’d to be done in the night by sending
them three Miles in Boats from the Harbour to the Road
of Leith to prevent the Transports being neaped in the
Harbour.

No. Expended in this Service and sending the Horses

29 of the Regiment from Leith to Kinghorn by water,
they being ordered to go from thence by Land to
the Army 880
Mar The Transports being put back after they had
ch, sailed, and got near their Port and being detained
174 by contrary Winds in the Road of Leith Mr.
5/6 Grosett got them supply’d by order of Lord
Justice Clarke with additional Stores of Provisions
and Boats for bringing on shore such of the
recovered Men of the different Corps as had fallen Ill by
their confinement.

No. Expended in this Service

30
640

Mar The Duke having ordered a considerable

ch, Quantity of Biscuits to be sent him to the North in
174
5/6
order to their being carry’d along with the Army as
they marched into the Highlands Mr. Grosett by
Direction of Lord Justice Clarke of the 6th March
got a sufficient Quantity for that purpose from the Castle
put up in proper Casks and Baggs, and immediately sent
off in to Vessells from Leith, which he had provided for
that Service.

No. Expended in this Service

31
4 13 0

The Duke having sent Directions to Lord Justice

Clarke to provide 10 Boats of 20 and 30 Tons Burthen to
attend the Army with Provisions and other necessaries
as they marched along the Coasts, and as they were
immediately wanted: Mr. Grosett by his Lordships Order
of the 11th March[628] went to the proper Places where
these Boats and small Vessells were to be had and sent
them directly away to his Royal Highness, under the care
of Mr. M‘Gill Commander of one of the Kings Boats at
Leith to whom Mr. Grosett by order of Lord Justice
Clarke gave Ten Pounds towards paying his Expenses.

No. Expended in this Service

32
12 18 0

Mar The Transports with the Troops for the North

ch, being put back a second time and a great number
174
5/6
of the recovered men falling sick again by their
confinement the Duke ordered them to be taken
o’shore and sent across the Forth from Leith to
Kinghorn in Boats and to march from that by Land, which
Mr. Grosett did accordingly on the 14th March.

No. Expended in this Service

33
430

Lord Justice Clarke having received an Express from

his Grace the Duke of Newcastle with a letter from
General Price at Berwick dated 16th March[629]
acquainting His Grace that he had received Information
from a sure hand that Corn from Northumberland and the
adjacent Counties were carried to Wooler a Town 14
Miles from Berwick, and from thence Westward between
Stirling and Dumbarton Castle, and privately embarked
on the River Clyde, and sent thro’ the Western Islands to
Lochaber for the use of the Rebells; Mr. Grosett was
thereupon desired by Lord Justice Clarke to go to
Sterling and from thence across the Country to
Dumbarton Castle, and along the coast to all the Ports
and Creeks on the River Clyde as well to enquire
particularly into the Truth of this Information as to leave
proper Orders and Directions at the Places above
mentioned to prevent Provisions of any sort being carried
from thence to the Rebells and which Mr. Grosett did
accordingly, but did not find that any provisions had gone
that way.

No. Expended in this Service having rode about Two

34 hundred miles therein.
11 18 0

Apri Lord Justice Clarke having upon the 4th of

l, April received an Express from Brigadier Genl.
174
6
Price Governor of Berwick giving an Account that
three large and one smaller Men of War had
appeared off Holy Island and as they made no
Return to the proper Signals that were made them from
that place, and King’s Sloops and Boats that were
cruizing there they believed them to be French Men of
War come to the Assistance of the Rebells and as this
Account was confirmed by an Express from Mr.
Castlelaw, Collector at Dunbar, and Mr. Fall one of the
Magistrates there; and that these ships were come within
the Mouth of the Forth Mr. Grosett at the Desire of the
Lord Justice Clarke went thereupon in the Night and
acquainted the Commanders of the Men of War then
lying in the Road of Leith thereof. But as they were of no
Force to make head against them, these with the other
Ships in the Road prepared to slip their Cables, and
proceed farther up the Firth, upon the approach of the
Men of War above mentioned; After this Mr. Grosett with
the assistance of the Custom House and several fishing
Boats, which he forced out from Newhaven in the night
went in quest of these Men of War, to know certainly
what they were, and next day found them to be Dutch
Men of War to whom the proper Signals had not been
given upon their leaving Holland.

No. Expended in this Service 5 15 0

35
Apri The Duke having sent Orders to the Earl of
l,
174 Home[630] who at this time commanded the
6 Troops that lay at Edinburgh to forward with the
utmost Expedition to the North the Four
Thousand recovered Men of different Corps that
were come there from England, Mr. Grosett at his
Lordship’s and Lord Justice Clarkes desire went and
provided proper Transports, and saw the men embarked
and sent off to his Royal Highness, agreeable to Lord
Home’s Order of the 15th April 1746.[631]

No. Expended in this Service, and for Boats to

36 embark the men in the Road of Leith.
6 10 0

Apri The Transports with these men being detained

l, in the Road of Leith by Contrary Winds, and
174
6
Doctor Maxwell who had the care of the Hospital,
having apply’d to Lord Justice Clarke for an
additional Transport, to put the weakest and most
sickly of the men by themselves Mr. Grosett, was desired
to provide one, and which he did accordingly.

No. Expended in this Service and for Boats employed

37 in removing the men and provisions from one
ship to another.
4 12 0

Commodore Smith[632] upon his Arrival in the Firth of

Forth with the Ships of War under his command being
ordered to proceed to the Orkneys, with these and the
other Ships, and Sloops of War then in the Road of Leith
to prevent their getting assistance from France or making
their Escape from these Coasts and Islands; and having
thereupon apply’d to Lord Justice Clarke to provide him
with proper Pilots for each of the Ships that were to go
on that Service: Mr. Grosett by his Lordship’s Directions
went and got them immediately provided from different
Ports.

No. Expended in this service

38
480

Apri The Great Coats, Blankets, Shoes, Shirts,

l, Waistcoats, Gloves, etc., given by different
174
6
Companies and Corporations in Presents to the
Army being sent to the Care of Lord Justice
Clarke,[633] Mr. Grosett by his Lordships
Directions received and saw them duely forwarded from
time to time to the Army.

No. Expended in this Service

39
10 5 0

His Royal Highness the Duke having directed Lord

Justice Clarke to be apply’d to for his assistance in
procuring what should from time to time be found
necessary for the Army in general; and in particular for
the more speedy embarkation of the Hessian Troops,
and the Four British Regiments ordered for Flanders,
and in getting the Clothing of Major General Wolf’s
Regiment[634] forwarded in the most expeditious manner
from Leith to Perth that Regimt. being upon Receipt
thereof ordered to march to Burnt Island to embark there
with the other British Regiments. Mr. Grosett by his
Lordship’s Directions accordingly assisted Colonel
Steuart and others in procuring what was from time to
time found necessary for these purposes.
 No. Expended in this Service
40
780

That besides the services above mentioned Mr.

Grosett was during the Course of the Rebellion
constantly employed by Lord Justice Clarke in the
extraordinary affairs of the Government at this ... to
answer all Imergence ... ty for his keeping Horses at
different ... and as some of them fell into the hands of the
Rebells, and others were lost by hard Riding and other
accidents.

No. Expended on this Account and sundry other

41 Services during the Course of the Rebellion not
mentioned in the Above Articles.
110 0 0
Total Money Expended. 662 11 0
Received of the above Sum from Genl. Guest to Acct. 105 0 0
Ballance 557 11 0

Wal: Grosett.

N.B.—Mr. Grosett being from the first Breaking out of the

Rebellion employed in so open and remarkable a manner in the
service of the Government created against him the particular Ill will
of the Jacobites and their Adherents and who on that account took
every Opportunity of shewing their Resentment against him, they
plundered his House in the Town of Alloa, and in the Country carried
off effects to a very great value, drove all the Cattle from off his
Estate, forced the Payment of the Rents thereof to them, stript his
wife and children of the very cloathes they had on, and used
otherways in a most inhuman manner.
‘Brunstane, 4th Septem. 1747.
 ‘I do certify that Mr. Grosett was employ’d by me in the
service of the Government in the several matters above
mentioned, and also on other occasions and was zealous
and active in the Execution of whatever was committed to
his care.
‘(Signed)
And. Fletcher,
Lord Justice Clarke.’
N.B.—These Services ... forth and Certify’d in a Pap ...
Cope, the Generals Guest, ... syde and Hawley and by
Lord Home.
Nothing charged for trouble and loss of time, etc.
[This postscript is too torn to decipher accurately but it refers to
the ‘Narrative’ which bears this docquet]:—
We have perused the above Narrative, and do hereby
certify that the same is true so far as regards us
respectively,
R. Handasyde.
Home. H. Hawley.
Jos. Guest.
Jno. Cope.
LETTERS AND ORDERS FROM THE
CORRESPONDENCE OF WALTER
GROSSETT
I
The Lord Advocate to Walter Grossett and others
By the Honl Robt. Craigie Esqr His Majesties Advocate
General
These are ordering and requiring you and each of you
to concur in sending all Vessells of whatever kind upon the
North and Southsides of the Firth from Stirling to Kinghorn
to the Harbours of Leith and Borristounness and in case of
resistance you are to use force in making the Order
effectual Given under my Hand at Edinburgh this ninth day
of Sepr 1745 yeare.
Rob: Craigie.
To all Sherriffs Justices of Peace
Magistrats of Burghs and all
others his Majesties Leedgeses.
Mr. Grosett the Coll. at Alloa has Special Directions to
See this order put in Execution.
Rob: Craigie.

II
Lieutenant-General Handasyde to Walter Grossett
By the Honble Roger Handasyde Esqr Lieutenant
General and Commander in Cheif of All His Majesty’s
 Forces, in North Britain etc.
Whereas it has been found Injurious to His Majesty’s
Service that any Boats shou’d pass from Leith to Kinghorn
or from Kinghorn to Leith, These are therefore Requiring
All Magistrates, Justices of the Peace, Constables and
Others concerned to be Aiding and Assisting to you in
bringing all the Passage Boats and Yauls from Kinghorn
and all other places on the North Side of the Forth to the
Harbour of Leith where they are to be kept till His
Majesty’s Service shall allow of their being returned to
their Respective Ports.
Given under my hand at Edinburgh this 26th Novemr
1745.
R: Handasyde.
To Walter Grosett Esqr Collector of
His Majesty’s Customs.

III
Lieutenant-General Handasyde to Walter Grossett
By the Honble Roger Handasyd Esqr. Leutt General and
Commander in Chief of all His Majs Forces in North
Brittain.
Whereas it has been found Injurious to His Majesties
Service that any Boats should pass from the North or
South sides of the Forth or that any Vessells whatever
should be allowed to remain upon the North side of the
said River These are therefore requiring all Magistrats,
Justices of the Peace, Constables and others concerned
to be aiding and assisting to you in Stoping the said
passage and removeing all Boats and Vessells whatever
from the North to the South Side of the Forth from
Kinghorn to Stirling Bridge and in case of resistance or
refussall to Burn or otherwise Destroy such Boats and
Vessells as shall after due Intimation made be found upon
the North Side of the said River.
Given under my Hand at Edinburgh this 27th November
1745.
R: Handasyde.
To Walter Grosett Esqr, Collr of His
Majesties Customs at Alloa, and
one of His Majs Justices of ye
Peace.

IV
The Commissioners of Customs to Walter Grossett
Mr. Grosett.
Inclosed We send You for Your Government and
Direction, a Copy of a Letter from the Lord Justice Clerk
and General Guest Commander in Chief of His Majestys
Forces in Scotland, Containing an order and Instructions
for bringing over all Ships, Vessels, Boats and Yoals of all
sorts and sizes lying in the Harbours and Creeks betwixt
Stirling Bridge and St Andrews inclusive on the North side
of the Frith with their Apparel and Furniture, and for laying
them up in the several Harbours therein Specified on the
South side of the Frith, and in the Execution of these
Directions and Instructions, all Officers whatsoever under
Our direction, are to give You their utmost assistance
when required so to do, as they will answer the Contrary
at their Peril, and You are particularly to apply to the
respective Officers in the several Ports and Precincts for
their Aid and Information. The General having given
proper orders to the Captain of the Milford Man of war to
concur and assist You in this Servise, You are to meet and
Concert with him proper measures for the Effectual
Execution thereof. We are,
 Your Loving Friends,
Co: Campbell.
Alex Arbuthnott.
Rd. Somers.

Customho Edinbr
8th Decemr 1745. }
Collr Alloa.
Enclosure to No. IV.
Edinbr Decemr 9th 1745.
Gentlemen—We think it absolutely necessary for the
Good and Service of the Government at this Conjuncture,
that all the Ships, Vessels, Boats and Yoals of all sorts and
Sizes, with their Apparel and Furniture, in all Harbours and
Creeks etc. betwixt Stirling Bridge and St Andrews
inclusive on the North side of the Frith of Forth, be brought
over and Moord in the several Harbours of Dunbar, Leith,
Queensferry and Borrowstoness, and these on the South
side of the said River, betwixt Cramond and Eymouth be
Carried to Leith and Dunbar, as the Persons to be
Employed by You in the Execution hereof, shall Judge to
be most Conveneint, all to remain in these respective
Harbours untill further orders; We therefore earnestly
recommend it to You as proper Judges, to Nominate and
Appoint such of Your Officers under Your Direction and
Government to Execute our Orders as You shall think
most fit to be Employed for the doing of so necessary a
Duty, And as some former Orders of this Nature have not
been observed and obeyed so punctually as Directed for
want of other proper Assistance, We do therefore hereby
direct and ordain all Magistrates of Burghs Justices of the
Peace, Constables etc. within the respective bounds
aforesaid, laying aside all Excuses whatsoever, to be
aiding and assisting to the Person or Persons that are
possessed of Copys hereof, and of Your Instructions given
by You to them, as they will be answerable upon their
highest Peril; and in Case any of the Proprietors or others
Concerned in said Ships etc. as abovementd shall not
forthwith Comply with these Our orders, Then the Persons
so Employed are hereby ordained to burn and Destroy the
same, where any objections or refusals are made to obey
and Comply herewith, and the aforesaid Copys hereof
with your Instructions as above, shall be to them a
Sufficient Warrant for destroying of the above Ships etc.
not doubting of Your Compliance and Concurrence, We
are,
And: Fletcher.
Sign’d
{ Jos: Guest.
N.B.—Buys Boat who has been often Employed in
transporting of Rebels frequently, should be burnt out of
hand.
Honble Commrs of the Customs Edr.

V
Lieutenant-General Guest to Walter Grossett
Edenburgh December the 15th 1745.
Sr,—I agree to your hiring the Borrowstness Ship at
the Rate you mention, provided the owners dont insist on
my Insuring her from the Enemy, for that I cant consent to
—if they comply, you’l immediatly station her at Higgins
Nook, and Nicol at Carse’s Nook, or wherever they can be
best placed for His Majestys Service. You’l give them
positive Derections to be very carefull, in watching both
sides the River, and sending immediat Intelligence to the
Ld Justice Clerk, on discovering any Motions of the
Enemy.
 You’l consider the Ship is not ensured now, and is in as
much, or more danger than when employd by his Majesty.
—I am Sr your most Obedt humble Servant,
Jos: Guest.

VI
Walter Grossett to the Commissioners of Customs
Hond. Sirs,—In Obedience to your directions of the
8th Instant Inclosing an Order and Warrand from Lord
Justice Clerk and General Guest Commander in chief of
the Forces in Scotland, for bringing over all Ships,
Vessells and Boats, lying in any of the Harbours or
Creeks, betwixt Stirling and S: Andrews on the North side
of the Firth, to the Harbours therein specified on the south
side thereof, and for Burning or destroying the ships and
Vessells etc., of such of the Proprieters thereof as should
refuse to comply with these Orders; I have with the
assistance of the Kings Boats at Queensferry and
Borristounness, and two Boats Crews belonging to the
Happy Janet stationed off Queensferry, removed,
disabled, or destroyed, all Boats and Vessells that lay
betwixt Stirling and Aberdour. But as the doing of this,
would not have hinder the Rebell Army from geting a
Cross the River, while Boats and Vessells were allowed to
remain at the severall Creeks in Carron Water, and at
Hargens Nuik Airth, and Elphingstone, and other Creeks
on the south side of the Forth betwixt Borristounness and
Stirling; I therefore proceeded to these places, and
prevailed with severall of the Proprieters of Boats and
Vessells there, to remove them from thence, but as some
of them refused to comply, by reason of their not being
included in the Order and Warrand above mentioned, I am
therefore Humbly of Opinion, that Lord Justice Clerk and
General Guest should be applyed to, for a Warrand for the
removing or destroying of them. And as there are at this
time at Alloa, a considerable quantity of Deals and Learge
Loggs of Wood, of 30 or 40 feet in Length, of which Floots
may not only easely be made, for the Transporting of Men,
Horses etc.; from the one side of the River to the other,
but upon which Flooting Batteries may be reased, to move
from place to place, to play upon such of His Majesties
Forces or others, who may be employed in Defending the
Banks of the River, to prevent the Landing of the Rebells.
It is therefore Humbly submitted, how far it may be thought
proper at this Juncture, to have these Deals and Loggs
removed from Alloa. If this is approven off, what I would
propose as the easiest method of removing them, would
be to put them on Board of Vessells, to ly at
Borristounness till the danger is over. With this view I
spook to several shipmasters of my acquaintance, (who I
knew to be good Whiggs and well wishers to the common
Cause) on Tuesday last at Borristounness, and who at my
request, readily agreed to take them on Board their
Vessells, upon their only being paid the Charges they
should be put to in going to Alloa to Load and unload
them. All which is Humbly Submitted by Hon: Sirs Your
Hors Most Obedt Huml Servt
Wat: Grosett.
Edinburgh 16th Decr 1745.
Endorsements.
16th Decr 1745.
Mr. Grosett to wait upon the Justice Clerk and Genl
Guest with this Lre. and to Report their Opinion.
W. H. for the Secry.
The Board approve Mr. Grosetts Conduct and Zeal in
this whole Affair and his proposal is agreed to if the Lord
Justice Clerk and Genl Guest think proper.
W. H. for the Secretary.
 VII
The Commissioners of Customs to Walter Grossett,
forwarding approval of Lord Justice Clerk and General
Guest
Edinburgh 16th Decr 1745.
We approve of Mr. Grosetts Conduct and proposalls
and desire the Board of Customs may give him the proper
directions for puting the same in Execution and for which
end a proper Warrant shall be granted by us.
And Fletcher.
Jos: Guest.
Mr. Grosett
Having considered the above Approbation of the Lord
Justice Clerk and General Guest, We heartily agree with
the same and direct you to proceed accordingly, having
first obtained their Warrant for the purposes as mentioned
in Your Letter of this date.
Co: Campbell.
Alexr Arbuthnott.
Rd. Somers.
Custom Ho Edinburgh
16th December 1745.

VIII
The Lord Justice Clerk to Walter Grossett
(Holograph but not signed)
Pray forward the Inclosed, and get all Stirling shire in
Arms immediately, If Ld Home approves G. Blackney will
give arms—raise ye Hue and Cry—Cause the Sherriff
distribute ye papers yt comes wt ys bearer.
 Go on and prosper.
Edr 19th Decr 1745.
I have paid none of the Expresses yt they may make
more hast but given every one two shills. wch is not to be
deducted out of yr hire if they make Speed.

IX
Lieutenant-General Guest to Walter Grossett
Joshua Guest Esqr Lieut. General and Commander in
Cheif of all His Majesty’s Forces, Castles, Forts and
Barracks in North Britain etc.
His Majesty’s Service Requiring that all Vessells and
Boats of whatever Size be instantly removed out of the
Harbours of Borrostouness, Queensferry, Leith or any
where else upon the South Coast of the Forth betwixt
Leith and Stirling, Those at Borrostouness and
Queensferry to the Road of Borrostouness or Such other
place or places as you shall think most for His Majesty’s
Service at this Juncture; those at Leith to the Road of
Leith or such other place as you shall judge most proper
for said Service; These are therefore Authorizing and
Empowering you to put the said order in Execution, and to
which purpose the Commanders of His Majesty’s Ships of
War or others employ’d in the Kings Service, are hereby
Required to give you their Utmost Assistance, as are all
Magistrates, Justices of the Peace, Constables, and all
other Persons, Civil or Military whom these may Concern.
A Copy hereof sign’d by you shall be a sufficient warrant
to any Person required or empower’d by you in the
Execution hereof as they will answer to the Contrary at
their highest Peril.
Given at Edinburgh the 21st day of Decemr 1745.
Jos: Guest.
 To Walter Grosett Esqr Collector of
His Majesty’s Customs.

X
Lieutenant-General Guest’s Directions
Directions for the Master of the Boat that goes to
Borrostouness.
Edinburgh 22d Decem. 1745.
He is to sail directly for Borrostouness, lye out in the
Road of that place and send in his Boat or yawl, to
Collector Grosett who is there and get directions from him
how he is to dispose of his Cargo, part of which is to go to
Stirling Viz. the 9 pounders Cannon Ball, Spunges, etc.
The Pouder and small Cannon Ball is for the use of the
Jean of Alloa, and Pretty Janet, that are stationed near
that place or at Higgens Nuik. The Biscuit which is to be
taken in at Leith from Mr. Walker is to be disposed of at
Bosness as Mr. Grosett will direct. In case of any accident
of your not meeting with Mr. Grosett, I desire Cap. Knight
of the Happy Janet may forward im̅ ediately the 9 pound
Cannon Ball, Spunges etc. to Stirling, where General
Blakeney has present occasion for them.
Jos: Guest.
To the Master of the Boat Order’d to
sail for Borrostouness.

XI
Captain Knight R.N. to Walter Grossett
Sir,—Having Sent 7 pounds of powder, 20 Sheets fine
paper made in Cartridges and 15 pounds Musquet Shot to
be used, if occasion required it, by my people in
preventing the Rebells passage at Higgens-Nook, which I
understand you gaue to John Peirson Master of the Pretty
Jennett, I desire you will be pleased to procure an Order
from General Guest to me for supplying these Ordnance
Stores to him, with his Ricept to Alexander Wedderburn
Master of the Armed Vessel under my Command of the
Same, and to transmit both to me at this place with the
first opportunity.—I am Sir, Your very humble Servant,
Jno. Knight.
Happy Jennett Queensferry Road
22d December 1745.
Walter Grosett Esq. Collector of his
Majts Customs at Alloa.

XII
Lieutenant-General Guest to Walter Grossett
Joshua Guest Esqr Lieut. General and Commander in
Cheif of all His Majesty’s Forces, Castles, Forts and
Barracks in North Britain etc.
His Majesty’s Service Requiring that a number of
Vessells and Boats be hired for Transporting of His
Majesty’s Forces, These are therefore authorizing and
Empowering you to hire such a number of Vessells and
Boats and make such agreement with them as you shall
judge necessary at this Juncture, and I hereby oblige
myself to make good such agreement, for which this shall
be your Warrant. Given at Edinburgh this 22d December
1745.
Jos: Guest.
To Walter Grosett Esqr Collector of
His Majesty’s Customs.