PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

Chapter 1
Learning Outcomes:
a.Give the meaning of Communication
and explain why it is complicated
process.
b. Discuss the ethical issues in
communication.
c. Explain the consequences when
people are not ethical in their
communication practices.
 Definition of Communication
 Chase and Shamo (2013)

Commun- “something in common”

Ication- “understanding”
_______________________________________________

“ a common understanding of
something”
We are trying to establish a
commonness with someone. That
is why we are trying to share our
information
 Seiler and Beall (1999)
 Communication is the
simultaneous sharing and
creating of meaning through
human symbolic interaction

Wood (2004)
Communication is a systematic
process in which individuals
interact with and through symbols
to create and interpret meanings.
 Communication ggb is the process of creating and sharing meaning by
using verbal and nonverbal symbols in varied contexts; and effective
communication results when both verbal and nonverbal symbols are
understood in much the same way by both communication.
The Communication Process
 Model

• representation of real world phenomenon in more abstract

terms which can be applied in different forms.
• We use models to simplify the concepts of communication
process in a graphical form.
 3 General kinds of Model
Linear Model
features
 It is one way communication
Sender sends the message
Receiver receives only
no feedback
Examples: Live streaming,
 Linear Model
key features
 noise- the choice of channel selected may
affect the receiver interprets a message.
 involves persuasion not mutual understanding.
 Linear Model

Pros/ Advantages
 good at audience persuasion
 there are intentional results
 used in mass communication
 Linear Model

Cons/ disadvantages
 communication is not continuous
 no feedback
 not interactive
 difficult to identify if communication is
effective
 Linear Model
other models under linear
Laswell’s Model
Aristotle’s Model
Berlo’s SMCR Model
Shannon Weaver Model
 Examples

sending e-mails
receiving a text message
listening to a radio
watching Tv
 INTERACTIVE MODEL
key features
it is a two way communication process
used for new media like internet
there is feedback
interactive but not simultaneous
 Examples

 Videos
 News
 Pros/ Advantages
there is feedback even in mass
communication
New communication channels

Cons/ disadvantages
 feedback is delayed
The sender and receiver might know who
the other person is
Schramm’s Model
 Examples

instant messaging
Q and A ( you can ask questions but you
need to wait for a reply. Example: live
streaming.
 TRANSACTIONAL MODEL
features:

Sender and receiver are both communicators-

they are equal
 communication is simultaneous
non-verbal is part of feedback
 Pros/ Advantages
simultaneous and instant feedback
Sender and receiver play the same role
Cons/ disadvantages
 encourages non-verbal communication
 more noise due to communicators talking at
the same time
The diagram shows that there is collaborative
exchange of message between communicators with
the aim of understanding it also shows that noise may
interfere the flow of communication it also shows that
communication is more difficult when communicators
have less in common
Examples: talking/ listening to friends
 THE ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
A. Sender (who the source is)
B. Message (what the idea being
communicated says)
C. Channel (Through what medium the
message is relayed)
D. Receiver (to whom it is directed)
E. Feedback(recipient understanding)
F. Environment(the place the feeling,
the mood, and the condition)
G. Context(expectation of the sender or
shared understanding through
environmental signals.
H. Interference(barrier or block)
 TYPES OF NOISE
1. External Noises- are the sight, sound and other stimuli that draw people’s
attention away from intended meaning. Examples: noise from vehicles,
the sound of airplane.
2. Internal Noises- are thoughts and feelings that interfere with meaning.
Examples: confrontation of a friend, fear of speaking in front of the class,
racial prejudice.

3. Semantic Noises- are the alternate meanings aroused by the speaker’s

symbols.
• This idea a means that a word may have another meaning in the minds of
the students. This is affecting by the language in which they grew and the
culture and which they are exposed.
• Examples: incorrect grammar, using excessive technical jargon
 MECHANICAL BARRIERS
Are those raised by the channels
employed for interpersonal, group
or mass communication.
 The Key Principles of Communication
1. Interpersonal communication is
inescapable.
-You always communicate and receive
communication from others not only through
words but also through voice tone, gesture,
posture, bodily movement, facial expression,
clothes worn, and so on.
 2. Interpersonal communication
is irreversible.
“ words are powerful;
they can either heal or
harm others”.
 3. Interpersonal Communication is
complicated
Whenever you communicate with
anyone, you simultaneously
interpret both his verbal and
non-verbal language, and that is
often both confounding and
demanding. Whenever you
communicate, there are actually
at least six “people” involved:
 Six People
A. The person whom you think you
are
B. The person whom you think the
person is.
C. The person whom you think the
other person thinks you are
D. The person whom you think the
other person think he is.
E. The person whom the other
person thinks you think you are
F. The person whom the other
person thinks you think he is.
4. Interpersonal communication is contextual
Communication is affected by several
factors; it does not happen in isolation.
There are many things that need to be
considered, such as the ones given
below:
A. Psychological context: who you are
and what you bring to the interaction needs,
desires, values, beliefs, personality, and so
on.
B. Rational context:
your reactions to the other person based on
relationships.
C. Situational context:
deals with the psycho-social “where” you
are communicating.
D. Environmental Context:
deals with physical “where” you are
communicating
C. Cultural context:
includes all the learned behaviours and
rules that affect the interaction.
 5. Intrapersonal Communication

Refers to communication that enters on

one person where the speaker acts both
as the sender and the receiver.
self-talk
 internal dialogue with yourself.
 Why do we need self-talk:

• It improves the quality of our lives

• It affects our performance
• It influences our communication with
others
• It makes a deep impact in our
personality
 JOHARI WINDOW
Known to Self
OPEN SELF
Information about you that
both you & others know.
HIDDEN SELF
Information about you that you
know but others don’t know.
 Unknown to others
Unknown to Self
BLIND SELF
Information about you that
you don’t know.
UNKNOWN SELF
Information about you neither
you nor others know.
 known to others
THE NINE PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION(MICHAEL OSBORN 2009)
❖ Clarity
❖ Completeness
❖ Courtesy
❖ Correctness
❖ Considerations
❖ Creativity
❖ Conciseness
❖ Cultural sensitivity
❖ Captivating


 Clarity- understandable
 Completeness- complete information is needed before sending message learn to answer the
WH- questions
 Conciseness- message is short and concise (direct to the point) just like retelling a favorite
movie to a friend.
 Consideration- background of the receiver( mood, race, status, gender and among others.
 Concreteness- message is factual and message is in real-life situation
 Courtesy- respect one’s culture, background, personal attributes.
 Clearness- message is simple, clear and specific. “We express not to impress.” We speak to be
understand and to be understood.
 Correctness- correctness in language use and grammar adds credibility. We may commit
mistakes but being aware of our mistakes will help us learn more.
 Captivating- command more attention and better responses
 Cultural Sensitivity- emphasis on empowering diverse cultures, lifestyle and races.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN
COMMUNICATION

1. Respect audience
2. Consider the result of communication
3. Value truth
4. Use information correctly
5. Do not falsify information