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Textbook Get Through Mrcog Part 3 Clinical Assessment Second Edition Chu 2 Ebook All Chapter PDF
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Get Through MRCOG
Part 3
Get Through
Our bestselling Get Through series guides medical postgraduates through the
many exams they will need to pass throughout their career, whatever their specialty.
Each title is written by authors with recent first-hand experience of the exam,
overseen and edited by experts in the field to ensure each question or scenario
closely matches the latest examining board guidelines. Detailed explanations and
background knowledge will provide all that you need to know to get through your
postgraduate medical examination.
Second Edition
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. While all
reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, neither the author[s]
nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may
be made. The publishers wish to make clear that any views or opinions expressed in this book by
individual editors, authors or contributors are personal to them and do not necessarily reflect the
views/opinions of the publishers. The information or guidance contained in this book is intended
for use by medical, scientific or health-care professionals and is provided strictly as a supplement to
the medical or other professional’s own judgement, their knowledge of the patient’s medical history,
relevant manufacturer’s instructions and the appropriate best practice guidelines. Because of the
rapid advances in medical science, any information or advice on dosages, procedures or diagnoses
should be independently verified. The reader is strongly urged to consult the relevant national drug
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7 Emergencies 85
9 Teaching 100
Index 199
vii
PREFACE
Get through MRCOG Part 2 OSCE won a BMJ book award and has been one of the
best-selling O&G revision titles over the last decade. We have updated this book to
incorporate feedback from over 1000 delegates that have attended our successful
MRCOG OSCE course since its inception in 2006 (www.acecourses.co.uk), as
to what is needed to pass the MRCOG clinical examination. Furthermore, this
successful book has been rewritten to reflect the changes to the OSCE component of
the MRCOG that were implemented in 2016, so that this updated book reflects the
requirements of the new exam format.
This book mirrors the methods and approaches that we use in the design and
delivery of the face-to-face practical course. It benefits from years of feedback
regarding the techniques that we teach and the changing RCOG curriculum. Most
importantly, this book is not yet another MRCOG Part 3 book with lots of example
OSCE stations. Instead, this book focuses on the strategies and techniques that make
particular candidates stand out from the rest and perform well for the purposes of
the OSCE circuit.
One of the commonest remarks we hear from the candidates attending our course
is, ‘My Consultants tell me that I am a good clinician, and that I will be fine for the
OSCE’. But what does this statement actually mean? True, for the MRCOG to have
clinical credibility, it should discriminate between clinically competent and less
proficient candidates. However, with the high number of role-play stations in the
new format of the MRCOG Part 3 OSCE, how can a candidate demonstrate that they
are a good clinician? If you are told that you are a good clinician, does this mean you
do not need to prepare any further for the exam? We would suggest that preparation
and having a strategy for each type of OSCE station is a necessity if a candidate is to
pass the OSCE. A candidate must have an approach to perform well in every station,
such as where they are required to break bad news or to empathise with an angry
patient. Similarly, a candidate must not overlook fundamental clinical skills. They
should have a reliable and practised structure to take a patient history. They must
be able to formulate as well as communicate a management plan. Preparation for
all types of OSCE station, likely to be encountered in the MRCOG Part 3, will help
performance on the day to be as near perfect as possible.
Other common questions that we are asked can be very basic such as: ‘How
should we enter the station?’; ‘Should we address the examiner?’; ‘What should I do
if everything is going wrong?’ Other questions are more technical, such as ‘How do I
explain a karyotypical problem?’; ‘How can I show that I teach effectively to medical
students?’ The answers to all of these questions are in this book.
ix
We hope that you find every page in this book useful and implement the advice,
Preface
structures and strategies in it for your preparation for the MRCOG Part 3 OSCE.
The contents of this book should empower you to show the skills that you use in
everyday clinical practice and will therefore maximise your chances of achieving
Membership of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We thank Dr Pallavi Latthe for writing the sample data interpretation station on
urodynamics in Chapter 4.
x
ABBREVIATIONS
A&E accident and emergency GU genitourinary
APH antepartum haemorrhage hCG human chorionic
ARM assisted rupture of gonadotrophin
membranes HDU high dependency unit
ATA ask, tell and ask HPV human papilloma virus
BMI body mass index HRQL health-related quality of life
BMJ British medical journal HRT hormone replacement
BNA borderline nuclear therapy
abnormality HVS high vaginal swab
BSO bilateral ICSI intracytoplasmic sperm
salpingo-oophorectomy injection
CBT cognitive behavioural therapy IHD ischaemic heart disease
CI confidence interval IMB intermenstrual bleeding
COC combined oral contraceptive IMRAD introduction, methods,
CRL crown-rump length results and discussion
C/S caesarean section IOL induction of labour
CT computerised tomography IUCD intrauterine contraceptive
CTG cardiotograph device
CVA cerebrovascular accident IUGR intrauterine growth
CVP central venous pressure retardation
DMPA depo medroxyprogesterone IVU intravenous urogram
acetate LH luteinising hormone
DOA detrusor overactivity LFT liver function test
DUB dysfunctional uterine LMP last menstrual period
bleeding LMWH low molecular weight heparin
ECV external cephalic version LOA left occipito-anterior
EFW estimated foetal weight LUS lower uterine segment
ERPC evacuation of retained MDT multidisciplinary team
products of conception MRI magnetic resonance imaging
FBC full blood count MRSA methicillin-resistant
FFP fresh frozen plasma Staphylococcus aureus
FHR foetal heart rate MSU midstream urine
FSH follicle stimulating hormone NAD no abnormality detected
GA general anaesthesia NNT number needed to treat
GIT gastrointestinal tract NTD neural tube defect
G&S group and save NVD normal vaginal delivery
GTT glucose tolerance test O&G obstetrics and gynaecology
xi
OA occipito-anterior RR relative risk
Abbreviations
xii
INTRODUCTION
Congratulations on passing your MRCOG Part 1 and Part 2 exams. Success in
these two exams is itself a huge achievement as your knowledge of obstetrics and
gynaecology and its application in modern-day practice have been tested to a
great depth. Your basic science has been rigorously tested in the MRCOG Part 1
exam. Whilst your clinical knowledge has been tested in the SBAs and the clinical
application of this knowledge has been tested in the EMQs in the MRCOG Part 2.
However, your skills, attitudes, competencies and behaviours in clinical scenarios
are yet to be examined. These higher attributes are what the MRCOG Part 3 exam
assesses.
It is often suggested that the examiners in the MRCOG Part 3 circuit are trying to
answer the following question: Would I want this candidate as my registrar? With
the addition of stations implementing lay examiners and role-players h aving a say
on the assessment of each candidate, examiners are also identifying candidates that
they would want as their obstetrician or gynaecologist. Therefore, the focus of the
OSCE is not to once again test your knowledge but instead to test performance in
clinical scenarios and how you can communicate with patients and colleagues. Your
holistic, caring and safe approach to medicine is what is being assessed.
Rather than an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE), the RCOG
now call the MRCOG Part 3 exam a Clinical Assessment. The objectiveness remains
in the new format of the exam; however, one could argue that the new format is less
structured than the old. Instead of having structured marking schemes for clinical
examiners to complete, there are five domains that each task can be assessed on.
These are:
1. Patient safety
2. Communication with patients and their relatives
3. Communication with colleagues
4. Information gathering
5. Applied clinical knowledge
Three or four of these domains will be assessed in each task and candidates are
marked as a pass, a fail or a borderline. Examiners are asked to justify their decision
by writing free text. In most tasks, the domains that are being tested will be obvious;
however in some tasks, the domains may be more difficult to discern. This is why
we believe that developing a strategy for each type of task is required in order to
demonstrate proficiency in all of the domains that are being assessed.
xiii
The circuit itself comprises 14 task stations with each task representing one of the
Introduction
xiv
SECTION 1
PREPARATION FOR THE MRCOG
PART 3
Chapter 1
I
PREPARATION
FOR THE MRCOG
PART 3
Being a good clinician is not enough to get you through the MRCOG Part 3 exam.
We know many young doctors that have surprisingly failed this exam who we
feel are excellent clinicians. The correct approach and preparation are required
for any exam. But what is the correct approach? And what is the ‘right way’ to
prepare? Some of the aspects of the ‘right way’ to prepare are detailed in the text
that follows.
The ‘wrong way’ to approach this exam is to prepare how you did for the MRCOG
Part 2 exam. Simply put, the MRCOG Part 2 and Part 3 exams are completely
different exams with completely different formats and emphases. Therefore, it
makes no sense to focus on rebuilding your knowledge again by reading your long
MRCOG Part 2 texts. You must remember that this exam assesses your clinical
skills, communication, attitudes and behaviours. Knowing the 15 causes of hydrops
fetalis is not going to be of benefit. However, a word of caution, you must maintain
a steady level of clinical knowledge as this will ensure that you come across as a
confident clinician and allow you to communicate true facts to role-players. So, to
use the previous example, it may be useful to be aware of three or four causes of
hydrops.
PRACTICAL PREPARATION
Know your exam
You must ensure that you are familiar with the format of the Task Circuit. Talk to
friends and colleagues that have recently sat the exam. Talk to your senior colleagues
who may be MRCOG examiners and read the MRCOG Part 3 syllabus, FAQs and
format information provided on the RCOG website (www.rcog.org.uk/en/careers-
training/mrcog-exams/part-3-mrcog-exam/part-3-mrcog-syllabus/). We would
strongly encourage you to attend an MRCOG Part 3 course; it is certainly beneficial
to go through past exam questions with your revision buddy, but going through an
actual circuit provides an invaluable preparatory experience. Familiarising yourself
in this way with what to expect on the day can also help you maintain focus, provide
motivation to ‘get over this last hurdle’ and afford you the opportunity to share
experiences and exchange ideas with peers.
2
Know your syllabus
3
1. Patient information leaflets
Chapter 1 Preparation for the MRCOG Part 3
4
MENTAL AND PHYSICAL PREPARATION
Motivation
Stick to your realistic and achievable schedule. Once you have found out you have
passed the MRCOG Part 2 exam, write your Part 3 preparation schedule and stick to
it. This has benefits for your morale and motivation.
Relaxation techniques
Utilising these techniques can be useful during the weeks before the exam as well
as immediately prior to the Task Circuit when stress levels will be at their highest.
Find a quiet place and take some deep breaths for 10 minutes. Visualising success is
an important facet of executing a great performance so try and imagine doing well
in stations. If meditation is not for you, listening to music or going for a walk is just
as useful.
5
Strategic and mental planning
Chapter 1 Preparation for the MRCOG Part 3
We have provided the strategies, techniques and approaches that you should take
for each different type of task station. You may want to adopt these as we have
suggested or change them slightly. Whatever you choose to do, you should have a
well-defined strategy that you have used and practised multiple times before the
actual day of the exam. This will enable you to be familiar with the technique that
you will employ and to think a little deeper about each station. For example, you
may choose to take a gynaecological history the way that we have suggested here,
or you may choose to change the order that you ask questions slightly. Whichever
method you use, it should be well practiced; you should not just make up the
method on the day.
6
On the morning of the exam, get dressed early, have a light breakfast and have
Practical arrangements
Be clear of the time and location of the exam. Plan your journey and accommodation.
Do not risk rushing and adding to your stress levels. This should go without saying,
but there are almost always candidates that arrive late for their Task Circuit!
7
SECTION II
TECHNIQUES FOR SPECIFIC
OSCE STATIONS
Chapter 2
II
HISTORY AND
MANAGEMENT
STATIONS
The ‘history and management’ stations are a good opportunity for the clinically
experienced candidate to shine. The majority of MRCOG Part 3 candidates will
already have a few years of valuable clinical experience under their belts such that
taking a relevant patient history, conducting an appropriate examination, arriving
at a diagnosis and formulating a management plan are second nature. The ability
to interact with the patient and to elicit important information represents some of
the ‘art’ of medicine, whereas assimilating, interpreting and applying this received
information represents more of the ‘science’ of medicine. As busy clinicians, you
undertake this clinical process (Figure 2.1) implicitly in an often seamless fashion.
In the context of the postgraduate clinical examination however, you need to display
explicitly these fundamental clinical abilities to a third party. This requirement can
sometimes throw the otherwise clinically competent candidate. Thus, as with all
facets of the MRCOG Part 3 OSCE, an understanding of the station’s requirements
will allow suitable approaches to be developed and practised. Optimal performance
requires preparation, even by the most clinically competent of candidates.
9
Chapter 2 History and management stations
Appropriate examination
and testing
Healthy and diseased
population
Diagnosis
(accuracy)
Therapy
(effectiveness)
has a ‘purpose’, i.e. it is the first and most important step in acquiring the clinical
diagnosis so that appropriate treatments can be instituted. Medical students
often consider treating a condition in an abstract way with little consideration
for the patient or the need to develop appropriate management strategies. A good
postgraduate candidate will display his/her clinical competence and maturity by
taking these factors into account. In addition, a good interaction with the patient
whilst obtaining a clinical history allows the doctor to develop a rapport with their
patient, relate the history to the patient’s health-related quality of life (HRQL), and
direct the relevant physical examination, subsequent investigations and treatment.
Try to convey empathy and confidence, thereby engendering a feeling of trust in
your patients (and your examiner!) in your abilities.
In order to ensure a good performance, the following points should be considered
and more importantly practised:
•• Preparation – Read the question carefully and consider what the station is testing
and what the likely diagnoses may be. Before entering the station, think about
your introduction and opening few questions (a confident, enthusiastic, clear
start ensures a good first impression and allows nerves to dissipate, improving
subsequent performance).
•• Introduction – Confident, clear and engage the patient (pleasant manner, eye
contact, etc.).
•• Structure of history – There are different approaches to obtaining a patient
history. The aim is to obtain an efficient, comprehensive and relevant history in
a logical sequence. The order of taking the history does not really matter as long
as this aim is achieved. Standard structures for O&G histories are shown in the
box nearby.
10
Chapter 2 History and management stations
Standard structures for history taking in O&G
Obstetric history summary (template)
Mrs NAME is an AGE-year-old OCCUPATION presenting at NUMBER OF WEEKS’
gestation in her NUMBER pregnancy with PRESENTING COMPLAINT (DURATION).
Additional sentence(s) – add any relevant risk factors, investigation results, diagnoses
and management to date
Obstetric history
• Presenting complaint
• History of presenting complaint
• History of current pregnancy
• Past obstetric history
• Past medical history
• Drug history
• Family history
• Social history
11
Antenatal care to date (including plans of care, e.g. additional scans, day
Chapter 2 History and management stations
12
•• Systematic enquiry – Cardiovascular; respiratory; gastrointestinal;
Summary
You may be asked to present a succinct summary to the examiner. Indeed some
candidates like to present this to the patient routinely at the end to clarify any issues
and to confirm the validity of the history, i.e. the information obtained correctly
reflects the patient’s true history. This summary should contain the key points
within two to three articulate sentences, which will influence further investigation
and management. Avoid extraneous information, as the examiner will switch off!
This can and should be rehearsed, e.g.
Mrs X is a 48-year-old nulliparous hairdresser presenting with a 6-month history of non-
cyclical pelvic pain that has been refractory to treatment with simple analgesics and the
combined oral contraceptive pill. The pain is causing her to take time off work and is affecting
her relationship with her family. She has been treated for presumed pelvic inflammatory
disease in the past and a recent pelvic ultrasound has been reported as normal.
13
Chapter 2 History and management stations
14
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Seuraavana aamuna varhain kauppias lähti matkalle
seuralaistensa keralla. Audotja nukkui. Akim saatteli heitä puolisen
virstaa, hänen kun piti käväistä myllyllä. Mutta palatessaan kotiin,
tapasi hän vaimonsa jo täysissä pukimissa, eikä yksinään: hänen
kerallaan oli eilinen nuorukainen, Naum. He seisoivat pöydän
vieressä akkunan luona ja keskustelivat. Huomattuaan Akimin,
poistui Audotja ääneti kamarista, jotavastoin Naum selitti Akimille
palanneensa noutamaan kauppiaan rukkasia, jotka hän, mukamas
oli unohtanut penkille, ja sitten poistui hänkin.
<tb>
— Aivan niin.
— Mitä taloa?
— Tavallinen hinta.
— Omilla rahoillaan? Mistä hän nuo rahat otti? — Eikö hän niitä
koonnut teidän armostanne! Onhan hän, sitäpaitsi, jo niin kauvan
käyttänyt maata hyväkseen… Ja kaikki teidän armostanne. Te myös
ehkä ajattelette, ettei hänelle talon menetettyään jää rikkautta? Hän
on rikkaampi teitä, kautta Jumalan!
<tb>
Siihen samaan aikaan, jolloin herraskartanossa tapahtui meidän
kertomamme tekonen, Akim istui kotonaan yksin akkunan ääressä
rahilla Ja tyytymättömän näköisenä silitteli partaansa… Sanoimme
aikaisemmin, ettei hän käsittänyt vaimonsa todellista suhdetta
Naumiin, huolimatta hyvien ihmisten useista viittauksista siihen
suuntaan, että olisi jo aika hänen pitää asioista tiukempi huoli;
tietysti, hän itse saattoi joskus huomata, että hänen emäntänsä on
jonkun aikaa esiintynyt ikäänkuin ynseämpänä; mutta onhan tiettyä:
nalssuku on niskoittelevaa ja oikullista. Vielä silloinkin, kun hänelle
täydellisesti selvisi, että hänen kodissaan on jotain hullusti, hän vain
kädellään viittasi; ei haluttanut häntä, niin kuin sanotaan, kohottaa
verhoa; hyvänluontoisuus ei häneltä vuosien vieriessä vähentynyt,
ja, sitäpaitsi, laiskuuskin vaivasi. Mutta tänä päivänä ei hän oikein
ollut rauhallinen; edellisenä iltana hän oli ihan sattumalta kuullut tiellä
erään oman palvelijattarensa ja naapurin eukon välisen
keskustelun…
Palvelija hämmästyi.
— En, kiitoksia; ei ole tarvis. Niin siis teidän haltuunne ttaloseni jäi,
lisäsi hän, loitoten seinästä. — Kiitos siitäkin. Anteeksi pyydämme,
rouvaseni.
Ja, kokonaan unhottaen Naumin hevosen, jolla oli tullut, lähti hän
jalan kulkemaan tietä pitkin majatalolle. Mutta hän ei vielä ennättänyt
kulkea ensimmäistä virstaakaan, kun yhtäkkiä kuuli vierellään
kärryjen jyrinän.