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Geographies of Children and
Young People 5
Samantha Punch
Robert M. Vanderbeck Editors
Tracey Skelton Editor-in-Chief
Families,
Intergenerationality,
and Peer Group
Relations
Geographies of Children and Young People
Volume 5
Editor-in-Chief
Tracey Skelton
Department of Geography
National University of Singapore
Singapore, Singapore
Geographies of Children and Young People is a Major Reference Work comprising
twelve volumes that pulls together the best international reflective and innovative
scholarship focusing on younger people. Volumes 1 and 2 establish and critically
engage with the theoretical, conceptual and methodological groundings of this
geographical sub-discipline. Volumes 3–11 provide in depth thematic analysis of
key topical areas pertinent to children’s and young people’s lives: identities and
subjectivities; families and peer groups; movement and mobilities; politics and
citizenship; global issues and change; play and well-being; learning and labouring;
conflict and peace. Volume 12 connects both academic, policy and practitioner based
work around protection and provision.
Series Titles
1. Establishing Geographies of Children and Young People
2. Methodological Approaches
3. Space, Place, and Environment
4. Identities and Subjectivities
5. Families, Intergenerationality, and Peer Group Relations
6. Movement, Mobilities, and Journeys
7. Politics, Citizenship and Rights
8. Geographies of Global Issues: Change and Threat
9. Play and Recreation, Health and Wellbeing
10. Laboring and Learning
11. Conflict, Violence, and Peace
12. Risk, Protection, Provision and Policy.
Tracey Skelton
Editor-in-Chief
Families,
Intergenerationality, and
Peer Group Relations
v
vi Series Preface
are often purportedly about reducing risk and offering protection but are also
associated with the control and containment of younger people, particularly spatially.
The chapters explore the ways in which policies at different scales affect children
and young people in terms of their access to space and their life chances.
This Series is an extremely rich, varied, and vibrant collection of work centered
on geographies of children and young people. Just as children and young people
bring vibrancy, diversity, and complexity to our worlds, so this MRW is designed to
showcase, deepen, and develop the geographic scholarship that captures, albeit
partially, the fascinating social heterogeneity and diverse spatialities of children’s
and young people’s lives.
This volume focuses on the geographical dimensions of children and young people’s
relationships in all of their diverse forms. This includes relationships within the
family (including parent/child relations, grandparent/grandchild relations, and sib-
ling relations), relationships with nonrelated adults, and relationships between chil-
dren and young people themselves. Engaging with the latest research in the field, the
chapters in this volume provide important perspectives on key topics in the study of
children and young people’s relationships, offering both empirical evidence and a
range of theories and concepts to help orient readers to important and emerging areas
of inquiring and setting agendas for future research. Although all chapters address
(albeit in highly varied ways) issues of key concern to geographers related to space,
place, community, and environment, they are also decidedly interdisciplinary in
nature, with insights not only from geography but also anthropology, sociology,
education, psychology, and more. The chapters draw on research from across both
Minority and Majority Worlds, illustrating both similarities and differences between
the nature of children and young people’s relationships in different contexts. Key
themes that run through many of the chapters include identities, power, agency, and
transforming social relations.
The volume is organized into three primary sections. Section I begins with a focus
on familial relationships, an area in which there have been a number of notable
geographical contributions in the past. This first section examines the spatial and
social complexities of families, including the social and cultural dynamics of
families as spatial units and the roles that children play in families. The section
starts with chapters exploring broader conceptual issues related to the notion of
intimacies (an increasingly prominent concept in the study of relationships), the
negotiation of privacy, and the interplays of power, coping with economic upheaval,
interdependencies, and the home. These are followed by more focused chapters that
consider particular dimensions of children’s familial relationships in diverse con-
texts, such as use of bedroom space, sibling relations, control of digital technologies,
family food practices, management of health risks, and work practices.
While Section I focuses on familial relationships, including the dynamics of
child/parent relations, Section II focuses on the geographical dimensions of adult/
child relationships beyond the dynamics of families and across the lifecourse. It
considers the role that intergenerationality plays in children and young people’s lives
ix
x Preface
Part III Friendship, Peer Group Relations, and Sexualities ...... 371
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
About the Editors
processes that marginalize children and young people in contemporary society, and
how these processes are related to constructions of social difference related not only
to age (such as perceived differentials in competence and capability between “chil-
dren” and “adults”), but also race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, and other issues. His
interest in this area has been reflected in previous research studies on issues
including young people’s contested uses of urban public space in the United States;
the social exclusion of Gypsy-Traveler young people in the United Kingdom; young
people’s social and environmental identities; and the narrative construction of the
figure of the “inner-city” child in the United States. He also has extensive practical
experience working with children and young people in diverse research and applied
contexts, including young people from inner-city neighborhoods in the United
States; young Gypsy-Travelers in England; and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgen-
der young people in diverse contexts. He is the joint author of Law, Religion and
Homosexuality (2014, Routledge) with Paul Johnson and joint editor of
Intergenerational Space (2015, Routeldge) with Nancy Worth. He is currently an
investigator on the major Arts and Humanities Research Council research program
INTERSECTION (Intergenerational Justice, Consumption and Sustainability in
Comparative Perspective), involving fieldwork in the United Kindgom, China, and
Uganda.
Editor-in-Chief
journal issues, and published more than 70 journal articles and chapters. She is a
passionate teacher and graduate supervisor. She is committed to the politics of
research dissemination in accessible formats, in particular to enable the participants
in her research projects to understand and recognize their coproduction of knowl-
edge whether through specialized small-scale workshops, translation of reports into
local languages, or production of audiovisual materials.
Contributors
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 The Generational Order and Processes of Generationing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3 Section I: Geographies of Familial Relationships and the Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1 Family Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2 Parent-Child Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.3 Intragenerational Relations Within Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.4 Negotiated and Constrained Interdependencies Within and Between Generations . . . 15
4 Section II: Extrafamilial Intergenerational Relationships and Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5 Section III: Friendship, Peer Group Relations, and Sexualities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Abstract
A growing body of research across the social sciences draws attention to the
complex geographies of children and young people’s relationships. This chapter
provides a critical introduction to the geographies of children’s and young
people’s relationships. The notion of “generationings” is developed as a useful
concept for understanding the ways in which particular generational positions in a
society (e.g., adult/child) are constructed and sustained, rather than taking these
positions as natural or unproblematic features of society. The chapter then
proceeds in three primary sections based on different types of relationship.
S. Punch (*)
Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
e-mail: s.v.punch@stir.ac.uk
R.M. Vanderbeck
The School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
e-mail: r.vanderbeck@leeds.ac.uk
First, familial relationships and the home are explored, focusing particularly on
family practices, parent/child relations, sibship and other intragenerational rela-
tionships within the family, and the concept of negotiated and constrained
interdependencies. Second, extrafamilial intergenerational relationships and
spaces are explored, focusing on the opportunities for and constraints on
intergenerational relationships between children/young people and nonrelated
adults. Finally, issues related to children and young people’s friendships, peer
group relations, and sexualities are examined, stressing how researching children
and young people’s relationships among themselves has much broader signifi-
cance for understanding wider social processes.
Keywords
Children Families Intergenerational relations Intragenerational relations
Young people Generational order Parents Siblings Interdependencies
Friendship
1 Introduction
the least prominent of the three (Vanderbeck 2016) and features less visibly in the
volume on “Families, Intergenerationality, and Peer Group Relations” than either
generation as kinship position or generation as life stage. Although in some senses
these three usages are analytically distinct, it should be stressed that there can be
considerable overlap between these notions of generation in relation to the lived
experience of individuals (Biggs and Lowenstein 2011).
Finally, it is important to clarify the particular metageographical terms (Lewis and
Wigen 1997) that are employed in this chapter and other chapters in the volume to
differentiate parts of the world based on level of wealth and development. The more
recent terms of Majority World and Minority World are used (see also Panelli et al.
2007; Punch 2003) to refer to what has traditionally been known as “the developing
world” and “the developed world.” The term Majority World reflects that the
“majority” of population, poverty, land mass, and lifestyles is located in the less
affluent continents of Africa, Asia, and Latin America, thereby shifting “the balance
of our world views that frequently privilege ‘western’ and ‘northern’ populations
and issues” (Punch and Tisdall 2014, p. 241). Such terms do risk over-homogenizing
world areas: the “rising powers” of countries such as Brazil, China, and India do not
fit comfortably within either category. Yet despite the diversity and differences, the
terms Majority and Minority Worlds have fewer negative connotations compared
with traditional dichotomies such as developed/developing, first world/third
world, etc.
. . . one position (such as the parental position) cannot exist without the other (child) position;
also what parenting is – that is, action in the position of a parent – is dependent on its relation
to the action ‘performed’ in the child position, and a change in one part is tied to change in
the other. (Alanen 2001, p. 19)
It is widely recognized that the study of families must take into account not only how
families are composed but also what they do in practice, such as caring, sharing
resources, meeting responsibilities, and fulfilling obligations (Silva and Smart 1999).
Many of the chapters in the volume on “Families, Intergenerationality, and Peer
Group Relations” proceed in the spirit of Morgan (1996) proposal to investigate
what he calls “family practices,” a concept that brings attention to how families are
products of daily interactions, routines, and exchanges in particular spatial contexts
in ways that may be both enabling and constraining. Familial relationships can be
experienced as a mixture of love and hate, burden and duty, support and neglect,
approval and disapproval (see Finn, ▶ Chap. 4, “Young Adults Living at Home:
Independence, Intimacy, and Intergenerational Relationships in Shared Family
Spaces”; Punch, ▶ Chap. 6, “Negotiating Sibling Relationships and Birth Order
Hierarchies”).
Recent demographic and social changes in family structures have contributed to
an increased focus on relationships (Punch and Tisdall 2014), rather than seeing the
family as a social institution (Morgan 1996). Given that there are a range of ways of
“doing family,” geographers explore what family means to people at different stages
over the life course (Finn, ▶ Chap. 4, “Young Adults Living at Home:
1 Families, Intergenerationality, and Peer Group Relations: Introduction 9
The process by which individuals, and groups of individuals, convey to each other and to
relevant others that certain of their actions do constitute ‘doing family things’ and thereby
confirm that these relationships are ‘family’ relationships. (Finch 2007, p. 73)
Finch argues that “displaying” family is as important as “doing” family (see also
Dermott and Seymour 2011). It is necessary to “display” family in order to demon-
strate to others that one’s actions and interactions are family practices that are
recognized as such by others. This can be even more relevant where relationships
take a nonconventional form such as in residential child care (McIntosh et al. 2011)
or in “families of choice” (Weeks et al. 2001) wherein the state does not necessarily
grant recognition to the relationships involved, such as in cases where a person lives
alone but maintains intimate relationships with others. Finch also asserts that the
need for display varies over time, as relationships are renegotiated at different stages
over the life course or according to evolving circumstances. Hence, the concept of
display accords with a perception of families as constituted by qualitative relation-
ship lived out in specific contexts “rather than a thing” (Morgan 1996, p. 186). This
highlights the contingent nature of contemporary family relationships, which need to
be both “done” and “displayed” in order to recognize their family-like quality:
It is precisely because relationships are both defined and experienced by their quality – not
simply their existence – that family relationships need to be displayed as well as ‘done’.
Displaying families confirms the qualitative character of a given relationship, at a particular
point in time, as ‘family’. In itself this requires a message to be conveyed that this
relationship ‘works’ as a family relationship. If it does not work, then its existence as a
family relationship is called into question. (Finch 2007, pp. 79–80)
Over the past two decades there has been a challenge to the use of “family” for
understanding close relationships. Concepts such as “intimacies” (Jamieson 1998,
2005), “personal life” (Smart 2007), and kinship (Mason 2008) have been proposed
as new ways of referring to human connectedness. In her research on Researching
Intimacy in Families, Gabb (2008, p. 1) states that: “Intimacy is about our everyday
relationships and affective interactions . . . It now symbolises an emergent intellec-
tual framework around the detraditionalization of interpersonal exchanges and kin
formation” (see also Valentine 2008 for reflections on the geographies of intimacy).
Gabb’s work strives to increase understanding of the ways in which families show
love and affection, both within and across generations (see also Fairbrother and Ellis,
▶ Chaps. 8, “Everyday Family Food Practices,” and ▶ 3, “Family Relations in
Times of Austerity: Reflections from the UK”; Rowa-Dewar and Stjerna,
▶ Chap. 9, “Health Risks in the Home: Children and Young People’s Accounts”).
Jamieson defines intimacy as follows:
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