Down Milling Trimming Process

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SPRINGER BRIEFS IN
APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

Saiful Bahri Mohamed

Radzuwan Ab Rashid
Martini Muhamad · Jailani Ismail

Down Milling
Trimming Process
Optimization
for Carbon Fibre-
Reinforced Plastic
SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences
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Saiful Bahri Mohamed Radzuwan Ab Rashid
•

Martini Muhamad Jailani Ismail

•

Down Milling Trimming

Process Optimization
for Carbon Fibre-Reinforced
Plastic

123
Saiful Bahri Mohamed Martini Muhamad
Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin
Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia

Radzuwan Ab Rashid Jailani Ismail

Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin
Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia

ISSN 2191-530X ISSN 2191-5318 (electronic)

SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology
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Preface

This book discusses the down milling trimming process optimization for carbon
fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP). The use of advanced materials which are composed
of carbon fiber, polymers, and metal is increasing due to their special mechanical
and physical properties. These materials are used in the aeronautical, aerospace,
automotive, biomechanical, mechanical, and other industries. As a result of these
properties and potential applications, there exists an urgent need to understand
questions associated with the machinability of these materials. It is common for two
different materials to produce different outcomes even though they are cut with the
same tool at the same cutting speed and feed rates by the same machine which
works under similar conditions. Some materials may produce long curly chips (like
mild steel); some may produce short chips (like cast iron); some may get a smooth
finish; some may end up with a rough surface; some may produce chatter; and some
may produce lots of heat and quickly blunt the tool. Carbon fiber-reinforced plastic
with aluminum grade 2024 (CFRP/Al2024) composite materials integrated into one
single machining operation has proven to be more challenging due to the aniso-
tropic and non-homogeneous structure of CFRP and ductile nature of aluminum. It
causes several types of damages, such as matrix cracking and thermal alterations,
fiber pullout and fuzzing during drilling and trimming which affect the quality
of the machined surface. These problems mainly occur due to inappropriate use of
various cutting tool design materials and cutting parameters. The research project
discussed in this book aims to study and model machined surface quality of
CFRP/Al2024 using two-level full factorial design experiment. This research pro-
ject has three objectives: first, to perform the trimming process using down milling;
second, to statistically and graphically analyze the influence and interaction of
cutting parameters; and third, to optimize cutting parameters in order to get the
surface texture quality of CFRP/Al2024 to less than 1 µm. The trimming process
was carried out via down milling on a stack of multidirectional CFRP/Al2024.
Three cutting parameters were considered, namely spindle speed (N), feed rate (fr),
and depth of cut (dc). Two-level full factorial design was utilized to plan systematic

v
vi Preface

experimental methodology. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to ana-

lyze the influence and the interaction factors associated with surface quality. The
results showed that the depth of cut is the most significant factor for Al2024, and for
CFRP, the spindle speed and feed rate are significant. The validation test showed
average deviation of predicted to actual value surface roughness is 3.11% for CFRP
and 3.43% for Al2024. Optimization of surface roughness for CFRP/Al2024 of
below that 1 µm can be obtained at the setting of N = 11750 rpm, fr = 750 mm/min
and C = 0.255 mm, respectively.

Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia Saiful Bahri Mohamed

Radzuwan Ab Rashid
Martini Muhamad
Jailani Ismail
Contents

1 Composite Materials and Types of Machining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 Defining Composite Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 CFRP Composite Laminates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Fiber Metal Laminate (FML) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Classification of Composite Machining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4.1 Drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4.2 Turning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4.3 Milling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4.4 Trimming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4.5 Grinding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.5 Laser Machining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.5.1 Abrasive Water Jet Machining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.5.2 Electrical Discharge Machining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2 Cutting Parameters and the Machinability Performance . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1 Types of Cutting Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.1 Cutting Speed (m/min) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.2 Spindle Speed (RPM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.1.3 Feed Rates (mm/min) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.1.4 Depth of Cut (DOC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2 Surface Roughness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3 Machined Surface Quality of Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4 Design of Experiments (DoE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.4.1 Two-Level Factorial Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.4.2 The 23 Factorial Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.5 Research on Machining of Fiber Metal Laminates . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

vii
viii Contents

3 The Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

3.1 Overview of the Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.1.1 The Experimentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.1.2 Workpiece Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.1.3 Solid Carbide End Mill Cutting Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.1.4 Machine Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.1.5 Control Parameters and Experimental Design Layout . . . . 34
3.1.6 Edge Trimming Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.1.7 Edge Trimming Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.1.8 Collecting Data of Surface Roughness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.1.9 DoE Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.1.10 Design of Experiment Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.1.11 Augment Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.1.12 Validation of Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.1.13 Summary of DoE Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4 Learning from the Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Project . . .... 49
4.1 Surface Roughness (Ra) of CFRP and Al2024 . . . . . . . . . . . .... 49
4.2 Analysis of Variance of CFRP and Al2024 Response . . . . . . .... 49
4.3 Final Equation in Terms of Actual Factors for CFRP
and Al2024 Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.4 The Form of Interaction in a 3D Graph of CFRP Response . . . . . 55
4.5 The Form of Interaction in a 3D Graph of Al2024 Response . . . . 56
4.6 Edge Trimming Parameter Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.6.1 Numerical Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.6.2 Graphical Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.7 Conclusion and Recommendations for Future Works . . . . . . . . . . 61
Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Appendix A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Appendix B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Appendix C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Chapter 1
Composite Materials and Types
of Machining

1.1 Defining Composite Material

A composite material is a composition of two or more constituent materials to form

an overall structure which significantly better in terms of mechanical or chemical
properties than the sum of individual material. Savage defines composite materials as
a material in which two or more constituents have been brought together to produce a
new material consisting of at least two chemically distinct components, with resultant
properties significantly different to those of the individual constituents. These so-
called engineered materials are combined in such a way to produce a new material
which may be preferred for many reasons. However, the primary reason of choosing
composite materials for components is because of weight saving for its relative
stiffness and strength when compared to traditional materials. For example, carbon
fiber-reinforced composite can be five times stronger than 1020 grade steel while
having one fifth of the weight.
The advanced composite materials use glass, carbon, and aramid (Kevlar) popular
for applications which demand high strength and stiffness, or low thermal conduc-
tivity. Most of advanced composite substitutes several aerospace metal parts [1, 2,
3]. Carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRPs) are used in many applications, which
required thermal stability, high-temperature strength, good ablation characteristics,
and insulating capability. Glass fiber-reinforced plastic (GFRP) fibers are used in
places which required greater strength and higher thermal conductivity and have six
times the tensile strength of carbon fibers.
Pop et al. [4] classified three types of composite material which are based on the
nature of its matrix, namely composite materials with the organic matrix, metallic
matrix, and ceramics matrix. The composite materials that are commonly used in
the aerospace industry are carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) and fiber metal
laminates (FMLs). This is due to their strength-to-weight ratio and good mechanical
properties [5, 6].

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2019 1
S. B. Mohamed et al., Down Milling Trimming Process Optimization for Carbon
Fiber-Reinforced Plastic, SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1804-7_1
2 1 Composite Materials and Types of Machining

1.2 CFRP Composite Laminates

Aircraft manufacturing and aerospace industries utilize CFRP composite laminates

due to their attractive properties such as weight-to-strength ratio, durability, and
extreme corrosion resistance [7, 8]. Fiber-reinforced composite laminates commonly
used in industries are carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite laminates,
glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite laminates, and fiber metal compos-
ite laminates (FMLs). They are being used to replace conventional metallic materials
in several industries including aerospace, aircraft, and defense, which require struc-
tural materials with superior properties such as high strength to weight and stiffness
to weight [9]. CFRP composite laminates offer some advantages including weight
reduction, high strength, and stiffness (easily formable material) [10, 11]. These
materials can also increase payload and fuel efficiency.
Fibers are well known due to their lightweight, strong, and stiff where they are the
major contributor to the stiffness and strength of composites’ laminates. The polymer
matrix such as thermoset and thermoplastic binds the fibers together then transferring
the load to the reinforced fibers and protect the fibers from the environmental attack
[11].

1.3 Fiber Metal Laminate (FML)

High-performance and lightweight structures in aircraft industry stimulate research

and development in introducing refined model for fiber metal laminates (FMLs). FML
recommends major improvements to the present existing materials for aircraft struc-
ture [12]. FMLs are multicomponent materials utilizing metals, fibers, and matrix
resins. Typical FMLs are prepared by stacking alternating layers of metal foils and
fiber/matrix resin prepreg followed by consolidation in a press or autoclave. FMLs
combine the best properties of the metal and the composite and this makes FML
suitable for aerospace applications.
FMLs are considered as hybrid composite materials built up from interlacing
layers of thin metals, such as aluminum alloys and fiber-reinforced adhesives. These
two combinations of metal and polymer composite can produce a synergistic effect
on some properties such as physical and mechanical properties. FML offers excellent
damage tolerance, fatigue, and impact properties with a relative low density [10].
In addition, it offers great mechanical properties, like high fatigue resistance, high
strength, high fracture toughness, high impact resistance, and high-energy absorbing
capacity [10].
1.4 Classification of Composite Machining 3

1.4 Classification of Composite Machining

Machining process of composite material has several objectives. The first objective
is to create holes, slots, pockets, and other complex features which are not acquired
during the manufacturing of the parts or components [11]. The components or parts
made of composite materials are usually manufactured by net shape and need the
removal of excess material in order to create and control the desired tolerances of
the component [13]. Machining operation especially in milling operation is utilized
as a corrective operation to produce smoothness and better surface finish. The most
important purpose of machining process of composite materials is to produce a quality
finish product and reduce manufacturing cost. The machining process is performed
to make prototype part from the big blank or sheet of materials. This process is very
reasonable instead of making an expensive mold where the molds are not flexible
and restricted to mold size only [11].
Machining of the composites differs significantly in various aspects from machin-
ing of conventional metals and their alloys. The composites’ behavior is not only
being non-homogenous and anisotropic but also conveys diverse reinforcement and
matrix properties and the volume fraction of matric and reinforcement. The tool
encounters alternatively matrix and reinforcement materials, whose response to
machining can be utterly different [14]. Secondary processing of machining such
as trimming to final shape and drilling is typically essential to facilitate component
assembly as it exhibits surface roughness of the workpiece. Surface roughness and
tolerance are closely related and it is generally necessary to specify a smooth fin-
ish to maintain a fine tolerance in the finishing process. For many practical design
applications, tolerance and strength requirements impose a limit on the maximum
allowable roughness [15]. Thus, machining of composite materials enforces special
demands on the optimization of influence and interaction of machining parameters
in order to minimize the defects of the surface produced by machining, which can
drastically affect the strength and chemical resistance of the material.
Traditional methods of machining often induce critical flaws in the component
parts during the net trimming and various degrees of delamination, splintering, fiber
pullout, and cracking have been reported [15–17]. The abrasive water jet (AWJ) is
one such method which appears to be highly suited for production trimming of RFP
materials [18]. Owing to its ability to achieve a quality surface at rapid production
rates, AWJ is currently being sought for production applications [19]. However, very
little experimental results are known regarding the effects of AWJ machining on the
surface integrity of FRPs, besides there is exposure of moisture to the fiber which is
significant will be affecting the composites physically.
The temperature during the cutting process must be considered where it should not
exceed the cure temperature or close to the melting temperature of the resin to avoid
material disintegration [20]. During the machining process, the smaller values of
feed rate are much better as far as the tool life is concerned. However, this causes the
process to be more time consuming and expensive [21]. Machining also exposes the
fiber to chemical and moisture and the effect of coolant materials on composites [22].
4 1 Composite Materials and Types of Machining

The machining of composite materials requires the dry machining process which
does not use any coolant or cutting fluid. This is because composite materials will
expand if the coolant or any cutting fluid is used during machining. The mechanical
damage will occur faster when the workpiece that is manufactured from composites
are exposed to moisture and elevated temperature. The presence of water modifies
the properties of the matrix and affected the mechanical properties such as strength,
stiffness, and creep. Furthermore, there are several advantages of using dry cutting,
such as no air and water pollutions, no residue on the swarf which will reflect on
reduced disposal and cleaning cost, no harms to health and allergy free, and more
importantly, it will reduce the cost of manufacturing [23].

1.4.1 Drilling

The most common traditional method in machining composites is drilling. This pro-
cess is very important to make holes for assembling the subcomponent during the
processing stage. Delamination is the main failure in drilling of composite materials.
Several studies have been carried out to investigate the damages during the drilling
operation of CFRP. For instance, Krishnaraj et al. [24] analyzed the effect of drill
parameters namely drill diameter, spindle speed, and feed rate in drilling of multi-
material (CFRP/Al) using Taguchi method. They found that the feed rate and drill
diameter are the most significant parameters to the overall performance during the
drilling of CFRP/Al stack.
Zitoune et al. [25] carried out a study on drilling of composite material and
aluminum stack (CFRP/Al2024). They studied on the influence of diameter, spin-
dle speed, and feed rate on thrust force, torque, surface finish, hole diameter, and
also the circularity. The experimental results showed that the quality of holes could
be improved by proper selection of cutting parameters. Krishnaraj et al. [24] used
Taguchi L 27 orthogonal array to perform drilling of CFRP composite plates. Gray
fuzzy optimization of drilling parameters was conducted based on five different out-
put performance characteristics namely thrust force, torque, entry delamination, exit
delamination, and eccentricity of the holes. They concluded that feed rate is the most
significant factor in drilling of CFRP composites.
Shyha et al. [26] drilled 30-mm-thick titanium/CFRP/aluminum workpiece stack.
A modified fractional factorial designed based on a L18 Taguchi orthogonal array
was employed. They found that damage occurred when drilling through the titanium
(Ti-6Al  4 V) rather than the aluminum (Al7050) or CFRP (unidirectional “UD”
laminates). Feed rate and environment condition were significant in relation to thrust
force for both Ti and Al.
1.4 Classification of Composite Machining 5

1.4.2 Turning

Turning has become an important process for finish machining of high accuracy parts
and highly precise joint areas in composite machining. Therefore, deep understanding
of the behavior of composite components in turning is required for its successful
implementation. The machinability of composites in turning has been studied in
terms of tool wear, cutting forces, cutting temperatures, and surface quality. Fiber
type, orientation, and volume fraction are the most significant material properties
that influence machinability [27].
Some research work has been carried out in applying turning processes of com-
posite materials with different cutting tools. Turning differs from milling and sawing
mainly because of the constant engagement of the tool exists. The machinability of
FRP is primarily determined by the physical properties of the fibers and the matrix
as well as by the fiber orientation and volume fraction [14].
Palanikumar et al. [28] conducted investigation on the optimization of machining
parameters for surface roughness of glass fiber-reinforced plastics (GFRP) using the
design of experiments (DoE). The machining parameters considered were speed,
feed, depth of cut, and workpiece (fiber orientation) in the turning operation. The
statistical technique, ANOVA, is employed to analyze the experimental results. They
concluded that feed rate is the most significant cutting parameters for surface rough-
ness followed by cutting speed while depth of cut contributes the least significant
parameter.
Optimization of surface roughness in turning unidirectional glass fiber-reinforced
plastics (UD-GFRP) composites using polycrystalline diamond (PCD) cutting tool
was conducted by Kumar et al. [29]. The study investigated the effect of tool nose
radius, tool rake angle, feed rate, cutting speed, depth of cut and along with cutting
environment (dry, wet, and cooled (5–7 °C) temperature) on the surface roughness
produced. The experimental results revealed that the most significant machining
parameters for surface roughness are feed rate followed by cutting speed. Cutting
environment does not influence the surface roughness significantly.

1.4.3 Milling

There are two distinct ways to cut materials when milling, conventional (up) milling
and climb (down) milling. The difference between these two techniques is the rela-
tionship of the rotation of the cutter to the direction of feed [22].
In conventional milling, the cutter rotates against the direction of the feed while
during the climb milling, and the cutter rotates with the feed as illustrated in Figs. 1.1
and 1.2.
Conventional milling is the traditional approach when cutting because the back-
lash , the play between the lead screw and the nut in the machine table, is eliminated.
6 1 Composite Materials and Types of Machining

Fig. 1.1 Climb or down milling

Fig. 1.2 Up milling

Recently, climb milling has been recognized as the preferred way to approach a
workpiece due to the fact that more and more machines compensate for backlash or
have a backlash eliminator.
Climb or down milling is generally the best way to machine parts today since it
reduces the load from the cutting edge, leaves a better surface finish, and improves
tool life. During the conventional milling, the cutter tends to dig into the workpiece
and may cause the part to be cut out of tolerance. Even though the climb milling
is the preferred way to machine parts, there are times when conventional milling is
the recommended choice. Backlash, which is typically found in older and manual
machines, is a huge concern with climb milling. If the machine does not counteract
backlash, conventional milling should be implemented. Conventional milling is also
1.4 Classification of Composite Machining 7

suggested for use on casting or forgings or when the part is case hardened since the
cut begins under the surface of the material.
Rahim et al. [5] carried out a project to improve the hole quality of CFRP/AL2024
in terms of surface roughness, cutting force, and temperature using helical milling
technique. Helical milling was performed on a CFRP/Al2024 with a thickness of 7.6
and 3 mm, respectively. Both plates have the same dimension of 300 and 100 mm for
length and width, respectively. The CFRP composite was made using an unidirec-
tional based on aerospace requirement. The lay-up sequence is starting 0° and then
oriented to 90°, followed by 45° and −45° angle. Three cutting parameters were
examined, i.e., cutting speed, feed rate, and depth per helical path. They suggested
that helical milling process, with combination of suitable machining parameters and
cutting tool design can produce high quality of hole. They found that high feed rate
and depth per helical cut produced high value of thrust force.
Karpat et al. [6] investigated cutting force model during the machining of CFRP
laminates using slot milling and PCD cutters. The mechanistic force model and
experimental results agreed with each other. They concluded that the model is capable
to predict cutting forces.
Davim and Reis [13] performed evaluation on the cutting parameters (cutting
velocity and feed rate) under the surface roughness and damage in milling laminate
plates of CFRP. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to investigate the
cutting characteristics of CFRP composite material using cemented carbide (K10)
end mills. They concluded that the surface roughness (Ra) and international dimen-
sional precision (IT) increased with feed rate and decreased with cutting velocity.
Feed rate was the cutting parameter that presented the highest statistical and physical
influence on surface roughness.

1.4.4 Trimming

Trimming is a process of correcting the boundary corner of materials, and it is a

compulsory process once the panel of work material completed. Trimming is a part
of milling process because the tool and machine used are still the same. However in
trimming process, machinist also uses burr tool or router to cut the rough edges of
the workpiece using a milling machine. The position of cutting tool perpendicularly
relative to the workpiece will distinguish between milling and trimming processes.
Figure 1.3 presents up trimming process, and Fig. 1.4 presents down trimming
process.
Haddad et al. [30, 31] studied the trimming damages on CFRP structures and
the impact of mechanical behavior. The composite specimens were prepared using
three cutting processes: (i) an abrasive water jet (AWJ), (ii) a diamond cutter (ADS),
and (iii) a standard cutting tool. The standard cutting tool machining experiments
were performed using a DUBUS three-axis milling machine. These experiments
were conducted using a full experimental design with three cutting speeds (350, 700,
and 1400 m/min) and three feed speeds (125, 250, and 500 mm/min). However, this
8 1 Composite Materials and Types of Machining

Fig. 1.3 Up trimming process

Fig. 1.4 Down trimming process

Haddad et al. [30, 31] only considered specimens that have similar roughness values
as the abrasive water jet machining and ADS cutting plus a cutting condition where
the surface roughness was very high (poor surface quality). The results showed that
the defects generated during the trimming process with a cutting tool were fibers
pullout and resin degradation. These defects were mainly located in the layers with
the fibers oriented at −45° and 90°. On the other hand, Saleem et al. reported that
when using abrasive water jet and abrasive diamond processes, the defects generated
had the form of streaks and were not dependent on the fiber orientation.
Damages increase with the increase of cutting forces. Hence, Kalla et al. [32]
proposed a neural network model to predict cutting forces during the trimming.
This work utilized mechanistic modeling techniques for simulating the cutting of
carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) with a helical end mill. A methodology
1.4 Classification of Composite Machining 9

was developed for predicting the cutting forces by transforming specific cutting
energies from orthogonal cutting to oblique cutting. They gave acceptable results
for the unidirectional specimen, but there were significant deviations observed with
multilayer composites.
Haddad et al. [33] investigated the influence of tool geometry and cutting condition
on surface defects and dust generated during the trimming. For conducting the stud-
ies on trimming, 20 layers of 5.2-mm-thick carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP)
composite had been used. Machining experiments were conducted at a standard cut-
ting speed (Feed speed (mm/min)  500, 1000, and 1500 Cutting speed (m/min) 
150 and 250) and high-speed trimming (Feed speed (mm/min)  125, 250, and 500,
Cutting speed (m/min)  350,700, and 1400) using full factorial design. The defects
seemed to increase with the increase in feed speed or decrease in cutting speed in
case of burr tool. However, the effects of the cutting parameters were completely
different considering the four flute end mill.
Since the studies of trimming composite material are extremely limited, this book
aims to expand the gap in the trimming of composite materials. Previous studies
used CFRP laminates but vary in terms of stacking sequence. The project described
in this book includes another element as a core material of the aluminum plate in the
middle of CFRP laminates. A statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) is employed
to indicate the impact of cutting parameters on surface roughness. After each series of
experiments, surface roughness tester is applied to check the roughness of machined
surface.

1.4.5 Grinding

Grinding is one of the compulsory methods in fabricating products with composite

materials and it is usually the final operation in the assembly of structural laminates.
The study of Chockalingam et al. [34] aimed to develop an empirical model to
predict the surface roughness of ground GFRP composite laminate with respect to
the influence of grinding parameters. The significance of grinding parameters and the
interaction effects of three factors on the grinding of GFRP composite were analyzed.
An empirical equation was developed to attain minimum surface roughness in GFRP
laminate grinding. They concluded that the most significant factors which influence
the grinding surface roughness model are depth of cut, speed, and the interactions of
speed, feed, and depth of cut. They observed that GFRP laminate grinding was very
different from metal grinding and that its surface roughness did not depend solely on
equivalent chip thickness alone. The combination of machining parameters played
important roles in surface roughness quality.
Hu and Zhang investigated the grinding performance of epoxy matrix composites
reinforced by unidirectional carbon fibers, using an alumina grinding wheel. They
focused on the effect of fiber orientations and grinding depths on the grinding force
and surface integrity and on the grinding mechanisms, with a comparison to orthog-
onal cutting. They found that greater grinding forces occurred at a fiber orientation
10 1 Composite Materials and Types of Machining

between 60° and 90°, but poorer grinding surface finish took place between 120°
and 180°. The surface integrity was highly dependent on the fiber orientation and
the depth of grinding. The depth of the damage-affected zone increased with the
increment of grinding depth for all the fiber orientations studied.

1.5 Laser Machining

LASER stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, which is

the underlying principle for the generation of all types of lasers. Laser machining is
a thermal process that removes material by melting and vaporization. The process
parameters that influence laser cutting are power, traverse speed, assist gas pressure,
and workpiece material composition and architecture. Laser machining offers sev-
eral advantages over traditional machining processes due to no contact between the
tool and the workpiece, and hence, there are no cutting forces, no tool wear, and no
part distortion because of mechanical loading. One of the problems in laser cutting is
material changes and strength reduction due to the formation of a heat-affected zone
(HAZ), the formation of kerf tapers and a decrease in cutting efficiency as thickness
of workpiece increases. Another problem in laser machining is the generation of haz-
ardous chemical decomposition products. Laser cutting of aramid/epoxy produces
large quantities of hydrogen cyanide, which may pose a considerable health risk [27].
Kwang-woon et al. [35] utilized the ultra-high-speed laser cutting on two kinds
of CFRP with long or short carbon fibers using high brightness cw disk laser with
a scanner head. The objectives of the research were to obtain better cut quality with
submillimeter-sized HAZ and to confirm the cutting possibility for 3-mm-thick CFRP
sheets. The effect of laser cutting parameters on CFRP cut qualities such as HAZ, kerf
width, and kerf depth was evaluated. Kwang-woon et al. [35] concluded that the HAZ
and kerf width at the cut surfaces and the cross sections became narrower and smaller
with increasing the cutting speed. Furthermore, the increase of the laser power from
2 to 5 kW can reduce the processing time for full cutting, without degradation of
good quality of narrow HAZ (less than 50 µm).

1.5.1 Abrasive Water Jet Machining

Abrasive water jet (AWJ) is one of the non-conventional machining methods of

composite machining. Hashish [18] used AWJ in trimming of aircraft carbon fiber-
reinforced plastic (CFRP) parts. He concluded that AWJ was very useful for trimming
a wide angle of relatively large aerostructures. AWJ provides a good quality of
machined surface but only limited shape can be machined and there is high cost in
setting up as well as for its maintenance [36]. AWJ processing induces no thermal
damage in the machined surface but the equipment is expensive. Furthermore, it is
difficult to process as the jet does not penetrate. Sometimes, it is not suitable for the
diverse application and wide varieties of CFRP parts [37].
1.5 Laser Machining 11

1.5.2 Electrical Discharge Machining

Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is a non-traditional manufacturing technique

that has been widely used in the production of tools and dies throughout the world
in recent years. The most important performance measure in EDM is the surface
roughness. Lodhi et al. [38] studied the effect and optimization of machining param-
eters on surface roughness in an EDM operation by using the Taguchi method. The
study was conducted under varying gap voltage, discharge current, and pulse-on
time. An orthogonal array, the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, was examined. The analy-
sis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to the study the surface roughness of CFRP
composite. They observed that the discharge current was the most influential factor
on the surface roughness.
Habib [39] studied the electrical discharge machining (EDM) of carbon fiber-
reinforced plastic (CFRP) material by developing an appropriate machining strategy
for a maximum process criteria yield. A feed-forward back-propagation neural net-
work was developed to model the machining process. The three most important
parameters were considered, i.e., material removal rate, tool electrode wear rate, and
surface roughness. The results showed more effective nature of neural networks in
indicating the electrical discharge machining parameters. Well-trained neural net-
work models provided fast, accurate, and consistent results, making them superior
to all other techniques.
The machining of composites reviewed in this chapter is summarized in Fig. 1.5.

COMPOSITES
MACHINING

TRADITIONAL NON-TRADITONAL

ABBRASIVE
ELECTRO
WATER JET
DRILLING GRINDING DISCHARGE

LASER
TURNING MILLING/
TRIMMING

Fig. 1.5 Type of composites’ machining

12 1 Composite Materials and Types of Machining

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14 1 Composite Materials and Types of Machining

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Chapter 2
Cutting Parameters
and the Machinability Performance

2.1 Types of Cutting Parameters

Optimizing cutting parameters is very significant to obtain good machined surface

and meet engineering specifications. It is also can save energy, reduce waste, save
processing time, and increase tool life [1]. Generally, there are four types of cutting
parameters normally associated with machining operation, i.e., cutting speed, spindle
speed, depth of cut, and feed rate [2–6]. All of these parameters have been identified
as the influential factors in determining the surface quality of every machined part.
Most of the researchers focused on four cutting parameters during their studies on
optimization in composite machining. They are spindle speed, cutting speed, depth
of cut, and feed rate [7–9]. In general, the best machined surface quality is being
determined by the kind of material being cut, and the size and type of the cutter
used, width and depth of cut, method of application, and speed available are factors
relating to machinability performance.

2.1.1 Cutting Speed (m/min)

The cutting speed expressed in meters per minute (m/min) must not be confused
with the spindle speed which is expressed in revolution per minute (rpm). Cutting
speed represents the rate of the cutter passed over the surface of the machined part,
whereby the spindle speed is obtained by calculating from a selected cutting speed.
The cutting speed of a metal may be defined as the speed, in surface feet per minute
or linear feet per minute (sf/min or mm/min) that a given tooth (flute) at which the
metal may be machined efficiently. When the work is machined on a milling machine,
the cutter must be revolved at a specific number of (r/min), depending on its diameter
to achieve the proper cutting speed. In workshop practices, the machinist used spindle

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2019 15
S. B. Mohamed et al., Down Milling Trimming Process Optimization for Carbon
Fiber-Reinforced Plastic, SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1804-7_2
16 2 Cutting Parameters and the Machinability Performance

speed, because the machine only reads the value of the spindle rather than cutting
speed. Further, cutting speed can be calculated using the expression below.
π∗D∗N
Vc  (2.1)
1000
where D is the diameter of the cutter, and N is revolution per minute (spindle speed).
The cutting speed is given as a set of constants that are normally available from
the cutting tools’ manufacturer but will always be subject to adjustment depending
on the cutting condition.

2.1.2 Spindle Speed (RPM)

The spindle speed is the rotational frequency of the machine spindle which is mea-
sured in revolution per minute (rpm). The preferred spindle speed is determined by
calculating from the desired cutting speed and incorporating the diameter of cutter
using the following formula:
Vc ∗ 1000
N (2.2)
π∗D
where N is a spindle speed, V c is cutting speed, and D is the diameter of the cutter.
Selecting the correct spindle speed to use when cutting any material with a rotating
tool has always been a challenge. This is particularly true of materials like composite
where there is such variation in cutting properties.

2.1.3 Feed Rates (mm/min)

Feed is the rate at which advancement of the tool toward the part and measured in
feet, inches, or millimeters per time period. It is also known as the table feed, machine
feed, or feed. The equation for the feed rate for the process is as follows (Table 2.1):

Feed rate  f ∗ CPT ∗ N (2.3)

where f is the number of teeth (flutes) in milling cutter, CPT is the chip per tooth for
a particular cutter, and N is the spindle speed of the cutter.
2.1 Types of Cutting Parameters
Table 2.1 Research on trimming of CFRP
Researchers, Year Control variables
Slamani et al. [29] Tool: Polycrystalline
diamond (PCD)
Cutting parameters:
cutting speed, feed rate,
and fiber orientation
Mohamed et al. [8] Tool: Polycrystalline
diamond (PCD)
Cutting parameters:
spindle speed, feed
rate, and depth of cut
Haddad et al. [14] Tool geometry, cutting
speed, feed rate, and
cutting distance
17
Process Findings
Comparison of surface Significant relationship
roughness using between surface quality
high-speed CNC and and ply orientation
high-speed robotic whatever machining
trimming of CFRP process and cutting
laminate conditions used
−45° ply orientation,
effect on feed rate
constituted the most
significant effect on
surface roughness
(CNC  61.20% and
robotic  38.47%) and
followed by cutting
speed (CNC  23.94%
and robotic  33.72%)
+45° ply orientation,
effect of cutting speed
constituted the most
significant effect on
CNC process, 63.94%
Optimum cutting
condition for good
surface roughness:
Robotic trimming: low
feed, low cutting speed;
CNC trimming:
medium feed and high
cutting speed
Edge trimming via up Most significant
milling of parameters on surface
CFRP/Al2014 roughness: depth of cut
DoE: Two-level full and feed rate
factorial design Surface roughness of
CFRP was 1.778 µm
and Al2024 was
0.938 µm at the setting
of 1860 rpm spindle
speed, 620 mm/min
feed rate, and 0.12 mm
depth of cut
High-speed trimming Quality of machined
of CFRP surface mainly affected
by cutting speed and
cutting distance
18 2 Cutting Parameters and the Machinability Performance

2.1.4 Depth of Cut (DOC)

The measurement normally in inches or millimeters of how wide and deep the tool
cuts into the workpiece. Argawal defined the DOC as the thickness of the metal that is
removed in one cut. It is the perpendicular distance measured between the machined
surface and non-machined surface on the workpiece.

2.2 Surface Roughness

Surface roughness is a characteristic that could influence the dimensional precision,

the performance of mechanical pieces, and production costs [10]. Quality of sur-
face roughness is one of the most important requirements in machining operations.
Maintaining good surface quality usually involves additional manufacturing cost and
loss of productivity; therefore, the optimization of cutting parameters to minimize
surface roughness needs to be undertaken [11, 12].
Arithmetic mean value (Ra) is used to describe surface roughness because it is
well recognized and widely used for international parameter of roughness. It is the
arithmetic mean of the actual departures of roughness profile from the mean line.
Ra is reported in microns (1 × 10−6 m  0.001 mm). The theoretical expression for
surface roughness can be seen as follows: Ra is defined as

Ra  (a + b + c + d + · · ·)/n (2.4)

The actual values are presented by the ordinates a, b, c, d, and the number of
readings is presented by n. µm (micrometer, or micron) is the unit that generally
used for the surface roughness.
Davim and Reis [10] carried out statistical study on surface roughness in milling
of CFRP using two cemented carbide end mill. The variables considered here were
cutting speed and feed rate and damage in milling laminates plates. They discovered
for both end mills, and it was possible to obtain surface between 1 and 3 µm of surface
roughness according to the cutting parameters used. Their observation revealed that
feed rate presents statistical significance on surface roughness compared to other
factors.
Kumar et al. [13] studied the optimization of surface roughness in turning unidirec-
tional glass fiber-reinforced plastics (UD-GFRPs) using PCD tool. Taguchi method
was chosen to carry out this experiment. The input parameters taken up for opti-
mization were feed rate, cutting speed, and depth of cut along with tool nose radius,
tool rake angle, and cutting environment. The parameters that had higher influence
are feed rate and cutting speed while the cutting environment did not influence the
surface roughness significantly.
Research done by Mohamed et al. [8] studied on machining parameters optimiza-
tion of trimming operation (up milling) using two-level full factorial design. They
2.2 Surface Roughness 19

considered the machining parameters, i.e., spindle speed, feed rate, and depth of cut.
The aim was to analyze the influence factors and the interaction of these parameters
with respect to surface quality produced. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed
that depth of cut and feed rate were the most significant parameters to the overall per-
formance of surface quality. Surface roughness of CFRP was found to be 1.778 µm,
and Al2024 was found to be 0.983 µm.

2.3 Machined Surface Quality of Composites

There are various methods of evaluating machined surfaces and each of them has
its own unique characteristics corresponding to the quality requirements. The choice
of evaluation technique depends on the equipment availability, the evaluator, and
the established terms in the quality control guidelines. Residual stress induced and
surface topography are the indicators for mechanical performance of homogeneous
material. Since the inhomogeneous material like CFRP does not develop residual
stress in machining, the quality of the machined surface is evaluated based on surface
profilometry and visual techniques.
Quality of a machined surface for composites is dependent on fiber orientation
and type of fiber used [14]. From the literature review conducted, it was seen that at
fiber orientation of 300° and 450° the surface was very poor, since the fiber was cut
by combined compressive and bending stress, while better surface was obtained at
fiber orientation of 90°. Moreover, other factors that influence surface roughness are
tool wear, feed rate, and cutting speed. Studies show that surface roughness increases
with increase in tool wear, feed rate, and decreasing in spindle speed.
Generally, there are two approaches in characterizing a machined surface. First
is roughness parameter (Ra, Rq, Rz, Rt). Second approach is statistical parameters
such as skewness, kurtosis, and frequency height distributions. The various roughness
parameters are arithmetic average height (Ra), root mean square height (Rq), peak-
to-valley height (Rt), valley-to-mean height (Rv), and ten-point average height (Rz).
However, studies have shown that roughness parameters Ra and Rq were the most
common approach characterizing machined with respect to fiber orientation [14]
(Agawal 2012; Azmi 2012). So, the preferred roughness parameter for representing
the surface features of composites is arithmetic average height, Ra. The role of these
roughness parameters is to evaluate the surface produced by a machining process and
to optimize cutting process parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of
cut. It has been shown that if the value of surface roughness is lower, the quality of
machined surface is better. Roughness values also indicate changes in the mechanical
properties of machined FRP. Studies have shown that with increasing roughness the
fatigue strength and impact strength decreased.
Roughness is measured on a machined surface by using stylus profilometer, which
is the common instrument used in the industry. Roughness value is given by the
vertical displacement of a diamond stylus tip, which moves along the machined
surface. Result of roughness measurement greatly depends on the stylus path, since
20 2 Cutting Parameters and the Machinability Performance

fiber direction changes from layer to layer. Neebu suggested two methods either
taking roughness measurements by keeping the stylus in one layer and take readings
at different locations of this layer or take readings at different location for different
layers and take the average. Things that need to be carefully considered during
measurement process such as matrix smearing, fiber protruding, and fiber clinging
to the stylus tip will obliterate the reading and will not give an exact description of
the surface. So, a visual inspection in combination with the profilometer reading is
necessary to quantify surface topography. However, due to the equipment availability
only Mitutoyo SJ-301 was used for surface roughness tester to record the value of
machined surface. Since measuring both materials at the same time would cause
error reading to the surface roughness tester and accurate data cannot be obtained,
the author decided to measure the surface roughness separately as suggested by
Mohamed et al. [8].

2.4 Design of Experiments (DoE)

The design of experiments (DoE) allows us to optimize processes from a reliability

viewpoint and product costs. In a domain such as machining, the use of the DoE
method can be of great help in terms of reliability and product cost [15].
DoE is a systematic approach to understand the process and product parameters
that affects the response variables. It is defined as a series of tests in which pur-
poseful changes are made to input factors so that the causes for significant changes
in the output responses can be identified. It is a mathematical tool that generates,
summarizes, and evaluates to ensure their feasibility. By doing this, time spent in
conducting experiments can be minimized and the quality of experiments can be
controlled. In short, DoE approaches are able to minimize trails and save a lot of
time and cost [16]. There are a lot of DoE software available in the market such as
Design Experts, Mini Tab, and statgraphics. DoE is an integrated software which is
a set of mathematical and statistical techniques useful for modeling and analyzing
of complex process optimization [17]. There are few types of DoE, i.e., full facto-
rial designs, fractional factorial designs, Placket Burman designs, response surface
designs, Taguchi designs, and mixture designs.
The optimization of turning parameters on surface roughness of glass fiber-
reinforced plastic was carried out by Palanikumar et al. [18]. By using DoE and
analysis of variance (ANOVA), the authors concluded that the technique was so
convenient and economical to predict optimal cutting parameters.
Benyounis and Olabi [19] stated that Taguchi method was one of the powerful
optimization techniques to improve product quality and reliability at low cost. Based
on the research done by Sait et al. [20] and Tsao and Hocheng [21], computational
time done by Taguchi design method was at the medium as compared to response
surface methodology (RSM) and factorial design.
Rajmohan et al. [11] performed the investigation on optimal design of cutting
parameters for drilling hybrid matrix composite. The effect of input parameters
Another random document with
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 But here General Concha interceded by exclaiming: “Stop,
Manolito, stop the firing! For God’s sake remember we are in Her
Majesty’s palace!”
So the firing was stopped, and the little girls, alarmed at the
noise, fell into each other’s arms, and cried with fright, whilst the
Countess of Mina strove to still their fears. The noise of firing was
heard down the corridors and the staircases known by the names of
those of the Lions and the Ladies. General Dulce was not content
with quelling the invasion of the palace by firing down the chief
staircase to prevent the ascent of any interloper, but, leaving
Barrientos in command of half the Guard at that spot, he went with
the other half into the Salon of the Ambassadors, and there fired on
the insurgents from the windows, until the whole Plaza de la Armeria
was swept free from any more possible invaders of the royal abode.
In the meanwhile Boria, Don Diego Leon, and others, were
caught in the Campo del Moro, the gardens of the palace. No mercy
was shown to the would-be perpetrators of such a deed as the
kidnapping of the royal children, and Diego de Leon, who had been
covered with laurels for his brilliant services in the civil war, was shot
with his accomplices without demur.
In the meanwhile General Espartero, in his Palace of la Buena
Vista, was ignorant of the tragic scenes enacted at the palace until
they were over. Brought thither by the sound of firearms, he arrived
just as the insurrectionary force had been driven from the palace,
and hastening up the staircase stained with blood, he found the royal
children in their room weeping bitterly and much terrified, albeit at
the time of the alarming scene they had shown more courage than
could have been expected at such an early age. The Regent led the
little girls to a window of the palace to still the fears of the people,
who had hastened from all quarters at the noise of the firing, and the
halberdiers who had defended their young Queen and her sister so
bravely were all publicly applauded, promoted, and subsequently
given the Cross of San Fernando. The fact of gunshot penetrating
the royal apartment was unprecedented in history, and although the
halberdiers pressed into the room to protect the royal children, they
abstained from firing there on the invaders without, for fear of hurting
those in their charge. When the Cortes opened, Espartero escorted
the Princesses to the ceremony, and they were received with
enthusiastic demonstrations of loyalty.
A short time afterwards Argüelles had to insist on the Order of the
Palace, by which the French Ambassador was not allowed entry to
the palace without official permission from the Regent.
When the Infante Don Francisco and Luisa Carlota decided to go
to Spain to see what personal influence could do in obtaining power
over their nieces, the King of France did all he could to prevent the
fulfilment of the plan. Difficulties were put in the way of the illustrious
travellers having horses for the journey, but Luisa Carlota exclaimed:
“This new obstacle will not stop us, as, if we can’t get horses, we will
go on foot.”
The exiled Queen-mother did all she could to influence her
children against their aunt, and she placed within the leaves of a
book of fashions, which she sent them from Paris, a paper which ran
thus: “Do not trust that woman! She causes nothing but disgrace and
ruin. Her words are all lies; her protestations of friendship are
deceptions; her presence is a peril. Beware, my child. Your aunt
wants to get rule over your mind and your heart to deceive you, and
to claim an affection of which she is unworthy.”
It was in 1842 that, eluding the vigilance of the Countess of Mina,
the lady-in-chief of the royal children, Luisa Carlota managed to see
a good deal of her young niece Isabel. The Infanta constantly joined
the young Queen in her walks, and, not content with talking to the
young girl about her cousin Don Francisco, so as to make her think
of him as an eligible parti, she one day gave her niece a portrait of
her son in his uniform as Captain of the Hussars. This portrait
Isabella was seen to show to her little sister, and so annoyed was
the Marchioness of Belgida, the chief Lady-in-Waiting, at what she
considered the breach of confidence on the part of the Infanta, that
she resigned her post. Argüelles had striven to warn Luisa Carlota
against the imprudence of her course, for the question of the young
Queen’s marriage was one in which the dignity of the Government,
the honour of the Queen, and the good name of the Regent, had all
to be considered. Therefore any attempt to compromise the Queen
by forcing any opinion from her which could not be based on
experience was detrimental to all concerned. In the Cortes he said: “I
do not believe in absolute isolation for a young Queen, but I think
she ought to be surrounded by those who will give her a good
example of prudence and self-reflection.” On the day that the
Marchioness of Belgida’s resignation was accepted the widowed
Countess of Mina was raised to be a grandee of Spain of the first
order, and she was appointed to the post vacated by the Countess.
Then, in pursuance of the opinion of the Ministers, Espartero had the
Princesses taken to Zaragossa so as to prevent further intrigues
about the Queen’s marriage.
In the “Estafeta del Palacio Real,” Antonio Bermejo compares
Olozaga with Argüelles. “He was,” he says, “austere like Argüelles,
who might be a little brusque, but never had a word or a single
phrase left the lips of this old man which could sully the purity of a
Princess. Moreover, the new guardian of the Queen was so dense
that he let a book be circulated in the royal apartment, called
‘Theresa, the Philosopher,’ which was said to be at the root of much
of the light behaviour of our girls. Who allowed this book in the
palace? Whence came this vile work, calculated to pollute the throne
of San Ferdinand? Narvaez and Gonzalez Brabo saw the book lying
on a chimney-piece in the palace, and they indignantly cast it into the
fire. It was thus that people sought to shake the foundation of the
throne; it was thus that the seed of corruption was sown which
resulted in so much weakness and failure!”
 CHAPTER VIII
MINISTERIAL DIFFICULTIES IN THE PALACE

1843

There is doubtless truth in the opinion that the wish of the

Government for the majority of the Queen to be declared at the age
of thirteen instead of fourteen proceeded from the desire of self-
interested personages to rid the country of the Regent, and hasten
the time when the power would be fully in the hands of the young
Sovereign, when it could be turned to the designs of the Moderates.
This project soon took form by the Ministry presenting a petition
to Isabella, saying:
“The nation wishes and desires to be governed by Your Majesty
yourself. Your Majesty will have heard the result of the vote taken in
the Cortes which is about to assemble, and there the oath required
by the Constitution from a constitutional monarch will be received by
the same Cortes.”
So on November 8, 1843, the proposal was carried by a majority
of 157 over 16, and Queen Isabel was endowed with full power as
Queen of the realm—a Queen of only thirteen years of age, whose
education had been grossly neglected, and who was inclined to
follow the dictates of an undisciplined sensual nature.
 R E C E P T I O N O F I S A B E L L A I I . AT T H E E S C O R I A L

From a Painting by R. Benjumea

Don Salustiano de Olozaga was then appointed President of the

Ministry which had supported the deed, whilst Francisco Serrano,
who was subsequently to play such an important part in the history
of Spain, remained Minister of War, and Frias Minister of the Marine.
But on November 29 the nation was astounded by the publication
in the Gazette of the decree for the dissolution of the Government
which had put the full power in the young Queen’s hand.
The reason for this course was not far to seek. Olozaga was not
only anxious to free himself from a Parliament with a majority of
Moderates (Tories), but he wished to be freed from the influence of
Narvaez, who represented the influence of the Queen-mother in the
palace. It was the fact of this influence which had decided both
Cortina and Madoz to refuse office.
 The fact of the Provisional Government having appointed
Olozaga guardian of the young Queen showed that he was known to
have great influence over her, and whilst holding that appointment he
had been flattered by the grant of the decoration of the Golden
Fleece. This distinction was declared by some to have been the
outcome of his own astuteness, and it certainly made him unpopular.
The decree for the dissolution of the Parliament was promptly
followed by incriminating whispers against the President of the
Council.
Mysterious allusions were made to Olozaga having been so
wanting in respect to his Queen that he insisted with undue force on
the dissolution of the Parliament, and when she objected and wished
to quit the apartment, he locked the door, and forcibly drew her back
to the table, where he made her sign the document.
“There are,” says Don Juan Rico y Amat, “those who say that this
report was got up by the Moderates on the exaggerated story of the
young Queen, as they wished to get him out of power; but this theory
is opposed by the difficulty of believing that a story which tended to
lessen the dignity of the Crown could have arisen only through
Isabella herself, and those acquainted with the Minister knew the
story was in accordance with his imperious, impetuous nature, well
known in the palace. It had, moreover, often been noticed that the
Prime Minister had entered the royal apartments with a freedom
unbefitting the respect due to royalty.”
Olozaga wrote to General Serrano, saying that the fact of the
Queen sending him a letter saying she would be glad to have the
decree, granted at the instance of Olozaga, returned to her, for the
rectification of the first lines, saying, “For grave reason of my own I
have just dissolved,” etc., showed the absurdity of the invention that
it had been obtained from her by force. “But if anybody,” continued
Olozaga, “still insists on such an idea, I will have the honour of
suggesting a means whereby the truth will be declared in my
presence.”
None of the Moderates surrounding the Queen had the courage
to seize the reins of government at this time of confusion, and
Narvaez himself, whose power in the palace was well known, and
whose position as Captain-General of Madrid would have assured
him of a large number of followers, hesitated to take the rudder of
the deserted ship.
Whilst all was hesitation in the audience chamber, a young man
suddenly made his appearance, and passed with fearless step and
bold bearing through the assembly of timorous people, right up to
within two steps to the throne in the Salon of Ambassadors, and
there assumed the leadership which was shunned by those who
could have claimed it, by exclaiming in a loud, commanding tone:
“The Queen before all! A revolution or I....” And thus by this splendid
coup the premiership was taken by Gonzalez Brabo, a man almost
unknown in Madrid, except for his talent as a journalist.
His paper, El Guirigay, had been prohibited for its gross attacks
on the Queen-mother, and his Liberal ideas were well known. The
splendid coolness and courage with which this young man thus
contravened the storm of revolution in the very palace itself was
calculated to arouse the hatred of the populace, who had looked to a
revolution as a reform in all the conditions which make life
burdensome.
Thus three days later, when Gonzalez Brabo crossed the Plaza
de Oriente for his audience with the Queen at the palace, his coach
was stopped by a mob, and the threatening attitude of the people
would have checked anyone less cool and determined in his course.
The day of the reopening of the Congress after its suspension for
the formation of the new Cabinet was a very anxious one, for it was
clearly seen that the Queen had either been treated with flagrant
disrespect or her report of the Minister’s conduct had been untrue.
The mace-bearers, with their plumed hats and their breasts
bearing the embroidered arms of the city, were standing in
statuesque immobility on their elevated places directly under the
canopy at the head of the chamber. Every seat was filled; the boxes
had their full complement of ladies, and outsiders and
representatives of the press crowded the gangways. The President
of the Congress sat at the official table, flanked by his officials, and
all was expectation when the slight, dapper figure of Brabo, dressed
in black and bearing the scarlet portfolio of office under his arm,
walked with determined step to the seat of honour on the black[15]
bench of the Ministers, and from thence returned the astonished
glances of the deputies with a scornful smile and a contemptuous
look. After waiting for the storm of dissentient remarks to subside,
the Minister rose to his feet, and in clear, concise tones declared that
he had been summoned by the Queen to the palace at 11.30 on
November 3, and, being admitted to the royal presence, he found
that the audience included all the staff of the gentiles hombres,
including General Domingo Dulce, who had distinguished himself so
bravely on the night of the attempted kidnapping of the little
Princesses; Don Maurice Carlos de Onis, President of the Senate;
the Duke of Rivas; the Count of Ezpeleta; the Marquis of
Peñaflorida, and the Marquis of San Felices, Secretary of the
Senate, with Don Pedro José Pidal, President of the Congress of
Deputies, the President of the Academy of Languages, etc. The
gathering also included the Patriarch of the Indias and the Notary of
the King. And it was in the presence of this august assembly that Her
Majesty had made the following declaration: “On the evening of the
28th of last month, Olozaga proposed my signing a decree for the
dissolution of the Cortes, and I replied that I did not wish to sign it,
having, among other reasons, the fact that this Cortes had declared
me to be of age. Olozaga insisted; I again objected, rising from my
seat and proceeding to the door at the left-hand side of the table.
Olozaga intercepted my passage and locked the door. Upon this I
turned to the other door, but he then stepped to that one, which he
also locked. Then, catching me by the dress, he made me sit down,
and seized me by the hand and forced me to sign the document.
Before leaving me he told me to say nothing of the occurrence to
anybody, but this I declined to promise.”
[15] The Ministerial seats are now upholstered in blue.

“Then,” continued Brabo, “at Her Majesty’s request, we all signed

the royal declaration, for its transmittance to the archives.”
It was with great dignity and cleverness that Olozaga followed the
statement of Brabo by refuting the points, holding his own as to his
innocence, and yet not incriminating the Queen of untruth. When the
unfortunate man had entered the Cortes with his brothers, cries of
“Death to him!” came from a box filled with officers of the regiment of
San Fernando, whilst shouts of “Viva!” came from other directions.
“Happen what may,” said Olozaga, “I deserve the confidence of
the Queen, which I won as a Minister;” and it was in a voice
trembling with emotion that he continued: “The life I have led justifies
me—the person of my heart, my daughter, my friends. My
colleagues have all found me always an upright man, incapable of
failing in my duties, and this opinion I cannot sacrifice to the Queen,
nor to God, nor to the Universe. Being a man of integrity, I must
show myself as such before the world, even if it were on the steps of
the scaffold itself.”
It is difficult to get an impartial opinion upon this episode, so
fraught with importance and so conclusive of the short-sighted policy
of putting the kingdom into the hands of a young girl of thirteen, who
was utterly inexperienced in the art of government, as the Regent
had lived away from the palace, and fate had sundered her from
mother, aunts, uncles, and relatives, who, in any other station of life,
might have aided her with their counsels. In the excitement of the
moment the Minister had doubtless treated the Queen as he would
his own daughter, and, keenly anxious to gain the decree which
would empower him to rid himself of the majority of Moderates in the
House, Olozaga had not stopped to consider how an exaggerated
report might colour his action to the tone of that of a man guilty of
gross lèse-majesté. The Queen was but a child in his eyes, and
when she demurred at the seeming cruelty and ingratitude of
dissolving a Cabinet which had been so favourable to the
anticipation of her majority, it is probably true that the Minister patted
her familiarly on the wrist, and said, with a smile of satisfaction and
superiority: “I will accustom My Lady to such cruelties!”
The return of the Queen-mother was now solemnly demanded by
a deputation of grandees, senators, and deputies. The necessity of
the young Queen having a person of experience at her side was
eloquently set forth; and those who were envious of the power of
Gonzalez Brabo eagerly advised a course which would curtail his
influence and lead to the supremacy of the Moderates. So Maria
Cristina returned to Spain on February 28, 1844, arriving at
Barcelona on March 4, and at Madrid on March 21.
However, Gonzalez Brabo managed to retain power under the
new state of affairs, albeit at the price of being termed a traitor by his
own party.
In spite of being accused of acting as a panderer to the
Moderates, Olozaga’s advice to the Queen to legalize the marriage
of her mother with Don Fernando Muñoz was a step of good policy.
The ceremony in the chapel of the royal palace was celebrated by
the Patriarch of the Indias.
 The husband was endowed with the decorations and dignities of
his position, and the Queen published the following decree:

“With due regard to the weighty reasons set forth by my august

mother, Doña Maria Cristina de Bourbon, I have authorized her, after
listening to the counsel of my Ministry, to contract a marriage with
Don Fernando Muñoz, Duke of Rianzares, and I declare that the fact
of her contracting this marriage of conscience, albeit with a person of
unequal rank, in no way lessens my favour and love; and she is to
retain all the honours and prerogatives and distinctions due to her as
Queen-mother. But her husband is only to enjoy the honours,
prerogatives, and distinctions, due to his class and title; and the
children of this marriage are to remain subject to Article 12, of Law 9,
Title 11, Book 10, of the Novisima Recopilacion, being able to inherit
the free property of their parents according to the laws.
“Signed by the Royal Hand
and the Minister of Grace and Justice,
“Luis Mayans.
“Given in the Palace,
“October 11, 1844.”

Wherever the young Queen appeared with her sister in the

country, their simple, unsophisticated ways filled the people with love
and admiration. One day, being only accompanied by two Ladies-in-
Waiting, they went to a village fête not very far from San Sebastian.
“Do you come from San Sebastian?” asked the peasants, with
the freedom characteristic of the country-folk in Spain.
“Yes, we do,” replied the Queen.
“And do you belong to the military?”
 “No,” said the Queen, repressing a smile, “we are not military
people.”
“But at least you are Castilians?”
“Yes,” returned the Queen promptly; “we are girls from Madrid.”
“And do you like this part?” queried the interlocutor.
“Very much,” replied the Queen. “It is very cheerful.”
“Well,” continued the peasant, with frank familiarity, “sit down a bit
and see the lads dance.”
“Thank you very much,” replied the Queen, “but we must be
going.”
“You will have noticed,” rejoined the peasant, “that the roads are
very bad, and you will get very tired. These mountains are only fit for
strong feet, and not little delicate ones like yours.”
“Never mind,” returned Isabel; “we like to accustom ourselves to
everything. You don’t know, then, who we are?”
“It is not easy to guess,” was the answer; “but you are certainly
daughters of people of position and money.”
Then Isabel said: “I am the Queen.”
“The Queen! the Queen!” cried the people with delight; and cider,
fruits, and cakes, were pressed upon the royal party.
The Queen and her sister received constant signs of affection in
the neighbourhood of Guipuzcoa. They went to Pampeluna to
receive the Duke and Duchess of Nemours and the Duke of Aumale,
the arrival of the distinguished French guests was celebrated in the
city by a magnificent banquet and bull-fight, and the distinguished
Frenchmen stayed with the Count of Ezpeleta.
The fall of Miraflores, the able Prime Minister, was heralded by
the evident desire of both the Queens for a change of Ministry, and
those who wished to compass the fall of the Prime Minister were
listened to by the royal ladies.
Miraflores found Queen Isabella alone one day in the palace, and
Her Majesty said to the Minister:
“I have heard that the scandal this afternoon in the Congress has
been so great that the President of the Congress put on his hat in his
want of consideration for the Court.”
Miraflores explained that this act proceeded from no want of
respect for the Cortes.
“Nevertheless it must be dissolved to-morrow,” was the reply.
Narvaez became Minister of War as well as President of the
Congress. The part played at the palace in the change of Ministries
is seen in the scene between Pacheco and the Queen-mother.
Maria Cristina remarked to the Minister that the Government
would not last long. Upon this Pacheco placed two ounces of gold
upon the mantelpiece, saying:
“I bet you that money that the Cabinet will not fall to-morrow as
you say.”
Whereupon the Queen took another two ounces from her purse,
and placing them beside those of the diplomat, she said:
“The bet is made: if the Ministry does not fall to-morrow, the
money is yours; if it does, it is mine.” And the Ministry did fall.
This insidious influence of the camarilla was daily becoming more
dangerous. Presumptuous and illegal, it held its sway over all that
was prudent and constitutional, and thus the intrigues of the palace
came between the Cortes and the throne, and the country and the
Queen, exercising power to the detriment of the national
representation, the throne, the nation, and the Sovereign. “The royal
palace,” says Don Antonio Bermejo, “was a gilded cage where men
were slaves to envy and idleness.”
 CHAPTER IX
ROYAL MATRIMONIAL SCHEMES—HOW ISABELLA’S SISTER FLED FROM
PARIS IN 1848

1843–1848

Isabella’s marriage was now a burning subject of discussion and

intrigue. The objection offered to her marriage with one of the sons
of the Infanta Luisa Carlota was the hatred reigning between the
mother of the proposed bridegroom and Queen Maria Cristina.
Louis Philippe of France had also his own designs in these
marriage prospects, and would fain have united the Dauphin to the
young Queen. But, as we know, England put her veto upon this
alliance, as it would have upset the balance of European power; so
the French King had to be contented with the marriage of his
younger son, the Duke of Montpensier, with Isabel’s sister Luisa
Fernanda.
There was a strong party in favour of the Queen’s marriage with
the Count of Montemolin, son of Don Carlos, as this union would
have put an end to the rivalry reigning between these two branches
of the Royal Family.
But finally attention was turned to the sons of Don Francisco de
Paula as the most suitable candidates for the hand of the Queen.
Miraflores explains that it was natural for the Duke of Cadiz, the
eldest son of the Infante, to be preferred by the existing Cabinet in
Spain and the Queen-mother, as he was a quiet, judicious Prince,
who had accepted and fulfilled with honour the post of Colonel of a
cavalry regiment; whilst Don Henry was of a turbulent disposition,
whose conduct left much to be desired at the Court of the Queen-
mother, to whom he had written from Bayonne very disrespectfully,
and in Brussels he had distinguished himself by publishing ideas
which bordered on being revolutionary.

I S A B E L L A I I ., Q U E E N O F S PA I N

After a Painting by De Madrazo

Whilst the royal party was at Pampeluna a mysterious document

in French fell into the hands of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, signed
“Legitimista.” The document ran thus:

“To the Minister of Foreign Affairs.

“Before the Duc de Nemours and the Duc d’Aumale left Paris as
the emissaries of His Majesty the great ‘Père de famille,’ French
legitimists knew that the meeting at Pampeluna was merely a matter
of form. The Duc d’Aumale cannot be the husband of Doña Isabel;
his father knows it; M. Guizot and M. Bresson know it; and the
Queen, wife of the Citizen-King, knows it, and she is the most
strongly opposed to the union.
“The Duc de Montpensier will be the husband of the Infanta; this
is what is arranged, and what will take place. The Citizen Louis has
made a plan by which he thinks that in time Montpensier will occupy
the throne of Spain by the side of the immediate heiress, Luisa
Fernanda, because experienced doctors in medicine have declared
to Bresson that the Queen is very ill with an hereditary disease which
will take her to the grave. Why has not the Princess got it? That is a
mystery which time will reveal. Who will give his hand in marriage to
Queen Isabel? We hear that the candidature of Prince Henry is in
favour. But this illustrious youth cannot be the husband of the
Queen, neither can his brother, Don Francisco de Asis.
“The Minister whom I have the honour of addressing is ignorant
of the reason, and I can give it to him.
“The Minister must know that when Princess Luisa Carlota was
on her death-bed she did not, even in this sad moment, forget the
troubles of her sister; and impelled by conscientious scruples, she
sent for her illustrious sons, and, taking them each by the right hand,
she said these solemn words to them, in a sad tone and with a
tenderness which was truly Christian: ‘My sons, I wish to reach
heaven, I wish to quit you and the world without remorse, and
therefore I declare I repent having contributed through imprudent
affection to thwarting the legitimate succession of the Crown of
Spain, and this I swear on my salvation. So I command you as a
mother, as a Princess, and as a repentant sinner, to swear that
neither of you will aspire to the hand of Isabella.’”

Narvaez showed that this document was a fraud, as, at the death
of the Infanta, Don Henry was at some distance from Madrid, and
Francisco was at Pampeluna.
Isabella’s own feelings about her marriage were hardly taken into
consideration at all. As a matter of fact, she had been more inclined
to Prince Henry, the younger son of Doña Luisa Carlota, than to
Francisco, and it will be remembered that even as a child she had
admired the portrait of the Prince, which had been secretly sent by
the mother to the young Queen; but inclination had no part in the
negotiations, which were regulated entirely by self-interest and
policy, so the tide of influence was soon seen to be in favour of the
eldest son of Prince Francisco de Paula.
Don Henry was furious when he found he was left out in the cold
in the negotiation for the marriages of Isabella and her sister.
In a letter to Bulwer Lytton he writes:

“The old man at the Tuileries is very delighted and pleased. He

has written three letters full of hypocritical words, telling the great
Mama that she has drawn the first prize, and that she is very
fortunate to be marrying her daughters to Paquito (Francisco) and
Montpensier. A French fellow has arrived at the palace. You will
recollect that I told you before last night that, judging from the
appearance of things, you and I were going to have our noses put
out of joint.
 “Istarez is very pleased. Cristina is delighted, and from what I
hear the weddings will take place very soon. When I see you I will
give you more particulars, which I cannot trust to the pen.”

The Queen-mother had been inclined to the idea of the Count of

Trapani, her brother, who had been educated in a Jesuit college at
Naples, as her son-in-law; but, as this idea had not been welcome to
the Government, attention had again been turned to one of the sons
of the Infante Don Francisco de Paula. Don Francisco, Duke of
Cadiz, the eldest, was favoured by France, whilst England gave
preference to Don Henry, Duke of Seville. As Miraflores says, it was
natural for the Queen-mother to prefer the eldest son of Don
Francisco, as he was a quiet Prince and one who had fulfilled his
duties with credit as Colonel of a cavalry regiment; whilst Don Henry
was of a more turbulent nature, and his antagonistic conduct to the
Queen-mother had excited some disturbance in the palace. In the
letters he sent from Brussels to Madrid he had manifested a
revolutionary spirit, which filled the Moderates with alarm. However,
poor Isabel preferred this hot-headed Prince to his more peaceful-
minded brother, and long were the arguments the young Queen held
with her mother against the project of her union with the elder
brother. Fortunately, however, the young Queen seemed somewhat
pleased with the appearance of Don Francisco, and at the fêtes
given in honour of the engagement she seemed very cheerful.
In an interview with Queen Maria Cristina, Bulwer Lytton said: “I
can understand your joy as a mother at seeing your eldest daughter
destined for a Prince who will make for the happiness of the royal
domestic hearth; but as to the marriage of the Infanta——”
Here Cristina interrupted him, saying: “It is decided that her union
with Montpensier will take place on the same day as that of the
Queen.”
 The Duke of Rianzares had evidently favoured the alliance of the
Princess Luisa Fernanda with the Duke of Montpensier, for when the
matter was fully arranged Louis Philippe wrote to Queen Maria
Cristina:
“Please give my kind regards to the Duke of Rianzares, and
thank him for the part he has taken in the matter I have so much at
heart.”
So France and her supporters in Spain gained the day, and the
double wedding of the young sisters was fixed for October 10, 1846.
It was with all the magnificent state for which the Court of Spain is
famed that the reception by Isabel and Fernanda took place at the
palace (for the publication of the marriage contracts) in the Salon of
the Ambassadors. Alexandre Dumas was among the distinguished
Frenchmen accompanying the bridegroom of the Infanta Fernanda,
and the great author attended a bull-fight with the noblemen as
toreadors, and the fêtes all the week were of surpassing splendour.
The religious ceremony itself was held in the Church of Atocha
with all imaginable pomp and splendour. The Patriarch of the Indias
received the brides at the door of the church, and noticeable among
the French guests was Alexandre Dumas, author of “The Three
Musketeers.” All the Diplomatic Corps were there with the exception
of the English.
In the ceremony the Patriarch placed upon the open palms of the
Queen’s bridegroom the thirteen pieces of money pledged as his
dowry, which was then passed by the bridegroom to the hands of his
bride, saying, “This ring and this money I give you as a sign of
marriage,” and the Queen replied, “I accept them.”
The same ceremony was used with the Infanta and her
bridegroom, and then the prelate, with his mitre and crook, escorted
the royal couples to the altar, and there read the Mass. During the
Epistle the Patriarch presented the candles, veils, and conjugal yoke,
and at the conclusion of the Gospel the Patriarch turned to the
Queen and her bridegroom, and said to the latter: “I give Your
Majesty a companion, and not a servant; Your Majesty must love her
as Christ loves His Church.” And then the same words were said to
the other couple. The periodical which published this account of the
wedding remarked that the Queen and her husband looked smiling
and pleased, but the Infanta looked sad.
The attempt on the life of the Queen soon after her marriage
caused great excitement, and the trial of Angel de la Riva, a native of
Santiago, in Galicia, and editor of a paper called El Clamor Publico,
who was caught just after firing the shot, was followed with the
deepest interest.
The testimony of Don Manuel Matheu, officer of the Royal Guard
of Halberdiers, a man of thirty-five years of age, gives some idea of
the etiquette of the time.
He declared that on May 4, 1847, he was on duty, so when the
Queen returned from her drive he went as usual to receive her at the
foot of the staircase with his little company of six halberdiers, and a
Captain with a lamp, and two other attendants with their axes. On
descending from the carriage, Her Majesty said to him: “Do you
know that on passing through the Calle de Alcalá two shots were
fired at me.”
The officer returned: “Two shots at Your Majesty?”
“Yes,” was the reply; “you cannot doubt it; I saw them get down
from a carriage or cab.”
The Colonel was not aware if Her Majesty said an open carriage
or a shut one.
“I felt something,” she added, “pass over my forehead which hurt
me.”
 “And as this was evident,” continued the officer, “I could but give
credit to Her Majesty’s words. Moreover, Her Highness the Infanta
Doña Maria Josefa added: ‘There is no doubt of the fact, for I myself
saw the men.’”
Then Her Majesty told the witness he was to inform the Ministers
of what had happened. This he did, leaving a message at the door of
the Secretary of State, and sending a halberdier to inform the
Minister of War.
It is not necessary to give further particulars of the long trial of the
accused. He was, as we know, first condemned to be beaten to
death, and being saved from this dreadful fate by the able defence of
Perez Hernandez, he was in November, 1847, condemned to twenty
years’ imprisonment. But on July 23, 1849, the Queen showed her
generous spirit by commuting the sentence to four years’ exile from
Madrid and all the royal resorts, as Her Majesty nobly gave full
benefit to the representation of the murderous lawyer’s madness, or
the influence exercised by others.
In the rapid and unexpected flight of the French Royal Family
from the Palace of the Tuileries, Princess Clementina, wife of the
Duke of Saxony, and the Duchess of Montpensier, were separated
from the King and Queen. When the Duke of Montpensier
accompanied his father to the carriages waiting for them in the Place
de la Concorde, he thought he would have no difficulty in returning to
fetch his wife, who had been confined for some days in her
apartments on account of her interesting condition of health. But the
crowds which had collected meanwhile in the gardens made it
impossible for the Prince to return to the palace. He had fortunately
left the Princess in the care of some of his suite and Monsieur Julio
de Lasteyrie, who was distinguished for his loyalty and popularity. So
the Duke mounted his horse and followed his father.
 Directly Monsieur Lasteyrie saw that the palace was invaded, he
gave his arm to the Duchess of Montpensier, and in the confusion of
the moment they passed unnoticed from the gates and mingled with
the crowd. Monsieur de Lasteyrie hoped to arrive in time to put the
Princesses into the royal carriages, which, however, started off at a
gallop just as they arrived within sight of them.
So Lasteyrie escorted the royal ladies to the house of his mother.
In a few minutes Princess Clementina left the timely refuge, and
continued her way to the Trianon, where she met her father; whilst
the Duchess of Montpensier remained for the night under the
protection of Madame de Lasteyrie.
There she heard from her husband at Dreux that she was to join
him at the Castle of Eu, whither the King was going.
But the monarch found it impossible to get to this haven, so when
the young Princess arrived there the following day she found the
place deserted. Hearing an alarming rumour that a party of workmen
were coming to pillage the Palace of Eu, as they had ransacked the
one at Neuilly, the Duchess quietly left the place, and repaired to the
house of Monsieur Estancelin, a diplomat of the Bavarian Embassy.
Under the escort of this gentleman and that of General Thierry she
started off for Brussels. On passing through Abbeville, the sight of
the carriage attracted attention, and the people cried: “There are
royal fugitives in that coach!” Monsieur Estancelin put his head out of
the window, and, as his name was known in the district, he declared
that the lady was his wife, and he was going abroad with her. To put
the people off the scent, he then gave orders to the postilion to drive
to the house of a friend of his, well known for his republican opinions.
Arrived at the house, Estancelin whispered in the ear of his friend the
name and rank of the lady under his escort.
But the man, in fear of the consequences of the discovery of the
secret, declined to give his aid in the matter, in spite of all arguments
of both gentlemen in charge of the Princess, setting forth the
dreadful consequences of her being frightened or subjected to
imprisonment in her delicate condition.
It was all in vain; the republican declined to receive the Princess,
and they had to turn away from the door in despair, for several
people had gathered in front of the house, curious to see who could
be seeking shelter at such a late hour.
So Monsieur Estancelin bade General Thierry conduct the lady
out of the town by a particular gate leading to the bank of the river,
whilst he went in search of other friends, who might aid him to get
fresh horses and a carriage with which he would meet them.
So the poor Princess started forth with her military ally.
Unfortunately, the gate of the town led through a narrow exit only
meant for pedestrians. So they wandered along in the cold rain,
picking their way over the stones and rubbish of this out-of-the-way
road. The General, alarmed at the drenched condition of the
Princess and her evident exhaustion and fatigue, decided that he
had better let her sit on a stone to rest, whilst he went in search of a
guide or a refuge.
The officer hastened along the road, fearing to call the attention
of the enemy to the lady in his care, and yet anxious to get a guide to
the rendezvous appointed by Estancelin. Finally, to his delight, he
was accosted by a friend of Estancelin, who had sent him in search
of the couple, and, quickly returning to the Princess, they escorted
her to the carriage which was waiting on the highroad to Brussels.
“What dreadful adventures this awful night!” exclaimed General
Thierry, as the Duchess of Montpensier sought to recover one of her
shoes which had slipped off her weary wet feet in the mud.
“Never mind,” returned the brave Princess; “I prefer these
adventures to the monotony of the round table of work in the
sumptuous salons of the Tuileries.”
The relief with which the letter announcing the safety of her sister
was received by Queen Isabella can well be imagined, as in those
days the limited communication by telegraph was stopped on
account of the fog.
The fall of Louis Philippe relieved England of the fear of the upset
of the balance of European power from the astuteness with which he
had arranged the marriages of the Spanish Queen and her sister.
There was no doubt of the intentions which had led to the Duke
of Montpensier being the brother-in-law of the Queen, and the
unsuspicious girl was a prey to the reports which were spread by the
ambitious Orleanists.
 CHAPTER X
A ROYAL QUARREL AND THE RECONCILIATION

It was soon seen that General Serrano’s influence with the Queen
surpassed the ordinary grade, and the Moderates were alarmed.
There were two parties in the royal palace—one on the side of
the Queen, and the other on that of the King; and the leaders of
these parties fostered the difference between the royal couple.
Francisco Pacheco, the King’s partisan, declared that a President
of the Congress was wanted who would give more independence to
the Crown, and who would receive the counsels of an intelligent
husband of the Sovereign; for the King-Consort should not be in a
position so secondary to that of the illustrious mother-in-law that she
can boast of having more power than he has.
When Isabella saw that Queen Maria Cristina’s influence in the
State was much resented by the Ministers, she advised her to go on
a visit to her daughter, the Duchess of Montpensier, and this counsel
was followed.
However, the want of union between the King and Queen was
soon evident to the world, and when it was announced that Isabella
was going to spend the rest of the summer at Aranjuez alone, whilst
the King remained in Madrid, it was seen that the Serrano influence
had become serious enough to cause a separation between the
royal couple. Isabella’s naturally good heart seemed softened when
she was leaving the palace, and it was evidently remorse which
prompted her to look anxiously back from the carriage, in search of a
glimpse of the husband at one of the windows of the royal pile. But
the coach rattled on, and the Queen’s search was in vain; whilst her
sad face, with its traces of tears, showed that things might have
been better had not the differences of the royal couple been
fostered, for their own ends, by intriguers of the camarilla.
Forsaken by his wife, Francisco followed the advice of his friends,
to enjoy himself in his own way; so he repaired to the Palace of the
Pardo, where banquets, hunting-parties, and other festivities
deadened his sense of injury at his wife’s conduct.
Those interested in the welfare of the land were disappointed
when the birthday of the Queen was celebrated by her holding a
reception alone at Aranjuez, whilst the King had a hunting expedition
at the Pardo. The Ministers came to the reception at Aranjuez, and
then promptly returned to the capital, leaving the Queen with her
trinity of Bulwer, Serrano, and Salamanca. General Salamanca was
at last sent by the King to Aranjuez to advise Isabella to return, but
she would not accept the condition of a change in the Serrano
position.
This refusal made the King decline to assist at the reception of
the Pope’s Nuncio at Aranjuez, and he was forbidden to return to the
royal Palace of Madrid.
Benavides, a courtier, anxious to heal this unhappy division in the
Royal Family, came to Francisco, and said:[16]
“This separation cannot go on; it is not good for the Queen or for
Your Majesty.”
[16] “Estafeta del Palacio Real,” Bermejo, vol. ii.

“That I can understand,” returned the King; “but she has chosen
to outrage my dignity as husband, and this when my demands are
not exaggerated. I know that Isabelita does not love me, and I
excuse her, because I know that our union was only for State
reasons, and not from inclination; and I am the more tolerant as I,
too, was unable to give her any affection myself. I have not objected
to the course of dissimulation, and I have always shown myself
willing to keep up appearances to avoid this disgraceful break; but
Isabelita, either from being more ingenuous or more vehement than I
am, could not fulfil this hypocritical duty—this sacrifice for the good
of the nation. I married because I had to marry, because the position
of King is flattering. I took the part, with its advantages. I have no
right to throw away the good fortune which I gained from the
arrangement. So I made up my mind to be tolerant, if they were
equally so with me, and I was never upset at the presence of a
favourite.”
Here the King was interrupted by Benavides saying:
“Allow me, Sire, to observe one thing. That which you now say
with regard to tolerance of a favourite is not in accordance with your
present line of conduct, for do you not demand the withdrawal of
General Serrano before agreeing to the reconciliation we are
asking?”
Then, with a singular calmness, the King returned:
“I do not deny that this Serrano is the main drawback to an
agreement with Isabelita, for the dismissal of the favourite would be
immediately followed by the reconciliation desired by my wife; but I
would have tolerated him, I would have exacted nothing, if he had
not hurt me personally by insulting me with unworthy names, failing
in respect to me, and not giving me proper consideration—and
therefore I hate him. He is a little Godoy, who has not known how to
behave; for he at least got over Charles IV. before rising to the
favour of my grandmother.”
 The Minister of the Government listened with astonishment to the
King’s words. Don Francisco saw it, and continued:
“The welfare of fifteen million people demands this and other
sacrifices. I was not born for Isabelita, nor Isabelita for me, but the
country must think the contrary. I will be tolerant, but the influence of
Serrano must cease, or I will not make it up.”
Benavides replied that the Ministry deplored this unhappy
“influence,” which was getting burdensome to the Queen herself; but
Serrano had such a fatal ascendancy everywhere, and had won over
to his side the opposing elements, that any sudden step to put an
end to the evil would result in deplorable consequences for the
nation. “However, the Ministry has decided to get rid of this
pernicious influence,” continued Benavides. “It is seeking a way to
do so without a collision and its consequences; and one of the things
which would help to this course of the Cabinet would be the
immediate reconciliation of Your Majesties, as the preliminary to the
other steps which will lead to Serrano’s overthrow.”
The King refused. He said that his dignity demanded the
withdrawal of the “influence.” Fresh evident proofs had been given
that this hateful man was the cause of the Queen’s separation from
him, and therefore he was not inclined to go back from his word
about him.
So Pacheco and all the other Ministers, excepting Salamanca,
determined to resign if Serrano did not retire from the Court.
Benavides and Pacheco were among the deputation who
petitioned the favourite to agree to this step, but it was in vain. The
Ministers went backwards and forwards to La Granja without gaining
their purpose. Finally, in pursuance of the Pope’s advice, the Queen
decided to return to Madrid; and Salamanca, as Prime Minister, went
to the Escorial to report the fact to Bulwer.