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Trends in Mathematics
Piotr Kielanowski
Anatol Odzijewicz
Emma Previato
Editors
Geometric
Methods in
Physics XXXV
Workshop and Summer School,
Białowieża, Poland, June 26 – July 2, 2016
Trends in Mathematics is a series devoted to the publication of volumes arising
from conferences and lecture series focusing on a particular topic from any area of
mathematics. Its aim is to make current developments available to the community as
rapidly as possible without compromise to quality and to archive these for reference.
Proposals for volumes can be submitted using the Online Book Project Submission
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Furthermore, in order to guarantee the timely appearance of the proceedings it is

essential that the final version of the entire material be submitted no later than one
year after the conference.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/4961

Piotr Kielanowski • Anatol Odzijewicz
Emma Previato
Editors
Geometric Methods in Physics

XXXV
Workshop and Summer School, Białowieża,
Poland, June 26 – July 2, 2016
Editors
Piotr Kielanowski Anatol Odzijewicz
Departamento de Física Institute of Mathematics
CINVESTAV University of Białystok
Ciudad de México, Mexico Białystok, Poland
Emma Previato
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
Boston University
Boston, MA, USA
ISSN 2297-0215 ISSN 2297-024X (electronic)

ISBN 978-3-319-63593-4 ISBN 978-3-319-63594-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63594-1
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017962618
Mathmatics Subject Classification (2010): 01-06, 01A70, 20N99, 58A50, 58Z05, 81P16, 33D80, 51P05
© Springer International Publishing AG 2018

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the
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Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
G.A. Goldin
In Memory of S. Twareque Ali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Part I: Geometry & Physics
A. Antonevich
Quasi-periodic Algebras and Their Physical Automorphisms . . . . . . . . . 3
I. Beltiţă, D. Beltiţă and B. Cahen

Berezin Symbols on Lie Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
¸
T. Brzeziński and L. Dabrowski
A Curious Differential Calculus on the Quantum Disc and Cones . . . . 19
M. Fecko
Nambu Mechanics: Symmetries and Conserved Quantities . . . . . . . . . . . 27
L. Jeffrey, S. Rayan, G. Seal, P. Selick and J. Weitsman

The Triple Reduced Product and Hamiltonian Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
B. Mielnik
The Puzzle of Empty Bottle in Quantum Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
V.F. Molchanov
Poisson Transforms for Tensor Products in Compact Picture . . . . . . . . 61
T. Kobayashi, T. Kubo and M. Pevzner

Conformal Symmetry Breaking Operators for
Anti-de Sitter Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
A.K. Prykarpatski
Hamilton Operators and Related Integrable Differential
Algebraic Novikov–Leibniz Type Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
vi Contents
C. Roger
An Algebraic Background for Hierarchies of PDE
in Dimension (2|1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
A.I. Shafarevich
Lagrangian Manifolds and Maslov Indices Corresponding
to the Spectral Series of the Schrödinger Operators
with Delta-potentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
J. Smotlacha and R. Pincak

Electronic Properties of Graphene Nanoribbons in a Uniform
Magnetic Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
E. Stróżyna
Formal Normal Forms for Germs of Vector Fields with Quadratic
Leading Part. The Rational First Integral Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
H. Żoladek
¸
The Poncelet Theorems in Interpretation of Rafal Kolodziej . . . . . . . . . 129
Z. Pasternak-Winiarski and T.L. Żynda

Weighted Szegő Kernels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Part II: Integrability & Geometry
I. Cheltsov
On a Conjecture of Hong and Won . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
C.D. Guevara and S.P. Shipman

Short-time Behavior of the Exciton-polariton Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
I. Horozov
Periods of Mixed Tate Motives over Real Quadratic
Number Rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
W.X. Ma and X. Lü

Soliton Hierarchies from Matrix Loop Algebras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
C.A. Tracy and H. Widom

On the Ground State Energy of the Delta-function Fermi Gas II:
Further Asymptotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
D. Zakharov and V. Zakharov

Non-periodic One-gap Potentials in Quantum Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Contents vii
Part III: Abstracts of the Lectures at “School on Geometry and Physics”
A. Bolsinov
Integrable Geodesic Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
M. Bożejko
Anyonic Fock Spaces, q-CCR Relations for |q| = 1 and Relations
with Yang–Baxter Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
T. Brzeziński
Differential and Integral Forms on Non-commutative Algebras . . . . . . . 249
J. Kijowski
General Relativity Theory and Its Canonical Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
B. Mielnik
Exponential Formulae in Quantum Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
E. Previato
Complex Algebraic Geometry Applied to Integrable Dynamics:
Concrete Examples and Open Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Th. Voronov
Volumes of Classical Supermanifolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Trends in Mathematics, ix–x

c 2018 Springer International Publishing
Preface
This book contains a selection of papers presented during the Thirty-Fifth “Work-
shop on Geometric Methods in Physics” (WGMPXXXV) and abstracts of lectures
given during the Fifth “School on Geometry and Physics”, which both took place
in Bialowieża, Poland, in the summer 2016. These two coordinated activities are
an annual event. Information on the previous and the upcoming occurrences and
related materials can be found at the URL: http://wgmp.uwb.edu.pl.
The volume is divided into four parts. It opens with a paper dedicated to the
memory of S. Twareque Ali – for many years an active member of the Organizing
Committee of our workshop who died suddenly in 2016. The second part, “Geom-
etry and Physics”, includes papers based on talks delivered during the workshop.
The third part, “Integrability and Geometry”, is based on the eponymous special
session, organized by G.A. Goldin, A. Odesskii, E. Previato, E. Shemyakova and
Th. Voronov. The final part contains extended abstracts of the lecture-series given
during the Fifth “School on Geometry and Physics”.
The WGMP is an international conference organized each year by the De-
partment of Mathematical Physics in the Faculty of Mathematics and Computer
Science of the University of Bialystok, Poland. The main theme of the workshops,
consistent with the title, is the application of geometric methods in mathematical
physics and it includes a study of non-commutative systems, Poisson geometry,
completely integrable systems, quantization, infinite-dimensional groups, super-
groups and supersymmetry, quantum groups, Lie groupoids and algebroids as well
as related topics. Participation in the workshops is open; the typical audience con-
sists of physicists and mathematicians from many countries in several continents
with a wide spectrum of interests.
Workshop and School are held in Bialowieża, a village located in the east of
Poland near the border with Belarus. Bialowieża is situated on the edge of the
Bialowieża Forest, shared between Poland and Belarus, which is one of the last
remnants of the primeval forest that covered the European Plain before human
settlement and was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The peaceful at-
mosphere of a small village, combined with natural beauty, yields a unique environ-
ment for learning and cooperating: as a result, the core audience of the WGMPs has
become a strong scientific community, documented by this series of Proceedings.
The Organizing Committee of the 2016 WGMP gratefully acknowledges the
financial support of the University of Bialystok and the Belgian Science Policy Of-
x Preface
fice (BELSPO), IAP Grant P7/18 DYGEST. Thanks also go to the U.S. National
Science Foundation for providing support to participants in the “Integrability and
Geometry” session of the event, Grant DMS 1609812. Last but not least, credit
is due to early-career scholars and students from the University of Bialystok, who
contributed limitless time and effort to setting up and hosting the event, aside
from being active participants in the scientific activities.
The Editors
Participants of the XXXV WGMP

(Photo by Tomasz Goliński)
Geometric Methods in Physics. XXXV Workshop 2016
Trends in Mathematics, xi–xvi

In Memory of S. Twareque Ali

Gerald A. Goldin
Abstract. We remember a valued colleague and dear friend, S. Twareque Ali,

who passed away unexpectedly in January 2016.
S. Twareque Ali in Bialowieża.

xii G.A. Goldin
1. Remembering Twareque
Syed Twareque Ali, whom we all knew as Twareque, was born in 1942, and died
in January 2016. This brief tribute is the second one I have prepared for him in
a short period of time. With each sentence I reflect again on his extraordinary
personality, his remarkable career – and, of course, on the profound influence he
had in my life. Twareque was more than a colleague – he was a close friend, a
confidant, and a teacher in the deepest sense.
When I remember Twareque, the first thing that comes to mind is his laugh-
ter. He found humor in his early changes of nationality: born in the British Empire,
a subject of George VI, Emperor of India, he lived in pre-independence India, be-
came a citizen of Pakistan, and then of Bangladesh – all without moving from
home. Eventually he became a Canadian citizen, residing with his family in Mon-
treal for many years.
Twareque’s laughter was a balm. In times of sadness or disappointment, he
was a source of optimism to all around him. His positive view of life was rooted
in deep, almost unconsciously-held wisdom. Although he personally experienced
profound nostalgia for those lost to him, he knew how to live with joy. He could
laugh at himself, never taking difficulties too seriously.
And he loved to tell silly, inappropriate jokes – which, of course, cannot be
repeated publicly. He introduced me to the clever novels by David Lodge, Changing
Places, and Small World, which satirize the academic world mercilessly. In Lodge’s
characters, Twareque and I saw plenty of similarities to academic researchers we
both knew in real life – especially, to ourselves.
Twareque was fluent in several languages, a true “citizen of the world.” He
loved poetry, reciting lengthy passages from memory in English, German, Italian,
or Bengali. In Omar Khayyam’s Rubaiyat, translated by Edward Fitzgerald, he
found verses that spoke to him. These are among them:
...
Come, fill the Cup, and in the Fire of Spring
The Winter Garment of Repentance fling:
The Bird of Time has but a little way
To fly – and Lo! the Bird is on the Wing.
...
A Book of Verses underneath the Bough,
A Jug of Wine, a Loaf of Bread – and Thou
Beside me singing in the Wilderness
Oh, Wilderness were Paradise enow!
...
The Moving Finger writes, and, having writ,
Moves on; nor all your Piety nor Wit
Shall lure it back to cancel half a Line,
Nor all your Tears wash out a Word of it.
In Memory of S. Twareque Ali xiii
2. A short scientific biography

Twareque obtained his M.Sc. in 1966 in Dhaka (which is now in Bangladesh). He
received his Ph.D. from the University of Rochester, New York, USA, in 1973,
where he studied with Gérard Emch. Professor Emch remained an inspiration to
him for the rest of his life, and Twareque expressed his continuing gratitude. In
2007, together with Kalyan Sinha, he edited a volume in honor of Emch’s 70th
birthday [1]; and in 2015, he organized a memorial session for Emch at the 34th
Workshop on Geometric Methods in Physics in Bialowieża.
After earning his doctorate, Twareque held several research positions: at
the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) in Trieste, Italy; at the
University of Toronto and at the University of Prince Edward Island in Canada;
and at the Technical University of Clausthal, Germany in the Arnold Sommerfeld
Institute for Mathematical Physics with H.-D. Doebner. He joined the mathematics
faculty of Concordia University in Montreal as an assistant professor in 1981,
becoming an associate professor in 1983 and a full professor in 1990.
During his career as a mathematical physicist, Twareque achieved wide recog-
nition for his scientific achievements. He was known for his studies of quantization
methods, coherent states and symmetries, and wavelet analysis. A short account
cannot do justice to his accomplishments; the reader is referred for more detail to
two published obituaries from which I have drawn [2, 3], and asked to forgive the
many omissions. I cannot do better than to quote the summary in another tribute
I wrote [4]:
“During the 1980s, Twareque worked on measurement problems in phase
space, and on stochastic, Galilean, and Einsteinian quantum mechanics [5,6] Then
he began to study coherent states for the Galilei and Poincaré groups, and col-
laborated with Stephan de Bièvre on quantization on homogeneous spaces for
semidirect product groups.
“There followed his extensive, long-term, and indeed famous collaboration
with Jean-Pierre Antoine and Jean Pierre Gazeau, focusing on square integrable
group representations, continuous frames in Hilbert space, coherent states, and
wavelets. Their joint work culminated in publication of the second edition of their
book in 2014 – a veritable treasure trove of mathematical and physical ideas [7–10].
“Twareque’s work on quantization methods and their meaning is exemplified
by the important review he wrote with M. Englis̆ [11], and his work on reproducing
kernel methods with F. Bagarello and Gazeau [12].”
Twareque’s contributions of time and effort helped bring a number of scien-
tific conference series to international prominence. Foremost among these was the
Workshop on Geometric Methods in Physics (WGMP) in Bialowieża (organized
by Anatol Odzijewicz). Twareque attended virtually every meeting from 1991 to
2015, where we would see each other each summer. He was a long-time member of
the local organizing committee, and co-edited the Proceedings volumes. Other con-
ference series to which he contributed generously of his energy included the Univer-
sity of Havana International Workshops in Cuba (organized by Reinaldo Rodriguez
xiv G.A. Goldin
Ramos), and the Contemporary Problems in Mathematical Physics (Copromaph)

series in Cotonou, Benin (organized by M. Norbert Hounkonnou).
He was also an active member of the Standing Committee of the Interna-
tional Colloquium on Group Theoretical Methods in Physics (ICGTMP) series.
Twareque and his wife Fauzia came together to the 29th meeting of ICGTMP in
Tianjin, China in 2012. She attended the special session where Twareque (to his
surprise) was honored on the occasion of his 70th birthday. Their son Nabeel, of
whom he always spoke with great pride, practices pediatric medicine in Montreal.
Twareque was a deep thinker, who sought transcendence through ideas and
imagination. The truths of science and the elegance of mathematics in the quantum
domain were part of the mysterious beauty for which he longed – a longing shared
by many great scientists, a longing that we, too, share.
S. Twareque Ali in thought at WGMP XXXIII,

July 2, 2014. Photograph by G.A. Goldin.
As profoundly as Twareque cared about understanding the meanings of sci-
entific ideas, he cared equally about inspiring his students to succeed. He helped
them with personal as well as professional issues. As Anna Krasowska and Renata
Deptula, two of his more recent students who came from Poland to work with
In Memory of S. Twareque Ali xv
him, wrote [2], “If anything in our lives became too complicated it was a clear sign
we needed to talk to Dr. Ali. Every meeting with him provided a big dose of en-
couragement and new energy, never accompanied with any criticism or judgment.”
This was Twareque’s gift – to understand, to inspire, to give of himself.
Twareque died suddenly and unexpectedly January 24, 2016 in Malaysia, af-
ter participating actively in the 8th Expository Quantum Lecture Series (EqualS8)
– indeed, doing the kind of thing he loved most.
3. Concluding thoughts
Twareque believed passionately in world peace, in service to humanity, and in
international cooperation. He understood the broad sweep of history. His tradition
was Islam, as mine is Judaism, and although neither of us adhered to all the rituals
of our traditions, we shared an interest in their history, their commonalities, and
their contributions to world culture. We even researched correspondences between
the roots of words in Arabic and Hebrew. On a first visit to Israel for a conference in
1993, we visited Jerusalem together. Twareque did much to aid the less privileged
and less fortunate – in the best of our traditions, often anonymously.
Often one closes a retrospective on someone’s life with a sunset, marking the
ending of day and the beginning of night. My choice for Twareque is different. He
is someone who joined a scientific mind with a spiritual heart, and for Twareque,
the park and the forest in Bialowieża were at the center of his spirituality. So I
imagine him looking at us, even now, and marveling at the beauty of heavenly
clouds reflected in the water.
Reflection of the heavens in Bialowieża Park, July 4, 2013.

Photograph by G.A. Goldin.
xvi G.A. Goldin
Acknowledgment
I am deeply indebted to Twareque’s family, friends, students, and colleagues.
Thanks to the organizers of the 35th Workshop on Geometric Methods in Physics
for this opportunity to honor and remember him.
References
[1] S. Twareque Ali, Kalyan B. Sinha (eds.), A Tribute to Gérard G. Emch. Hindustan
Book Agency, New Delhi, 2007.
[2] J.-P. Antoine, J.P. Gazeau, G. Goldin, J. Harnad, M. Ismail, A. Krasowska, R. Dep-
tula, R.R. Ramos. In memoriam, S. Twareque Ali (1942–2016). Le Bulletin, Centre
de Recherches Mathématiques 22 (1) (2016), 9–12.
[3] F. Schroeck, J.-P. Antoine, G. Goldin, R. Benaduci. Syed Twareque Ali: Obituary.
Journal of Geometry and Symmetry in Physics 41 (2016), 105–111.
[4] G.A. Goldin, In Memoriam: Syed Twareque Ali. Proceedings of the 31st Interna-
tional Colloquium on Group Theoretical Methods in Physics. Springer, 2017 (to be
published).
[5] S.T. Ali, Stochastic localization, quantum mechanics on phase space and quantum
space-time. La Rivista del Nuovo Cimento 8 (11) (1985), 1.
[6] S.T. Ali, J.A. Brooke, P. Busch, R. Gagnon, F. Schroeck, Current conservation as a
geometric property of space-time. Canadian J Phys 66 (3) (1988), 238–44.
[7] S.T. Ali, J.-P. Antoine, J.P. Gazeau, Square integrability of group representations
on homogeneous spaces I. Reproducing triples and frames. Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré
55 (1991), 829–856.
[8] S.T. Ali, J.-P. Antoine, J.P. Gazeau, Continuous frames in Hilbert space. Annals of
Physics 222, 1–37; Relativistic quantum frames, Ann. of Phys. 222 (1993), 38–88.
[9] S.T. Ali, J.-P. Antoine, J.P. Gazeau, U.A. Müller, Coherent states and their gener-
alizations: A mathematical overview. Reviews in Math. Phys. 7 (1995), 1013–1104.
[10] S.T. Ali, J.-P. Antoine, J.P. Gazeau Coherent States, Wavelets and their General-
izations (and references therein). Springer, 2000; 2nd edn., 2014.
[11] S.T. Ali, M. Englis̆, Quantization Methods: A Guide for Physicists and Analysts.
Rev. Math. Phys. 17 (2005), 391–490.
[12] S.T. Ali, F. Bagarello, J.P. Gazeau, Quantizations from reproducing kernel spaces.
Ann. Phys. 332 (2013), 127–142.
Gerald A. Goldin
Rutgers University
New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
e-mail: geraldgoldin@dimacs.rutgers.edu
Part I
Geometry & Physics
Trends in Mathematics, 3–9

Quasi-periodic Algebras and

Their Physical Automorphisms
A. Antonevich and A. Glaz
Abstract. An automorphism of a quasi-periodic algebra on Rm is said to be

physical, if it is generated by a mappings of Rm . The aim of this work is to
give a description of the mappings, corresponding to such automorphisms.
Mathematics Subject Classification (2010). Primary 46J10; Secondary 42A75.
Keywords. Quasi-periodic function, maximal ideal space, automorphism, al-
gebraic unit.
1. Introduction: Invariant subalgebras

Invariant algebra is an important object in different fields of analysis In this paper
we consider quasi-periodic algebras on Rm invariant under mappings of Rm . Quasi-
periodic functions and algebras arise naturally in many fields of analysis. A list
of their applications are given, for example, in [1, 2]. Among them let us single
out integrating of Hamiltonian systems and nonlinear equations, the theory of
conductivity and the theory of quasi-crystals.
Let B(X) be Banach algebra of all bounded functions on X equipped with
sup-norm. Any mapping α : X → X generates the composition operator
W a(x) = a(α(x)), (1)
acting on B(X). The operator W is linear and multiplicative, i.e., it is an endo-
morphism of B(X). If α is invertible, then W is an automorphism of B(X).
A closed subalgebra A ⊂ B(X) is said to be invariant with respect to α
(shortly α-invariant ) if W (A) ⊂ A. Then the operator W is an endomorphism of
A. If W is invertible on A, then it is an automorphism. In this case the algebra A
is called two-sided invariant.
For any given subalgebra A0 ⊂ B(X) there exists the smallest invariant
closed algebra A+ containing A0 and there exists the smallest two-sided invariant
closed algebra A containing A0 .
4 A. Antonevich and A. Glaz
Among the motivations to construct invariant algebras can be pointed out

the following.
1.1. Investigation of weighted composition operators

A weighted composition operator on B(X) is an operator of the form
Bu(x) = a(x)u(α(x)), (2)
where the coefficient a ∈ B(X) is a given function.
According to Gelfand–Naimark theorem any commutative C ∗ -algebra A with
unity element is isomorphic to the algebra C(M(A)) of all continuous functions
on a compact space M(A). This space is called maximal ideal space of the algebra
A. The isomorphism
Aa→ a ∈ C(M(A))
is called Gelfand transform.
If A ⊂ B(X) is an α-invariant C ∗ -subalgebra, then endomorphism W induces
a continuous mapping α : M(A) → M(A).
Proposition 1 ([3]). Let A ⊂ B(X) be an invariant C ∗ -subalgebra and a ∈ A. For
the spectral radius R(B) of the weighted composition operator (2) the following
variational principle holds

R(B) = max exp ln |
a|dν ,
ν∈Λα
M(A)
-invariant normalized Borel measures on M(A).

where Λα is the set of all α
Let us consider operator B of the form (2) such that a ∈ A0 , where A0 ⊂
B(X) is a C ∗ -subalgebra. In order to apply the variational principle we need to
find an α-invariant algebra A containing A0 .
Example. Let X = R, α(x) = qx, q ∈ R and
Bu(x) = a(x)u(qx), (3)
where a0 is a continuous periodic function with period 1. In this case we need to
construct the smallest algebra, containing all periodic functions with period 1 and
invariant with respect to α(x) = qx.
1.2. Cross-product construction
Let A be a C ∗ -algebra and τ : A → A be an automorphism. There exists a set of
C ∗ -algebras B such that
1. A ⊂ B;
2. there exists a unitary element T ∈ B, such that τ (a) = T −1 aT ;
3. the algebra B is generated by A and T.
The largest among such algebras, denoted by A ×τ Z, is called cross-product of
A and its automorphism τ . A canonical construction of the cross-product was
proposed by von Neumann.
Quasi-periodic Algebras 5
There exist a number of generalizations of cross-product construction to the

case of endomorphism τ : A0 → A0 [4,5]. One of them is based on the following. If
we construct by given algebra A0 a larger algebra A such that τ can be extended
to automorphism of A, then cross-product construction is reduced to the classical
case of automorphism.
2. Almost periodic algebras

2.1. Quasi-periodic algebras
Let CB(Rm ) be the space of all bounded continuous functions on Rm . The smallest
closed subspace in CB(Rm ) containing all functions
ei2π<h,x> , x ∈ Rm , h ∈ Rm
is the algebra CAP (Rm ) of continuous almost periodic functions [6].
Any C ∗ -subalgebra of A ⊂ CAP (Rm ) is called almost periodic. A closed
subalgebra A ⊂ CB(Rm ) is called quasi-periodic, if it is generated by a finite
number of functions
ei2π±hj ,x , hj ∈ Rm , j = 1, 2, . . . , N.
To any almost periodic function a corresponds formal Fourier series
∞

a(x) ∼ Cj ei2πξj ,x .
j=1
The vectors ξj are called frequencies of the function, the set {ξj } is called the
spectrum of the function a.
For a given almost periodic algebra A denote by H(A) the union of spectra
of all functions from A. The set H(A) ⊂ Rm is a subgroup in Rm and is called
the frequencies group of the algebra A.
The subgroup Γ ∈ Rm with a finite number of generators is called the quasi-
lattice. As an abstract group, any quasi-lattice Γ is isomorphic to ZN , where N is
the number of independent generators.
In this terminology a subalgebra A is quasi-periodic, if H(A) is a quasi-lattice.
If H(A) ≈ ZN then A is called the algebra with N quasi-periods.
2.2. Gelfand transform of almost periodic algebras

Let G be a commutative locally compact group. Any continuous homomorphism
f from G into the unite circle S1 = {z ∈ C : |z| = 1} is called the character of
group G. The set of all characters forms the dual group G, which is also locally
compact.
According to the Pontryagin duality [7], if G is discrete, then the dual group
is compact.
G
Theorem 2. Let A be a C ∗ -subalgebra of CAP (Rm ). Then

M(A) = H(A),
i.e., the space of maximal ideals is the dual group to the frequencies group.
Consider the following examples.
1. Rm can be considered as a discrete group. It is a group with an uncountable
set of generators. The dual group R m is called Bohr compact and does not
have an explicit description.

Group Rm is the frequencies group of the algebra CAP (Rm ) of all al-
most periodic functions. Therefore the space of maximal ideals of the algebra
CAP (Rm ) is the Bohr compact.
2. If A is a quasi-periodic algebra, then H(A) = ZN for some N and the dual
group is a N -dimensional torus: ZN = TN . It follows that the Gelfand trans-
form gives an isomorphism

A → C(TN ) ∼ CP (RN ),
where CP (RN ) is the space of continuous function on RN periodic with
period 1 for each variable.
The isomorphism CP (RN ) → A (inverse to Gelfand transform) can be con-
structed as follows.
Let us consider a linear embedding Rm → L ⊂ RN , where L is an m-dimen-
sional vector subspace. Then the restrictions of functions from CP (RN ) on the L
form a quasi-periodic algebra AL on Rm whose frequencies group is the orthogonal
projection of the lattice ZN onto L.
A subspace L ⊂ RN is said to be totally irrational, if there are no vectors
from ZN that are orthogonal to L (except zero vector). If the subspace L is to-
tally irrational, then H(AL ) ≈ ZN and AL is a quasi-periodic algebra with N
generators.
Using different totally irrational embedding of Rm into RN there can be ob-
tained any quasi-periodic algebra on Rm with N quasi-periods. These algebras are
isomorphic to each other as abstract algebras, but differently realized as subalge-
bras of CAP (Rm ).
Like in the paper [1] the space Rm will be called as the physical space and
the space RN as the super-space.
3. Automorphisms of quasi-periodic algebra

3.1. Statement of the problem
Let A be a quasi-periodic algebra on Rm with N quasi-periods. Each automor-
phism τ : A → A is generated by a homeomorphism τ of the torus TN (and by
the corresponding covering mapping τ of the super-space RN ).
An automorphism τ of A is called physical, if it is generated by a mapping
α : Rm → Rm of the physical space. A general problem is to give a description
of all physical automorphisms of the quasi-periodic algebras. We remark that the

symmetry group of quasi-crystal consists on such mapping and the problem under
consideration is connected with investigation of quasi-crystallographic groups [2].
Here we consider the following case of general problem.
Let A0 be a given quasi-periodic algebra on Rm and α : Rm → Rm be a given
mapping. In general, algebra A0 may be not invariant under α and the smallest
invariant (two-sided invariant) algebra A containing A0 can be not quasi-periodic.
The question is: for which mapping α of the physical space Rm the smallest
invariant (two-sided invariant) algebra containing A0 is quasi-periodic?
3.2. Invariant almost periodic algebras on R

Let us show that this problem is meaningful even for linear mapping of R:
α(x) = qx, q ∈ R.
Let A0 be the algebra of continuous functions on R, periodic with the period
1. We will construct the smallest almost periodic algebra A, containing A0 and
invariant with respect to this α. As we have already noted, these issues are related
to the study of operator (3).
Example 1. Let α(x) = πx. Under the action of operator (W a)(x) = a(πx) on the
A0 the functions with frequencies π, π 2 , . . . appear. Due to the fact that number π
is transcendental, there are no relations between these frequencies, and the group
of frequencies of the smallest invariant algebra A+ is a free group with a countable
number of generators π, π 2 , . . . , π k , . . .:
H(A+ ) = ZN , M(A+ ) = TN .
Therefore in this case the smallest invariant almost periodic algebra A+ (and
A) is not quasi-periodic.
Example 2. Let α(x) = 2x. Then W (A0 ) is the algebra of periodic functions with
a period 12 . Since W (A0 ) ⊂ A0 , here A0 is α-invariant and A+ = A0 .
But A0 is not a two-sided invariant. Under the action of W −n the algebra
of periodic functions with period 2n is obtained. Therefore the smallest two-sided
invariant algebra A is generated by periodic functions with periods 2n and it is
not quasi-periodic. Here
k
H(A) = : k ∈ Z, n ∈ N ⊂ R.
2n
H(A) is a group with a countable number of generators, but it is not free.
For example, the relations 2n hn = h0 = 1 hold for the “natural” generators
hn = 2−n , n = 0, 1, . . . .
The dual group H(A) is called solenoid.
The solenoid appeared in many areas. The first it has been found by L. Vietor-
ris in 1927 as an example for the cohomology theory. Van Dantzig (1930) analyzed
solenoid as an example of a compact Abelian group with a non-trivial topological
structure. It arises as an example of the strange attractor for the system of dif-
ferential equations (V.V. Nemytskii, V.V. Stepanov, 1940). The role of solinoid in
the theory of dynamical systems was detected by S. Smale and R.F. Wilson.
Solenoid can be constructed like the Möbius strip. Let K be the Cantor
discontinuum. Solenoid as a topological space can be obtained from the product
of [0, 1] × K by identifying {0} × K and {1} × K by means of an invertible map
φ : K → K : (0, ω) ∼ (1, φ(ω)).
√
Example 3. Let q = 3 + 2 2. Then W (A0 ) is an algebra with a period q. It is easy
to check that algebra A with the frequencies group
√ √
H(A) = {n + k(3 + 2 2) : n, k ∈ Z} = {n + k2 2 : n, k ∈ Z}
is invariant with √respect to the corresponding α and it is invariant with respect to
α−1 (x) = [3 − 2 2]x. We get here the first example of a quasi-periodic algebra,
two-sided invariant under a linear mapping.
Note that if we consider a very similar quasi-periodic algebra with a group
of frequencies √
{n + k 2 : n, k ∈ Z},
then there is no linear map with respect to which the algebra is two-sided invariant,
in other words, there are no non-trivial symmetries.
3.3. Physical automorphisms on Rm
The following definitions are similar to the well-known definitions from the number
theory. The matrix Q ∈ Cm×m is called algebraic if there is a polynomial
P (t) = pn tn + pn−1 tn−1 + · · · + p0 , pk ∈ Z,
such that P (Q) = 0. It is called the integer algebraic if pn = 1. Integer algebraic
matrix Q is called the algebraic unit if the inverse Q−1 is also an algebraic integer
(which is equivalent to pn = 1 and p0 = ±1).
The different structures of the smallest invariant almost periodic algebras
from the examined above examples are determined by different algebraic properties
of the corresponding numbers q. Indeed, number π is not √ algebraic, numbers 2 is
algebraic integer but not an algebraic unit, and q = 3 + 2 2 is an algebraic unit,
since it is a root of the polynomial t2 − 6t + 1 = 0.
The next theorem asserts that for arbitrary m the results are similar.
Algebra A0 is called irreducible with respect to Q if minimal vector subspace
S of Rm , containing H(A0 ) and invariant with respect to the conjugate map
x → QT x is the Rm .
Theorem 3 ([8]). Let A0 be a quasi-periodic algebra on (Rm ), α(x) = Qx and A0
is irreducible with respect to Q.
The smallest closed two-sided invariant subalgebra A, that includes A0 , is
quasi-periodic if and only if Q is an algebraic unit.
In this case M(A) = TN , and the induced homeomorphism α : TN → TN is
an algebraic automorphism of the torus: the covering mapping of RN is given by a
matrix MQ ∈ ZN ×N with determinant ±1. The algebra A is realized as restriction

of CP (RN ) on an m-dimensional subspace L invariant with respect to MQ .
Theorem 4. For a given invertible mapping α : Rm → Rm there exists a two-sided
α-invariant quasi-periodic algebra A if and only if α can be represented in the
form α(x) = Qx + ϕ(x), where Q is an algebraic unit and the mapping ϕ(x) is
quasi-periodic (all components are quasi-periodic functions).
References
[1] I.A. Dynnikov, S.P. Novikov, Topology of quasi-periodic functions on plane. Uspekhi
matem. nauk 60:1(361) (2005), 3–28.
[2] Le Ty Quok Thang, S.A. Piunikhin S.A., Sadov V.A., Geometry of quasi-crystals.
Uspekhi matem. nauk, 1993, 48:1(289), 41–102.
[3] A.B. Antonevich, Linear functional equations. Operator approach. Birkhäuser, 1996.
[4] R. Exel, A new look at the crossed product of a C ∗ -algebra by an endomorphism,
Ergodic Theory Dynam. Systems 23(2003) 1733–1750.
[5] A.B. Antonevich, V.I. Bakhtin, A.V. Lebedev, Crossed product by an endomorphism,
algebras of coefficients and transfer-operators, Math. Sbornik, 202:9(2011), 3–34.
[6] B.M. Levitan, V.V. Zhikov, Almost periodic functions and differential equations,
MGU, Moscow, 1978.
[7] L.S. Pontryagin, Continuous Groups, “Nauka”, Moscow,1973. English transl. Topo-
logical Groups, Gordon and Breach, New York, 1066.
[8] A.B. Antonevich, A.N. Glaz, Quasi-periodic algebras invariant with respect to linear
mapping, Doklady NAN Belarusi. – 2014. – N. 5. – N. 30–35.
A. Antonevich
Institute of Mathematics
University of Bialystok
Ciolkowskego 1M
15-245 Bialystok, Poland
e-mail: antonevich@bsu.by
A. Glaz
Belorusian State University
Nezavisimosti 4
220030 Minsk, Belarus
e-mail: anna-glaz@yandex.ru
Trends in Mathematics, 11–17

Berezin Symbols on Lie Groups

Ingrid Beltiţă, Daniel Beltiţă and Benjamin Cahen
Abstract. In this paper we present a general framework for Berezin covariant

symbols, and we discuss a few basic properties of the corresponding symbol
map, with emphasis on its injectivity in connection with some problems in
representation theory of nilpotent Lie groups.
Mathematics Subject Classification (2010). Primary 22E27; Secondary 22E25,

47L15.
Keywords. Coherent states, Berezin calculus, coadjoint orbit.
1. Introduction
Let V be a finite-dimensional complex Hilbert space and N be a second countable
smooth manifold with a fixed Radon measure μ. We denote by L2 (N, V; μ) the
complex Hilbert space of (equivalence classes of) V-valued functions μ-measurable
on N that are absolutely square integrable with respect to μ. We also endow
the space of smooth functions C ∞ (N, V) with the Fréchet topology of uniform
convergence on compact sets together with their derivatives of arbitrarily high
degree.
If H ⊆ L2 (N, V) is a closed linear subspace with H ⊆ C ∞ (N, V), then the
inclusion map H → C ∞ (N, V) is continuous, hence for every x ∈ N the evaluation
map Kx : H → V, f → f (x), is continuous. The map
K : N × N → B(V), K(x, y) := Kx Ky∗
is called the reproducing kernel of the Hilbert space H. Then for every linear
operator A ∈ B(H) we define its full symbol as
K A : N × N → B(V), K A (x, y) := Kx AKy∗ : V → V
The research of the first two named authors has been partially supported by grant of the Ro-
manian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNCS–UEFISCDI, project
number PN-II-RU-TE-2014-4-0370.
12 I. Beltiţă, D. Beltiţă and B. Cahen
and K A ∈ C ∞ (N × N, B(V)). See [12, §I.2] for a detailed discussion of this con-
struction, which goes back to [6] and [7].
Main problem
In the above setting, the full symbol map
B(H) → C ∞ (N × N, B(V)), A → KA
is injective, as easily checked (see also Proposition 1(1) below). Therefore it is in-
teresting to find sufficient conditions on a continuous map ι : Γ → N × N , ensuring
that the corresponding ι-restricted symbol map
S ι : B(H) → C(Γ, B(V)), A → KA ◦ ι
is still injective. The case of the diagonal embedding ι : Γ = N → N × N , x →
(x, x), is particularly important and in this case the ι-restricted symbol map is
called the (non-normalized) Berezin covariant symbol map and is denoted simply
by S, hence
S : B(H) → C ∞ (N, B(V)), (S(A))(x) := Kx AKx∗ : V → V.
In the present paper we will discuss the above problem and we will briefly sketch
an approach to that problem based on results from our forthcoming paper [4]. This
approach blends some techniques of reproducing kernels and some basic ideas of
linear partial differential equations, in order to address a problem motivated by
representation theory of Lie groups (see [8–11]). This problem is also related to
some representations of infinite-dimensional Lie groups that occur in the study
of magnetic fields (see [1] and [3]). Let us also mention that linear differential
operators associated to reproducing kernels have been earlier used in the literature
(see, for instance, [5]).
2. Basic properties of the Berezin covariant symbol map

In the following we denote by Sp (•) the Schatten ideals of compact operators on
Hilbert spaces for 1 ≤ p < ∞.
Proposition 1. In the above setting, if A ∈ B(H), then one has:
1. If A ≥ 0, then S(A) ≥ 0, and moreover S(A) = 0 if and only if A = 0.
2. For all f ∈ H and x ∈ N one has

(Af )(x) = K A (x, y)f (y)dμ(y).
N
3. If {ej }j∈J is an orthonormal basis of H, then for all x, y ∈ N one has

K A (x, y) = Kx ej ⊗ Ky A∗ ej = ej (x) ⊗ (A∗ ej )(y) ∈ B(V),
j∈J j∈J
where for any v, w ∈ V we define their corresponding rank-one operator v ⊗

w := ( · | w)v ∈ B(V).
Berezin Transform 13
4. If A ∈ S2 (H), then

A2S2 (H) = K A (x, y)2S2 (V) dμ(x)dμ(y)
N ×N
and if A ∈ S1 (H), then

Tr A = Tr K A (x, x)dμ(x).
N
Proof. See [4] for more general versions of these assertions, in which in particular
the Hilbert space V is infinite-dimensional. Assertion (1) is a generalization of
[12, Ex. I.2.3(c)], Assertion (1) is a generalization of [12, Prop. I.1.8(b)], while
Assertion (1) is a generalization of [12, Cor. A.I.12].
3. Examples of Berezin symbols and specific applications

Here we specialize to the following setting:
1. G is a connected, simply connected, nilpotent Lie group with its Lie algebra
g, whose center is denoted by z, and g∗ is the linear dual space of g, with the
corresponding duality pairing ·, · : g∗ × g → R.
2. π : G → B(H) be a unitary irreducible representation associated with the
coadjoint orbit O ⊆ g∗ .
The group G will be identified with g via the exponential map, so that G = (g, ·G ),
where ·G is the Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff multiplication.
We use the notation H∞ = H∞ (π) for the nuclear Fréchet space of smooth
vectors of π. Let then H−∞ be the space of antilinear continuous functionals
on H∞ , B(H∞ , H−∞ ) be the space of continuous linear operators between the
above space (these operators are thought of as possibly unbounded linear operators
in H), and S(•) and S (•) for the spaces of Schwartz functions and tempered
distributions, respectively. Then we have that
H∞ → H → H−∞ .
Let X1 , . . . , Xm be a Jordan–Hölder basis in g and e ⊆ {1, . . . , m} be the set of
jump indices of the coadjoint orbit O. Select ξ0 ∈ O and let g = gξ0 ge be its
corresponding direct sum decomposition, where ge is the linear span of {Xj | j ∈ e}
and gξ0 := {x ∈ g | [x, g] ⊆ Ker ξ0 }.
We need the notation for the Fourier transform. For a ∈ S(O) we set

a(x) = e−iξ,x a(ξ)dξ,

O
where on O we consider the Liouville measure normalized such that the Fourier
transform is unitary when extended to L2 (O) → L2 (ge ). We denote by F̌ the
inverse Fourier transform of F ∈ L2 (g0 ).
14 I. Beltiţă, D. Beltiţă and B. Cahen
Definition 2. 1. For f ∈ H and φ ∈ H, or f ∈ H−∞ and φ ∈ H∞ , let A ∈

C(ge ) ∩ S (ge ) be the coefficient mapping for π, defined by
Aφ f (x) = A(f, φ)(x) := (f | π(x)φ), x ∈ ge .
2. For f ∈ H and φ ∈ H, or f ∈ H−∞ and φ ∈ H∞ , the cross-Wigner distribu-
tion W(f, φ) ∈ S (O) is defined by the formula
φ) = Aφ f.
W(f,
Proposition 3. For f, φ ∈ H we have that A(f, φ) ∈ L2 (g0 ), W(f, φ) ∈ L2 (O).
Moreover
(A(f1 , φ1 ) | A(f2 , φ2 ))L2 (g0 ) = (f1 | f2 )(φ1 | φ2 )
(W(f1 , φ1 ) | W(f2 , φ2 ))L2 (O) = (f1 | f2 )(φ1 | φ2 )
for all f1 , f2 , φ1 , φ2 ∈ H.
Proof. This follows from [2, Prop. 2.8(i)].
From now on we assume that

φ ∈ H∞ with φ = 1 is fixed.
We let V : H → L (ge ) be the isometry defined by
2
(V f )(x) := (f | φx ) for all x ∈ ge ,

where φx := π(x)φ. We denote
K := Ran V ⊂ L2 (g0 ).
Then K is a reproducing kernel Hilbert space of smooth functions, with inner
product equal to the L2 (g0 )-inner product, so the present construction is a special
instance of the general framework of Section 1 with V = C.
The reproducing kernel of K is given by
K(x, y) = (π(x)φ | π(y)φ) = (φx | φy ),
and Ky (·) := K(·, y) ∈ Ran V , for all y ∈ g0 . We also note that
(∀x ∈ g0 ) Kx = V φx .
The Berezin covariant symbol of an operator T ∈ B(K) is then the bounded
continuous function
S(T ) : ge → C, S(T )(x) = (T Kx | Kx )K .
One thus obtains a well-defined bounded linear operator
S : B(K) → C ∞ (ge ) ∩ L∞ (ge )
which also gives by restriction a bounded linear operator
S : S2 (K) → L2 (g0 ).
Berezin Transform 15
To find accurate descriptions of the kernels of the above operators is a very im-
portant problem for many reasons, as explained in [8–11] also for other classes of
Lie groups than the nilpotent ones.
The case of flat coadjoint orbits of nilpotent Lie groups

We now assume that the coadjoint orbit O is flat, hence its corresponding repre-
sentation π is square integrable modulo the center of G.
Remark 4. Consider the representation ρ : G → B(K),

ρ(g) = V π(g)V ∗ ,
that is a unitary representation of G equivalent to π, thus it corresponds to the
same coadjoint orbit O. We denote by Opρ the Weyl calculus corresponding to
this representation. The following then holds:
1. For a ∈ S (O) one has Opρ (a) = V Op(a)V ∗ = Ta .
2. For T ∈ B(K) and X ∈ g0 , one has
S(ρ(x)−1 T ρ(x))(z) = S(T )(x · z), for all z ∈ g0 . (1)
Theorem 5. Assume that in the constructions above,

φ ∈ H∞ is such that W(φ, φ) is a cyclic vector for α. (2)
Then S : S2 (K) → L2 (g0 ) is injective.
Proof. The method of proof is based on specific properties of the Weyl–Pedersen

calculus from [2].
We refer to [4] for a more complete discussion and for proofs of the above
assertions in a much more general setting. To conclude this paper we will just
briefly discuss an important example.
The special case of the Heisenberg groups

Let G be the Heisenberg group of dimension 2n + 1 and H be the center of G.
Let {X1 , . . . , Xn , Y1 , . . . , Yn , Z} be a basis of g in which the only nontrivial brack-
ets are [Xk , Yk ] = Z, 1 ≤ k ≤ n and let {X1∗ , . . . , Xn∗ , Y1∗ , . . . , Yn∗ , Z ∗ } be the
corresponding dual basis of g∗ .
For a = (a1 , a2 , . . . , an ) ∈ Rn , b = (b1 , b2 , . . . , bn ) ∈ Rn and c ∈ R, we
n n
denote by [a, b, c] the element expG ( k=1 ak Xk + k=1 bk Yk + cZ) of G. Then
the multiplication of G is given by
1
[a, b, c][a , b , c ] = [a + a , b + b , c + c + (ab − a b)]
2
and H consists of all elements of the form [0, 0, c] with c ∈ R.
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the Long Rooms of Bagnigge Wells, White Conduit House, and the
Pantheon the strains of an organ, if the magistrates allowed the
performance, might also be enjoyed.
The season at most of the London gardens began in April or May,
and lasted till August or September. The principal gardens were
open during the week (not, regularly, on Sundays) on three or more
days, and those of the Vauxhall type were usually evening resorts.
Much depended, it need hardly be said, upon the state of the
weather, and sometimes the opening for the season had to be
postponed. When the rain came, the fireworks were hopelessly
soaked and people took refuge as they could under an awning or a
colonnade or in a Great Room. A writer in The Connoisseur of 1755
(May 15th) only too justly remarks that our Northern climate will
hardly allow us to indulge in the pleasures of a garden so feelingly
described by the poets: “We dare not lay ourselves on the damp
ground in shady groves or by the purling stream,” unless at least “we
fortify our insides against the cold by good substantial eating and
drinking. For this reason the extreme costliness of the provisions at
our public gardens has been grievously complained of by those
gentry to whom a supper at these places is as necessary a part of
the entertainment as the singing or the fireworks.” More than seventy
years later Tom Moore (Diary, August 21st, 1829) describes the
misery of a wet and chilly August night at Vauxhall—the gardens
illuminated but empty, and the proprietor comparing the scene to the
deserts of Arabia. On this occasion, Moore and his friends supped
between twelve and one, and had some burnt port to warm
themselves.
The charge for admission at Vauxhall, Marylebone Gardens, and
Cuper’s was generally not less than a shilling. Ranelagh charged
half-a-crown, but this payment always included “the elegant regale”
of tea, coffee, and bread and butter. The proprietors of the various
Wells made a regular charge of threepence or more for drinking the
water at the springs and pump rooms. At some of the smaller
gardens a charge of sixpence or a shilling might be made for
admission, but the visitor on entering was presented with a metal
check which enabled him to recover the whole or part of his outlay in
the form of refreshments.
Vauxhall, Marylebone, Cuper’s, and Ranelagh often numbered
among their frequenters people of rank and fashion, who subscribed
for season-tickets, but (with the possible exception of Ranelagh)
were by no means exclusive or select. The Tea-gardens, and, as a
rule, the Wells, had an aristocracy of aldermen and merchants,
young ensigns and templars, and were the chosen resorts of the
prentice, the sempstress, and the small shop-keeper.
The proprietors of gardens open in the evening found it necessary
to provide (or to announce that they provided) for the safe convoy of
their visitors after nightfall. Sadler’s Wells advertised “it will be
moonlight,” and provided horse patrols to the West End and the City.
The proprietor of Belsize House, Hampstead, professed to maintain
a body of thirty stout fellows “to patrol timid females or other.”
Vauxhall—in its early days usually approached by water—seems to
have been regarded as safe, but Ranelagh and the Marylebone
Gardens maintained regular escorts.
In the principal gardens, watchmen and “vigilant officers” were
always supposed to be in attendance to keep order and to exclude
undesirable visitors. Unsparing denunciation of the morals of the
chief gardens, such as is found in the lofty pages of Noorthouck,
must, I am inclined to think, be regarded as rhetorical, and to a great
extent unwarranted. On the other hand, one can hardly accept
without a smile the statement of a Vauxhall guide-book of 1753, that
“even Bishops have been seen in this Recess without injuring their
character,” for it cannot be denied that the vigilant officers had
enough to do. There were sometimes scenes and affrays in the
gardens, and Vauxhall and Cuper’s were favourite hunting-grounds
of the London pickpocket. At the opening Ridotto at Vauxhall (1732)
a man stole fifty guineas from a masquerader, but here the
watchman was equal to the occasion, and “the rogue was taken in
the fact.” At Cuper’s on a firework night a pickpocket or two might be
caught, but it was ten to one that they would be rescued on their way
to justice by their confederates in St. George’s Fields.
The dubious character of some of the female frequenters of the
best known gardens has been necessarily indicated in our detailed
accounts of these gardens, though always, it is hoped, in a way not
likely to cause offence. The best surety for good conduct at a public
garden was, after all, the character of the great mass of its
frequenters, and it is obvious that they were decent people enough,
however wanting in graces of good-breeding and refinement.
Moreover, from the end of the year 1752, when the Act was passed
requiring London gardens and other places where music and
dancing took place to be under a license, it was generally the
interest of the proprietor to preserve good order for fear of sharing
the fate of Cuper’s, which was unable to obtain a renewal of its
license after 1752, and had to be carried on as a mere tea-garden.
The only places, perhaps, at which disreputable visitors were
distinctly welcome were those garish evening haunts in St. George’s
Fields, the Dog and Duck, the Temples of Flora and Apollo and the
Flora Tea-Gardens. All these were suppressed or lost their license
before the end of the eighteenth century.
Of the more important gardens, Marylebone and Cuper’s ceased
to exist before the close of the last century. Ranelagh survived till
1803 and Vauxhall till 1859. Finch’s Grotto practically came to an
end about 1773 and Bermondsey Spa about 1804. Many of the
eighteenth-century tea-gardens lasted almost to our own time, but
the original character of such places as Bagnigge Wells (closed
1841), White Conduit House (closed 1849), and Highbury Barn
(closed 1871) was greatly altered.
During the first thirty or forty years of the nineteenth century
numerous gardens, large and small, were flourishing in or near
London. Some of these, like Bagnigge Wells, had been well-known
gardens in the eighteenth century, while the origin of others, such as
Chalk Farm, Camberwell Grove House, the Rosemary Branch
Gardens at Islington, or rather Hoxton, the Mermaid Gardens,
Hackney, and the Montpelier Gardens, Walworth, may be probably,
or certainly, traced to the last century. These last-mentioned places,
however, had little or no importance as public gardens till the
nineteenth century, and have not been described in the present
work.
Many new gardens came into existence, and of these the best
known are the Surrey Zoological Gardens (1831–1856); Rosherville
(established 1837); Cremorne (circ. 1843–1877); and the Eagle
Tavern and Gardens (circ. 1825–1882), occupying the quiet domain
of the old Shepherd and Shepherdess.
The sale of Vauxhall Gardens in August 1859, or perhaps the
closing of Highbury Barn in 1871, may be held to mark the final
disappearance of the London Pleasure Gardens of the eighteenth
century. “St. George’s Fields are fields no more!” and hardly a tree or
shrub recalls these vanished pleasances of our forefathers. The site
of Ranelagh is still, indeed, a garden, and Hampstead has its spring
and Well Walk. But the Sadler’s Wells of 1765 exists only in its
theatre, and its gardens are gone, its spring forgotten, and its New
River covered in. The public-house, which in London dies hard, has
occupied the site, and preserved the name of several eighteenth-
century gardens, including the London Spa, Bagnigge Wells, White
Conduit House and the Adam and Eve, Tottenham Court, but the
gardens themselves have been completely swept away.
Vauxhall, Belsize House, and the Spa Fields Pantheon, none of
them in their day examples of austere morality, are now represented
by three churches. From the Marylebone Gardens, the Marylebone
Music Hall may be said to have been evolved. Pancras Wells are
lost in the extended terminus of the Midland Railway, and the
Waterloo Road runs over the centre of Cuper’s Gardens. Finch’s
Grotto, after having been a burial ground and a workhouse, is now
the headquarters of our London Fire Brigade. Copenhagen House
with its fields is the great Metropolitan Cattle Market. The Three Hats
is a bank; Dobney’s Bowling Green, a small court; the Temple of
Apollo, an engineer’s factory, and the sign of the Dog and Duck is
built into the walls of Bedlam.
PLAN
showing distribution of the
London Pleasure Gardens.
I
CLERKENWELL AND CENTRAL GROUP

ISLINGTON SPA, OR NEW TUNBRIDGE WELLS
A poetical advertisement of the year 1684[7] refers to “the sweet

gardens and arbours of pleasure” at this once famous resort,
situated opposite the New River Head, Clerkenwell. The chalybeate
spring in its grounds was discovered at or shortly before that date,
and the proprietor in 1685 is described in the London Gazette[8] as
“Mr. John Langley, of London, merchant, who bought the rhinoceros
and Islington Wells.”
The original name of the Spa was Islington Wells, but it soon
acquired (at least as early as 1690) the additional title of New
Tunbridge, or New Tunbridge Wells, by which it was generally known
until about 1754, when the name of Islington Spa came into use,
though the old title, New Tunbridge, was never quite abandoned.[9]
Although the place could not at any period boast of the musical
and “variety” entertainments of its neighbour Sadler’s Wells, it soon
acquired greater celebrity as a Spa, and from about 1690 to 1700
was much frequented. The gardens at this period[10] were shaded
with limes and provided with arbours; and, in addition to its coffee-
house, the Spa possessed a dancing-room and a raffling shop.[11]
The charge for drinking the water was threepence, and the garden
was open on two or three days in the week from April or May till
August.
As early as seven o’clock in the morning a few valetudinarians
might be found at the Well, but most of the visitors did not arrive till
two or three hours later. Between ten and eleven the garden was
filled with a gay and, in outward seeming, fashionable throng. The
company, however, was extraordinarily mixed. Virtue and Vice;
Fashion and the negation of Fashion had all their representatives.
Sir Courtly Nice drove up to the gate in his gilt coach, and old Sir
Fumble brought his lady and daughter. Modish sparks and
fashionable ladies, good wives and their children, mingled with low
women and sempstresses in tawdry finery; with lawyers’ clerks, and
pert shopmen; with sharpers, bullies, and decoys. A doctor attended
at the Well to give advice to the drinkers, not a few of whom came
for the serious purpose of benefiting their health.
Richard Temple
Viscount Cobham, &c.
Walker & Equtall Ph Sc
But the chief attraction was the Walks; the promenade where the
beau strutted with his long sword beribboned with scarlet, and ladies
fragrant with Powder of Orange and Jessamine discussed one
another and the fashions:—
Lord! madam, did you e’er behold
(Says one) a dress so very old?
Sure that commode was made, i’ faith,
In days of Queen Elizabeth;
Or else it was esteemed the fashion
At Charles the Second’s coronation:
The lady, by her mantua’s forebody,
Sure takes a pride to dress like nobody.[12]
Others of more plebeian estate preferred the seclusion of an

arbour shaded with climbing shrubs and sycamore, where
sweethearts could chat, or, if so minded, enjoy a late breakfast of
plum-cake and ale. Older people retired to the coffee-house to
smoke and talk politics over their coffee, but the man about town and
his female friends were to be found deep at play in the raffling shop,
or speculating in the Royal Oak Lottery.[13] Again and again it was
the Board that won, while the projector and the man with cogged
dice in his pocket looked cynically on. At about eleven a.m. the
dancing began. Music for dancing all day long was advertised in
1700 for every Monday and Thursday of the summer season. But the
music of that period seems to have been only the harmony of three
or four by no means accomplished fiddlers, and it is doubtful if the
dancing ever continued beyond the morning and afternoon.
In the early years of the eighteenth century the Spa seems to
have gone out of fashion,[14] and in 1714 The Field Spy speaks of it
as a deserted place:—
The ancient drooping trees unprun’d appear’d;
No ladies to be seen; no fiddles heard.
The patronage of royal personages at last revived its fortunes. In

the months of May and June 1733, the Princess Amelia, daughter of
George II., and her sister Caroline came regularly to drink the
waters. On some occasions the princesses were saluted by a
discharge of twenty-one guns, and the gardens were thronged. On
one morning the proprietor took £30, and sixteen hundred people are
said to have been present. New Tunbridge Wells once more, for a
few years, became the vogue. Pinchbeck, the toyman, prepared a
view of the gardens which he sold as a mount for his fans. A song of
the time, The Charms of Dishabille, which George Bickham
illustrated with another view of the gardens, gives a picture of the
scene (1733–1738):—
Behold the Walks, a chequer’d shade,
In the gay pride of green array’d;
How bright the sun! the air how still!
In wild confusion there we view
Red ribbons grouped with aprons blue;
Scrapes, curtsies, nods, winks, smiles and frowns,
Lords, milkmaids, duchesses and clowns,
In their all-various dishabille.
The same mixed company thus frequented the Spa as of old, and
when my Lord Cobham honoured the garden with a visit, there were
light-fingered knaves at hand to relieve him of his gold repeater. The
physician who at this time attended at the Well was “Dr.” Misaubin,
famous for his pills, and for his design to ruin the University of
Cambridge (which had refused him a doctor’s degree) by sending his
son to the University of Oxford. Among the habitués of the garden
was an eccentric person named Martin, known as the Tunbridge
Knight. He wore a yellow cockade and carried a hawk on his fist,
which he named Royal Jack, out of respect to the Royal Family.
ISLINGTON SPA IN 1733. BY GEORGE BICKHAM.
[Listen]
[Listen]
Fashion probably soon again deserted the Spa; but from about
1750 to 1770 it was a good deal frequented by water-drinkers and
visitors who lodged for a time at the Wells. One young lady of good
family, who was on a visit to London in June 1753, wrote home to
her friends[15] that New Tunbridge Wells was “a very pretty
Romantick place,” and the water “very much like Bath water, but
makes one vastly cold and Hungary.” A ticket costing eighteenpence
gave admission to the public breakfasting[16] and to the dancing from
eleven to three. It was endeavoured to preserve the most perfect
decorum, and no person of exceptionable character was to be
admitted to the ball-room.[17] This invitation to the dance reads oddly
at a time when the Spa was being industriously recommended to the
gouty, the nervous, the weak-kneed, and the stiff-jointed.[18]
In 1770 the Spa was taken by Mr. John Holland, and from that
year, or somewhat earlier, the place was popular as an afternoon
tea-garden. The “Sunday Rambler” describes it as genteel, but
judging from George Colman’s farce, The Spleen; or Islington Spa
(first acted in 1776), its gentility was that of publicans and
tradesmen. “The Spa (says Mrs. Rubrick) grows as genteel as
Tunbridge, Brighthelmstone, Southampton or Margate. Live in the
most social way upon earth: all the company acquainted with each
other. Walks, balls, raffles and subscriptions. Mrs. Jenkins of the
Three Blue Balls, Mrs. Rummer and family from the King’s Arms;
and several other people of condition, to be there this season! And
then Eliza’s wedding, you know, was owing to the Spa. Oh, the
watering-places are the only places to get young women lovers and
husbands!”
In 1777, Holland became bankrupt, and next year a Mr. John
Howard opened the gardens in the morning and afternoon, charging
the water-drinkers sixpence or threepence, or a guinea subscription.
He enriched the place with a bowling-green[19] and with a series of
“astronomical lectures in Lent, accompanied by an orrery.” A band
played in the morning, and the afternoon tea-drinking sometimes
(1784) took place to the accompaniment of French horns.[20] Sir
John Hawkins, the author of The History of Music, frequented the
Spa for his health in 1789. On returning home after drinking the
water one day in May (Wednesday 20th, 1789) he complained of a
pain in his head and died the next morning of a fever in the brain.
“Whether (as a journalist of the time observes) it was owing to the
mineral spring being taken when the blood was in an improper state
to receive its salubrious effect, or whether it was the sudden
visitation of Providence, the sight of the human mind is incompetent
to discover.”
The Spa continued to be resorted to till the beginning of the
present century when the water and tea-drinking began to lose their
attractions. The author of Londinium redivivum, writing about 1803,
[21] speaks, however, of the gardens with enthusiasm as “really very
beautiful, particularly at the entrance. Pedestals and vases are
grouped with taste under some extremely picturesque trees, whose
foliage (is) seen to much advantage from the neighbouring fields.” At
last, about 1810, the proprietor, Howard, pulled down the greater
part of the old coffee-house,[22] and the gardens were curtailed by
the formation of Charlotte Street (now Thomas Street). At the same
time the old entrance to the gardens, facing the New River Head,
was removed for the building of Eliza Place.[23] A new entrance was
then made in Lloyd’s Row, and the proprietor lived in a house
adjoining. A later proprietor, named Hardy, opened the gardens in
1826 as a Spa only. The old Well was enclosed, as formerly, by
grotto work and the garden walks were still pleasant. Finally in 1840,
the two rows of houses called Spa Cottages were built upon the site
of the gardens.
A surgeon named Molloy, who resided about 1840–1842 in the
proprietor’s house in Lloyd’s Row, preserved the Well, and by printed
circulars invited invalids to drink the water for an annual subscription
of one guinea, or for sixpence each visit. In Molloy’s time the Well
was contained in an outbuilding attached to the east side of his
house. The water was not advertised after his tenancy, though it
continued to flow as late as 1860. In the autumn of 1894, the writers
of this volume visited the house and found the outbuilding occupied
as a dwelling-room of a very humble description. Standing in this
place it was impossible to realise that we were within a few feet of
the famous Well. A door, which we had imagined on entering to be
the door of a cupboard, proved to be the entrance to a small cellar
two or three steps below the level of the room. Here, indeed, we
found the remains of the grotto that had once adorned the Well, but
the healing spring no longer flowed.[24]
Eliza Place was swept away for the formation of Rosebery
Avenue, and the two northernmost plots of the three little public
gardens, opened by the London County Council on 31 July, 1895,[25]
as Spa Green, are now on part of the site of the old Spa. The Spa
Cottages still remain, as well as the proprietor’s house in Lloyd’s
Row, and beneath the coping-stone of the last-named the passer-by
may read the inscription cut in bold letters: Islington Spa or New
Tunbridge Wells.
[Besides the authorities cited in the text and notes and in the
account in Pinks’s Clerkenwell, p. 398, ff., the following may be
mentioned:—Experimental observations on the water of the mineral
spring near Islington commonly called New Tunbridge Wells. London,
1751, 8vo; another ed., 1773, 8vo (the Brit. Mus. copy of the latter
contains some newspaper cuttings); Dodsley’s London, 1761, s.v.
“Islington”; Kearsley’s Strangers’ Guide, s.v. “Islington”; Lewis’s
Islington; Gent. Mag. 1813, pt. 2, p. 554, ff.; advertisements, &c., in
Percival’s Sadler’s Wells Collection and in W. Coll.; Wheatley’s
London, ii. 268, and iii. p. 199.]
VIEWS.
1. View of the gardens, coffee-house, &c., engraved frontispiece to
Lockman’s poem, The Humours of New Tunbridge Wells at Islington,
London, 1734, 8vo (cp. Pinks, 401, note, and 402).
2. View of the gardens, well, coffee-house, &c., engraved by G.
Bickham, jun., as the headpiece of “The Charms of Dishabille or New
Tunbridge Wells” (Bickham’s Musical Entertainer, 1733, &c., vol. i. No.
42).
3. Engravings of the proprietor’s house in Lloyd’s Row; Cromwell’s
Clerkenwell, 352; Pinks, 405. The house is still as there represented.
THE PANTHEON, SPA FIELDS
The Spa Fields Pantheon stood on the south side of the present
Exmouth Street, and occupied the site of the Ducking Pond House,
[26] a wayside inn, with a pond in the rear used for the sport of duck-
hunting.
The Ducking Pond premises having been acquired by Rosoman
of Sadler’s Wells, were by him sub-let to William Craven, a publican,
who, at a cost of £6,000, laid out a garden and erected on the site of
the old inn a great tea-house called the Pantheon, or sometimes the
Little Pantheon, when it was necessary to distinguish it from “the
stately Pantheon” in Oxford Street, built in 1770–1771, and first
opened in January 1772.[27]
The Spa Fields Pantheon was opened to the public early in 1770,
and consisted of a large Rotunda, with two galleries running round
the whole of the interior, and a large stove in the centre.
The place was principally resorted to by apprentices and small
tradesmen, and on the afternoon and evening of Sunday, the day
when it was chiefly frequented, hundreds of gaily-dressed people
were to be found in the Rotunda, listening to the organ,[28] and
regaling themselves with tea, coffee and negus, or with supplies of
punch and red port. A nearer examination of this crowded assembly
showed that it consisted of journeymen tailors, hairdressers, milliners
and servant maids, whose behaviour, though boisterous, may have
been sufficiently harmless.
The proprietor endeavoured to secure the strict maintenance of
order by selling nothing after ten o’clock in the evening. But his
efforts, it would seem, were not entirely successful. “Speculator,” a
correspondent of the St. James’s Chronicle, who visited the place in
May 1772, “after coming from church,” looked down from his
vantage-ground in one of the galleries upon what he describes as a
dissipated scene. To his observation the ladies constituted by far the
greater part of the assembly, and he was shocked more than once
by the request, “Pray, Sir, will you treat me with a dish of tea?”
A tavern with tea-rooms for more select parties stood on the east
of the Rotunda. Behind the buildings was a pretty garden, with
walks, shrubs and fruit trees. There was a pond or canal stocked
with fish, and near it neat boxes and alcoves for the tea-drinkers.
Seats were dispersed about the garden, the attractions of which
were completed by a summer-house up a handsome flight of stone
steps, and a statue of Hercules, with his club, on a high pedestal.
The extent of the garden was about four acres.
A writer in the Town and Country Magazine for April 1770 (p. 195),
speaks contemptuously of the canal “as about the size of a butcher’s
tray, where citizens of quality and their spouses come on Sunday to
view the amorous flutterings of a duck and drake.” This, however, is
the opinion of a fashionable gentleman who goes alternately to
Almack’s and Cornelys’s, while Ranelagh (he says) “affords me great
relief.”
The career of the Pantheon was brief; for in March 1774 the
building and its grounds were announced for sale on account of
Craven’s bankruptcy. According to the statement of the auctioneer
the place was then in full trade, and the returns almost incredible,
upwards of one thousand persons having sometimes been
accommodated in the Rotunda. It is uncertain if another proprietor
tried his hand, if so he was probably unsuccessful, for the Pantheon
was certainly closed as a place of amusement in 1776.
In July 1777 the Rotunda, after having been used for a time as a
depot for the sale of carriages, was opened for services of the
Church of England under the name of Northampton Chapel. One of
the preachers, moralising on the profane antecedents of the place,
adopted the text, “And he called the name of that place Bethel, but
the name of that city was called Luz at the first.”
The building was afterwards purchased by the Countess of
Huntingdon, and opened in March 1779 under the name of Spa
Fields Chapel as a place of worship in her connexion. Various
alterations were at that time, and subsequently, made in the building,
and a statue of Fame, sounding a trumpet, which had stood outside
the Pantheon on the lantern surmounting the cupola was removed.
The tavern belonging to the Pantheon, on the east side of the
Rotunda, was occupied by Lady Huntingdon as her residence. It was
a large house partly covered by branches of jessamine.
The gardens, in the rear of the Rotunda, were converted in 1777
into the Spa Fields burial-ground, which became notorious in 1843
for its over-crowded and pestilential condition, and for some
repulsive disclosures as to the systematic exhumation of bodies in
order to make room for fresh interments.
Spa Fields Chapel was pulled down in the beginning of 1887, and
the present church of the Holy Redeemer was erected on its site,
and consecrated for services of the Church of England on 13
October, 1888. Such have been the strange vicissitudes of the
Pantheon tea-house and its gardens.
[Pinks’s Clerkenwell; Walford, O. and N. London; The Sunday
Ramble; Tomlins’s Perambulation of Islington, p. 158; Notes and
Queries, 1st ser. ii. p. 404; Spa Fields Chapel and its Associations,
London, 1884.]
VIEWS.
1. View of Northampton or Spa Fields Chapel, with the Countess of
Huntingdon’s house adjoining. Hamilton, del., Thornton sculp., 1783.
Crace, Cat. p. 589, No. 43.
2. Exterior of Chapel and Lady Huntingdon’s house, engraving in
Britton’s Picture of London, 1829, p. 120.
3. Later views of the Chapel (interior and exterior) engraved in
Pinks’s Clerkenwell, pp. 146, 147.
THE LONDON SPA
The London Spa public-house, standing at the corner of Rosoman

Street and Exmouth Street, marks the site of a seventeenth-century
inn called The Fountain.
A spring of chalybeate water was discovered on the premises of
this inn about 1685, and was a special inducement held out to the
public by the proprietor, John Halhed, vintner, to visit his house. In
August 1685, Halhed, in advertising the virtues of the water, stated
that no less an authority than Robert Boyle, the chemist, had
adjudged and openly declared it to be the strongest and very best of
these late found out medicinal waters. The honest vintner, in giving
other local wells their due, maintained that his was equivalent, if not
better, in virtue, goodness, and operation, to that of Tunbridge (so
mightily cry’d up) or any other water yet known. On 14 July, 1685,
the house was solemnly nominated and called the London Spaw, by
Robert Boyle, in the presence of “an eminent, knowing, and more
than ordinary ingenious apothecary ... besides the said John Halhed
and other sufficient men.” The name of the Fountain seems
thenceforth to have been superseded by that of the London Spa. In
inviting persons of quality to make a trial of the spring, Halhed
expressed the wish that the greatness of his accommodation were
suitable to the goodness of his waters, although he was not without
convenient apartments and walks for both sexes. The poor were to
be supplied with the water gratis.
For a few years subsequent to 1714 the place appears to have
fallen into neglect; but it afterwards was once more frequented, and
in 1720 the author of May Day[29] writes:—
Now nine-pin alleys, and now skettles grace,
The late forlorn, sad, desolated place;
Arbours of jasmine fragrant shades compose
And numerous blended companies enclose.
On May-day the milkmaids and their swains danced in the

gardens to the music of the fiddler. Holiday folk flocked to test the
virtues of the spring, and from this time onwards, the London Spa
enjoyed some degree of popularity. In the summer of 1733, Poor
Robin’s Almanack records how—
Sweethearts with their sweethearts go
To Islington or London Spaw;
Some go but just to drink the water,
Some for the ale which they like better.
The annual Welsh fair, held in the Spa Field hard by, must have
brought additional custom to the tavern, and in 1754 the proprietor,
George Dodswell, informed the public that they would meet with the
most inviting usage at his hands, and that during the fair there would
be the “usual entertainment of roast pork with the oft-famed
flavoured Spaw ale.” From this date onwards the London Spa would
appear to have been merely frequented as a tavern.[30] The present
public-house was built on the old site in 1835.
MAY DAY AT THE LONDON SPA. 1720.
[The London Spaw, an advertisement, August 1685, folio sheet in
British Museum; Pinks’s Clerkenwell.]
VIEWS.
1. A view of the London Spa in Lempriere’s set of views, 1731;
Crace, Cat. p. 588, No. 41. Cp. Pinks’s Clerkenwell, p. 168.
2. Engraving of the Spa garden, T. Badeslade, inv.; S. Parker,
sculp.; frontispiece to May Day, or the Origin of Garlands, 1720.
THE NEW WELLS, NEAR THE LONDON SPA
Houses in Lower Rosoman Street,[31] Clerkenwell, west side,

about one hundred yards from the London Spaw public-house, now
occupy the site of this place of amusement.
The New Wells commanded a pleasant prospect of the fields and
country beyond; but nothing is known of the medicinal waters, and
the prominent feature of the place was a theatre, probably intended
to rival Sadler’s Wells, in which entertainments, consisting of
dancing, tumbling, music and pantomime were given from 1737 (or
earlier[32]) till 1750. The purchase of a pint of wine or punch was
generally the passport necessary for admission, and the gardens
were open on Sunday as well as on week-day evenings. The
entertainments usually began at five o’clock, and concluded about
ten. In 1738, there were comic songs and dancing, an exhibition of
views of Vauxhall, and a whimsical, chymical and pantomimical
entertainment called the Sequel.
During the next year (1739) similar entertainments were given,
and Mr. Blogg sang the “Early Horn,” and “Mad Tom” with a
preamble on the kettledrums by Mr. Baker. At this time the place
possessed a kind of Zoological Gardens, for there was then to be
seen a fine collection of large rattlesnakes, one having nineteen
rattles and “seven young ones,” a young crocodile imported from
Georgia, American darting and flying squirrels, “which may be
handled as any of our own,” and a cat between the tiger and leopard,
perfectly tame, and one of the most beautiful creatures that ever was
in England. This show could be seen for a shilling.
In 1740 a Merlin’s Cave was added to the attractions of the
gardens (cp. “Merlin’s Cave,” infra), and there was displayed a
firework representation of the siege of Portobello by Admiral Vernon.
On 3 July, 1742,[33] Monsieur and Madame Brila from Paris and their
little son, three years old, exhibited several curiosities of balancing,
and the two Miss Rayners, rope-dancing. There were songs and
dancing; a hornpipe by Mr. Jones of Bath, who played the fiddle as
he danced, and an exhibition of views of the newly opened Rotunda
at Ranelagh. In June 1744 there was a pantomime, The Sorceress,
or Harlequin Savoyard; the part of Harlequin being sustained by Mr.
Rosoman. A dance of Indians in character concluded an
entertainment witnessed by a crowded and “polite” audience of over
seven hundred persons. In August of the same year a Mr. Dominique
jumped over the heads of twenty-four men with drawn swords;
Madam Kerman performed on the tight-rope, danced on stilts, and
(according to the advertisements) jumped over a garter ten feet high.
Next came to the Wells (1745) a youthful giant seven feet four
inches high, though under sixteen years of age, who occasionally
exhibited his proportions on the rope. In 1746 there appeared a
Saxon Lady Giantess seven feet high, and the wonderful little
Polander, a dwarf two feet ten inches in height, of the mature age of
sixty, “in every way proportionable, and wears his beard after his
own country’s fashion.” During this year Miss Rayner performed the
feat of walking up an inclined rope, one hundred yards long,
extending from the stage to the upper gallery, having two lighted
flambeaux in her hands.
The same year (1746) witnessed the celebration at Sadler’s Wells
and other places of entertainment in London of the victory of the
Duke of Cumberland at Culloden. At the New Wells were given
representations of the battle, and the storming of Culloden House.
Mr. Yeates[34] (or Yates), the manager at this time, in acknowledging
his gratification at the applause manifested, regretted that on the
appearance of Courage (the character symbolising the Duke of
Cumberland) several hearty Britons exerted their canes in such a
torrent of satisfaction as to cause considerable damage to his
benches. About this period Mrs. Charlotte Charke (the youngest
daughter of Colley Cibber the dramatist) appeared at the Wells as
Mercury in the play of Jupiter and Alcmena.
From 1747 to 1750 the theatre and gardens remained closed, but
after having been considerably improved they were re-opened on 16
April, 1750. Towards the close of this year, Hannah Snell made her
appearance and went through a number of military exercises in her
regimentals. This warlike lady, who had served under the name of
James Gray as a marine at the siege of Pondicherry, and who had
been several times wounded in action, was one of the first party that
forded the river, breast high, under the enemy’s fire. She worked
laboriously in the trenches, and performed picket duty for seven
nights in succession.
The entertainments at the New Wells appear to have ceased
about 1750. In 1752 the proprietor, Yeates, let the theatre to the Rev.
John Wesley, and in May of that year, it was converted into a
Methodist tabernacle. A few years later the theatre was removed,
probably in 1756, when Rosoman Row (now Rosoman Street) was
formed.
[Cromwell’s Clerkenwell, p. 254; Pinks’s Clerkenwell; newspaper
advertisements, W. Coll.].
THE ENGLISH GROTTO, OR GROTTO GARDEN, ROSOMAN
STREET
The English Grotto was in existence in 1760, and is described as

standing in the fields, near the New River Head. A view of that
date[35] represents it as a small wooden building resembling the
London Spa. A flag is flying from the roof, and some well-dressed
people are seen walking near it. A garden, with a curious grotto and
water-works, were probably its only attractions.
It may be conjectured that this English Grotto is identical with the
Grotto Garden in Rosoman Street, which was kept in (or before)
1769[36] by a man named Jackson, a successful constructor of
grottoes, and contrivances of water-works. In 1769 he advertised the
place as his Grand Grotto Garden, and gold and silver fish
Repository. In the garden was a wonderful grotto; an enchanted
fountain; and a water-mill, invented by the proprietor, which when set
to work represented fireworks, and formed a beautiful rainbow. A
variety of gold and silver fish, “which afford pleasing ideas to every
spectator” might be purchased at this repository. Sixpence was
sometimes charged for admission, and a number of people are said
to have resorted there daily. The place was still in Jackson’s
possession in 1780.
A VIEW OF THE ENGLISH GROTTO NEAR THE NEW RIVER HEAD.
Circ. 1760.
The house and Grotto Garden were at the north-east corner of
Lower Rosoman Street (originally Rosoman Row), almost facing the
London Spa. About 1800 the house, or its later representative, was
No. 35, Lower Rosoman Street, and in its garden were some
remains of the wonderful grotto. From the windows there was still a
pleasing prospect of the country for many miles. In this house Mr.
Pickburn, the printer, first published The Clerkenwell News in 1855,
and continued to print the newspaper there until 1862.
[For authorities and views, see notes.]
THE MULBERRY GARDEN, CLERKENWELL
The Mulberry Garden in Clerkenwell, the site of which was

afterwards occupied by the House of Detention, was open in 1742,
but contrary to the usual practice, the proprietor (W. Body) made no
charge for admission, relying for profit on the sale of refreshments.
It was a somewhat extensive garden with a large pond, gravelled
walks, and avenues of trees. From the seats placed beneath the
shade of a great mulberry tree, probably one of those introduced into
England in the reign of James I., the players in the skittle-alley might
often be watched at their game. The garden was open from 6 p.m. in
the spring and summer, and, especially between 1742 and 1745,
was advertised in the newspapers with extravagant eulogy.
“Rockhoutt[37] (the proprietor declared) has found one day and
night’s Al Fresco in the week to be inconvenient; Ranelagh House,
supported by a giant whose legs will scarcely support him[38]; Mary
le Bon Gardens, down on their marrow-bones; New wells[39] at low
water; at Cuper’s[40] the fire almost out.” The attractions offered were
a band of wind and string instruments in an orchestra in the garden
and occasional displays of fireworks and illuminations. The proprietor
professed (6 April, 1743) to engage British musicians only,
maintaining that “the manly vigour of our own native music is more
suitable to the ear and heart of a Briton than the effeminate softness
of the Italian.” On cold evenings the band performed in the long
room. On 2 September, 1742, the proprietor excused himself from a
pyrotechnic display on the ground that it was the doleful
commemoration of the Fire of London. On 9 August, 1744, there was
a special display of fireworks helped out by the instrumental music of
the “celebrated Mr. Bennet.” At this fête “honest Jo Baker” beat a
Trevally on his side drum as he did before the great Duke of
Marlborough when he defeated the French at the Battle of
Malplaquet. This entertainment must have been popular, for beyond
the sixteen hundred visitors who were able to gain admission, some
five hundred others are said to have been turned away. On 25
August, in the same year, another firework display was given, and on
this occasion the proprietor condescended to make a charge of
twopence per head for admission.
The gardens do not appear to have been advertised between
1745 and 1752, during which period they were probably kept by a
Mrs. Bray, who died on 1 March, 1752, “with an excellent good
character.” Beyond this, her obituary only records that she “is
thought to have been one of the fattest women in London.” In 1752
the gardens were in the hands of Clanfield, the firework engineer of
Cuper’s Gardens, who every summer evening provided vocal and
instrumental music, from six o’clock, and fireworks at nine.[41] The
admission was sixpence with a return of threepence in refreshments.
Fashionable gentlemen appear to have played an occasional
game of ninepins or skittles in the Mulberry Garden, but on the whole
the place enjoyed only a local celebrity among tradesmen and
artisans, and its proprietor, in elegant language,[42] made his appeal
to “the honest Sons of trade and industry after the fatigues of a well-
spent day,” and invited the Lover and the jolly Bacchanalian to sit
beneath the verdant branches in his garden.
Nothing is known of the garden subsequent to 1752. The site was
used about 1797 as the exercising ground of the Clerkenwell
Association of Volunteers, and the House of Detention (now replaced
by a Board School) was subsequently built on it.
[Pinks’s Clerkenwell.]
VIEWS.
Two engravings, probably contemporary, showing well-dressed
gentlemen playing at ninepins near the mulberry tree: Guildhall
Library, London (Catal. p. 210). One of these views is engraved in
Pinks, p. 128.
SADLER’S WELLS
Towards the close of the seventeenth century there stood on the

site of the present Sadler’s Wells Theatre (Rosebery Avenue,
Clerkenwell), a wooden building of a single story erected by Sadler,
a surveyor of the highways, as a Music House. The house stood in
its own grounds, and the New River flowed past its southern side.
It was in the garden of this house that in 1683 some workmen in
Sadler’s employ accidentally unearthed an ancient well, arched over
and curiously carved. Sadler, suspecting the water to have medicinal
properties, submitted it for analysis to a doctor, who advised him to
brew ale with it. This he did with such excellent results that the ale of
Sadler’s Wells became, and long remained, famous. In 1684, Dr.
Thomas Guidot issued a pamphlet setting forth the virtues of the
water which he described as a ferruginous chalybeate, akin to the
waters of Tunbridge Wells, though not tasting so strongly of steel
and having more of a nitrous sulphur about it. Being neither offensive
nor unpleasant to taste, a man was able to drink more of it than of
any other liquor. It might be taken with a few carraway comfits, some
elecampane, or a little preserved angelica to comfort the stomach. A
glass of Rhenish or white wine might also accompany the tonic, and
habitual smokers would find it very convenient to take a pipe after
drinking.
Sadler lost no time in advertising his Wells,[43] and in preparing for
the reception of the water-drinkers. He laid out his garden with
flowers and shrubs, and constructed in the centre a marble basin to
receive the medicinal water. Posturers, tumblers and rope-dancers,
performing at first in the open-air, were engaged. A Mrs. Pearson
played on the dulcimer on summer evenings at the end of the Long
Walk, and visitors danced to the strains of a band stationed on a rock
of shellwork construction. The place soon became popular, and
hundreds of people came daily to drink the water.
Epsom and Tunbridge Wells (in Kent) saw in Sadler’s Wells a
serious rival to their own spas, and in 1684 a tract was issued
protesting against this “horrid plot” laid to persuade people that
“Sadler’s Musick House is South-Borrow and Clarkenwell Green
Caverley Plain.” Was it possible for water from such a source to “bee
effectual as our wonder-working fountains that tast of cold iron, and
breathe pure nitre and sulphur”? Audacious and unconscionable
Islington should surely be content with its monopoly from time
immemorial of the sale of cakes, milk, custards, stewed prunes, and
bottled ale. But even if the waters “could be conceited somewhat
comparable, where is the air? Where the diversions? Where the
conveniences?”
Possibly this tirade was not ineffectual; at any rate, about 1687
the place was comparatively deserted and the well fell into disuse.
“Sadler’s excellent steel waters” were, however, again advertised in
1697 as being as full of vigour, strength and virtue as ever they were
and very effectual for curing all hectic and hypochondriacal heat, for
beginning consumptions and for melancholy distempers. The water-
drinking appears to have finally ceased early in the eighteenth
century;[44] though the place, surrounded by fields till quite late in the
century, remained a pleasant resort for Londoners.
There you may sit under the shady trees
And drink and smoke fann’d by a gentle breeze.[45]
There pleasant streams of Middleton

In gentle murmurs glide along
In which the sporting fishes play
To close each wearied Summer’s day.
And Musick’s charms in lulling sounds
Of mirth and harmony abounds;
While nymphs and swains with beaux and belles
All praise the joys of Sadler’s Wells.
The herds around o’er herbage green
And bleating flocks are sporting seen
While Phœbus with its brightest rays
The fertile soil doth seem to praise.[46]
As late as 1803 mention is made of the tall poplars, graceful

willows, sloping banks and flowers of Sadler’s Wells; and the patient
London fisherman, like his brethren of the angle of the eighteenth
century, still stood by the stream.[47]
From about 1698 the gardens ceased to be a prominent feature of
Sadler’s Wells, and the fortunes of the place from that time to the
present day mainly concern the historian of the Theatre and the
Variety Stage, and can only be dealt with briefly in the present work.
SADLER’S WELLS ANGLERS. 1796.
In 1698 (23 May) a vocal and instrumental concert was given, and
the company enjoyed such harmony as can be produced by an
orchestra composed of violins, hautboys, trumpets and kettledrums.
This was one of the concerts given in the Music House twice a week
throughout the season and lasting from ten o’clock to one. In 1699
James Miles and Francis Forcer (d. 1705?), a musician, appear to
have been joint proprietors of Sadler’s Wells, which was for some
years styled Miles’s Music House. In this year (1699) there was an
exhibition of an “ingurgitating monster,” a man, who, for a stake of
five guineas, performed the hardly credible feat of eating a live cock.
This disgusting scene was witnessed by a very rough audience,
including however some beaux from the Inns of Court. A brightly

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Geometric Methods in Physics XXXV

Workshop and Summer School

Geometric Methods in Physics XXXVII Workshop and Summer

Geometric Methods in Physics XXXVIII Workshop

Geometric and Topological Aspects of the Representation

Computer Networks 23rd International Conference CN 2016

Computer Networks 27th International Conference CN 2020

Many Body Physics with Ultracold Gases Lecture Notes of

Accountability and Security in the Cloud: First Summer

Information Technology, Systems Research, and

Material submitted for publication must be screened and prepared as follows:

Furthermore, in order to guarantee the timely appearance of the proceedings it is

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/4961

Geometric Methods in Physics

ISSN 2297-0215 ISSN 2297-024X (electronic)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017962618

© Springer International Publishing AG 2018

Printed on acid-free paper

This book is published under the trade name Birkhäuser, www.birkhauser-science.com

Part I: Geometry & Physics

I. Beltiţă, D. Beltiţă and B. Cahen

L. Jeﬀrey, S. Rayan, G. Seal, P. Selick and J. Weitsman

T. Kobayashi, T. Kubo and M. Pevzner

J. Smotlacha and R. Pincak

Z. Pasternak-Winiarski and T.L. Żynda

Part II: Integrability & Geometry

C.D. Guevara and S.P. Shipman

W.X. Ma and X. Lü

C.A. Tracy and H. Widom

D. Zakharov and V. Zakharov

Part III: Abstracts of the Lectures at “School on Geometry and Physics”

Participants of the XXXV WGMP

In Memory of S. Twareque Ali

Abstract. We remember a valued colleague and dear friend, S. Twareque Ali,

S. Twareque Ali in Bialowieża.

2. A short scientiﬁc biography

Ramos), and the Contemporary Problems in Mathematical Physics (Copromaph)

S. Twareque Ali in thought at WGMP XXXIII,

Reﬂection of the heavens in Bialowieża Park, July 4, 2013.

Quasi-periodic Algebras and

Abstract. An automorphism of a quasi-periodic algebra on Rm is said to be

1. Introduction: Invariant subalgebras

Among the motivations to construct invariant algebras can be pointed out

1.1. Investigation of weighted composition operators

-invariant normalized Borel measures on M(A).

There exist a number of generalizations of cross-product construction to the

2. Almost periodic algebras

2.2. Gelfand transform of almost periodic algebras

Theorem 2. Let A be a C ∗ -subalgebra of CAP (Rm ). Then

have an explicit description.

form gives an isomorphism

3. Automorphisms of quasi-periodic algebra

of all physical automorphisms of the quasi-periodic algebras. We remark that the

3.2. Invariant almost periodic algebras on R

matrix MQ ∈ ZN ×N with determinant ±1. The algebra A is realized as restriction

Berezin Symbols on Lie Groups

Abstract. In this paper we present a general framework for Berezin covariant

Mathematics Subject Classiﬁcation (2010). Primary 22E27; Secondary 22E25,

2. Basic properties of the Berezin covariant symbol map

3. If {ej }j∈J is an orthonormal basis of H, then for all x, y ∈ N one has

where for any v, w ∈ V we deﬁne their corresponding rank-one operator v ⊗

and if A ∈ S1 (H), then

3. Examples of Berezin symbols and speciﬁc applications