IET Wiring Regulations Wiring Systems

and Fault Finding for Installation

Electricians 7th ed Seventh Edition
Scaddan
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://textbookfull.com/product/iet-wiring-regulations-wiring-systems-and-fault-finding
-for-installation-electricians-7th-ed-seventh-edition-scaddan/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

18th edition IET wiring regulations Explained and

illustrated Scaddan

https://textbookfull.com/product/18th-edition-iet-wiring-
regulations-explained-and-illustrated-scaddan/

18th edition IET wiring regulations Design and

verification of electrical installations Scaddan

https://textbookfull.com/product/18th-edition-iet-wiring-
regulations-design-and-verification-of-electrical-installations-
scaddan/

The Complete Guide to Wiring Home Wiring and Electrical

Installation 1st Edition Isaac Martin

https://textbookfull.com/product/the-complete-guide-to-wiring-
home-wiring-and-electrical-installation-1st-edition-isaac-martin/

The Complete Guide to Wiring Current with 2017 2020

Electrical Codes Updated 7th Ed 7th Edition Black &
Decker Corporation

https://textbookfull.com/product/the-complete-guide-to-wiring-
current-with-2017-2020-electrical-codes-updated-7th-ed-7th-
edition-black-decker-corporation/
Electrical Wiring Commercial 16th Edition Phil Simmons

https://textbookfull.com/product/electrical-wiring-
commercial-16th-edition-phil-simmons/

Electrical Wiring. Commercial 16th Edition Phil Simmons

https://textbookfull.com/product/electrical-wiring-
commercial-16th-edition-phil-simmons-2/

Electrical Wiring Residential 19th Edition Ray C.

Mullin

https://textbookfull.com/product/electrical-wiring-
residential-19th-edition-ray-c-mullin/

Electrical Wiring Industrial. 16th Edition Stephen L.

Herman

https://textbookfull.com/product/electrical-wiring-
industrial-16th-edition-stephen-l-herman/

Nutrition Counseling Education Skills 7th ed A Guide

for Professionals 7th Edition Judith Beto

https://textbookfull.com/product/nutrition-counseling-education-
skills-7th-ed-a-guide-for-professionals-7th-edition-judith-beto/
18th Edition
IET Wiring Regulations
Wiring Systems and Fault Finding
for Installation Electricians

This book deals with an area of practice that many students and non-­
electricians find particularly challenging. It explains how to interpret cir-
cuit diagrams and wiring systems, and outlines the principles of testing
before explaining how to apply this knowledge to fault finding in electrical
circuits.

A handy pocket guide for anybody who needs to be able to trace faults in
circuits, whether in domestic, commercial or industrial settings, this book
will be extremely useful to electricians, plumbers, heating engineers and
intruder alarm installers.

▪ Fully up to date with the 18th Edition IET Wiring Regulations 2018.
▪ Covers all the principles and practice of testing and fault diagnosis
in a way that is clear for students and non-electricians.
▪ Expert advice from an engineering training consultant, supported
with colour diagrams and key data.

Brian Scaddan, I Eng, MIET, is an Honorary Member of City & Guilds

and has over 45 years’ experience in further education and training. He
was Director of Brian Scaddan Associates Ltd, an approved training centre
offering courses on all aspects of electrical installation contracting, includ-
ing those for City & Guilds and EAL. He is also a leading author of books
on other installation topics.
By the same author
18th Edition IET Wiring Regulations: Design and
Verification of Electrical Installations, 9th ed,
978-1-138-60600-5
18th Edition IET Wiring Regulations: Explained and
Illustrated, 11th ed, 978-1-138-60605-0
18th Edition IET Wiring Regulations: Electric Wiring for
Domestic Installers, 16th ed, 978-1-138-60602-9
18th Edition IET Wiring Regulations: Inspection, Testing
and Certification, 9th ed, 978-1-138-60607-4
Electrical Installation Work, 8th ed, 978-1-138-84927-3
PAT: Portable Appliance Testing, 4th ed,
978-1-138-84929-7
The Dictionary of Electrical Installation Work,
978-0-08-096937-4
 18th Edition
IET Wiring Regulations
Wiring Systems and Fault Finding
for Installation Electricians

7th Edition

Brian Scaddan

Routledge
ROUTLEDGE

Taylor & Francis Group

LONDON AND NEW YORK

Seventh edition published 2019
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

and by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© 2019 Brian Scaddan

The right of Brian Scaddan to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by
him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act
1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in
any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trade-

marks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

First edition published 1991 by Newnes, an imprint of Elsevier

Sixth edition published by Routledge 2015

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalog record has been requested for this book

ISBN: 978-1-138-60611-1 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-138-60609-8 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-0-429-46687-8 (ebk)

Typeset in Kuenstler 480 and Trade Gothic by

Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire
Contents

PREFACE���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� vii

CHAPTER 1 Diagrams������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1
BS EN 60617 Symbols�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1
Diagrams������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5
Circuit Convention�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9
Constructing and Interpreting Circuit Diagrams����������������������������������������������������10
Heating and Ventilation System���������������������������������������������������������������������������12
Relay Logic��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������14
Programmable Logic Controllers��������������������������������������������������������������������������16
Drawing Exercises����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������21

CHAPTER 2 Wiring Systems��������������������������������������������������������������������������23

Radial Systems��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������23
Ring Circuits�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������24
Distribution Systems������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������25
Emergency Lighting Systems�������������������������������������������������������������������������������31
Security and Fire Alarm Systems�������������������������������������������������������������������������32
Call Systems������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������40
Motor Starter Circuits�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������40
Central Heating Systems�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������43
Extra Low-Voltage Lighting�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������48
Domestic Telephone Systems������������������������������������������������������������������������������49

CHAPTER 3 Testing and Test Instruments�����������������������������������������������������53

Measurement of Electrical Quantities�������������������������������������������������������������������53
Selection of Test Instruments�������������������������������������������������������������������������������54
Approved Test Lamps and Voltage Indicators���������������������������������������������������������55
Accidental RCD Operation����������������������������������������������������������������������������������56
Calibration, Zeroing and Care of Instruments��������������������������������������������������������56
Continuity of Protective Conductors����������������������������������������������������������������������57
Continuity of Ring Final Circuit Conductors����������������������������������������������������������60
Insulation Resistance�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������65
Polarity�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������67
Earth Fault Loop Impedance������������������������������������������������������������������������������69
Earth Electrode Resistance���������������������������������������������������������������������������������75

v
vi Contents

Functional Testing���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������79
Prospective Fault Current�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������81

CHAPTER 4 Fault Finding�����������������������������������������������������������������������������83

Signs and Symptoms�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������84
Ring and Radial Socket Outlet Circuits�����������������������������������������������������������������85
Radial Circuits Feeding Fixed Equipment�������������������������������������������������������������86
Cable Fault Location������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������87
Emergency Lighting�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������89
Security and Fire Alarm Systems�������������������������������������������������������������������������89
Call Systems������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������90
Central Heating Systems�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������91
Motor Starter Circuits�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������91
Solar PV Systems�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������95
Conclusion and a Cautionary Tale������������������������������������������������������������������������96

APPENDIX 1 Shock Risk and Safe Isolation���������������������������������������������������97

Electric Shock���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������97
Safe Isolation of Supplies����������������������������������������������������������������������������������102

APPENDIX 2 Basic Electrical Theory�����������������������������������������������������������103

Electrical Quantities and Units��������������������������������������������������������������������������103
Power, Current and Voltage�������������������������������������������������������������������������������106

APPENDIX 3 Solutions��������������������������������������������������������������������������������109
Quiz Controller (Chapter 1)�����������������������������������������������������������������������������109

INDEX�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������111
Preface

The aim of this book is to help the reader to approach the drawing and
interpretation of electrical diagrams with confidence, to understand the
principles of testing and to apply this knowledge to fault finding in elec-
trical circuits.

The abundant colour diagrams with associated comments and explana-

tions lead from the basic symbols and simple circuit and wiring diagrams,
through more complex circuitry, to specific types of wiring systems and,
finally, to the methodical approach to fault finding.

The new edition has been brought fully in line with the 18th Edition IET
Wiring Regulations.

Brian Scaddan

vii
 Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
http://taylorandfrancis.com
 CHAPTER 2
1

Diagrams
Important terms/topics covered in this chapter:
▪ BS EN 60617 symbols
▪ Diagrams
▪ Circuit convention
▪ Relay logic
By the end of this chapter the reader should:
▪ be aware of the correct symbols to be used on diagrams,
▪ know the different types of diagrams in general use and why they
are used,
▪ understand circuit convention and its importance in interpreting
diagrams,
▪ understand simple relay logic and its application to PLCs.
This is an area often overlooked or even ignored. The IET ­ Wiring
Regulations require that ‘diagrams, charts, tables or equivalent forms
­
of ­information are made available’ to the installer and inspector and tester.

BS EN 60617 SYMBOLS
BS EN 60617 gives the graphical symbols that should be used in all
­electrical/electronic diagrams or drawings. Since the symbols fall in line
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) document
617, it should be possible to interpret non-UK diagrams. Samples of the
symbols used in this book are shown in Figure 1.1.

18th Edition IET Wiring Regulations: Wiring Systems and Fault Finding for Installation ­Electricians. 978-1-138-60611-1.
© Brian Scaddan. Published by Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved. 1
2 Diagrams

FIGURE 1.1 BS EN 60617 symbols.

 Diagrams 3

FIGURE 1.1 (Continued)

4 Diagrams

FIGURE 1.1 BS EN 60617 symbols (Continued)

 Diagrams 5

DIAGRAMS
The four most commonly used diagrams are the block diagram, inter-
connection diagram, the circuit or schematic diagram and the wiring or
connection diagram.

Block diagrams
These diagrams indicate, by means of block symbols with suitable notes,
the general way in which a system functions. They do not show detailed
connections (Figures 1.2a and b).

Interconnection diagrams
In this case, items of equipment may be shown in block form but with
details of how the items are connected together (Figure 1.3).

Circuit or schematic diagrams

These diagrams show how a system works, and need to pay no attention
to the actual geographical layout of components or parts of components

FIGURE 1.2 (a) Security system, (b) Intake arrangement for domestic installation.
6 Diagrams

FIGURE 1.3 Two-way lighting system.

FIGURE 1.4

in that system. For example, a pair of contacts which form part of, say,
a timer may appear in a different and quite remote part of the diagram
than the timer operating coil that actuates them. In this case some form
of cross-reference scheme is needed (e.g. T for the timer coil and T1, T2,
T3, etc. for the associated contacts).

It is usual for the sequence of events occurring in a system to be shown on

a circuit diagram from left to right or from top to bottom. For example, in
Figure 1.4, nothing can operate until the main switch is closed, at which
time the signal lamp comes on via the closed contacts of the push-button.
When the push is operated the lamp goes out and the bell is energized via
the push-button’s top pair of contacts.

Wiring or connection diagrams

Here the diagrams show how a circuit is to be actually wired. Whenever
possible, especially in the case of control panels, they should show com-
ponents in their correct geographical locations.
 Diagrams 7

FIGURE 1.5

The wiring between terminals may be shown individually on simple

­diagrams, but with complicated systems such wiring is shown in the form
of thick lines with the terminating ends entering and leaving just as if
the wiring were arranged in looms. Clearly, Figures 1.5a and b are the
wiring diagrams associated with the circuit shown in Figure 1.4. Although
­Figure 1.5a would be simple to wire without reference to the circuit dia-
gram, Figure 1.5b would present a problem as it is shown if Figure 1.4
were not available.

In either case an alphanumeric (A1, GY56, f7, etc.) reference system is

highly desirable, not only for ease of initial wiring, but also for fault loca-
tion or the addition of circuitry at a later date. Both circuit and wiring
diagrams should be cross-referenced with such a system (Figures 1.6a–c).
8 Diagrams

FIGURE 1.6 Schematic and wiring diagrams.

 Diagrams 9

Note how, in Figure 1.6c, each termination is referenced with the destina-
tion of the conductor connected to it. Also note how much more easily a
circuit diagram makes the interpretation of the circuits function.

CIRCUIT CONVENTION
It is probably sensible at this point to introduce the reader to circuit
convention. This is simply a way of ensuring that circuit diagrams are
more easily interpreted, and is achieved by drawing such diagrams in a
de-­energized state known as normal.

Hence, if we take a new motor starter out of its box, all of the coils,
timers, overloads and contacts are said to be in their normal posi-
­
tion. ­Figures 1.7a–d illustrate this convention as applied to relays and
contactors.

FIGURE 1.7 Contactor and relay conventions.

10 Diagrams

Note that, provided diagrams follow this accepted convention, it is

­unnecessary to label contacts normally open (N/O) or normally closed
(N/C).

CONSTRUCTING AND INTERPRETING CIRCUIT

DIAGRAMS
In order to construct or interpret a circuit/schematic diagram of the
­controls of a particular system, it is necessary to understand, in broad
principles, how the system functions. A logical approach is needed, and it
may take the novice some while before all ‘clicks’ into place.

Here is an example to consider.

Electronic valet
You work hard every day and return home late every evening. When you
come in you look forward to a smooth scotch, a sit down and then a
relaxing soak in a hot bath. If you were acquainted with electrical control
systems you could arrange for these little luxuries to be automated as
shown in Figure 1.8.

The system components are as follows:

TC Typical 24 h time clock: TC1 is set to close at 2100 h.

KS Key switch operated by front door key: momentary action, contacts open when
key is removed.
T Timer which can be set to close and open contacts T1 and T2 as required.
DD Drinks dispenser with a sprung platform on which the glass sits.
When energized, DD will dispense a drink into the glass.
When the glass is removed, the platform springs up closing contacts 1 and 3
on DD1.
DD1 Changeover contacts associated with DD.
FS Normally closed float switch, which opens when the correct bath water level
is reached.
BFU (bath filling unit): electrically operated hot water valve.
 Diagrams 11

FIGURE 1.8 Electronic valet.

Let us now follow the system through:

1. At 9.00 pm or 2100 h the N/O contact TC1 on the time clock TC
closes, giving supply to one side of the key switch and to the timer
contact T1.
2. You arrive home and open the door with the key, which closes the
N/O spring-return contacts on KS, thus energizing the timer T. The
drinks dispenser DD is also energized via its own N/C ­contacts
DD1 (1 and 2).
3. The timer T (now energized) instantly causes its own N/O c­ ontacts
T1 to close, allowing supply to be maintained to T and DD via T1
(this is called a ‘hold-on’ circuit) when the key is removed from the
key switch KS. N/O timer contacts T2 are set to close in say, 10 min.
By the time you reach the lounge DD has poured your scotch.
4. When you remove the glass from the dispenser, DD1 contacts 1 and
2 open, and 1 and 3 close, de-energizing the dispenser and putting a
supply to one side of the 10 min timed contacts T2.
5. You can now sit down, relax and enjoy your drink, knowing that
shortly, contacts T2 will close and energize the bath filling unit BFU
via the N/C float switch FS.
6. When the bath level is correct, the float switch FS opens and
­de-­energizes BFU. You can now enjoy your bath.
7. One hour, say, after arriving home, the timer T will have c­ ompleted
its full cycle and reset, opening T1 and T2 and thus restoring the
whole system to normal.

This system is, of course, very crude. It will work but needs some
­refinement. What if you arrive home early – surely you need not stay dirty
12 Diagrams

and thirsty? How do you take a bath during the day without using the
door key and having a drink? What about the bath water temperature?
And so on. If you have already begun to think along these lines and can
come up with simple solutions, then circuit/schematic diagrams should
present no real problems to you.

Quiz controller
Here is another system to consider. Can you draw a circuit/schematic
diagram for it? (A solution is given at the end of the book.)

The system function is as follows:

1. Three contestants take part in a quiz show. Each has a push-to-make

button and an indicator lamp.
2. The quizmaster has a reset button that returns the system to
normal.
3. When a contestant pushes his/her button, the corresponding
lamp is lit and stays lit. The other contestants’ lamps will not
light.
4. The items of equipment are: a source of supply; a reset button
(push-to-break); three push-to-make buttons; three relays each with
1 N/O and 2 N/C contacts and three signal lamps.

The resulting diagram is a good illustration of the use of an alpha-nu-

meric system to show relay coils remote from their associated contacts.

HEATING AND VENTILATION SYSTEM

Figure 1.9 is part of a much larger schematic of the controls for the heat-
ing and ventilation system in a large hotel.

From the diagram it is relatively simple to trace the series of events that
occur in this section of the system.

Clearly, there are four pumps: two boiler pumps and two variable
temperature pumps. One of each of these pairs is a standby in the
­
event of failure of the other; this will become clear as we interpret the
scheme.
FIGURE 1.9 Heating and ventilation schematic diagram.
14 Diagrams

There is a controller (similar to the programmer of a central heating sys-

tem) which receives inputs from two temperature sensors and operates
an actuator valve and a time switch. There are two sets of linked, three-­
position switches and direct-on-line three-phase starters with ­single-phase
coils S1/4, S2/4, S3/4 and S4/4 for the pumps. There is also run and trip
indication for each pump.

Let us now follow the sequence of events:

1. The selector switches are set to, say, position 1.

2. The temperature sensors operate and the controller actuates valve
MV1. If the 24 V time switch relay R8/2 is energized, then its N/O
contacts R8/2 are closed, giving supply to the selector switches.
3. Starters S1/4 and S3/4 are energized via their respective overload
(O/L) contacts; the main contacts close and the pumps start. Auxil-
iary contacts on the starters energize the run lamps.
4. If pump 1, say, were to overload, then the N/O O/L contacts would
close, de-energizing S1/4 and shutting down pump 1, and supply
would be transferred to starter S2/4 for pump 2 via the second linked
switch. At the same time the trip lamp would come on and a supply
via a diode and control cable C would be given to relay R9/1, oper-
ating its N/O contacts R9/1 to indicate a pump failure at a remote
panel. The diode prevents back feeds to other trip lamps via the
control cable C from other circuits.
5. The reader will see that the same sequence of events would take
place if the selector switch were in position 2 in the first place.

RELAY LOGIC
In the last few pages we have investigated the use of relays for control
purposes. Whilst this is perfectly acceptable for small applications, their
use in more complex systems is now being superseded by programmable
logic controllers (PLCs). However, before we discuss these in more detail,
it is probably best to begin with a look at relay logic.

We have already discussed circuit convention with regard to N/O and

N/C contacts, and in the world of logic these contacts are referred to as
‘gates’.
 Diagrams 15

And gates
If several N/O contacts are placed in series with, say, a lamp (Figure 1.10),
it will be clear that contacts A and B and C must be closed in order for the
lamp to light. These are known as AND gates.

Or gates
If we now rewire these contacts in parallel (Figure 1.11), they are con-
verted to OR gates in that contact A or B or C will operate the lamp.

Combined gates
A combination of AND and OR systems is shown in Figure 1.12, and
would be typical of, say, a remote start/stop control circuit for a motor. A
or B or C will only operate the contactor coil if X and Y and Z are closed.

A simplification of any control system may be illustrated by a block dia-

gram such as shown in Figure 1.13, where the input may be achieved by

FIGURE 1.10 AND gates.

FIGURE 1.11 OR gates.

16 Diagrams

FIGURE 1.12 AND/OR gates.

FIGURE 1.13

the operation of a switch or sensor, the logic by relays, coils, timers, etc.,
and the outputs in the form of lamps, heaters, sounders, contactors, etc.

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLERS

With complex control requirements, the use of electro-mechanical relays
is somewhat cumbersome, and most modern systems employ PLCs. In
basic terms these do no more than relays (i.e. they process the input infor-
mation and activate a corresponding output). Their great advantage, how-
ever, is in the use of microelectronics to achieve the same end. The saving
in space and low failure rate (there are no moving parts) make them very
desirable. A typical unit for, say, 20 inputs (I) and 20 outputs (O), referred
to as a 40 I/O unit, would measure approximately 300 mm by 100 mm by
100 mm, and would also incorporate counters, timers, internal coils, etc.

A PLC is programmed to function in a specified way by the use of a key-

board and a display screen. The information may be programmed directly
into the PLC, or a chip known as an EPROM may be programmed
remotely and then plugged into the PLC. The programming method
uses ‘ladder logic’. This employs certain symbols, examples of which are
shown in Figure 1.14. These symbols appear on the screen as the ladder
diagram is built up.
 Diagrams 17

FIGURE 1.14 Ladder logic.

FIGURE 1.15

Here are some examples of the use of ladder logic.

Motor control
Figure 1.15 illustrates a ladder logic diagram for a motor control circuit
(no PLC involved here). Closing the N/O contacts X0 gives supply to the
motor contactor coil Y0 via N/C stop buttons X1 and X2. Y0 is held on
via its own N/O contact Y0 when X0 is released. The motor is stopped by
releasing either X1 or X2.

Packing control
Figure 1.16 shows the basic parts of a packing process. An issuing machine
ejects rubber balls into a delivery tube and thence into boxes on a turnta-
ble. A photoswitch senses each ball as it passes. Each box holds 10 balls
and the turntable carries 10 boxes.

Clearly, the issuing machine must be halted after the 10th ball,
and time allowed for all balls to reach their box before the turntable
revolves to bring another box into place. When the 10th box has been
18 Diagrams

FIGURE 1.16

filled, the system must halt and a warning light must be energized to
indicate that the process for that batch is completed. When new boxes
are in place the system is restarted by operating an N/C manual reset
button.

This system is ideal for control by a PLC with its integral counters and
timers. Figure 1.17 shows an example of the ladder logic for this system
using the following:

X0 N/O photocell switch: closes as ball passes.

X1 N/C manual reset button.
Y0 Output supply to issuing machine.
Y1 Output supply to turntable.
Y2 Output supply to warning light.
C0 Internal counter set to 10 with one N/C and two N/O contacts.
C1 Internal counter set to 10 with one N/C and one N/O contacts.
T0 Timer set for 5 s with one N/O contact.
T1 Timer set for 5 s with one N/C contact.
RC Reset counter: resets counter when supply to it is cut.
FIGURE 1.17 Ladder logic.
20 Diagrams

FIGURE 1.18 Architectural symbol layout.

Fault location
Another major advantage of the use of PLCs for controlling systems is the
relative ease of fault location. In the event of system failure, the keyboard
and screen unit is plugged into the PLC and the condition of the system
is displayed in ladder logic on the screen. Then, for example, any contact
that is in the wrong position will show up.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
princes, but we will try, according to our ability, to preserve for ever
and ever, unbroken and undisturbed, the amity which we profess
both in words and in writing under oath. Likewise you Greeks shall
preserve the same love to our illustrious Russian princes and to all
who are under the rule of our illustrious Prince unpolluted and
unchanged for ever and all time.
Under the head which is called damages we will agree as follows:
Whatever may be made manifest in regard to a grievance, let the
information of such grievance be accurate, and let not him be
believed who begins the action; and let not that party take an oath if
he deserve no belief; but if one swear according to his religion, let
there be a punishment if perjury be found.
If a Russian kill a Christian, or a Christian a Russian, let him die
where the murder has been committed. If he who has committed
murder run away, then if he be possessed of property, let the nearest
in kin to the murdered person receive that part which is his by law,
and let the wife of the murderer have as much as belongs to her by
law. If he who has committed the murder be destitute and have run
away, let the case stand against him until he be found, and then he
shall die.
If anyone strike another with a sword or beat him with a drinking
vessel, let him for such striking or beating pay five litras of silver
according to the Russian law. If the offender be destitute, let him pay
as much as he can, and let him take off his upper garment which he
wears, and besides let him swear according to his religion that there
is no one to help him, and let the case against him forthwith be
dropped.
If a Russian steal something from a Christian, or a Christian from a
Russian, and the thief at the time when he commits the theft be
caught by him who has lost the article, and the thief struggle and be
killed, let not his death be avenged by either Christians or Russians,
but let him who has lost take back what belongs to him. If a Russian
despoil a Christian, or a Christian a Russian, by torture or by a show
of force, or if he take anything away from a member of the druzhína,
let him pay back threefold.
 If a boat be cast by a great wind upon a strange shore, where
there be any of our Russians, and someone come to furnish the boat
with its belongings, we will take the boat through all dangerous
places until it has smooth sailing. If such a boat cannot be returned
to its place, on account of storm or impassable places, we Russians
shall see the oarsmen off safe with their goods, if the accident
happens near Greek land. But if the same happen near Russian
land, we will take the boat to Russian territory, and let them sell the
belongings of the boat and what else of the boat they can sell, and
when we Russians shall go to Greece, with merchandise or with an
embassy to your Emperor, the proceeds from the sale of the
belongings of the boat shall be forwarded without hindrance. Should
any man of the boat be killed, or beaten, by us Russians, or should
anything be taken away, the wrongdoers shall be punished as
above.
Should a Russian slave be stolen, or run away, or be sold by
force, and a Russian make complaint of it, and the fact be
ascertained in regard to the slave, then let him be returned to
Russia. And if the merchants should lose a slave and make
complaint thereof, let them search for him and let him be returned;
should anyone prevent making such a search, then the local
magistrate shall be responsible for him.
If a criminal should return to Greece from Russia, let Russia
institute a complaint to the Christian Empire, and let the same be
returned to Russia, even against his will.
All these things the Russians are to do to the Greeks, wherever
such things may happen. To make the peace established between
the Christians and Russians firm and lasting, we ordered this
document to be written by John upon two charts and to be signed by
the Emperor’s and our own hand before the blessed cross and in the
name of the holy Trinity and our one, true God, and to be proclaimed
and to be delivered to our ambassadors. And we have sworn to your
Emperor according to the law and custom of our nation, as being
God’s own creatures, not to depart, or let anyone else of our land
depart, from the established treaty of peace and amity. This
document we gave to your Empire in order to confirm the treaty on
both sides and to confirm and proclaim the peace in your country,
September the second, the fifteenth week, in the year from the
creation of the world 6024 (911).
 Luká Zhidyáta. (First half of XI. century.)
Luká Zhidyáta or Zhiryáta, was bishop of Nóvgorod from
1036-1060. All we have from him is his Instruction, which is
written in a coarse, unadorned style, and is nothing more than
a sententious statement of gospel teachings. The Nóvgorod
style, as it appears in its chronicles, is always laconic and
businesslike. Zhidyáta was evidently instructing a
congregation that had not long been converted and that was
not yet firm in the fundamental teachings of Christianity.

INSTRUCTION TO HIS CONGREGATION

Above all, brothers, we Christians must keep the command to

believe in one God who is worshipped in the Trinity, in the Father, the
Son, and the Holy Ghost, as the holy apostles have taught, and the
holy fathers have confirmed. I believe in one God, and so forth.
Believe also in the resurrection, and the eternal life, and the
everlasting torment of the sinful. Be not slow in going to church, and
to the morning, noon and evening masses. When you are about to
lie down in your room, make your obeisance to God. Stand in church
in the fear of the Lord, speak not, nor think of worldly matters, but
pray to God with all your thought that He may forgive you your sins.
Live in friendship with all men, but particularly with your brothers,
and let there not be one thing in your hearts, and another upon your
lips. Dig not a grave under your brother, lest God throw you into a
worse one. Be righteous, and flinch not from laying down your head
for the sake of truth and God’s Law, that God may count you among
the saints. Be patient with your brothers and with other men, and do
not repay evil for evil; praise each other that God may praise you.
Cause no strife that you may not be called a son of the devil, but
make peace that you may be a son of God. Judge your brother
neither in speech, nor in thought, but think of your own sins, that God
may not judge you. Be thoughtful and merciful to strangers, to the
poor and to prisoners, and be merciful to your servants. It is not
proper for you, O brothers, to have devilish games, nor to speak
unseemly words. Be not angry, and rail not at anyone; in danger be
patient and rely upon God. Rave not, be not haughty; remember that
to-morrow we shall be stench and worms. Be humble and gentle,
and obediently do the commands of God, for in the heart of the
proud sits the devil, and the word of God will not stick to him. Honour
old people and your parents. Swear not in the name of God, nor
curse anyone else, nor swear by him. Judge rightly, receive no
reward, give not in usury. Fear God, honour the Prince; first serve
the Lord, then your master. With all your heart honour the priest of
God, and honour the servants of the Church. Kill not, steal not, lie
not, bear not false witness, hate not, envy not, calumniate not ...,
drink not out of season to intoxication, but in measure. Be not angry,
nor harsh. Rejoice with those who rejoice, and be sad with the sad.
Do not eat abominations; celebrate the holy days. The peace of the
Lord be with you. Amen!
 The Russian Code. (XI. century.)
The first draught of the Russian Code, or the Rússkaya
Právda, as it is called in Russian, is ascribed to Yarosláv the
Wise, the son of Vladímir, Grand Prince of Kíev. He is
supposed to have given it to the Nóvgorodians, whose Prince
he had been, for their active participation in the war that he
waged against Svyatopólk in order to maintain himself on the
Kíev throne. This Code is the oldest extant among all the
Slavs. It was evidently borrowed from the laws of the
Scandinavians, and in most points almost coincides with the
old English laws of the same period. This is not surprising, for
the druzhína was originally composed of Norsemen; besides,
Yarosláv stood in direct communication with the west of
Europe: thus, one of his daughters was married to Harald of
Norway; another was the wife of Andrew, King of Hungary; a
third was married to Henry of France; and two of his sons had
taken German princesses for wives.
If a man[1] kill a man, let him be avenged by his brother, or father,
or son, or nephew. If there is no one to avenge him, let the price on
his head be 70 grívnas,[2] if he be a prince’s man, or a prince’s
thane’s[3] man. If he be a Russ,[4] or henchman, or merchant, or a
boyár’s thane, or swordsman,[5] or hapless man,[6] or Slovene,[7] let
the price on his head be 40 grívnas. After Yarosláv, his sons
Izyasláv, Svyatosláv, Vsévolod, and their men Kusnyáchko,
Perenyég, and Nikifór, came together and did away with the blood
revenge, but substituted weregild for it, but in everything else his
sons left as Yarosláv had decreed.
If one strike another with the unsheathed sword, or with the haft,
the prince’s fine[8] for the offence is 12 grívnas. If one strike another
with a rod, or cup, or horn, or the blunt edge of a sword, also 12
grívnas; but if the offence be committed in warding off a sword blow,
he shall not be fined. If one strike a man’s hand, and the hand fall
off, or dry up, or if he cut off a foot, or eye, or nose, the fine is 20
grívnas, and 10 grívnas to the maimed man. If one cut off another
man’s finger, 3 grívnas fine, and to the maimed man one grívna of
kúnas.
If a bloodstained or bruised man comes to the court, he need not
bring any witnesses, but the fine shall be 4 grívnas; but if he have no
marks upon him, let him bring a witness. If both parties complain, let
him who has begun pay 6 kúnas. If the bloodstained man be he who
has begun the quarrel, and there are witnesses to the quarrel, let his
bruises be his reward.[9] If one strike another with the sword, but kill
him not, the fine is 3 grívnas, and to the sufferer a grívna for his
wound for medicaments; if he kill him, there is the usual weregild. If a
man pushes another, either to him, or from him, or strikes him in his
face, or beats him with a rod, and there are two witnesses, the fine is
3 grívnas.
If one mounts another man’s horse, without having asked
permission, the fine is 3 grívnas. If one loses his horse, or arms, or
wearing apparel, and announces his loss in the market-place, and
later recognises his property in his town, he may take it back, and
the fine of 3 grívnas is paid to him. If one recognises what he has
lost, or has been stolen from him, either a horse, or apparel, or
cattle, let him not say: “This is mine!” but let him go before the judge
who will ask: “Where did you get that?” and the fine will be on him
who is guilty; and then he will take that which belongs to him, and
the fine shall be likewise paid to him. If it be a horse-thief, let him be
turned over to the prince for banishment; if it be a shop-thief, his fine
shall be 3 grívnas.
If one gives money on interest, or money as a loan, or grain, let
him have witnesses, and then receive as has been agreed.
If a hired servant runs away from his master, he becomes a slave;
but if he goes to collect his money, and does so openly, or runs to
the prince or the judges on account of injury done him by his master,
he is not enslaved, but gets his right.
If a master has a farm servant, and his war horse be lost, the
servant shall not pay for it; but if his master gives him, who receives
his measure of grain, a plough and harrow, he shall pay for any
damage to them. But if the master sends him on his own business,
and they be damaged while he is away, he shall not pay for them.
If a free peasant assault another without the prince’s permission,
the fine is 3 grívnas to the prince, and one grívna of kúnas for the
wounds. If he assault a prince’s or boyár’s man, the fine is 12
grívnas, and a grívna for the wounds. If one steal a boat, the fine is 6
kúnas, and the boat is to be returned; for a seafaring boat, 3 grívnas,
and for a warboat, 2 grívnas; for a smack, 8 kúnas, and for a barge,
a grívna.
If ropes be cut in somebody’s hunting-ground, the fine shall be 3
grívnas, and a grívna of kúnas for the ropes. If one steal in the
hunting-ground a falcon, or hawk, the fine is 3 grívnas, and to the
owner one grívna; for a dove—9 kúnas, for a chicken—9 kúnas, for a
duck—20 kúnas, for a goose—20 kúnas, for a swan—20 kúnas, and
for a crane—20 kúnas. And if hay or timber be stolen—9 kúnas, and
the owner receives 2 nogátas for each waggonload stolen.
In one puts fire to a barn, he is to be banished and his house
confiscated; first the damage is to be made good, and then the
prince shall banish him. The same, if he put fire to a house. And who
maliciously injures a horse or beast, the fine is 12 grívnas, and for
the damage one grívna.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] That is, an older member of the prince’s druzhína, also

called boyárs; the younger members were called hrid, i. e., Norse
“hirđr,” henchman, or youth, or simply druzhína.
[2] A grívna was originally a unit of weight, about a pound, then
only half a pound, and less. About seven grívnas of kúnas were
equal to one grívna of silver; a kúna means “marten’s skin,” which
formed the smaller denomination of money; one grívna was equal
to twenty nogátas.
[3] The Russian is tiún, which is the Norse tjonn; the Old
English thane is of the same origin and has almost the same
significance.
 [4] A Russ was a Scandinavian who did not bear arms; a
Scandinavian who bore arms was a Varyág.
[5] The prince’s guardsman and inspector of the sword trial.
[6] A “hapless man” was more particularly applied to a son of a
priest who could not read, a freedman, an indebted merchant, all
Russians at the death of a prince.
[7] Inhabitants of Nóvgorod.
[8] The fine was paid to the prince’s treasury.
[9] That is, if the bruised man make complaint, and it be found
that he had started the quarrel, he receives no monetary reward
for his bruises, but has justly been punished by his wounds.
 Ilarión, Metropolitan of Kíev. (XI. century.)
Hilarion (in Russian Ilarión) was made metropolitan of Kíev
in 1050. An extant sermon, to which is added the Eulogy on
St. Vladímir and Exposition of Faith, witnesses to his
acquaintance with classical Greek, and is one of the best
examples of ancient Russian pulpit eloquence.

EULOGY ON ST. VLADÍMIR

Rome sings the praises of Peter and Paul, through whom it

believes in Jesus Christ, the Son of God; Asia, Ephesus and Patmos
praise John the Theologue; India, Thomas; Egypt, Mark. All
countries and cities and men honour and glorify their teacher who
has taught them the orthodox faith. Let us also, according to our
power, praise with humble praises our teacher and instructor, who
has done great and wondrous things, the great Khan of our land,
Vladímir, the grandson of old Ígor, the son of the glorious Svyatosláv,
who ruling their days in courage and valour have become famous in
many lands, and are remembered and honoured even now for their
victories and power, for they did not rule in a poor and unknown
country, but in Russia, which is known and celebrated in all the
corners of the earth.
A good testimony to your piety, O blissful one, is that holy church
of St. Mary, the Mother of God, which you have builded on an
orthodox foundation, and where your valiant body now resteth,
awaiting the archangel’s trumpets. A very good and fine testimony is
also your son George whom God has made an heir to your power,
who does not destroy your institutions, but confirms them; who does
not diminish the benefactions of your piety, but increases them; who
does not spoil but mend, who finishes what you have left unfinished,
as Solomon has completed the works of David; who has builded a
large and holy God’s temple to His All-wisdom, to sanctify your city;
who has embellished it with all beautiful things, with gold and silver
and precious stones and sacred vessels, so that the church is a
wonder to all surrounding lands, and so that no like can be found in
all the north, from east to west; who has surrounded your famous
city of Kíev with grandeur as with a crown; who has turned over your
people and city to the holy, all-glorious Mother of God; who is ever
ready to succour Christians, and for whom he has builded a church
with golden doors in the name of the first holiday of the Lord of the
Holy Annunciation, so that the kiss which the archangel will give to
the Virgin may also be on this city. To Her he says: “Rejoice, blissful
one, the Lord is with you!” but to the city: “Rejoice, faithful city, the
Lord is with you!”
Arise, honoured dead, from your grave! Arise, shake off your
sleep, for you are not dead, but sleep to the day of the common
resurrection. Arise! You are not dead, for it is not right for you to die,
who have believed in Christ who is the life of the whole world. Shake
off your sleep, lift your eyes, that you may see with what honours the
Lord has showered you above, and how you live unforgotten upon
earth through your son! Arise! Look at your son George, see your
entrails, your beloved one, see him whom God has brought out of
your loins, see him adorning the throne of your land, and rejoice, and
be glad! Then also see your pious daughter-in-law Iréna, see your
grandchildren, and great-grandchildren, how they live and are cared
for by God, how they keep your piety according to your tradition, how
they partake of the sacrament of the holy church, how they praise
Christ, how they bow before His name! See also your city beaming in
its grandeur! See your blossoming churches, see the growing
Christianity, see the city gleaming in its adornment of saintly images,
and fragrant with thyme, and re-echoing with hymns and divine,
sacred songs! And seeing all this, rejoice and be glad, and praise the
good God, the creator of all this.
Vladímir Monomákh (Monomachos). (1053-1125.)
Vladímir was Grand Prince of Kíev from 1113-1125. As his
Instruction to his Children shows, and as the chronicles
witness, he was a very learned man for his time. From the
letters of the metropolitan Nikifór to the Prince we also learn
that he strictly carried out the rules which he brought to the
attention of his posterity: he often slept on the ground,
discarded sumptuous garments, and only on rare occasions
wore the insignia of his office. He was well versed in
Byzantine literature, for his Instruction is not only after the
fashion of older Byzantine Testaments, but many passages
are taken directly from the writings of Basil the Great. This
Instruction is one of the most remarkable productions of early
Russian literature, especially on account of the liberal spirit
that pervades it, as compared, for example, with a similar,
somewhat earlier document by St. Stephen of Hungary. This
latter fact has served the Slavophiles as an important
argument for the superiority of the Slavic spirit over that of the
west of Europe. The Instruction is included in Néstor’s
Chronicle under the year 1096, but it has been conclusively
proved that it is the work of Vladímir. Parts of the Instruction
are translated in A. P. Stanley’s Lectures on the History of the
Eastern Church, London, 1861 (and often afterwards), and in
N. H. Dole’s Young Folks’ History of Russia, Chicago, 1895.

HIS INSTRUCTION TO HIS CHILDREN

Being ill and about to seat myself in the sleigh,[10] I have

considered in my soul and have praised God for having preserved
me, sinful man, to this day. Do not make light of this instruction, my
children, or anyone else who may hear it, but if it please any of you
children, take it to heart, and give up indolence, and begin to work.
Above all, for the sake of the Lord and your own souls, have the
fear of the Lord in your hearts by doing unstinted charity, for that is
the beginning of all good. If this instruction should not please any of
you, be not angry but say thus: “Starting out on a distant journey and
about to seat himself in the sleigh, he spoke this insipidity.”
My brothers’ messengers met me on the Vólga and said: “Hasten
to us that we may drive out the sons of Rostisláv,[11] and take away
their patrimony, and if you go not with us, we shall stand alone, and
you will be alone.” And I said: “Even though you may be angry, I
cannot go with you and transgress the cross.” And having sent them
away, I picked up a psalter in my sorrow, opened it, and these words
were before me: “Why are you sad, my soul? Why are you grieved?”
and so forth. And then I picked out words here and there, and put
them in order, and I wrote: “If the latter things do not please you,
accept the former....”
Forsooth, my children, consider how kind and overkind God, the
lover of men, is. We men, who are sinful and mortal, wish to avenge
ourselves and immediately to spill the blood of him who has done us
any wrong; but our Lord, who rules over life and death, suffers our
transgressions above our heads, nay to the very end of our lives, like
a father, now loving, now chastising his child, and again fondling it.
Our Lord has likewise shown us how to be victorious over our foe,
how to assuage and conquer him with three good acts: with
repentance, tears and charity. It is not hard, my children, to keep this
command of the Lord, and you can rid yourselves of your sins by
those three acts, and you will not forfeit the kingdom of heaven. And,
I beg you, be not slack in the performance of the Lord’s commands,
and do not forget those three acts, for neither solitude, nor
monkhood, nor hunger, such as many good people suffer, is hard to
bear, but with a small act you may gain the favour of the Lord. What
is man that Thou shouldst remember him?
Thou art great, O Lord, and Thy works are wonderful, and human
understanding cannot grasp all Thy miracles! And again we say:
Thou art great, O Lord, and Thy works are wonderful, and Thy name
be blessed and praised for ever and through all the earth! For who
would not praise and glorify Thy power and Thy great miracles and
goodness that are evident in this world: how by Thy wisdom the
heaven is builded, how the sun, the moon, the stars, darkness and
light, and the earth is placed on the waters, O Lord! How the various
animals, birds and fishes are adorned by Thy foresight, O Lord! And
we also wonder at the miracle, how that He has created man from
the dust, how different the forms of human faces are, how if you look
at the whole world, you will not find all made in one image, but the
face of each according to God’s wisdom. And we wonder also how
the birds of the sky come from the south, and do not remain in one
country, but both the weak and the strong fly to all lands, by the will
of God, in order to fill the woods and fields. All these God has given
for the use of man, for food and enjoyment.
Listen to me, and if you will not accept all, heed at least half. If
God should mollify your hearts, shed tears over your sins and say:
“As Thou hast shown mercy to the harlot, the murderer and the
publican, even thus show mercy to us sinners.” Do this in church and
when you lie down to sleep. Fail not to do so a single night. If you
can, make your obeisance to the ground; if your strength gives out,
do it thrice; in any case, be not slack in it, for with this nightly
obeisance and singing man conquers the devil and frees himself
from the sins he has committed during the day.
When you are riding and have no engagement with anyone, and
you know no other prayer, keep on repeating secretly: “Lord, have
mercy upon me!” for it is better to say this prayer than to think idle
things. Above all, forget not the destitute, but feed them according to
your means, and give to the orphan, and protect the widow, and
allow not the strong to oppress the people. Slay neither the
righteous, nor the wrongdoer, nor order him to be slain who is guilty
of death, and do not ruin a Christian soul.
Whenever you speak, whether it be a bad or a good word, swear
not by the Lord, nor make the sign of the cross, for there is no need.
If you have occasion to kiss the cross with your brothers or with
anyone else, first inquire your heart whether you will keep the
promise, then kiss it; and having kissed it, see to it that you do not
transgress, and your soul perish. As for the bishops, priests and
abbots, receive their benediction in love, and do not keep away from
them, but love them with all your might, and provide for them, that
you may receive their prayers to God. Above all, have no pride in
your hearts and minds, but say: “We are mortal, alive to-day, and to-
morrow in the grave. All that Thou hast given us, is not ours, but
Thine, and Thou hast entrusted it to us for but a few days.” Put away
no treasure in the earth, for that is a great sin.
Honour the elders as your father, and the younger ones as your
brothers. Be not slack in your houses, but watch everything: Do not
rely upon your thane, nor your servant, lest those who come to see
you should make light of your house and of your dinner. If you start
out to a war, be not slack, depend not upon your generals, nor
abandon yourselves to drinking and eating and sleeping. Put out the
guards yourselves, and lie down to sleep only after you have placed
the guards all around the army, and rise early. Do not take off your
armour in haste, without examination, for man perishes suddenly
through his negligence. Avoid lying and drunkenness and
debauchery, for body and soul perish from them.
Whenever you travel over your lands, permit not the servants,
neither your own, nor a stranger’s, to do any damage in the villages,
or in the fields, that they may not curse you. Wheresoever you go,
and wherever you stay, give the destitute to eat and to drink. Above
all honour the stranger, whencesoever he may come, whether he be
a commoner, a nobleman or an ambassador; if you are not able to
honour him with gifts, give him food and drink, for these travellers will
proclaim a man to all the lands, whether he be good or bad. Call on
the sick, go to funerals, for we are all mortal, and pass not by a man
without greeting him with kind words. Love your wives, but let them
not rule you.
But the main thing is that you should keep the fear of the Lord
higher than anything else. If you should forget this, read this often;
then shall I have no shame, and all will be well with you. Whatever
good you know, do not forget it, and what you do not know, learn it;
just as my father had learned, staying at home, five languages,[12]
for this makes one honoured in other lands. Indolence is the mother
of all vices: what one knows, one forgets, and what one does not
know, one does not learn. While doing good, be not negligent in any
good act, first of all in regard to the Church. Let not the sun find you
in bed. Thus my father of blessed memory did, and thus do all good,
perfect men. Having prayed to God at daybreak, he, noticing the
rising sun, praised God in joy and said: “Thou hast made me see,
Christ, O Lord, and Thou hast given me this beautiful light!” and
again: “Lord, add years to my years that I may repent my sins and,
improving my life, may praise God.” And thus he did when he seated
himself to take counsel with the druzhína, or to judge people, or
when he went on the chase, or out riding, or laid himself down to
sleep: but sleep has been intended by the Lord for the afternoon,
when both beasts and birds and men rest themselves.
And now I shall tell you, my children, of my labours which I have
performed either in my expeditions or on the chase these thirteen
years. First I went to Rostóv[13] through the country of the Vyátiches,
[14] whither my father sent me when he himself went to Kursk; next I
went to Smolénsk [follows an account of his expeditions]....
Altogether I have made eighty-three long journeys and I cannot
recall how many shorter ones. I have made peace with the Pólovtses
twenty times lacking one, both with my father and without him, giving
away much of my cattle and garments. I have liberated from their
shackles royal princes of the Pólovtses as follows....
I have undergone many hardships in the chase. Near Chernígov I
have with my own hand caught ten or twenty wild horses in the
forests, and I have besides caught elsewhere many wild horses with
my hands, as I used to travel through Russia. Two aurochses threw
me and my horse with their horns; a stag butted me with his horns;
an elk trampled me under his feet, and another butted me with his
horns. A boar took away the sword at my side; a bear bit me into my
knee covering; a grim animal [wolf] leaped at my loins and threw me
with my horse; and yet God has preserved me. I have often fallen
from my horse, I twice injured my head and frequently hurt my hands
and feet in my youth, being reckless of my life and not sparing my
head. Whatever there was to be done by my servants, I did myself,
in war and in the chase, in daytime and at night, in the summer heat
and in winter, without taking any rest. I depended neither on the
posádniks[15] nor the heralds, but did all myself, and looked after my
house. In the chase I looked myself after the hunting outfit, the
horses, the falcons and the sparrow-hawks. Also have I not
permitted the mighty to offend the poor peasants and the destitute
widows, and I have myself looked after the church property and the
divine service.
Think not ill of me, my children, nor anyone else who may read
this, for I do not boast of my daring, but praise God and proclaim His
goodness for having preserved me, sinful and miserable man, for so
many years from the hour of death, for having made me, miserable
one, active in the performance of all humane acts. Having read this
instruction, may you hasten to do all good acts and praise the Lord
with His saints. Fear neither death, my children, nor war, nor beast,
but do what behooves men to do, whatever God may send you. Just
as I have come out hale from war, from encounters with animals,
from the water, and from my falls, even so none of you can be
injured or killed, if it be not so ordained by God. And if death come
from the Lord, neither father, nor mother, nor brothers can save you.
Though it is good to take care of oneself, yet God’s protection is
better than man’s.

FOOTNOTES:

[10] Karamzín remarks that the dead were always taken away
in sleighs, whether in winter or summer.
[11] Volodár; Prince of Peremýshl, and Vasílko, Prince of
Terebóvl.
[12] Karamzín surmises that he knew Greek, Norse, Pólovts
(Cumanian) and Hungarian, besides Russian.
[13] In the Government of Yaroslávl.
[14] A Slavic tribe settled on the river Oká.
[15] Burgomasters.
 Abbot Daniel, the Palmer. (Beginning of XII.
century.)
Pilgrimages to the Holy Land began in Russia soon after
the introduction of Christianity, but Daniel the abbot is the first
who has left an account of his wanderings. Nothing is known
of the life of this traveller, but from internal evidence it may be
assumed that he visited Palestine soon after the first crusade,
from 1106-1108. From his mention of none but princes of the
south of Russia it is quite certain that he himself belonged
there. In a simple, unadorned language, Daniel tells of his
wanderings from Constantinople to the Holy Land and back
again. Characteristic is his patriotic affection for the whole
Russian land and his mention of all the Russian princes in his
prayers,—a rather surprising sentiment for the period when
Russia was nothing but a heterogeneous mass of appanages.
None of the Western accounts of pilgrimages to Palestine
surpass in interest that of the Russian palmer of that period, if
they at all equal it.

OF THE HOLY LIGHT, HOW IT DESCENDS FROM HEAVEN

UPON THE HOLY SEPULCHRE

Here is what God has shown to me, His humble and unworthy
servant, Daniel the monk, for I have in truth seen with my own sinful
eyes how the holy light descends on the life-giving grave of the Lord
our Saviour, Jesus Christ. Many pilgrims do not tell rightly about the
descent of the holy light: for some say that the Holy Ghost descends
to the Sepulchre of the Lord in the shape of a dove, and others say
that a lightning comes down and lights the lamps over the Sepulchre
of the Lord. But that is not true, for nothing is to be seen, neither
dove, nor lightning, but the divine Grace descends invisibly, and the
lamps over the Sepulchre of the Lord are lit by themselves. I shall tell
about it just as I have seen it.
 On Good-Friday after vespers they rub the Sepulchre of the Lord
clean, and wash the lamps that are above it, and fill them with pure
oil without water, and put in the wicks which are not lit, and the
Sepulchre is sealed at the second hour of night. And not only these
lights, but those in all the other churches in Jerusalem are
extinguished.
On that very Good-Friday I, humble servant, went in the first hour
of the morning to Prince Baldwin and made a low obeisance to him.
When he saw me making the obeisance, he called me kindly to him
and said to me: “What do you wish, Russian abbot?” for he had
known me before and loved me much, being a good and simple
man, and not in the least proud. And I said to him: “Sir Prince, I beg
you for the sake of the Lord and the Russian princes, let me also
place my lamp over the Holy Sepulchre for all our princes and for all
the Russian land, for all the Christians of the Russian land!”
The Prince gave me permission to place my lamp there and
readily sent his best man with me to the œkonomos of the Holy
Resurrection and to him who has charge of the Sepulchre. Both the
œkonomos and the keeper of the keys to the Holy Sepulchre
ordered me to bring my lamp with the oil. I bowed to them with great
joy, and went to the market-place and bought a large glass lamp
which I filled with pure oil without water, and carried it to the
Sepulchre. It was evening when I asked for the keeper of the keys
and announced myself to him. He unlocked the door of the
Sepulchre, told me to take off my shoes, and led me bare-footed to
the Sepulchre with the lamp which I carried with my sinful hands. He
told me to place the lamp on the Sepulchre, and I put it with my sinful
hands there where are the illustrious feet of our Lord Jesus Christ. At
his head stood a Greek lamp, on his breast was placed a lamp of St.
Sabbas and of all the monasteries, for it is a custom to place every
year a Greek lamp and one for St. Sabbas. By the grace of God the
lower lamps lighted themselves, but not a single one of the lamps of
the Franks, which are hung up, was lighted up. Having placed my
lamp upon the Sepulchre of our Lord Jesus Christ, I bowed before
the worshipful grave, and with love and tears kissed the holy and
glorious place where lay the illustrious body of our Lord Jesus Christ.
We came out of the Holy Sepulchre with great joy, and went each to
his cell.
Next day, on the Holy Saturday, in the sixth hour of the day, people
gather before the church of the Resurrection of Christ; there is an
endless number of people from all countries, from Babylon and
Egypt and Antioch, and all the places about the church and about
the crucifixion of the Lord are filled. There is then such a crowd
inside and outside the church that many are crushed while waiting
with unlit candles for the church doors to be opened. Within, the
priests and people wait until Prince Baldwin’s arrival with his suite,
and when the doors are opened all the people crowd in, and fill the
church, and there is a large gathering in the church and near
Golgotha and near Calvary and there where the Lord’s cross had
been found. All the people say nothing else, but keep repeating:
“Lord, have mercy upon us!” and weep aloud so that the whole place
reverberates and thunders with the cries of these people. The faithful
shed rivers of tears, and if a man’s heart were of stone, he could not
keep from weeping, for then everybody looks within himself,
remembers his sins, and says: “Perchance on account of my sins the
Holy Ghost will not descend!” And thus all the faithful stand with
tearful countenances and contrite hearts. Prince Baldwin himself
stands there in great fear and humility, and a torrent of tears issues
from his eyes; and his suite stand around him, opposite the grave
and near the great altar.
In the seventh hour of the Saturday Prince Baldwin started with his
suite from home for the Sepulchre, and they all walked barefooted.
The Prince sent to the abbey of St. Sabbas for the abbot and his
monks. And I went with the abbot and the monks to the Prince, and
we all bowed before him. He returned the abbot’s greeting. The
Prince ordered the abbot of St. Sabbas and me, humble servant, to
come near him, and the others to walk before him, but the suite
behind him. We arrived at the western doors of the church of the
Lord’s Resurrection, but such a mass of people barred the way that I
could not enter. Then Prince Baldwin ordered his soldiers to drive the
crowd away by force, and they opened a way through the mass of