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674 APPEndixEs
720 indEx
Mathematics for Machine Technology is written to overcome the often mechanical “plug
in” approach found in many trade-related mathematics textbooks. An understanding of
mathematical concepts is stressed in all topics ranging from general arithmetic processes
to oblique trigonometry, compound angles, and numerical control.
Both content and method are those that have been used by the authors in teaching
applied machine technology mathematics classes for apprentices in machine, tool-and-
die, and tool design occupations. Each unit is developed as a learning experience based on
preceding units—making prerequisites unnecessary.
Presentation of basic concepts is accompanied by realistic industry-related examples
and actual industrial applications. The applications progress from the simple to those with
solutions that are relatively complex. Many problems require the student to work with illus-
trations such as are found in machine technology handbooks and engineering drawings.
Great care has been taken in presenting explanations clearly and in providing easy-to-
follow procedural steps in solving exercise and problem examples. The book contains a
sufficient number of exercises and problems to permit the instructor to selectively plan
assignments.
An analytical approach to problem solving is emphasized in the geometry, trigonom-
etry, compound angle, and numerical control sections. This approach is necessary in actual
practice in translating engineering drawing dimensions to machine working dimensions.
Integration of algebraic and geometric principles with trigonometry by careful sequence
and treatment of material also helps the student in solving industrial applications. The In-
structor’s Guide provides answers and solutions for all problems.
A majority of instructors state that their students are required to perform basic arith-
metic operations on fractions and decimals prior to calculator usage. Thereafter, the stu-
dents use the calculator almost exclusively in problem-solving computations. Calculator
instructions and examples have been updated and expanded in this edition. The scien-
tific calculator and the Machinist calc Pro 2 are introduced in the Preface. Extensive cal-
culator instruction and examples are given directly following the units on fractions and
mixed numbers and the units on decimals. Further calculator instruction and examples
are given throughout the text wherever calculator applications are appropriate to the
material presented.
1
Source: Thomas Friedman, “If you’ve Got the Skills, She’s Got the Job,” New York Times, November 17, 2012, accessed
November 18, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/18/opinion/sunday/Friedman-you-Got-the-Skills.html
vi
Many students and workers use tablet computers. one of the advantages of a tablet
is that apps for scientific calculators, the Machinist calc Pro 2, and spreadsheets can be in-
stalled on a tablet. This text includes both spreadsheet and calculator instructions.
As with the calculator, extensive spreadsheet instruction and examples are given di-
rectly following the unit on using calculators with fractions and mixed numbers and the
unit on using calculators with decimals. Further spreadsheet instruction and examples are
given throughout the text wherever spreadsheet applications are appropriate.
Changes from the previous edition have been made to improve the presentation of
topics and to update material.
A survey of instructors using the seventh edition was conducted. Based on their com-
ments and suggestions, changes were made. The result is an updated and improved eighth
edition that includes the following revisions:
Four major changes were made in this edition.
●● Spreadsheet instruction was added for tablets like the iPad, Microsoft Surface, and
Samsung Galaxy. Many workers are using laptops on the job because of their con-
venience and portability. While tablets are bulkier than calculators, they have the
advantage of having both spreadsheet and calculator apps, so a user needs only one
machine.
●● A unit on introductory G- ad M-codes for CNC programming was added. This unit is
only designed to introduce students to the G-codes that prepare a machine to engage
in a particular mode for machining and the M-codes that are used to turn on and off
miscellaneous functions.
●● Selected calculator instruction was included for the Machinist Calc™ Pro 2,
Model 4088. This particular calculator can be used with material and tool settings
combined with DoC (depth of cut) and WoC (width of cut) to solve speed and feed
calculations for face, end, or slot milling plus turning, drilling and boring. It also gives
step-saving drill and thread chart lookups, right triangle solutions, bolt-circle patterns,
etc. It does have some limitations, particularly when working with fractions, and these
limitations are pointed out in the text.
●● Many existing calculator instructions were deleted. Students are familiar with calcu-
lators and have probably been using them since elementary school and should not
need basic instruction in calculator usage. Since most new scientific calculators use a
“natural display,” much of the duplicate instructions for calculator keystrokes has also
been deleted.
●● A supplement was prepared that includes Machinist Calc™ Pro 2, Model 4088
instructions for all places in the text where calculators are used. The supplement also
has instructions that show how the calculator can be used for some topics that are
not part of the text.
two-year college portion of the 2015 College Board of Mathematical Sciences cross-
sectional survey of undergraduate mathematical science programs. In addition, he has had
over 90 papers published in various journals, has given over 200 presentations, and has
served as a vice president of the American Mathematical Association of Two-year Colleges.
Robert D. Smith was Associate Professor Emeritus of Industrial Technology at Central
Connecticut State University, New Britain, Connecticut. Mr. Smith had experience in the
manufacturing industry as tool designer, quality control engineer, and chief manufactur-
ing engineer. he also taught applied mathematics, physics, and industrial materials and
processes on the secondary technical school level and machine technology applied math-
ematics for apprentices in machine, tool-and-die, and tool design occupations. he was the
author of Technical Mathematics 4e, also published by Cengage.
Acknowledgments
The publisher wishes to acknowledge the following instructors for their detailed reviews
of this text:
Jack Krikorian
Tooling and Manufacturing Association
Schaumburg, Illinois
Larry Lichter
Waukesha County Technical College
Pewaukee, Wisconsin
Michael A. organek
Monroe Community College
Rochester, New york
In addition, the publisher and author acknowledge Linda Willey for her tireless commit-
ment to the technical review of the text, examples, applications, answers, and solutions.
2
http://www.calculated.com/46/prd377/Machinist-Calc-Pro-2.html#.VG-e8r6Ex2k
Courtesy of SharpCalculators.com
IntrodutIon to spreAdsheets
A spreadsheet is a computer application that simulates a paper accounting worksheet. It
displays multiple cells in a grid formed by rows and columns. Each cell in the grid contains
text, a numeric value, or a formula. A formula defines how the content of that cell is to be
calculated from the contents of any other cell (or combination of cells) each time any cell
is updated.
The most popular spreadsheet is Microsoft’s Excel, which works on the Macintosh iPad,
Windows-based tablets like the Surface and Asus Transformer Book Flip, and Android-
based machines like the Google Pixel, Samsung Galaxy Tab, and Sony Xperia. Some other
programs similar to Excel are:
●● Numbers, Apple Inc.’s spreadsheet software, is part of iWork.
●● Google Sheets is free for all Google account owners. It is a cloud-based program that
can be used on a phone, tablet, or computer.
●● Apache OpenOffice Calc is a freely available, open-source program.
●● LibreOffice, like Apache open office, was derived from the original openoffice.org
program.
●● Bime Analytics is a new way of expressing and analyzing data in a more presentable
display.
●● ThinkFree is a free Excel alternative that is quite similar to Google Drive Apps and lets
you create several different types of online documents.
●● Gnumeric is a simple open-source spreadsheet application that has all the basic Excel
features. Like many other free Excel alternatives, it’s a fine tool for less complicated
data analysis.
●● BIRT Spreadsheet, formerly named Actuate e.Spreadsheet, is a downloadable appli-
cation when you need to automate and centralize spreadsheet production, mainte-
nance, archiving, and security.
●● Zoho Sheet is another cloud-based free Excel alternative that empowers your produc-
tivity and enables working in an Excel-like environment, creating new spreadsheets
and editing documents written in other spreadsheet applications.
The illustrations in this text were all made using Excel on an iPad.
Most measurements and calculations made by a machinist are not limited to whole numbers. Dimensions are
sometimes given as fractions and certain measuring tools are graduated in fractional units. The machinist must
be able to make calculations using fractions and to measure fractional values.
Fractional Parts
A fraction is a value that shows the number of equal parts taken of a whole quantity or unit.
The symbols used to indicate a fraction are the bar (—) and the slash ( / ).
Line segment AB as shown in Figure 1-1 is divided into 4 equal parts.
1 part 1 part 1
1 part 5 5 5 of the length of the line segment.
total parts 4 parts 4
2 parts 2 parts 2
2 parts 5 5 5 of the length of the line segment.
total parts 4 parts 4
3 parts 3 parts 3
3 parts 5 5 5 of the length of the line segment.
total parts 4 parts 4
4 parts 4 parts 4
4 parts 5 5 5 5 1, or unity (four parts make up the whole).
total parts 4 parts 4
4
4
= 1 OR UNITY (4 OF 4 PARTS)
3
4
(3 OF 4 PARTS)
2
4
(2 OF 4 PARTS)
1
4
(1 OF 4 PARTS)
A B
Figure 1-1
Each of the 4 equal parts of the line segment AB in Figure 1-2 is divided into eight equal
parts. There is a total of 4 3 8, or 32, parts.
1 32
1 part = of the total length. 32 = 1 OR UNITY (32 OF 32 PARTS)
32
23
32
(23 OF 32 PARTS)
7 12
7 parts = 32 of the total length. (12 OF 32 PARTS)
32
7
32
12 parts =
12
of the total length. (7 OF 32 PARTS)
32
1
32
23
(1 OF 32
23 parts = 32 of the total length. PARTS)
A B
32
32 parts = 32 of the total length. 1 1 1
2 OF 32 = 64
8 1
1 1 1 1 32
OR 4
2 of 1 part = 2 3 32 = 64 of the total length.
Figure 1-2
8 1 8 1
Note: 8 parts 5 of the total length and also of the total length. Therefore, 5 .
32 4 32 4
DeFinitions oF Fractions
A fraction is a value that shows the number of equal parts taken of a whole quantity
3 5 99 17
or unit. Some examples of fractions are , , , and . These same fractions
4 8 100 12
written with a slash are 3@4, 5@8, 99@100, and 17@12.
The denominator of a fraction is the total number of equal parts in the whole quantity.
The denominator is written below the bar.
The numerator of a fraction is the number that shows how many equal parts of the
whole are taken. The numerator is written above the bar.
The numerator and denominator are called the terms of the fraction.
3 d numerator
4 d denominator
5 3 13
A common fraction consists of two whole numbers. , , and are all examples of
5 7 4
common fractions.
A proper fraction has a numerator that is smaller than its denominator. Examples of
3 5 91 247
proper fractions are , , , and .
4 11 92 961
An improper fraction is a fraction in which the numerator is larger than or equal to the
3 5 11 6 17
denominator, as in , , , , and .
2 4 8 6 17
A mixed number is a number composed of a whole number and a fraction, as in
7 1
3 and 7 .
8 2
7 7 1 1
Note: 3 means 3 1 . It is read as three and seven-eighths. 7 means 7 1 . It is read
8 8 2 2
as seven and one-half.
Writing fractions with a slash can cause people to misread a number. For example,
11 1
some people might think that 11@4 means 11@4 5 rather than 1 . For this reason, the slash
4 4
notation for fractions will not be used in this book.
A complex fraction is a fraction in which one or both of the terms are fractions or
3 3 7
4 32 8 4 16 4 14
mixed numbers, as in , 15 , , 2 , and 5 .
6 4 3 25 78
2 12
Note: The value may be obtained in one step if each term of is divided by 2 3 3, or 6.
7 42
Six is the greatest common factor (GCF) of 12 and 42.
12 4 6 2
5 Ans
42 4 6 7
c Procedure To express a fraction as an equivalent fraction with an indi-
cated denominator that is larger than the denominator of the fraction
●● Divide the indicated denominator by the denominator of the fraction.
●● Multiply both the numerator and denominator of the fraction by the value obtained.
3
Example Express as an equivalent fraction with 12 as the denominator.
4
Divide 12 by 4. 12 4 4 5 3
333 9
Multiply both 3 and 4 by 3. 5 Ans
4 3 3 12
1
Example 1 Express 4 as an improper fraction.
2
Multiply the whole number by the denominator. 43258
Add the numerator to obtain the numerator for the improper fraction. 81159
The denominator is the same as that of the original fraction.
43211 9
5 Ans
2 2
3
Example 2 Express 12 as an improper fraction.
16
12 3 16 1 3 195
5 Ans
16 16
ApplicAtion
Fractional Parts
1. Write the fractional part that each length, A through F, represents of the total shown on the scale in Figure 1-3.
A5
B5
A
B C5
C
D D5
E
E5
F
Figure 1-3 F5
2. A welded support base is cut into four pieces as shown in Figure 1-4. What fractional part of the total length does
each of the four pieces represent? All dimensions are in inches.
4 Piece 1:
3
2 Piece 2:
1
4 Piece 3:
12 Piece 4:
16 64
Figure 1-4
The circle in Figure 1-5 is divided into equal parts. Write the fractional part represented by each of the following in
Exercises 3 and 4:
3. a. 1 part 1
4. a. of 1 part
2
b. 3 parts 1
b. of 1 part
3
c. 7 parts 3
c. of 1 part
4
d. 5 parts 1
d. of 1 part
10
e. 16 parts 1
e. of 1 part Figure 1-5
16
19. Sketch and redimension the plate shown in Figure 1-6. Reduce all proper fractions to lowest terms. Reduce all
improper fractions to lowest terms and express as mixed numbers. All dimensions are in inches.
9
4
40
32
37
32 DIA
56 44
64 64
156
128
65
32
11
8
18
32
4 70
8 64 24
22 64
DIA 3 HOLES
16
104
32
Figure 1-6
A machinist must be able to add fractions and mixed numbers in order to determine the length of stock
required for a job, the distances between various parts of a machined piece, and the depth of holes and
cutouts in a workpiece.
3 1 7
Example 1 Find the lowest common denominator of , , and .
8 4 16
The smallest number into which 8, 4, and 16 can be divided without leaving a remainder
is 16. Write 16 as the lowest common denominator.
3 1 7 5
Example 2 Find the lowest common denominator of , , , and .
4 3 8 12
The smallest number into which 4, 3, 8, and 12 can be divided is 24.
The lowest common denominator is 24.
Note: In this example, denominators such as 48, 72, and 96 are common denominators
because 4, 3, 8, and 12 divide evenly into these numbers, but they are not the lowest
common denominators.
Although any common denominator can be used when adding fractions, it is generally
easier and faster to use the lowest common denominator.
2 7 1
Example 1 Express , , and as equivalent fractions having a lowest common
3 15 2
denominator.
2 3 10 20
The lowest common denominator is 30. 30 4 3 5 10; 5 Ans
3 3 10 30
732 14
Divide 30 by each denominator. 30 4 15 5 2; 5 Ans
15 3 2 30
1 3 15 15
Multiply each term of the fraction 30 4 2 5 15; 5 Ans
2 3 15 30
by the value obtained.
5 15 3 9
Example 2 Change , , , and to equivalent fractions having a lowest common
8 32 4 16
denominator.
The lowest common denominator is 32.
5 3 4 20 3 3 8 24
32 4 8 5 4; 5 Ans 32 4 4 5 8; 5 Ans
8 3 4 32 4 3 8 32
15 3 1 15 932 18
32 4 32 5 1; 5 Ans 32 4 16 5 2; 5 Ans
32 3 1 32 16 3 2 32
aDDing Fractions
c Procedure To add fractions
●● Express the fractions as equivalent fractions having the lowest common denominator.
●● Add the numerators and write their sum over the lowest common denominator.
●● Express an improper fraction as a mixed number when necessary and reduce the
fractional part to lowest terms.
1 3 7 5
Example 1 Add 1 1 1 .
2 5 10 6
Express the fractions as equivalent fractions
1 15
with 30 as the denominator. 5
2 30
3 18
5
5 30
7 21
5
10 30
5 25
1 5
6 30
15 1 18 1 21 1 25
Add the numerators and write their sum over 5
30
the lowest common denominator, 30.
79 19
Express the fraction as a mixed number. 5 52 Ans
30 30
Example 2 Determine the total length of the shaft shown in Figure 2-1. All dimensions
are in inches.
3 15 29 7 1
32 16 32 8 4
Figure 2-1
1 1 5 19
Example 1 Add 1 7 1 3 1 12 .
3 2 12 24
Express the fractional parts as equivalent
1 8
fractions with 24 as the denominator. 5
3 24
757
1 12
3 53
2 24
5 10
5
12 24
19 19
12 52
24 24
Add the whole numbers. 5 7 1 3 1 2 5 12
8 1 12 1 10 1 19 49
Add the fractions. 5 5
24 24
49
Combine the whole number and the fractions. 5 12
24
49 1
Express the answer in lowest terms. 5 12 5 14 Ans
24 24
1
Example 2 Find the distance between the two -inch diameter holes in the plate
2
shown in Figure 2-2. All dimensions are in inches.
151
13 26
5
32 64
1 1
47 47 2
DIA 2
DIA
1 51
64 64
3 12
1 5
16 64
85 21
2 53
64 64 13
1 32
1 47
64
3
16
Figure 2-2
210
Distance 5 3 Ans
64
ApplicAtion
tooling Up
15
1. Reduce the fraction to halves.
30
12
2. Reduce to lowest terms.
30
11 ?
3. Express and as equivalent fractions.
8 32
3
4. Express the mixed number 7 as an improper fraction.
5
97
5. Express as a mixed number.
12
3 ?
6. Express the mixed number 9 as an improper fraction and then express that improper fraction in the form .
5 15
Adding Fractions
15. Determine the dimensions A, B, C, D, E, and F of the profile gage in Figure 2-3. All
dimensions are in inches.
11
64
A5
1
5
B5
2
16
F
A C5
9
16
D5
21
64 E5
3 35 31 1 15 1 7
8 64 32 8 32 4 16 F5
B C D
E
Figure 2-3
16. Determine the overall length, width, and height of the casting in Figure 2-4. All dimensions are in inches.
29
64
9 length 5
16
5 width 5
32
height 5
1
2
3
8 21
63 32
17 64 7
32 16
1
4
Figure 2-4
G A5
E F
B5
5
8
2 34 9 3
1 64
32
C5
19
32 D5
A
1
7
1 16 E5
1 F5
1 4
4
D
G5
1 18
3 1
8
2 32 1 27
32
7
32
B
C
Figure 2-5
18. Determine dimensions A, B, C, and D of the pin in Figure 2-6. All dimensions are in inches.
D A5
C
A B B5
C5
D5
3
32
3 5 1
32
1 64 1 16 1
4
1 9
8 32
Figure 2-6
19. The operation sheet for machining an aluminum housing specifies 1 hour for facing,
3 5 3 2
2 hours for milling, hour for drilling, hour for tapping, and hour for setting up.
4 6 10 5
What is the total time allotted for this job?
While making a part from an engineering drawing, a machinist often finds it necessary to express drawing
dimensions as working dimensions. Subtraction of fractions and mixed numbers is sometimes required in order to
properly position a part on a machine, to establish hole locations, and to determine depths of cut.
subtracting Fractions
c Procedure To subtract fractions
●● Express the fractions as equivalent fractions having the lowest common denominator.
●● Subtract the numerators.
●● Write their difference over the lowest common denominator.
●● Reduce the fraction to lowest terms.
3 9
Example 1 Subtract from .
8 16
9 9
The lowest common denominator is 16. 5
16 16
3 3 6
Express as 16ths. 2 5
8 8 16
926 3
Subtract the numerators. 5 Ans
16 16
Write their difference over the lowest common denominator.
2 3
Example 2 Subtract from .
5 4
Express the fractions as equivalent fractions
3 15
with 20 as the denominator. 5
4 20
2 8
2 5
5 20
15 2 8 7
Subtract the numerators and write the difference 5 5 Ans
20 20
over the common denominator, 20.
Example 3 Find the distances x and y between the centers of the pairs of holes in the
strap shown in Figure 3-1. All dimensions are in inches.
To find distance x: To find distance y:
7 28 63 63
5 5
8 32 64 64
11 11 1 16 1
2 5 2 5 11
x y
32 32 4 64 32 4
7 63
28 2 11 17 63 2 16 47 8 64
5 5
32 32 64 64
Figure 3-1
170 470
x5 Ans y5 Ans
32 64
Example 2 Find the length of thread x of the bolt shown in Figure 3-2. All dimensions
are in inches.
7 28
2 52
8 32
3 3
21 51
32 32
3
1 32 x 25
1
32
2 78
250
x51 Ans
Figure 3-2 32
15 5
Example 3 Subtract 7 from 12 .
16 8
5 10 26
12 5 12 5 11
8 16 16
15 15 15
27 5 7 5 7
16 16 16
11
4 Ans
16
15 10
Note: Since cannot be subtracted from , one unit of the whole number 12 is
16 16
expressed as a fraction with the common denominator 16 and added to the fractional
part of the mixed number.
31
Example 4 Subtract 52 from 75.
64
64
75 5 74
64
31 31
2 52 5 52
64 64
33
22 Ans
64
Figure 3-3
ApplicAtion
tooling Up
2 5 11
1. Determine the least common denominator of , , and .
3 8 12
1 5 7
2. Express , , and as equivalent fractions having the lowest common denominator.
4 6 12
29
3. Express as a mixed number.
8
1
4. Express the mixed number 5 as an improper fraction.
6
5 3 1
5. Add 1 1 .
12 4 6
3 3 1
6. Add 2 1 1 1 5 .
8 4 3
Subtracting Fractions
Subtract each of the fractions in Exercises 7 through 9. Reduce to lowest terms where necessary.
5 9
7. a. 2
8 32
7 5
b. 2
8 8
9 19
c. 2
10 50
5 9
8. a. 2
8 64
9 13
b. 2
16 64
19 3
c. 2
24 16
7 5
9. a. 2
4 8
3 3
b. 2
8 64
15 8
c. 2
32 64
10. Determine dimensions A, B, C, and D of the casting in Figure 3-4. All dimensions are in inches.
A5
C
15 B5
16
1
29 2 C5
32
D 3
D5
B 4
7
A 32 63
5 64
8
Figure 3-4
7
8
15
F 32 A5
9
32 B5
17 23 C5
32 32
E
D5
3
4 D E5
A
1 F5
2
3 3
16 B 8 C 5
16
25 49
32 64
Figure 3-5
5
32 E 1 A5
4
7 F
16 G
B5
C5
9
11 23 64
1 32 A D D5
64
1 78 B C 1 38 E5
9
3 64
F5
5 14
G5
Figure 3-6
2 23
32
1
I 28
A5
A
1 B5
1 64
17
B 1 32
C5
3 1 DIA
2 8 H D5
1 29
32
C
1 14 E5
13
16 13
F 16 F5
G
1
2 32
G5
3
E 1 32
H5
3
D 1 8 I5
1
2 16
17
2 32
Figure 3-7
14. Three holes are bored in a checking gage. The lower left edge of the gage is the
reference point for the hole locations. Sketch the hole locations and determine the
missing distances. From the reference point:
30 50
Hole #1 is 1 to the right, and 1 up.
32 8
10 30
Hole #2 is 2 to the right, and 2 up.
64 16
10 10
Hole #3 is 3 to the right, and 3 up.
4 2
Determine:
a. The horizontal distance between hole #1 and hole #2.
b. The horizontal distance between hole #2 and hole #3.
c. The horizontal distance between hole #1 and hole #3.
d. The vertical distance between hole #1 and hole #2.
e. The vertical distance between hole #2 and hole #3.
f. The vertical distance between hole #1 and hole #3.
In machine technology, multiplying fractions and mixed numbers can be used to determine the area and volume of a
piece of material or the amount of material that will be needed to produce a certain number of parts.
MultiPlying Fractions
The answer to a multiplication problem is called the product.
Example 4 Find the distance between the centers of the first and last holes shown in
Figure 4-1. All dimensions are in inches.
7 6 7 637 42
Multiply 6 3 5 3 5 5 .
16 1 16 1 3 16 16
42 10 5
Reduce 52 52 .
16 16 8
7
50 16 TYPICAL 6 PLACES
Distance 5 2 Ans
8 Figure 4-1
Note: The value of a number remains unchanged when the number is placed over a
6
denominator of 1. For Example, 6 5 .
1
Multiply.
5 8 7
Example 3 Multiply 3 3 .
14 9 10 2
1 /4 1
5 8 7 13231 2
Divide 5 and 10 by 5. 3 3 5 5 Ans
14
/7
9 10 13931 9
2 /
Divide 14 and 8 by 2. 1 1
Example 2 The block of steel shown in Figure 4-2 is to be machined. The block mea-
3 9 7
sures 8 inches long, 4 inches wide, and inch thick. Find the volume of the block. All
4 16 8
dimensions are in inches. (Volume 5 length 3 width 3 thickness.) The volume will be in
cubic inches.
3 9 7 35 73 7 35 3 73 3 7
8 34 3 5 3 3 5
4 16 8 4 16 8 4 3 16 3 8
17,885 477
5 5 34
512 512
477
Volume 5 34 cubic inches Ans
512
9
4 16
7 8 34
8
Figure 4-2
ApplicAtion
tooling Up
1 2 5 4
1. Express , , , and as equivalent fractions having the lowest common denominator.
3 5 6 9
1 2 5 4
2. Add 1 1 1 .
3 5 6 9
36
3. Reduce to lowest terms.
45
4. Determine the length A in Figure 4-3. All dimensions are in inches.
35 9 15
64 B 16 32
1 38 27
1 32 A
Figure 4-3
5. Determine the length of the template in Figure 4-3. All dimensions are in inches.
6. Determine the length B in Figure 4-3. All dimensions are in inches.
Multiplying Fractions
Multiply the fractions in Exercises 7 through 9. Reduce to lowest terms where necessary.
2 1 5 2
7. a. 3 9. a. 3
3 6 4 3
1 1 7 5
b. 3 b. 4 3 3
2 4 8 21
5 13 5 4
c. 3 c. 3 3 3
8 64 9 15
3 3 2
8. a. 3 3
4 5 3
9
b. 7 3 33
14
7 3 5
c. 3 3
15 8 7
7 3
64 TYPICAL 6 PLACES 8 TYPICAL 2 PLACES
3
16 TYPICAL
5 PLACES
A
C
E
9 7
16 TYPICAL 6 PLACES 32 TYPICAL 5 PLACES
B D
Figure 4-4
11. A special washer-faced nut is shown in Figure 4-5. All dimensions are in inches.
DISTANCE
ACROSS
CORNERS
29
32
WASHER
DISTANCE
THICKNESS
ACROSS 7
FLATS 32 TOTAL
THICKNESS
Figure 4-5
PITCH
MAJOR DIAMETER
EXTERNAL THREAD
ON BOLT MINOR OR ROOT DIAMETER
Figure 4-6
A= 1
3H P (PITCH) CREST
8 (FLAT OR ROUNDED)
60°
17 1
B= 24
3 H C= 3P
8
ROOT
(FLAT OR ROUNDED)
Figure 4-7
15. A hole is cut in a rectangular metal plate as shown in Figure 4-8. To find the area of a rectangle, multiply the length
by the width. Determine the area of the plate after the hole has been removed. All dimensions are in inches. The
area will be in square inches.
3 38
1
2
1 14
7
16
11
16
1 15
16
Figure 4-8
16. Six identical square holes are cut in a rectangular metal plate as shown in Figure 4-9. To find the area of a
rectangle, multiply the length by the width. Determine the area of the plate after the holes have been removed.
All dimensions are in inches. The area will be in square inches.
5
38
3
8
3
8
1
22
Figure 4-9
In machine technology, division of fractions and mixed numbers can be used in determining production times and
costs per machined unit, in calculating the pitch of screw threads, and in computing the number of parts that can
be manufactured from a given amount of raw material.
5 3
Example 1 Divide by .
8 4
3 4
The divisor is and its reciprocal is .
4 3
5 4
Multiply the dividend, , by .
8 3
1
5 3 5 4 5
Follow the procedure for multiplication. 4 5 3 5 Ans
8 4 82 3 6
10
Example 2 The machine bolt shown in Figure 5-1 has a pitch of . The pitch is the
16 70
distance between two adjacent threads. Find the number of threads in . All dimensions
8
are in inches. PITCH = 16
1
7 1
Divide by .
8 16
2
7 1 7 16
4 5 3 5 14 Ans
8 16 81 1
7
8
figure 5-1
Note: The number of spaces between the holes is one less than the number of holes.
x x x x
4 38
figure 5-2
3 35 4
Express as improper fractions. 4 445 4
8 8 1
35 1 35 3
Multiply by the reciprocal. 3 5 51
8 4 32 32
30
x51 Ans
32
ApplicAtion
Tooling Up
3
1. Express the mixed number 7 as an improper fraction.
16
1 1 11
2. Add 12 14 .
5 3 15
7 3
3. Subtract 2 .
16 32
5 2
4. Multiply 3 .
64 3
5. Determine the length A in Figure 5-3. All dimensions are in inches.
5
16 TYPICAL 7 PLACES
23
B A 64
3 12
figure 5-3
Reciprocals
Find the reciprocal of each of the fractions in Exercises 7 through 12.
7
7. 10. 6
8
1 3
8. 11. 6
4 4
25 2
9. 12. 3
8 7
Dividing Fractions
13. This casting in Figure 5-4 shows seven tapped holes, A–G. The number of threads is determined by dividing the
depth of the thread by the thread pitch. Find the number of threads in each of the tapped holes. All dimensions
are in inches.
1
1 4
2
15
16
HOLE G
1
PITCH HOLE D
5 1
8
PITCH
5
13 8
32
9 7
16 HOLE F HOLE E 8
1 1
16
PITCH 11
PITCH
figure 5-4
A5 E5
B5 F5
C5 G5
D5
3
14. Bar stock is being cut on a lathe. The tool feeds (advances) inch each time the stock turns once
64 3
(1 revolution). How many revolutions will the stock make when the tool advances inch?
4
15
15. A groove inch deep is to be milled in a steel plate. How many cuts are required if each
16
3
cut is inch deep?
16
2
3
32 3
15
32
A5
7
B5
78
C5
B
B E D D5
B E D
A E D A
E E
D
E5
C A
A C C
C
A A
A A
5
5 8
5
15 16
figure 5-5
1
17. The feed on a lathe is set for inch. How many revolutions does the work make
64
3
when the tool advances 3 inches?
4
1
18. How many complete pieces can be blanked from a strip of steel 27 feet long if each
4
3 5
stamping requires 2 inches of material plus an allowance of inch at one end of
16 16
the strip? (12 inches 5 1 foot)
1
19. A slot is milled the full length of a steel plate that is 3 feet long. This operation takes
4
1
a total of 4 minutes. How many feet of steel are cut in 1 minute?
16
1
20. How many binding posts can be cut from a brass rod 42 inches long if each post is
2
7 3
1 inches long? Allow inch waste for each cut.
8 32
1 1
21. A bar of steel 23 feet long weighs 110 pounds. How much does a 1-foot length of
4 2
bar weigh?
22. A single-threaded (or single-start) square-thread screw is shown in Figure 5-6. The lead of a screw is the distance
that the screw advances in one turn (revolution). The lead is equal to the pitch in a single-threaded screw. Given
the number of turns and the amount of screw advance, determine the leads.
Screw Number
Advance of Turns Lead
PITCH = LEAD
a. 10 10
2
4
b. 37 0 1
7 24
64 4
SINGLE-THREADED
c. 70 1 SQUARE-THREAD SCREW
2 6
16 2 figure 5-6
d. 10 15
1
2
e. 30 3
6 12
10 5
23. A double-threaded square-thread screw is shown in Figure 5-7. The pitch of a screw is the distance from the top of
one thread to the same point on the top of the next thread. The lead is the distance the screw advances for each
complete turn or revolution of the screw. In a double-threaded screw, the lead is twice the pitch. Given the num-
ber of turns and the amount of screw advance, determine the lead and pitch.
Screw Number
Advance of Turns Lead Pitch
Lead
50 Pitch
a. 2 10
8
b. 61 0 1
6 22
64 4
c. 50 1
10 16
16 2
d. 90 12
3 figure 5-7
16
Before a part is machined, the sequence of machining operations, the machine setup, and the working
dimensions needed to produce the part must be determined. In actual practice, calculations of machine setup
and working dimensions require not only the individual operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division but a combination of two or more of these operations.
1 1 22
2 7 9 1
Example 2 Find the value of 1 1 2 1 .
5 3 5 4
There are two sets of parentheses with one set nested inside the other.
7 9 8
Begin with the innermost parentheses: 2 5
3 5 15
1 2
2 8 1
The result is 1 1 1 .
5 15 4
2 8 14
Next, perform the operation in the remaining parentheses: 1 1 51
5 15 15
14 1
The result is 1 1 .
15 4
14 1 11
Add these two fractions: 1 1 52 Ans
15 4 60
Remember, in a problem expressed in fractional form, treat the numerator and denomi-
nator as if each was in parentheses.
3 1
4 2
4 2
Example 3 Find the value of .
5
10 1 6
8
1 2 1 2
3 1 5
5 4 2 4 10 1 6
4 2 8
1 5
5 4 4 16
4 8
17 133
5 4
4 8
17 8 34
5 3 5
4 133 133
PAULINE.
Un jeune chat accroupi sur la table
se laissait barbouiller de café
par Pauline; elle folâtrait avec lui,
défendait la crème qu’elle lui permettait
à peine de flairer...