Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Textbook High Pressure Processing of Fruit and Vegetable Products 1St Edition Milan Houska Ebook All Chapter PDF
Textbook High Pressure Processing of Fruit and Vegetable Products 1St Edition Milan Houska Ebook All Chapter PDF
https://textbookfull.com/product/fruit-and-vegetable-
phytochemicals-elhadi-m-yahia/
https://textbookfull.com/product/high-pressure-processing-of-
food-principles-technology-and-applications-1st-edition-v-m-
balasubramaniam/
https://textbookfull.com/product/handbook-of-drying-of-
vegetables-and-vegetable-products-1st-edition-min-zhang/
https://textbookfull.com/product/handbook-of-vegetable-
preservation-and-processing-second-edition-evranuz/
Comparative High Pressure Biology Sébert
https://textbookfull.com/product/comparative-high-pressure-
biology-sebert/
https://textbookfull.com/product/design-and-processing-of-
particulate-products-1st-edition-jim-litster/
https://textbookfull.com/product/fruit-and-vegetable-
phytochemicals-2nd-ed-volumes-i-ii-chemistry-and-human-
health-2nd-edition-elhadi-m-yahia/
https://textbookfull.com/product/practical-guide-to-vegetable-
oil-processing-2nd-edition-gupta/
https://textbookfull.com/product/handbook-of-grape-processing-by-
products-sustainable-solutions-1st-edition-galanakis/
High Pressure Processing
of Fruit and Vegetable
Products
Contemporary Food Engineering
Series Editor
Professor Da-Wen Sun, Director
Food Refrigeration & Computerized Food Technology
National University of Ireland, Dublin
(University College Dublin)
Dublin, Ireland
http://www.ucd.ie/sun/
Edited by
Milan Houska
Filipa Vinagre Marques da Silva
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts
have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume
responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers
have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize
to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material
has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, trans-
mitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval
system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright
.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood
Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and
registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the
CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are
used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
vii
viii Contents
Index....................................................................................................................... 173
Series Preface
CONTEMPORARY FOOD ENGINEERING
Food engineering is the multidisciplinary field of applied physical sciences combined
with the knowledge of product properties. Food engineers provide the technological
knowledge transfer essential to the cost-effective production and commercialization
of food products and services. In particular, food engineers develop and design pro-
cesses and equipment to convert raw agricultural materials and ingredients into safe,
convenient, and nutritious consumer food products. However, food engineering top-
ics are continuously undergoing changes to meet diverse consumer demands, and the
subject is being rapidly developed to reflect market needs.
In the development of food engineering, one of the many challenges is to employ
modern tools and knowledge, such as computational materials, science, and nano-
technology, to develop new products and processes. Simultaneously, food quality
improvement, safety, and security continue to be critical issues in food engineer-
ing studies. New packaging materials and techniques are being developed to pro-
vide more protection to foods, and novel preservation technologies are emerging to
enhance food security and defense. Additionally, process control and automation
regularly appear among the top priorities identified in food engineering. Advanced
monitoring and control systems are developed to facilitate automation and flexible
food manufacturing processes. Furthermore, energy-saving and the minimization of
environmental problems continue to be important food engineering issues, and sig-
nificant progress is being made in waste management, efficient utilization of energy,
and reduction of effluents and emissions in food production.
The Contemporary Food Engineering Series, consisting of edited books, attempts
to address some of the recent developments in food engineering. The series covers
advances in classical unit operations in engineering applied to food manufacturing
as well as topics such as progress in the transport and storage of liquid and solid
foods; heating, chilling, and freezing of foods; mass transfer in foods; chemical and
biochemical aspects of food engineering and the use of kinetic analysis; dehydration,
thermal processing, nonthermal processing, extrusion, liquid food concentration,
membrane processes, and applications of membranes in food processing; shelf-life
and electronic indicators in inventory management; sustainable technologies in food
processing; and packaging, cleaning, and sanitation. These books are aimed at pro-
fessional food scientists, academics researching food engineering problems, and
graduate-level students.
The editors of these books are leading engineers and scientists from different
parts of the world. All the editors were asked to present their books to address the
market’s needs and pinpoint cutting-edge technologies in food engineering.
ix
x Series Preface
All contributions are written by internationally renowned experts who have both
academic and professional credentials. All authors have attempted to provide criti-
cal, comprehensive, and readily accessible information on the art and science of a
relevant topic in each chapter, with reference lists for further information.
Therefore, each book can serve as an essential reference source to students and
researchers in universities and research institutions.
Da-Wen Sun
Series Editor
Series Editor
Prof. Da-Wen Sun, born in southern China, is a global
authority in food engineering research and education; he
is a member of the Royal Irish Academy (RIA), which is
the highest academic honor in Ireland; he is also a member
of Academia Europaea (The Academy of Europe), one of
the most prestigious academies in the world, a fellow of the
International Academy of Food Science and Technology,
and a fellow of International Academy of Agricultural and
Biosystems Engineering. He is also the founder and editor-
in-chief of Food and Bioprocess Technology, one of the most prestigious food science
and technology journals; the series editor of “Contemporary Food Engineering” book
series with already about 50 volumes published; and the founder and president of
the International Academy of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (iAABE). In
addition, he served as the president of the International Commission of Agricultural
and Biosystems Engineering (CIGR), the world’s largest organization in the field, in
2013–2014, where is now an honorary president. He has contributed significantly to
the field of food engineering as a researcher, academic authority, and educator.
His main research activities include cooling, drying, and refrigeration pro-
cesses and systems, quality and safety of food products, bioprocess simulation and
optimization, and computer vision/image processing and hyperspectral imaging
technologies. His many scholarly works have become standard reference materi-
als for researchers, especially in the areas of computer vision, computational fluid
dynamics modeling, vacuum cooling, and related subjects. Results of his work have
been published in over 800 papers including more than 400 peer-reviewed journal
papers (Web of Science h-index = 79); among them, 31 papers have been selected
by Thomson Reuters’s Essential Science IndicatorsSM as highly cited papers, rank-
ing him no. 1 in the world in agricultural sciences (December 2015). He has also
edited 14 authoritative books. According to Thomson Scientific’s Essential Science
IndicatorsSM, based on data derived over a period of ten years from Web of Science,
there are about 4,500 scientists who are among the top one percent of the most cited
scientists in the category of Agriculture Sciences, and in the last few years, Professor
Sun has consistently been ranked among the very top 10 scientists in the world (he
was at the 9th position in January 2017), and has been named Highly Cited Researcher
in 2015 and 2016 by Thomson Reuters.
He received a first-class BSc honors and MSc in mechanical engineering and
a PhD in chemical engineering in China before working in various universities in
Europe. He became the first Chinese national to be permanently employed in an
Irish university when he was appointed college lecturer at the National University of
Ireland, Dublin (University College Dublin, UCD), in 1995, and was then progres-
sively promoted in the shortest possible time to senior lecturer, associate professor,
and full professor. Dr. Sun is now a professor of food and biosystems engineering
xi
xii Series Editor
and the director of the UCD Food Refrigeration and Computerized Food Technology
Research Group.
As a leading educator in food engineering, Prof. Sun has trained many PhD stu-
dents who have made their own contributions to the industry and academia. He has
also frequently delivered lectures on advances in food engineering at academic insti-
tutions worldwide, and delivered keynote speeches at international conferences. As
a recognized authority in food engineering, he has been conferred adjunct/visiting/
consulting professorships from 10 top universities in China, including Zhejiang
University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Agricultural University, South China University of Technology, and Jiangnan
University. In recognition of his significant contribution to food engineering world-
wide and for his outstanding leadership in the field, the International Commission
of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (CIGR) awarded him the “CIGR Merit
Award” in 2000, and again in 2006, and the Institution of Mechanical Engineers
based in the United Kingdom named him “Food Engineer of the Year 2004.” In
2008, he was awarded the “CIGR Recognition Award” in honor of his distinguished
achievements as one of the top 1% among agricultural engineering scientists in the
world. In 2007, he was presented with the only “AFST(I) Fellow Award” given in that
year by the Association of Food Scientists and Technologists (India), and in 2010, he
was presented with the “CIGR Fellow Award”; the title of Fellow is the highest honor
at CIGR and is conferred to individuals who have made sustained, outstanding con-
tributions worldwide. In March 2013, he was presented with the “You Bring Charm
to the World Award” by Hong Kong–based Phoenix Satellite Television with other
award recipients including the 2012 Nobel Laureate in Literature, and the Chinese
Astronaut Team for Shenzhou IX Spaceship. In July 2013, he received the “Frozen
Food Foundation Freezing Research Award” from the International Association
for Food Protection (IAFP) for his significant contributions to enhancing the field
of food-freezing technologies. This is the first time that this prestigious award was
presented to a scientist outside the United States. In June 2015 he was presented with
the “IAEF Lifetime Achievement Award.” This IAEF (International Association of
Engineering and Food) award highlights the lifetime contribution of a prominent
engineer in the field of food.
Editors
Dr. Milan Houska, born June 16, 1952 in Prague.
Research activities
• Rheological and mechanical properties of foods
• Food properties database
• Modelling of thermal processes during production
• Distribution and retail and quantitative analysis of risk of growth and sur-
vival of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms
• Food color (with coworkers)
• Influence of high pressure on foods
• Vacuum cooling of liquid and solid foods
• Enhanced speed thawing of foods
Main projects
• Coordinator of the project “Aseptic cooker AV-630.”
• Coworker at the project “Aseptic filling machine ASP200/360.”
• Coordinator of the previous project granted by the National Agency for
Agricultural.
• Research “Development of equipment and research of influence of high
pressure on nonthermal processing of foods,” successfully finished in 1998.
xiii
xiv Editors
Dr. Filipa Vinagre Marques da Silva’s research activity and interests are in
Food Process Engineering, in particular studying the effects of new food pres-
ervation technologies such as high-pressure processing, on food safety and
shelf-life, and the design of proper pasteurization processes. Her expertise in
microbiology and enzymes are helpful for studying the effect of emerging food
pasteurization technologies on food spoilage microbes/enzymes. The production
of plant extracts and the determination of their biological activity such as anti-
bacterial, antifungal, and insecticidal activities, is another area of research.
Contributors
Francisco Purroy Balda Pui Yee Lee
Hiperbaric, S.A. Department of Food Science
Burgos, Spain University of Otago
Dunedin, New Zealand
Roman Buckow
CSIRO Agriculture and Food Ariette Matser
Werribee, Victoria, Australia Wageningen UR Food & Biobased
Research
Begoña De Ancos Wageningen, the Netherlands
Institute of Food Science, Technology
and Nutrition—ICTAN Indrawati Oey
Spanish National Research Department of Food Science
Council—CSIC University of Otago
Madrid, Spain Dunedin, New Zealand
xv
xvi Contributors
1
2 High Pressure Processing of Fruit and Vegetable Products
nutrients and stability, health active components, and sensory aspects, were reviewed
in Chapters 6 through 8.
The regulatory aspects for high-pressure treated fruit and vegetable products in
different regions of the world (Europe, the United States, Asia, and Australia) are
also an important topic dealt with in Chapter 3 of the book. Effects of HPP and
HPP + heat on key spoilage/pathogenic microorganisms including the resistant spore
form and fruit/vegetable endogenous enzymes were covered in detail in Chapters 2
and 3. Chapter 9 of this book deals with heat-assisted HPP and its effect on quality.
REFERENCES
Milani, E.A., Silva, F.V.M. 2016. Nonthermal pasteurisation of beer by high pressure process-
ing: Modelling the inactivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ascospores in different
alcohol beers. High Pressure Research 36(4): 595–609.
Patras, A., Brunton, N.P., Da Pieve, S., Butler, F. 2009. Impact of high pressure process-
ing on total antioxidant activity, phenolic, ascorbic acid, anthocyanin content and
color of strawberry and blackberry purees. Innovative Food Science and Emerging
Technologies 10(3): 308–313.
Silva, F.M., Silva, C.L.M. 1999. Colour changes in thermally processed cupuaçu (Theobroma
grandiflorum) purée: Critical times and kinetics modelling. International Journal of
Food Science and Technology 34(1): 87–94.
Silva, F.M., Sims, C., Balaban, M.O., Silva, C.L.M., O’Keefe, S. 2000. Kinetics of flavour
and aroma changes in thermally processed cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum) pulp.
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 80(6): 783–787.
Sulaiman, A., Farid, M., Silva, F.V.M. 2017. Strawberry puree processed by thermal, high
pressure or power ultrasound: Process energy requirements and quality modeling dur-
ing storage. Food Science and Technology International 23(4): 293–309.
van Wyk, S., Silva, F.V.M. 2017. High pressure inactivation of Brettanomyces bruxellensis in
red wine. Food Microbiology 63: 199–204.
2 High-Pressure
Processing Effect on
Microorganisms in Fruit
and Vegetable Products
Filipa Vinagre Marques da Silva and Evelyn
CONTENTS
2.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................4
2.2 Spoilage Microorganisms in Fruit and Vegetable Products..............................4
2.2.1 Microbial Spores.................................................................................... 4
2.2.2 Undesirable Microorganisms in Fruit Products.....................................5
2.2.3 Undesirable Microorganisms in Vegetable Products............................. 6
2.3 Pasteurization.................................................................................................... 7
2.3.1 HPP Background................................................................................... 7
2.3.2 Mechanisms of Microbial Inactivation during HPP and HPTP............ 7
2.3.3 Models for Describing Log Microbial Survivors after HPP and HPTP.....8
2.3.3.1 Simple First-Order Linear Model........................................... 9
2.3.3.2 Nonlinear Weibull Model..................................................... 10
2.4 HPP and HPTP Inactivation of Microorganisms in Fruit Products................ 11
2.4.1 Spore-Formers..................................................................................... 11
2.4.1.1 Bacterial Spores.................................................................... 11
2.4.1.2 Mold and Yeast Spores......................................................... 13
2.4.1.3 Modeling the Microbial Spore Inactivation.......................... 13
2.4.2 Vegetative Cells................................................................................... 18
2.4.2.1 Log Reductions..................................................................... 18
2.4.2.2 Modeling the Microbial Inactivation.................................... 18
2.5 HPP and HPP-Thermal Inactivation of Microorganisms in Vegetable
Products........................................................................................................... 23
2.5.1 Spore-Formers..................................................................................... 23
2.5.2 Vegetative Cells................................................................................... 23
2.5.3 Modeling the Microbial Inactivation................................................... 27
2.6 Design of HPP and HPTP Pasteurization Processes for Fruit
and Vegetable Products.................................................................................... 27
2.6.1 HPP or HPTP Pasteurization Requirements for New Foods............... 27
2.6.2 Fruit Products...................................................................................... 29
2.6.3 Vegetable Products and Low-Acid Foods............................................ 30
References................................................................................................................. 31
3
4 High Pressure Processing of Fruit and Vegetable Products
2.1 INTRODUCTION
High pressure processing (HPP), also named high hydrostatic pressure, is a modern
method of food pasteurization commercially used in many countries. It relies on the
application of very high pressures (up to 600 MPa) to the food/beverage to inactivate
microorganisms. Since no heat or mild heat is applied, most of the original food sensory,
nutrient, and functional properties are retained after processing, and fresh-like fruit and
vegetable products with longer shelf life are produced. HPP can damage the microbial
cell membrane, which affects its permeability and ion exchange, and denature proteins
involved in microbial replication. Examples of commercial HPP processed fruit and veg-
etable products are citrus/fruit/vegetable juices, fruit jams, jellies and dressings, avocado
products and salsas, and vegetable products/meals. After pasteurization, the fruit and
vegetable products may contain microorganisms in lower concentrations. Therefore, they
are stored cold and distributed at temperatures below 7°C to avoid or retard undesir-
able microbial growth during storage. The low temperature also inhibits enzymatic or
other biochemical spoilage reactions. The microorganisms able to grow under refriger-
ated conditions, classified as psychrotrophs, are more critical for HPP fruit and vegetable
products. Nevertheless, since few studies on psychrotroph’s inactivation by HPP are
available, all types of microorganisms were reviewed. Those were bacteria, molds, and
yeasts, which can be found in fruit and vegetable products and included spore-formers,
non-spore-formers, pathogenic, and spoilage organisms. We are listing different catego-
ries of microorganisms covered in the chapter.
2.2.1 Microbial Spores
Before discussing microbial targets of pasteurization, we must recognize that the
spore is the most resistant microbial form. Spore is a highly resistant dehydrated
form of dormant cell produced under conditions of environmental stress and as
a result of “quorum sensing.” Molds (e.g., Neosartorya fischeri, Byssochlamys
nivea), certain yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and bacteria (Alicyclobacillus
acidoterrestris, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis) can produce spores,
although yeast spores are not as resistant as bacterial spores. Heat is the most
efficient method for spore inactivation and is presently the basis of a huge world-
wide industry (Bigelow and Esty, 1920; Gould, 2006). Microbial spores are much
more resistant to heat in comparison to their vegetative counterparts, generally
being able to survive the pasteurization process. Similarly, spores are much more
resistant to HPP than vegetative cells, and usually HPP by itself is insufficient
to inactivate spores in foods. Thus, the combination of HPP with moderate heat
HPP Effect on Microorganisms in Fruit and Vegetable Products 5
2.3 PASTEURIZATION
Pasteurization was redefined by the United States Department of Agriculture as “any
process, treatment, or combination thereof, that is applied to food to reduce the most
resistant microorganism(s) of public health significance to a level that is not likely
to present a public health risk under normal conditions of distribution and storage”
(NACMCF, 2006). This definition therefore includes nonthermal pasteurization pro-
cesses such as HPPs, and the effects of HPP on microorganisms and foods are active
research topics (Karwe et al., 2014; Norton and Sun, 2008; Rendueles et al., 2011).
The efficacy of HPP in terms of microbial spore and endogenous enzyme inactiva-
tion in fruit and vegetable products is limited (Evelyn, 2016; Sulaiman and Silva,
2013; Sulaiman et al., 2015, 2017; Van Buggenhout et al., 2006). Thus, simultaneous
HPP-thermal (HPTP) processing has been investigated for efficient spore inacti-
vation (Evelyn and Silva, 2015a,b, 2016a; Evelyn et al., 2016). Silva et al. (2012)
could successfully reduce the temperature required to inactivate Alicyclobacillus
acidoterrestris in orange juice from 85–95°C to 45–65°C when using 600 MPa HPP.
Likewise, approximately less than 30°C of temperature resulted in similar N. fischeri
and B. nivea ascospore inactivation after 600 MPa HPTP of juice/puree (Evelyn and
Silva, 2015b; Evelyn et al., 2016), thus demonstrating the benefit of HPP technology.
2.3.1 HPP Background
HPP pasteurized foods were first seen in Japan from the early 1990s (Van Loey et
al., 2003), although the extension of food shelf life by HPP was known since 1899
(Hite, 1899). Fruit jams and sauces are examples of the first HPP processed foods,
followed by other food products such as guacamole in the United States, fruit juice
in France, Mexico, and the UK, and a delicatessen style ham in Spain (Patterson
et al., 2006). Since then, HPP has been extended to preserve fruits and vegetables
(32%), juices and beverages (11%), meat products (27%), seafood and fish (16%),
and other products (14%) (Buckow and Bull, 2012). Approximately 265 industrial-
scale HPP machines have been produced and installed worldwide for food process-
ing until 2014 with the highest number installed in the North America and Europe
(Hiperbaric, 2015). Please consult Chapter 5 for more details.
Active Gpr
SASP degradation
Max 4 log10
(pressure resistant Inactivation
superdormant spores?)
FIGURE 2.1 Proposed germination and inactivation pathways of Bacillus subtilis, depen-
dent on the applied pressure (P) and temperature (T) conditions by Reineke et al. (2013)
(permission from Elsevier).
acid during germination, causing a loss of spore resistance; and (ii) subsequent inac-
tivation by pressure and heat (Black et al., 2005; Georget et al., 2015; Heinz and
Knorr, 2002; Mathys et al., 2009; Reineke et al., 2013).
Reineke et al. (2013) suggested that spore germination and inactivation pathways
were dependent on the pressure–temperature combinations to explain the mecha-
nism of Bacillus subtilis spore inactivation by HPTP in buffer solution (Figure 2.1).
For 100–200 MPa at 30–50°C, physiological spore germination occurs by trigger-
ing germinant receptors. Spores are able to degrade small acid-soluble proteins,
but only 4 log inactivation was obtained after long pressure dwell times (>1 h). For
400–600 MPa at T < 60°C, and pressure (P) > 600 MPa and temperature (T) > 60°C,
nonphysiological pressure induced germination occurs followed by subsequent inac-
tivation, which is fastest and higher (>7 log inactivation). Nonetheless, more research
is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of the spore inactivation in food products.
−5
−6
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (min)
FIGURE 2.2 Bacteria, mold and yeast spore inactivation by HPP and HPTP in fruit prod-
ucts and beer.
and to optimize food safety and quality. These are based on the reduction in the
number of microorganisms in response to the application of a lethal effect. Linear
and nonlinear models have been commonly used to describe the log survival curves
of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria after HPP and HPTP treatments. The nonlin-
earity of log microbes vs. time is very common, with curves presenting concave
upward and tails as shown in examples presented in Figure 2.2 for B. nivea, N. fisch-
eri, S. cerevisiae, and A. acidoterrestris spores submitted to HPP/HPTP. Note that
although linearity was registered for A. acidoterrestis spores in apple juice treated
at 600 MPa–45°C, the inactivation of spores suspended in orange juice treated at
600 MPa–65°C seemed nonlinear, showing that the same microbe can exhibit linear
or nonlinear behavior depending on the processing conditions. The effect of pressure
on microbial inactivation is well known and similar to temperature. The higher the
HPP pressure, the higher the inactivation. Therefore, the HPTP inactivation studies
are often conducted at the maximum pressure allowed by the equipment with mea-
surable changes in the microbial concentration with processing time.
N t
log =− (2.1)
N0 DP ,T
The temperature coefficient zT value (°C) is the temperature increase for constant
pressure that results in a 10-fold decrease in the D value. This is estimated from the
negative reciprocal of the slope of Equation 2.2:
D Tref − T
log = z (2.2)
DTref T
DTref is the D value at the reference temperature Tref (can be any reference tem-
perature, °C); T is the temperature of the isothermal treatment (°C). Similarly, the
pressure coefficient zP value (MPa) can also be estimated for a fixed temperature
(Equation 2.3, P = HPP pressure in MPa):
D Pref − P
log = z (2.3)
DPr ef P
With respect to HPP, deviations from the linearity (e.g., tails) can be observed in
the survival curves (Evelyn and Silva, 2015a,b, 2016a,b; Evelyn et al., 2016), which
can mean that individuals of a microbial population have different resistances.
The biphasic model is a particular case of the first-order kinetics, where the spore
survival line presents two rates of microbial inactivation corresponding to two D
values.
N
log = − bt n (2.4)
N0
n < 1 and n > 1 correspond to survival curves with concave upward (tailings) and
concave downward (shoulders), respectively. If n = 1 t, the Weibull model becomes
the simple first-order kinetics.
HPP Effect on Microorganisms in Fruit and Vegetable Products 11
Van Boekel (2002) presented another form of the Weibull model, in which the
Greek letters α and β are the scale and shape parameters, respectively (Equation 2.5).
Likewise, the survival curve is concave upward if β < 1 and concave downward if
β > 1 and linear if β = 1:
β
N 1 t
log =− (2.5)
N0 2.303 α
2.4.1.1 Bacterial Spores
Table 2.1 shows the log reduction achieved in A. acidoterrestris and Bacillus coagu-
lans bacterial spores suspended in fruit juices, pulps, and concentrates after high
pressure in the range of 200 to 621 MPa combined with moderate temperatures of
45–90°C. Tomato juice was HPTP at higher temperature, 105°C. The log reductions
for A. acidoterrestris in fruit juice concentrates were minimal due to the high sugar
protective effect against pressure and heat. For example, regarding apple juice con-
centrates processed for 10 min at 621 MPa–90°C, there is no inactivation for 70°Brix
as opposed to 5.0 decimal reductions in 35°Brix (Lee et al., 2006). Similarly, in
another study with another strain of apple juice/concentrates (35.7°Brix), there is
no effect of 200 MPa–50°C process for 10 min vs. 2.0 log reduction in 11.2°Brix
juice. The processing temperature has an important role in the spore inactivation.
In general, higher reductions in spores were obtained at higher HPP temperatures
(60–105°C). For example, HPTP of apple juice containing ATCC 49025 strain pro-
cessed at 621 MPa–90°C–1 min resulted in 6.0 log reductions (Lee et al., 2002),
whereas 600 MPa–45°C–10 min only achieved 1.2 log reductions (Uchida and Silva,
2017) in spite of higher processing time. The effect of strain is also noticeable in
Sokołowska et al.’s (2013) results and by comparing between the results of different
authors. Likewise, B. coagulans is very resistant requiring also the use of heat for
its inactivation in tomato juice/pulp. The use of 105°C resulted in 3.2 log reductions
after 0.5 min processing. In general, to achieve 6 log bacterial spore reduction, the
maximum pressure and temperature should be used in HPTP processing. To reduce
the processing times and increase throughput, higher temperature is recommended.
12
TABLE 2.1
Bacterial Spore Inactivation in Fruit Products after HPP Combined with Moderate Heat (HPTP)
Soluble
Solids Pressure Temp. Time Log
Bacteria Strain Fruit Products pH (°Brix) (MPa) (°C) (min) Reduction Reference
Alicyclobacillus acidoterestrisa ATCC 49025, Apple juice 3.7 nr 621 90 1 6.0 Lee et al. 2002
NFPA1013
Alicyclobacillus acidoterestrisa NFPA1013, Apple juice conc. 3.9 17.5 621 90 5 5.8 Lee et al. 2006
NFPA1101 Apple juice conc. 3.9 35 621 90 10 5.0
Apple juice conc. 3.9 70 621 90 10 0.0
Alicyclobacillus acidoterestris NZRM 4098 Orange juice 3.8 9.2 600 65 10 2.6 Silva et al. 2012
Alicyclobacillus acidoterestris NZRM 4447 Apple juice 3.4 10.6 600 45 10 1.2 Uchida 2015
(ATCC 49025) Lime juice conc. 2.5 20.2 600 45 10 0.5
Blackcurrant 3.1 30.3 600 45 10 0.2
juice conc.
Alicyclobacillus acidoterestris TO-117/02 Apple juice 3.3 11.2 200 50 10 2.0 Sokolowska et al. 2013
Concentrate 3.3 23.6 200 50 10 1.2
Concentrate 3.2 35.7 200 50 10 0.0
Alicyclobacillus acidoterestris TO-29/4/02 Apple juice 3.3 11.2 200 50 10 2.6
Concentrate 3.3 23.6 200 50 10 1.4
Concentrate 3.2 35.7 200 50 10 0.5
Bacillus coagulans 185A Tomato juice 4.2 6.0 600 105 0.5 3.2 Daryaei and
Balasubramaniam 2013
Bacillus coagulans ATCC 7050 Tomato pulp 4.3 4.0 600 60 10 5.0 Zimmermann et al. 2013
a Cocktail of strains.
nr: not reported.
High Pressure Processing of Fruit and Vegetable Products
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Storia. Giornalismo
CLXXXVI. Scienze morali e sociali 506
CLXXXVII. Scienze matematiche e naturali 534
CLXXXVIII. Belle arti 558
NOTE:
13. Il Gianni era fuggito da Roma dopo l’assassinio di Bassville col Salfi, che
su questo fatto compose un poemetto. A Firenze il Gianni improvvisava
colla Fantastici; e l’Alfieri ammirandolo diceva però che quello non era
improvvisare, ma un comporre in fretta, alludendo al suo lento
declamare.
17. Il pittore Gros ricusò le offerte de’ Perugini, pur promettendo levare sol
due o tre quadri.
18. Era console allora Antonio Onofrio, sul cui mausoleo nella pieve fu poi
scritto Patri patriæ.
19. Raccolta cronologica dei documenti veneti, tom. ii. part. ii.
Vascelli da 70 cannoni Nº 10
Vascelli da 66 » 11
Vascelli da 55 » 1
Fregate da 42 a 44 » 13
Fregate da 32 » 2
Galere » 23
Bombarde » 1
Cutter » 2
Barche cannoniere, armate di un cannone da 4, e »
quattro da 6 16
Brich da 16 a 18 cannoni » 3
Golette da 16 » 1
Galeotte da 30 a 40 remi » 7
Sciabecchi » 7
Feluche » 5
Barche obusiere armate con due obici da 40 o da »
50, e quattro cannoni da 6 31
Galleggianti sulle botti, armati con due cannoni da »
30 10
Passi, armati d’un cannone da 20 o quattro da 6 » 40
Batteria galleggiante di sette cannoni da 50 sul »
perno, detta Idra 1
22. Mutinelli ebbe la pazienza di notare che, negli otto giorni che i quaranta
elettori stettero in conclave per eleggere l’ultimo doge, si spese in pane,
vino, olio, aceto lire 129,421; in pesce 24,410; in carni, polli, selvaggina
23,360; in salami, salciciotti, prosciutti 3980; in confetti e candele di cera
47,660; in vini, caffè, zuccaro 63,845; in frutti, fiori, condimenti 6314; in
masserizie da cucina, legna, carbone 31,851; per guasto di mobili
noleggiati 41,624; per spese minute 108,910; stuzzicadenti 25: tabacco
4931; carte da giuoco 200; altri giuochi 606; berrette di notte 506; calze
e borse di seta nera per la coda 64; tabacchiere 3067; pettini 2150;
essenze 182.
25. Il maresciallo Marmont nel vol. i, p. 36 delle sue Memorie (Parigi 1857),
racconta che i Veneziani mandarono Dandolo ed altri al Direttorio per
lamentarsi del turpe mercato di Buonaparte, e che questo, prevedendo
come un tal passo sarebbe stato la sua ruina, spedì Duroc dietro alla
deputazione, e se la fece condurre a Milano. J’étais (soggiunse) dans le
cabinet du général en chef quand celui-ci les y reçut: on peut deviner la
violence de sa harangue. Ils l’ecoutèrent avec calme et dignité, et quand
il eut fini, Dandolo répondit. Dandolo, ordinairement dénué de courage,
en trouva ce jour-là dans la grandeur de sa cause. Il parlait facilement:
en ce moment il eut de l’éloquence. Il s’étendit sur le bien de
l’indépendance et de la liberté, sur les intérêts de son pays et le sort
misérable qui lui était réservé; sur les devoirs d’un bon citoyen envers
sa patrie. La force de ses raisonnements, sa conviction, sa profonde
émotion agirent sur l’esprit et sur le cœur de Buonaparte au point de
faire couler les larmes de ses yeux. Il ne répliqua pas un mot, renvoya
les députés avec douceur et bonté, et, depuis, a conservé pour Dandolo
une bienveillance, une prédilection qui jamais ne s’est démentie: il a
toujours cherché l’occasion de le grandir et de lui faire du bien: et
cependant Dandolo était un homme médiocre: mais cet homme avait fait
vibrer les cordes de son âme par l’élévation des sentiments, et
l’impression ressentie ne s’effaça jamais. Celui qui pouvait éprouver de
pareilles émotions, et garder de semblables souvenirs, n’était pas
assurément tel que tant de gens ont voulu le représenter.
Questo Dandolo non appartiene all’antica nobiltà: era un chimico, che
salì poi ad alti posti ed ebbe il titolo di conte come senatore del regno.
32. Di que’ Governi esponemmo i disordini nella Storia della città e diocesi
di Como, lib. ix.
33. Quelle pazzie venivano così riferite dal cittadino Poggi alla Società di
pubblica istruzione di Milano: — Il popolo tutto ondeggiava nelle
dolcezze, ai puri repubblicani serbate, se il truce oligarca si tragga, che
in segreto angolo appiattato mordeva forse la polvere, vedova rimasta
del mal seminato oro fatale; quando improvvisa fama annunzia
clamorosa, che nel quartiere di Prè, creduto per influsso molesto il men
democratico, si è innalzato il primo albero di libertà per mano del popolo
esultante. Fu questa una voce creatrice: in un istante comparvero alberi
su d’ogni piazza, entro poche ore parve Genova un bosco, e, meraviglia
ai presenti ed ai lontani popoli, più di cento ne sursero lo stesso giorno! I
sermoni dettati dall’eloquenza repubblicana si udivano per le vie tutte e
appiè degli alberi, e varj d’abito e di colore i ministri del culto peroravano
collo zelo maggiore la causa del popolo; ben diversi da quegli impostori,
che non bramando esser utili, anzi cercando di nuocere alla pubblica
cosa, protestano di non volersi immischiare in oggetti politici.
«I pranzi repubblicani, tanto opportuni per nodrire il piacere
dell’eguaglianza, e per stringere i nodi della fraternità, erano pubblici, e
senza numero moltiplicati: i suoni di numerose bande, gl’inni ed i balli
patriotici e marziali, che allumarono in Francia il fuoco della libertà, e
scossero i debellatori dei re, condivano le mense di non mai gustate
dolcezze: i saporosi brindisi alla morte de’ tiranni, alla salute della patria,
alla libertà dell’Italia, alla memoria del liberatore de’ popoli Buonaparte,
si rispondevano all’unissono da mille canti.
«L’ora s’accostava intanto, in cui il popolo ligure dovea dar prova
dell’odio profondo che nodrir denno i figli di Bruto contro ogni ombra di
tirannia: quindi abbattutosi egli nelle due statue colossali dei tiranni
Doria, animato dal genio siracusano, a cui l’immortale Timoleone fu
padre, le diroccò, le stritolò, le teste e le braccia ne appese all’albero
della salute, e alcuni pezzi del busto ne destinò a formar patere e vasi
per la Dea Cloacina.
«Sul declinare del giorno il popolo sovrano richiese l’esecrabile libro
d’oro: si tentò d’ingannarne l’ordine assoluto colla esibizione di altri libri:
era già pronta la pubblica vendetta, se i veri originali in cinque volumi
non venivano immediatamente consegnati. Un decreto del nuovo
Governo consolò il popolo, e que’ libri, che come in Roma i sibillini, si
tenevano in venerazione, furono con universale esecrazione lacerati ed
arsi solennemente all’Acquaverde in presenza di venti e più mila
cittadini. Ma chi descriverà colle tinte della natura la brillante energia, i
vivi trasporti e la nobile fierezza, onde fu accompagnata la gloriosa
impresa? Le ceneri furono consegnate ai venti, che le recarono sul mar
Tirreno, onde confonderle con quelle del libro d’oro pochi dì prima
abbrugiato sulle adriatiche Lagune, che sull’ale di altri venti si
trasportavano alla cumea voragine d’Acheronte.
«Popolo lombardo che belle lezioni repubblicane!
«Nuovi canti, nuovi balli, nuove grida di tripudio chiusero quest’illustre
giornata, che viverà eterna nella memoria de’ liberi nipoti».
34. Moniteur, anno vi, nº 167.
37. Lettera del Milizia, 2 marzo 1798, in De Potter, Vie de Ricci. A Tavoleto
nell’Urbinate altre sollevazioni, dove accorso il generale Sahuguet, pose
il fuoco al paese, bruciandovi vecchi, donne, fanciulli; e innocenti ben
più che malfattori.
38. I tribuni fatti da Berthier erano i poeti Monti, Gagliuffi, Solari genovese e
il medico Corona. L’editto 5 ottobre del senato di Bologna dice «d’ordine
del comandante di piazza a cui siamo in dovere di obbedire».
43. Pettegolezzi chiariti nei Mémoires tirés des papiers d’un homme d’Êtat,
tom. vii.
* La nota del Moniteur conchiudeva: On regarde cette innovation comme
une victoire de la grande nation: ma a Ginguené fu scritto che il Governo
francese era rappresentato da ambasciadori, non da ambasciatrici.
Fra le altre insistenze con cui Ginguené molestava incessantemente il
Governo piemontese, era che fosse punito di morte chiunque si trovasse
con uno stilo o coltello, per qualsivoglia uso. Gli si domandava se un
codice, dove fosse scritta tal legge, s’addirebbe alla filantropia tanto
predicata dall’ambasciadore.
Barante, nell’Histoire du Directoire, stampata al tempo stesso di questa
nostra, e che noi conoscemmo solo adesso, parla a lungo delle vicende
d’Italia nel triennio; ma non ci parve una novità, nè in modo da cambiare
i giudizj da noi portati. Sulla lettera del Pignatelli al Priocca (pag. 86) non
mette alcun dubbio. Si estende su questo incidente del Ginguené;
honnête homme, mais la philosophie et la révolution lui avaient inspiré
des opinions absolues et orgueilleuses. Les chimères systématiques et
l’emphase sentimentale étaient devenues dans son esprit une croyance
sincère et intolérante,... il attribuait (aux princes d’Italie) des complots, et
révait les poignards et les poisons, tandis qu’il parlait avec admiration de
la loyauté du Directoire, qui l’avait chargé d’exciter contre le roi les
révoltes de ses sujets.
Segue a dire che aveva preparato un discorso accademico e panegirico;
ma vista la semplicità della Corte, ne proferì uno meno enfatico, ma
sconveniente, lodando la lealtà del Direttorio, a fronte della perfidia degli
altri Governi, ecc. Carlo Emanuele, invece di rispondergli, gli domandò
se avea fatto buon viaggio, se stava bene di salute; gli parlò della
propria infermità, dei dispiaceri, delle consolazioni che gli dava la santa
sua moglie Clotilde, ecc. ecc.
44. Il Bossi finì prefetto in Francia nel 1823; compose l’Oromasia, poema
italiano sui fatti della rivoluzione, ma freddo. Il dottore Botta divenne poi
storico famoso.
46. Di questo Mammone, così orribilmente dipinto dal Coco, non fa il minimo
cenno Lomonaco, la cui relazione a Carnot è vera opera d’un frenetico,
eppure è la fonte a cui principalmente attinsero i narratori di quelle
tragedie, e principalmente Carlo Didier nella Caroline en Sicile. Molte
falsità emendò il barone Leon d’Hervey Saint-Denys nella Histoire de la
révolution dans les Deux Siciles depuis 1793: ma resta ancora il dovere
a qualche storico onesto di vagliare la verità dalla sistematica menzogna
delle gazzette e dei settarj. Il tempo nostro v’è meno adatto che nessun
altro.
48. La vita del Coco, inserita nella Biographie Universelle, racconta che egli
viveva in intimità colla San Felice: un Bacher per rivalità minacciò di
denunziarlo: ma la San Felice denunziò più prontamente il Bacher come
reazionario, e fu mandato al patibolo. Cambiato vento, essa pure fu
condannata. Il Coco divenne giornalista nella repubblica Cisalpina, poi
nel regno d’Italia; fu impiegato sotto Murat, ma aspirava a esser capo
dell’istruzione o ministro, e non ottenendolo, trescò contro i Napoleonidi.
Di ciò gli fece merito Ferdinando IV, che lo conservò direttore del tesoro.
Trovavasi così a una Corte che egli avea violentemente denigrata: e una
volta il principe reale avendogli espresso il desiderio di leggere la sua
Storia della rivoluzione di Napoli, egli ne prese tale sgomento, che
divenne pazzo, e sopravvisse in tale infelicità fino al 1823.
50. Fra i detenuti era il famoso naturalista Dolomieu, che, partitosi dalla
spedizione d’Egitto, fu spinto sulle coste napoletane il giugno 1799, e
toltogli il portafoglio, fu gettato in un fondo di torre senza libri e penne;
dove, fattosi inchiostro col fumo della lampada, sui margini di qualche
volume sottratto alla vigilanza scrisse la Filosofia mineralogica. Fu
liberato il 15 marzo 1801.