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Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 587

Debashis Dutta
Haranath Kar
Chiranjeev Kumar
Vijaya Bhadauria Editors

Advances in VLSI,
Communication,
and Signal
Processing
Select Proceedings of VCAS 2018
Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering

Volume 587

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• •

Chiranjeev Kumar Vijaya Bhadauria

•

Editors

Advances in VLSI,
Communication, and Signal
Processing
Select Proceedings of VCAS 2018

123
Editors
Debashis Dutta Haranath Kar
Ministry of Electronics and Information Motilal Nehru National Institute
Technology of Technology Allahabad
New Delhi, Delhi, India Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

Chiranjeev Kumar Vijaya Bhadauria

Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Motilal Nehru National Institute
Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India of Technology Allahabad
Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

ISSN 1876-1100 ISSN 1876-1119 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering
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VCAS 2018 Committees

Chief Patron

Prof. Rajeev Tripathi, Director, MNNIT Allahabad

Patron

Prof. Sudarshan Tiwari, MNNIT Allahabad

General Chair

Prof. Vijaya Bhadauria, MNNIT Allahabad

Program Chair

Prof. Haranath Kar, MNNIT Allahabad

Organizing Chair

Prof. V. K. Srivastava, MNNIT Allahabad

v
vi VCAS 2018 Committees

Keynote Chair

Prof. Amit Dhawan, MNNIT Allahabad

Tutorial Chair

Prof. R. K. Nagaria, MNNIT Allahabad

Workshop Chair

Prof. V. S. Tripathi, MNNIT Allahabad

Public Relation Chair

Prof. R. A. Mishra, MNNIT Allahabad

Publication Chair

Prof. Richa Negi, MNNIT Allahabad

Finance Chair

Dr. Arvind Kumar, MNNIT Allahabad

Program Co-Chair

Dr. V. Krishna Rao K., MNNIT Allahabad

VCAS 2018 Committees vii

Event Management Chair

Er. Asim Mukherji, MNNIT Allahabad

Publicity Chair

Dr. Basant Kumar, MNNIT Allahabad

Industrial Chair

Dr. Manish Tiwari, MNNIT Allahabad

Hospitality Chair

Dr. Sanjeev Rai, MNNIT Allahabad

Registration Chair

Dr. S. K. Gupta, MNNIT Allahabad

Resource Generation Chair

Dr. Y. K. Prajapati, MNNIT Allahabad

Website Chair

Dr. Divya Kumar, MNNIT Allahabad

viii VCAS 2018 Committees

Workshop Co-Chair

Er. Rajeev Gupta, MNNIT Allahabad

Hospitality Co-Chair

Dr. Shweta Tripathi, MNNIT Allahabad

Tutorial Co-Chair

Dr. P. Karuppanan, MNNIT Allahabad

Registration Co-Chair

Dr. Bhuktare Swapnil Sopanrao, MNNIT Allahabad

Organizing Secretary

Dr. Arun Prakash, MNNIT Allahabad

Advisory Committee

Prof. M. Jagadesh Kumar, JNU Delhi

Prof. A. K. Chaturvedi, IIT Roorkee
Prof. N. C. Shivaprakash, IISc Bangalore
Prof. Sagar Naik, University of Waterloo, Canada
Prof. David Harvey, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
Prof. S. C. Dutta Roy, IIT Delhi
Prof. S. S. Pathak, IIT Kharagpur
Prof. Asok De, DTU Delhi
Prof. Raj Senani, NSIT Delhi
Prof. Rajendra Prasad, IIT Roorkee
Prof. A. K. Misra, SPMIT Allahabad
Dr. Debashis Dutta, MeitY GoI
VCAS 2018 Committees ix

Prof. Shekhar Verma, IIIT Allahabad

Prof. Suneeta Agarwal, MNNIT Allahabad
Prof. M. M. Gore, MNNIT Allahabad
Prof. R. S. Yadav, MNNIT Allahabad
Prof. Neeraj Tyagi, MNNIT Allahabad
Prof. Vineeta Agrawal, MNNIT Allahabad
Prof. R. K. Singh, MNNIT Allahabad
Prof. Subhi Purwar, MNNIT Allahabad
Prof. R. K. Tripathi, MNNIT Allahabad
Prof. Sudarshan Tiwari, MNNIT Allahabad
Prof. Rajeev Tripathi, MNNIT Allahabad
Prof. Haranath Kar, MNNIT Allahabad
Prof. V. K. Srivastava, MNNIT Allahabad
Prof. Vijaya Bhadauria, MNNIT Allahabad
Prof. Amit Dhawan, MNNIT Allahabad
Prof. R. K. Nagaria, MNNIT Allahabad
Prof. V. S. Tripathi, MNNIT Allahabad
Prof. R. A. Mishra, MNNIT Allahabad

Technical Program Committee

Prof. Naveen Chilamkurti, La Trobe University Australia

Prof. Raveendra Rao, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
Prof. Brahmjit Singh, NIT Kurukshetra
Prof. Ganapati Panda, IIT Bhuawaneshwar
Prof. Shrish Verma, NIT Raipur
Prof. K. D. Kulat, VNIT Nagpur
Prof. Anupam Shukla, ABV-IIITM Gwalior
Prof. Chiranjeev Kumar, IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
Prof. Manav Bhatnagar, IIT Delhi
Prof. Y. N. Singh, IIT Kanpur
Prof. Aditya Trivedi, ABV-IIITM Gwalior
Prof. Nagendra P. Pathak, IIT Roorkee
Prof. K. K. Mohapatra, NIT Rourkela
Prof. D. R. Bhaskar, Jamia Millia Islamia Delhi
Prof. M. P. S. Bhatia, NSIT Delhi
Prof. Chandan Kumar Sarkar, Jadavpur University
Prof. Abdul Quaiyum Ansari, Jamia Millia Islamia Delhi
Prof. Kavita Khare, MANIT Bhopal
Prof. R. K. Baghel, MANIT Bhopal
Prof. M. M. Tripathi, DTU Delhi
Dr. Ming-Fong Tsai, National United University, Taiwan
Dr. Dhananjay Singh, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, South Korea
x VCAS 2018 Committees

Dr. Tamer Mostafa Abdelkader, Ain Shams University, Egypt

Dr. Sudeb Dasgupta, IIT Roorkee
Dr. Tarek Khalifa, Antalya Bilim University, Turkey
Dr. Ram Bilas Pachori, IIT Indore
Dr. Arvind Sharma, NIT Kurushetra
Dr. Nitesh Purohit, IIIT Allahabad
Dr. Rajiv Tripathi, NIT Delhi
Dr. B. K. Mohanti, JUET Guna
Dr. Tarun Kumar Gupta, MANIT Bhopal
Dr. Gargi Khanna, NIT Hamirpur
Dr. Rajat Kumar Singh, IIIT Allahabad
Dr. Manish Kumar, IIIT Allahabad
Dr. K. P. Singh, IIIT Allahabad
Dr. Satinder Sharma, IIT Mandi
Dr. Vinay Kumar, VNIT Nagpur
Dr. Pawan Kumar Verma, NIT Jalandhar
Dr. A. K. Shankhwar, HBTU Kanpur
Dr. Sarsij Tripathi, NIT Raipur
Dr. A. S. Raghuwanshi, NIT Raipur
Dr. Krishan Kumar, NIT Hamirpur
Dr. Nishu Gupta, VCE Warangal
Er. Asim Mukherjee, MNNIT Allahabad
Dr. Arvind Kumar, MNNIT Allahabad
Dr. V. Krishna Rao K., MNNIT Allahabad
Dr. Basant Kumar, MNNIT Allahabad
Dr. Y. K. Prajapati, MNNIT Allahabad
Dr. Manish Tiwari, MNNIT Allahabad
Dr. Sanjeev Rai, MNNIT Allahabad
Dr. Santosh Kumar Gupta, MNNIT Allahabad
Dr. Arun Prakash, MNNIT Allahabad
Dr. ShwetaTripathi, MNNIT Allahabad
Dr. P. Karuppanan, MNNIT Allahabad
Er. Rajeev Gupta, MNNIT Allahabad
Dr. Bhuktare Swapnil Sopanrao, MNNIT Allahabad
Prof. Paulson Samuel, MNNIT Allahabad
Prof. Asheesh Kumar Singh, MNNIT Allahabad
Prof. Rajesh Gupta, MNNIT Allahabad
Prof. Nand Kishor, MNNIT Allahabad
Prof. Richa Negi, MNNIT Allahabad
Dr. Nitin Singh, MNNIT Allahabad
Dr. Navneet Kumar Singh, MNNIT Allahabad
Dr. Deepak Kumar, MNNIT Allahabad
Dr. Niraj Kumar Choudhary, MNNIT Allahabad
Dr. M. Venkatesh Naik, MNNIT Allahabad
Prof. D. S. Kushawaha, MNNIT Allahabad
VCAS 2018 Committees xi

Prof. Anil Kumar Singh, MNNIT Allahabad

Prof. D. K. Yadav, MNNIT Allahabad
Er. Rajesh Tripathi, MNNIT Allahabad
Er. Manoj Wariya, MNNIT Allahabad
Dr. Anoj Kumar, MNNIT Allahabad
Dr. Mayank Pandey, MNNIT Allahabad
Dr. Krishn Kumar Mishra, MNNIT Allahabad
Dr. Ranvijay, MNNIT Allahabad
Dr. Rupesh Kumar Dewang, MNNIT Allahabad
Dr. Pragya Dwivedi, MNNIT Allahabad
Dr. Divya Kumar, MNNIT Allahabad
Dr. Dushyant Kumar Singh, MNNIT Allahabad
Dr. Dinesh Singh, MNNIT Allahabad
Dr. Shashank Er. vastava, MNNIT Allahabad
Dr. Shashwati Banerjea, MNNIT Allahabad
Dr. Rajitha B., MNNIT Allahabad

Organizer

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Motilal Nehru

National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
Preface

We are pleased to introduce the proceedings of the International Conference on

VLSI, Communications, and Signal Processing (VCAS 2018) organized by the
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, MNNIT Allahabad,
Prayagraj, India. This conference focuses on recent research works on VLSI,
communication systems, signal processing, and related technology. The conference
provides a platform for the exchange and dissemination of technical knowledge
among the researchers, academicians, and practicing engineers in the field.
VCAS 2018 received a total of 137 submissions. The members of technical
program committee took tremendous efforts to review the submitted papers. It was a
challenging task to conduct the peer-review process in a very short time. We
sincerely thank all the reviewers who spared their valuable time to review the
submitted papers. This volume contains 90 papers which are selected from the
submitted papers. This conference includes 3 tracks (VLSI, communication, and
signal processing), 18 technical sessions, and 2 workshop sessions.
We are grateful to Springer for their technical co-sponsorship and the spon-
sorship of MNNIT TEQIP-III, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
(CSIR), Tektronix Ltd., and Edutech Ltd., India.
We would like to thank Prof. Rajeev Tripathi, Director, MNNIT Allahabad, for
his constant support and guidance for organizing this conference. We gratefully
acknowledge the contributions of technical program committee members, track
chairs, all other committee members, volunteers, and those persons involved in
background activities to make it a success.
Last but not least, we are extremely thankful to all the invited speakers, authors,
and members of the advisory committee, technical program committee, and orga-
nizing committee; without their support, this conference could not have been
successful.

New Delhi, India Debashis Dutta

Allahabad, India Haranath Kar
Allahabad, India Vijaya Bhadauria
Dhanbad, India Chiranjeev Kumar

xiii
Contents

Communication Engineering
BER Performance Evaluation of Different Modulation Techniques
for Underwater FSO Communication System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Sadanand Yadav, Vinay Kumar, Sanjay B. Dhok, Gaurav Srivastava,
Akhilendra Pratap Singh and Mahesh Kumar Gupta
Reliable Location-Aware Routing Protocol for Urban Vehicular
Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Ankita Srivastava and Arun Prakash
DFT Precoder Technique Combined with µ-Law Companding
for PAPR Reduction in OFDM System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Ajay Kumar Yadav, Pritam Keshari Sahoo and Y. K. Prajapati
Power Sector Reforms, Strategies, and Contribution
of Private Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Rajesh Kumar Singh and Arun Kumar Singh
Performance Evaluation of IEEE 802.11p Physical Layer
for Efficient Vehicular Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Devesh Shukla, Vinay Kumar and Arun Prakash
A Robust Energy-Efficient Cluster-Based Routing Protocol
for Mobile Wireless Sensor Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Yogesh Tripathi, Vinay Kumar and Arun Prakash
A Resource Allocation Protocol to Meet QoS for Mobile Ad-hoc
Network (MANET) in Tactical Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Hemant Kumar Pande, Kapil Kumar Srivastava and Lal Chand Mangal
Comparative Study of Anomaly Detection in Wireless Sensor
Networks Using Different Kernel Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Shashank Gavel, Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi and Sudarshan Tiwari

xv
xvi Contents

Proactive Spectrum Handoff-Based MAC Protocol for Cognitive

Radio Ad hoc Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
T. Akhil Chandran, Raghavendra Pal, Arun Prakash and Rajeev Tripathi
An Energy-Efficient Framework Based on Random Waypoint
Mobility Model in WSN-Assisted IoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Anurag Shukla and Sarsij Tripathi
A Scheduling Algorithm Including Deadline of Messages
in Vehicular Ad hoc Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Abhishek Agarwal, Raghavendra Pal and Arun Prakash
Hardware Implementation of Simeck Cipher as a Lightweight
Hash Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Prachin Bhoyar, Sanjay Dhok and Raghavendra Deshmukh
Comparative Study of PSO-Based Hybrid Clustering Algorithms
for Wireless Sensor Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Ghanshyam Singh, Shashank Gavel and Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi
Modified Cluster Head Election Scheme Based on LEACH Protocol
for MI-Driven UGWSNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
A. Laxmi Prasanna and Vinay Kumar
Stable Energy-Efficient Routing Algorithm for Dynamic
Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Akshay Verma, Sunil Kumar, Prateek Raj Gautam and Arvind Kumar
Comparative Study of Different Routing Protocols for IEEE
802.15.4-Enabled Mobile Sink Wireless Sensor Network . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Pallavi Joshi, Ghanshyam Singh and A. S. Raghuvanshi
Cooperative Communications Framework for Industrial
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Mudit Agrawal, Nandkishor Joshi and Neetesh Purohit
p-Cycles as Their Own m-Cycles for Fault Detection
and Localization in Elastic Optical Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Deo Chandra Jaiswal and Rachna Asthana
Analysis of Modified Swastika Shaped Slotted (MSSS) Microstrip
Antenna for Multiband and Ultra-wideband Applications . . . . . . . . . . 189
Devesh Tiwari, Mohd. Gulman Siddiqui, A. K. Saroj, J. A. Ansari,
Neelesh Agrawal and Mukesh Kumar
A Compact Star Shaped Fractal Antenna for Multiband
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Shweta Sharma and Som Pal Gangwar
Contents xvii

Dual-Band Modified U-Shaped Slot Antenna with Defected Ground

Structure for S-Band Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Anuradha Gupta and Som Pal Gangwar
Localization of Sensor Nodes in WSN Using Area Between a Node
and Two Beacons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Prateek Raj Gautam, Sunil Kumar, Akshay Verma, Tarique Rashid
and Arvind Kumar
A Compact Rectangular Patch Antenna with Defected Ground
Structure for Multiband Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Yogesh Kumar Mishra and Som Pal Gangwar
Optimizing Resource Allocation of MIMO-OFDM in 4G
and Beyond Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Arun Kumar Singh, Neelam Srivastava and Saurabh Dixit
Design and Development of 2.1 GHz Horn Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Indra Kumar Singh, Rajiv Kumar Singh and Radhey Lal
Full-Duplex Wireless Communication in Cognitive Radio Networks:
A Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Ashish Kumar Rao, Rajiv Kumar Singh and Neelam Srivastava
Interaction of Electromagnetic Fields (100 KHz–300 GHz) Exposure
with Respect to Human Body Model and Methods for SAR
Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Rashid Jamal, Rajiv Kumar Singh and Ekta Singh
Noise-Induced Training for Weak Signal Detection
in Neyman–Pearson Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Sumit Kumar, Ayush Kumar and Rajib Kumar Jha
Optimum APD Gain Evaluation of FSO System for Inter-building
Laser Communication Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Pritam Keshari Sahoo, Ajay Kumar Yadav, Y. K. Prajapati
and Rajeev Tripathi
EM Analysis of RF Interaction Structures for Gyrotron Devices . . . . . 315
Rajiv Kumar Singh
LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation for Enhancement
of Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Akshay Goyal and Krishan Kumar
xviii Contents

VLSI
Temperature-Dependent Analog, RF, and Linearity Analysis
of Junctionless Quadruple Gate MOSFETs for Analog
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Prateek Kishor Verma, Akash Singh Rawat and Santosh Kumar Gupta
A Hardware Minimized Gated Clock Multiple Output Low Power
Linear Feedback Shift Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Digvijay Singh Mehta, Varun Mishra, Yogesh Kumar Verma
and Santosh Kumar Gupta
A Novel Dual Material Extra Insulator Layer Fin Field Effect
Transistor for High-Performance Nanoscale Applications . . . . . . . . . . 377
Prateek Kishor Verma, Varun Mishra, Yogesh Kumar Verma,
Pawan K. Yadav and Santosh Kumar Gupta
Performance of Double Gate Tunnel FET Devices with Source
Pocket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Varun Mishra, Yogesh Kumar Verma, Prateek Kishor Verma,
Ningthoujam Qoonand Singh and Santosh Kumar Gupta
The Parameters Affecting Graphene Conductivity for Sensor
and High-Frequency Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Sharad Kumar Yadav and Richa Singh
Numerical Measurement of Oscillating Parameters of IMPATT
Using Group IV and Group III–V Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Girish Chandra Ghivela, Prince Kumar and Joydeep Sengupta
Analysis of SRAM Cell for Low Power Operation and Its Noise
Margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Sunil Kumar Ojha, O. P. Singh, G. R. Mishra and P. R. Vaya
Fabrication of Nano-petals Zn0.97Cu0.03O Thin Film and Application
in Methane Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Brij Bansh Nath Anchal, Preetam Singh and Ram Pyare
Study and Analysis of Low Power Dynamic Comparator . . . . . . . . . . 435
Ritesh Kumar Kushwaha, Prem Kumar and P. Karuppanan
Tuned Universal Filter Design Using Single Differential Difference
Current Conveyor for Sub-GHz Frequency Band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Shalini Mishra, Devarshi Shukla, Vijaya Bhaduaria
and Santosh Kumar Gupta
0.5 V Two-Stage Subthreshold Fully Differential Miller
Compensated OTA Using Voltage Combiners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Sougata Ghosh and Vijaya Bhadauria
Contents xix

Current Feedback Operational Amplifier-Based Biquadratic Filter . . . 481

Tripurari Sharan, Khoirom Johnson Singh and Anil Kumar Gautam
Modeling and FEM-Based Simulations of Composite Membrane
Based Circular Capacitive Pressure Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Rishabh Bhooshan Mishra, S. Santosh Kumar and Ravindra Mukhiya
Comparative Study on Structural and Electrical Characteristics
of TiO2 Film Deposited by Plasma-Enhanced Atomic Layer
Deposition and RF Sputtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
Rajesh Kumar Jha, Prashant Singh, Manish Goswami and B. R. Singh
Impact of HfO2 as Passivation Layer in the Simulation
of PERC-Type Solar Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Rajesh Kumar Jha, Prashant Singh, Manish Goswami and B. R. Singh
Effect of Micro Lever Width on the Mechanical Sensitivity
of a MEMS Capacitive Accelerometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
Apoorva Dwivedi, Prateek Asthana and Gargi Khanna
Noise and Linear Distortion Analysis of Analog/RF Performance
in a Two Dimensional Dielectric Pocket Junctionless Double Gate
(DP-JLDG) MOSFET to Control SCEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
Abhinav Gupta, Amrish Kumar, Sanjeev Rai and Rajeev Tripathi
Finite Element Modeling of a Wideband Piezoelectric Energy
Harvester for Ambient Vibration Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
Prateek Asthana, Apoorva Dwivedi and Gargi Khanna
Impact of Oxide Engineering on Analog/RF Performance
of Doping-Less DMDG MOSFET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
Abhinav Gupta, Amrish Kumar, Sanjeev Rai and Rajeev Tripathi
Phosphorene: A Worthy Alternative of Graphene and MoS2
in Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
J. B. Maurya, Alka Verma and Y. K. Prajapati
Substrate Integrated Waveguide Wideband and Ultra-Wideband
Bandpass Filters Using Multimode Resonator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
Naveen Singh, Sandeep Kumar, Sanjay Gupta and R. K. Chauhan
Impact of Dimensional Effects on Subsurface Leakage Current
of a Low-VTH Nanoscale MOSFET Under Accumulation Bias . . . . . . . 587
Vadthiya Narendar and Ashutosh Kumar Pandey
Dielectric Pocket (DP) Based Channel Region of the Junction-Less
Dual Material Double Gate (JLDMDG) MOSFET for Enhanced
Analog/RF Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
Amrish Kumar, Abhinav Gupta and Sanjeev Rai
xx Contents

Study and Performance Analysis of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)

as a Global VLSI Interconnects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
Kavindra Kumar Kavi
Parasitic Series Resistance for 4H-SiC and Diamond-Based
IMPATT Diode at Ku Band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
Bhupendra Jothe, Girish Chandra Ghivela and Joydeep Sengupta
Design and Analysis of Self-biased OTA for Low-Power
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
G. Manikanta, R. A. Mishra, N. A. Srivastava and R. K. Jaiswal
Work Function Estimation of Copper-Doped ZnO Thin Film . . . . . . . 639
Lucky Agarwal, Brijesh Kumar Singh, Shweta Tripathi and P. Chakrabarti
Refractive Index and Dielectric Constant Evaluation of RF
Sputtered Few Layer MoS2 Thin Film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
Richa Singh and Shweta Tripathi
Design and Optimization of MEMS Piezoelectric Cantilever
for Vibration Energy Harvesting Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
Namrata Gupta, Abhishek Ray, Alok Naugarhiya and Abhinav Gupta
Analyzing the Sensitivity of Heterostructure of BP-Graphene/
TMDC Layer Coated SPR Biosensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
Sarika Pal, Y. K. Prajapati and J. P. Saini
Short Channel Effects (SCEs) Based Comparative Study
of Double-Gate (DG) and Gate-All-Around (GAA) FinFET
Structures for Nanoscale Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
Vadthiya Narendar, Richa Parihar and Ashutosh Kumar Pandey
Cross-Coupled Bulk-Degenerated OTA Using Source Follower
Auxiliary Pair to Improve Linearity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683
Tanmay Dubey, Ravi Shankar and Vijaya Bhadauria
Highly Linear Source-Degenerated OTA with Floating Gate
Auxiliary Differential Pair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693
Tanmay Dubey, Anurag Kumar and Vijaya Bhadauria
Application of Petri Net Model in High-Level Scheduling
Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705
Atul Kumar Srivastava, Siddharth Tiwari and Shubhanker Banerjee
Design of Full Adder with Self-checking Capability Using Quantum
Dot Cellular Automata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719
Shahneela Jamal Kidwai, Divya Tripathi and Subodh Wairya
Contents xxi

A Novel Approach for Reversible Realization of 4
4 Bit Vedic

Multiplier Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733
Vandana Shukla, O. P. Singh, G. R. Mishra and R. K. Tiwari
Design and Implementation of 32-bit MIPS-Based RISC Processor . . . 747
Sumit Patra, Sunil Kumar, Swati Verma and Arvind Kumar

Signal Processing
Image Compression Using Hybrid Approach and Adaptive Scanning
for Color Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
Ayush Kumar Nigam, Priyank Khare and Vinay Kumar Srivastava
MR Image Denoising Using Adaptive Wavelet Soft Thresholding . . . . 775
Sima Sahu, Harsh Vikram Singh, Amit Kumar Singh and Basant Kumar
A Brief Survey on Hardware Realization of Two-Dimensional
Adaptive Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787
Prabhat Chandra Shrivastava, Prashant Kumar, Manish Tiwari
and Amit Dhawan
A Survey on H1 Control Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797
Abhay Vidyarthi and Manish Tiwari
An Efficient High-Speed CORDIC Algorithm Using Parallel-Prefix
Adders (PPA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805
Vutukuri Venkatesh, Balaji Yeswanth, Repala Akhil
and Ravi Kumar Jatoth
Stockwell Transform Based Time-Frequency Analysis of the ECG
Features for Assessment of Risk of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
in Hypertension Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815
Raghuvendra Pratap Tripathi, Ankita Tiwari, Sristi Jha, Rohini Srivastava,
Nitin Sahai, Sudip Paul, Basant Kumar, T. K. Sinha and Dinesh Bhatia
Secure Image Restoration and Contrast Enhancement Using
Wavelet Transform and Thresholding Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829
Kumari Suniti Singh, Yogesh Kumar Mishra and Harsh Vikram Singh
An Efficient Image Watermarking Technique Based
on IWT-DCT-SVD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841
Priyank Khare and Vinay Kumar Srivastava
Sparse Matrix Completion for Effective Recommendation System . . . . 851
Vivek Kumar Singh, Anubhav Shivhare and Manish Kumar
Realization of Efficient Architectures for Digital Filters: A Survey . . . 861
Prashant Kumar, Prabhat Chandra Shrivastava, Manish Tiwari
and Amit Dhawan
xxii Contents

New LMI Criteria to the Global Asymptotic Stability of Uncertain

Discrete-Time Systems with Time Delay and Generalized Overflow
Nonlinearities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883
Pushpendra Kumar Gupta and V. Krishna Rao Kandanvli
Improved DWT-SVD-Based Medical Image Watermarking Through
Hamming Code and Chaotic Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897
S. Thakur, A. K. Singh, Basant Kumar and S. P. Ghrera
Dynamically Tuned PIDD2 Controller for Single-Link Flexible
Manipulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907
Komal Agrawal, Richa Negi and Nitin Singh
Design of an Optimal Microstrip Butterworth Low-Pass Filter
Using Colliding Bodies Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 925
Mridul Gupta, Mayank Kansal, Shriram Thyagarajan,
Prajjwal Singh Chauhan and D. K. Upadhyay
Short-Term Load Forecasting Using Hybrid ARIMA and Artificial
Neural Network Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 935
Rahul Singhal, Niraj Kumar Choudhary and Nitin Singh
Enhanced XOR-Based Progressive Visual Secret Sharing
Using Multiple Decryptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949
Vishal Singh Sachan, Mainejar Yadav and Ranvijay
EEG Seizure Detection from Compressive Measurements . . . . . . . . . . 963
Meenu Rani, S. B. Dhok and R. B. Deshmukh
A Medical Diagnostic Information System with Computing with
Words Using Hesitant Fuzzy Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971
Rajkrishna Mondal, Akshay Verma and Pushpendra Kumar Gupta
Noise Cancelation Using Adaptive Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 981
Akhilesh Kumar Ravat, Amit Dhawan and Manish Tiwari
Abrupt Scene Change Detection Using Spatiotemporal Regularity
of Video Cube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 991
Rupesh Kumar, Sonali Ray, Meenakshi Sharma and Basant Kumar
A Novel Approach for Compensation of Light Variation Effects
with KELM Classification for Efficient Face Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . 1003
Virendra P. Vishwakarma and Sahil Dalal
A Hybridization of Fuzzy Logic and Deterministic Learning
Machine for Face Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1013
Virendra P. Vishwakarma and Sudesh Yadav
Editors and Contributors

About the Editors

Dr. Debashis Dutta obtained his Masters from the Electrical Engineering
department of Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi and his PhD in Electronics and
Electrical Communication Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology,
Kharagpur. He worked as Scientist G and Group Coordinator (R&D in Electronics
Group) in the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY),
Government of India. Dr. Dutta has also worked as Programme Director for Special
Manpower Development Program (SMDP) in VLSI Design. He was the Director in
the board of NICSI, a society under National Informatics Centre and Governing
Council member in several R&D institutions. Currently, he works as a consultant
for various academic institutions and electronics manufacturing industries. His
research interests include low-power analog circuit design, biomedical electronics
and neural networks.

Dr. Haranath Kar received his Bachelors from Bengal Engineering College,
Shibpur (now IIEST) in 1989, his Masters from Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi in 1992 and his PhD from the University of Allahabad in 2000. After
spending a brief period at the Defence Research and Development Organization as
Scientist B, he joined Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (MNNIT),
Allahabad, India, as a Lecturer in 1991, where he became an Assistant Professor in
2001, Associate Professor in2006 and Professor in 2007. He spent two years at the
Atilim University, Turkey (2002-2004) as an Assistant Professor. He was Head of
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department at MNNIT during
2013-2015. His current research interests include digital signal processing, non-
linear dynamical systems, delayed systems, robust stability, guaranteed cost control,
and multidimensional systems. He is a recipient of the 2002-2003 IEE Heaviside

xxiii
xxiv Editors and Contributors

Premium Award. He was conferred with the D.N. Agrawal Award of excellence
and the Bharat Vikas Award in 2005 and 2017, respectively. He is also a member of
editorial board of the Mathematical Problems in Engineering.

Dr. Chiranjeev Kumar received his Bachelors in Telecommunication

Engineering from Banglore University, his Masters in Computer Science, and his
PhD from MNNIT Allahabad. Currently, he is a professor in the Department of
Computer Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT-ISM),
Dhanbad, India. His research interests include wireless networks, software engi-
neering, mobility management, and cognitive radio networks. He has published
more than 100 articles in international journals and conferences proceedings. Dr.
Kumar has also contributed several books and book chapters on wireless com-
munication and networking, and he has worked as an ad hoc reviewer of many
international journals.

Dr. Vijaya Bhadauria received her Bachelors (Electronics) and Masters (Control
& Instrumentation), and her PhD in Electronics Engineering from MNNIT
Allahabad. At present, she is Professor and Head in the Department of Electronics
& Communication Engineering, MNNIT Allahabad. Her major research interests
include VLSI circuits and system, digital integrated circuit design, advanced analog
integrated circuit design, VLSI technology and Semiconductor Device and
Modeling. She has published many papers in international journals and proceed-
ings, and has also acted as an ad hoc reviewer of many international journals.

Contributors

Abhishek Agarwal Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,

Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jhansi, India
Lucky Agarwal Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering,
Madanapalle Institute of Technology and Science, Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh,
India
Komal Agrawal Electrical Engineering Department, MNNIT, Allahabad, India
Mudit Agrawal IIIT-Allahabad, Allahabad, India
Neelesh Agrawal Department of Electronics and Communication, University of
Allahabad, Allahabad, UP, India
T. Akhil Chandran Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India
Repala Akhil Department of ECE, National Institute of Technology, Andhra
Pradesh, Tadepalligudem, AP, India
Editors and Contributors xxv

Brij Bansh Nath Anchal Department of Ceramic Engineering, Indian Institute of

Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India
J. A. Ansari Department of Electronics and Communication, University of
Allahabad, Allahabad, UP, India
Prateek Asthana Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, India
Rachna Asthana Department of Electronics Engineering HBTU, Kanpur, Uttar
Pradesh, India
Shubhanker Banerjee Jaypee Institute of Technology, Noida, India
Vijaya Bhaduaria Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
MNNIT Allahabad, Allahabad, India
Dinesh Bhatia Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Technology,
North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
Prachin Bhoyar Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, India
P. Chakrabarti Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Indian
Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technolgy, Shibpur, West Bengal, India
Prajjwal Singh Chauhan Division of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
R. K. Chauhan Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, UP, India
Niraj Kumar Choudhary Department of Electrical Engineering, MNNIT
Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
Sahil Dalal University School of Information Communication & Technology,
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
R. B. Deshmukh Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, MH,
India
Raghavendra Deshmukh Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology,
Nagpur, India
Amit Dhawan Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Sanjay B. Dhok Center of VLSI and Nanotechnology, Visvesvaraya National
Institute of Technology, Nagpur, India
Saurabh Dixit Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology,
Lucknow, India
Tanmay Dubey Electronics and Communication Engineering Department,
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, India
xxvi Editors and Contributors

Apoorva Dwivedi Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,

National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, India
Som Pal Gangwar Department of Electronics Engineering, Kamla Nehru Institute
of Technology, Sultanpur, UP, India
Anil Kumar Gautam NERIST Deemed to be University, Nirjuli, Arunachal
Pradesh, India
Prateek Raj Gautam Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad,
Allahabad, India
Shashank Gavel Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, National
Institute of Technology, Raipur, India
Girish Chandra Ghivela Electronics and Communication Engineering
Department, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, India
Sougata Ghosh Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar
Pradesh, India
S. P. Ghrera Department of CSE, JUIT, Solan, HP, India
Manish Goswami Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh,
India
Akshay Goyal National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Hamirpur, India
Mohd. Gulman Siddiqui Department of Electronics and Communication,
University of Allahabad, Allahabad, UP, India
Abhinav Gupta Electronics Engineering Department, Rajkiya Engineering
College Sonbhadra, Sonbhadra, India
Anuradha Gupta Department of Electronics Engineering, Kamla Nehru Institute
of Technology, Sultanpur, UP, India
Mahesh Kumar Gupta RailTel Corporation of India, Gurugram, India
Mridul Gupta Division of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Netaji
Subhas Institute of Technology, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
Namrata Gupta National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India
Pushpendra Kumar Gupta Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj,
India
Sanjay Gupta Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, UP, India
Editors and Contributors xxvii

Santosh Kumar Gupta Department of Electronics and Communication

Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Allahabad,
India
Deo Chandra Jaiswal Department of Electronics Engineering HBTU, Kanpur,
Uttar Pradesh, India
R. K. Jaiswal Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad,
Prayagraj, India
Rashid Jamal Department of Electronics Engg, Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Lucknow, India;
Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, India
Ravi Kumar Jatoth Department of ECE, National Institute of Technology,
Warangal, Warangal, Telangana, India
Rajesh Kumar Jha Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh,
India
Rajib Kumar Jha Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar, India
Sristi Jha Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Technology, North
Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
Nandkishor Joshi IIIT-Allahabad, Allahabad, India
Pallavi Joshi Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, NIT Raipur,
Raipur, India
Bhupendra Jothe Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Department,
Government Polytechnic College, Itarsi, India
V. Krishna Rao Kandanvli Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj,
India
Mayank Kansal Division of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Netaji
Subhas Institute of Technology, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
P. Karuppanan Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, India
Kavindra Kumar Kavi Department of ECED, MNNIT Allahabad, Allahabad,
India
Gargi Khanna Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, India
Priyank Khare Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering,
MNNIT, Allahabad, India
xxviii Editors and Contributors

Shahneela Jamal Kidwai Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow,

India
Amrish Kumar Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India
Anurag Kumar Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, Ballygunge, Kolkata, India
Arvind Kumar Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad,
Allahabad, India
Ayush Kumar Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar, India
Basant Kumar Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Technology,
North Eastern Hill University, Prayagraj, U.P., India
Basant Kumar Department of ECE, MNNIT Allahabad, Allahabad, UP, India
Krishan Kumar National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Hamirpur, India
Manish Kumar Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, India
Mukesh Kumar Department of Electronics and Communication, University of
Allahabad, Allahabad, UP, India
Prashant Kumar Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering,
MNNIT, Allahabad, India
Prem Kumar Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, India
Prince Kumar Electronics and Communication Engineering Department,
Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, India
Rupesh Kumar IIT, Kanpur, India
Sandeep Kumar Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, UP, India
Sumit Kumar Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar, India
Sunil Kumar Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad,
Prayagraj, India
Sunil Kumar Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad,
Allahabad, India
Vinay Kumar Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, India
Ritesh Kumar Kushwaha Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Allahabad,
India
Radhey Lal Council of Science & Technology, Lucknow, UP, India
Editors and Contributors xxix

Lal Chand Mangal Defence Electronics Application Laboratory (DRDO),

Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
G. Manikanta Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad,
Prayagraj, India
J. B. Maurya Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India
Digvijay Singh Mehta Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology,
Allahabad, UP, India
G. R. Mishra Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Amity
School of Engineering & Technology (ASET), Amity University, Lucknow, Uttar
Pradesh, India
R. A. Mishra Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad,
Prayagraj, India
Rishabh Bhooshan Mishra Smart Sensor Area, CSIR-Central Electronics
Engineering Research Institute (CEERI), Pilani, Rajasthan, India
Shalini Mishra Qualcomm, Bengaluru, India
Varun Mishra Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, India
Yogesh Kumar Mishra Department of Electronics Engineering, Kamla Nehru
Institute of Technology, Sultanpur, UP, India
Rajkrishna Mondal Department of Mathematics, Motilal Nehru National Institute
of Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, India
Ravindra Mukhiya Smart Sensor Area, CSIR-Central Electronics Engineering
Research Institute (CEERI), Pilani, Rajasthan, India
Vadthiya Narendar Electronics and Communication Engineering Department,
National Institute of Technology Warangal, Telangana, India
Alok Naugarhiya National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India
Richa Negi Electrical Engineering Department, MNNIT, Allahabad, India
Ayush Kumar Nigam Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering,
MNNIT, Allahabad, India
Sunil Kumar Ojha Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering,
Amity School of Engineering & Technology (ASET), Amity University, Lucknow,
Uttar Pradesh, India
Raghavendra Pal Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, India
xxx Editors and Contributors

Sarika Pal Department of Electronics Engineering, NIT Uttarakhand, Srinagar,

Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
Hemant Kumar Pande Defence Electronics Application Laboratory (DRDO),
Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
Ashutosh Kumar Pandey Electronics and Communication Engineering
Department, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Prayagraj, Uttar
Pradesh, India
Richa Parihar Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Institute
of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Sumit Patra Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad,
Allahabad, India
Sudip Paul Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Technology, North
Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
Y. K. Prajapati Departement of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar
Pradesh, India
Arun Prakash Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, India
A. Laxmi Prasanna Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur,
India
Neetesh Purohit IIIT-Allahabad, Allahabad, India
Ram Pyare Department of Ceramic Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology
(BHU), Varanasi, India
Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi Department of Electronics and Telecommunication,
National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India
Sanjeev Rai Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Motilal
Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, India
Meenu Rani Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, MH, India
Ranvijay Computer Science and Engineering Department, MNNIT Allahabad,
Allahabad, India
Ashish Kumar Rao Department of Electronics Engineering, Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Lucknow, India;
Dr. APJ Abdul, Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, India
Tarique Rashid Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad,
Allahabad, India
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 Mutta niinkauvan, kun hän jaksoi istua, sai rohdin kuontalokin
kulkea hänen koukistuneitten sormiensa läpi rullalle ja sitä tietä ne
menivät pappilan ruustinnan karvamattolangatkin. —

Pahemmin ei voinut kukaan loukata Miinaa, kun puhumalla

hänelle vaivaishoidon avusta. —

"Häpeäisit!" sanoi hän vihaisesti.

"Ota itse, jos haluat, — mie ennen vaikka kuolen…"

Ja niin kai hän olisi tehnytkin, säästöjensä loputtua, jos ei

tyttärensä olisi saanut häntä houkutelluksi luokseen, nähdessään
että vanhuksen oli mahdoton tulla toimeen yksinäisessä
tupasessaan.

Mutta ei hän sieltä sittenkään aivan mielisuosiolla lähtenyt. —

Pettymyksiä.

Kaarlo heitti pallon huimaavan korkealle ilmaan.

Suuren lapsijoukon käsivarret kohosivat kuin jännitetyt jouset, ne

tempoilivat ja värähtelivät malttamattomuudesta sillä itsekukin oli
mielestään juuri se, jonka käsiin pallon oli määrä pudota… Ja
huudot: minä, minä, minä, raikuivat kilvan puutarhan nurmikolla!

Pojat, jotka luonto on varustanut vahvemmilla käsivarsilla,

rynnistivät etualalle, työntäen kilpailussa heikommat tytöt syrjään.
Mutta yksi niistä — pienin ehkä — vilkas ja vikkelä kuin orava,
pujottausi vikkelästi joukon läpi, ennätti edelle ja ojensi itsepäisesti
pienet, valkoisen pitsin verhoamat käsivartensa ylös, kohti putoavaa
palloa, joka kiisi kuin nuoli suoraan ja empimättä pieniin, pehmoisiin
tytön käsiin.

"Minä!" kajahti riemuhuuto lapsen suusta ja ylpeänä voitostaan

keikautti hän valkohiuksista päätänsä.

Pojat katselivat vähän nyrpeissään sivu suun mennyttä voittoa ja

sieltä täältä kuului ääniä, jotka sanoivat:

"Eihän se Elli olisi voittanut, jos —"

"Eikähän se Elli oikeastaan olisi saanut —" mutta lauseitten

loppuosat haipuivat jostakin syystä niin hiljaisiksi että ainoastaan
vierustoveri saattoi kuulla ne.

Vaan kun Ellin suurien silmien voitonriemu kävi aivan

sietämättömäksi, sanoi suurin pojista kuuluvammalla äänellä: "Eikä
tämä peli oikeastaan tytöille ollutkaan!"

Kun pallopeli alkoi ikävystyttää, heittäytyivät tytöt piiritanssiin

pihamaalle ja pojat lähtivät kiipeilemään leveitä tikapuita ylös
rakennuksen katolle.

"Hei vaan, kuinka kauvas täällä näkee!" huusi kehoittavasti se,

joka ensinnä perille ehti ja sen kuultuaan nekin jotka vielä tikapuitten
juurella seisoivat kapusivat kilvassa ylös. "Ai ihmettä!" kuului
reippaasti ylhäältä.

"Kuinka kaunista!" — "Kuinka hauskaa!" — "Melkein päätä

pyörryttää!" Pääskysparven lailla viserteli poikalauma räystäällä ja
uteliaina, ihaillen korottivat tytöt kaulojansa, silmääräpäyttämättä
seuraten toverien liikkeitä.

"Kiivetkäämme mekin sinne! Yks', kaks', kolme!" huudahti Elli ja

silmänräpäyksessä oli hän jo puolitiessä portailla.

"Ei, ei Elli!" huusivat silloin isä, äiti ja kaikki muut aikaihmiset

verannalta, kauhistunein liikkein vaatien yltiöpäätä heti
laskeutumaan alas. Mutta yritteliä vitkasteli… Siitäkin — puolitiestä
— näki hän jo laajenneen, loistavan maiseman, joka tältä
korkeammalta asteelta katsottuna näytti tuhat kertaa
ihmeellisemmältä, viehättävämmältä, kun esimerkiksi verannan
kaidepuun takaa, taikkapa kellarin katoltakin, — mihinkä joskus
luvallakin oli saanut kiivetä.

"Tule alas! Kuuletko, hetipaikalla alas, sinä pahankurinen lapsi!" Ja

pahankurinen lapsi totteli, tullen alas vaikka verkkaan ja nyrpeän
näköisenä.

"Miks'en minä saa mennä sinne, yhtähyvin kun pojatkin?" nurkui

hän.

"Siksi että se ei sovi tytöille — muista se!" —

Elli painui verannan alimmalle rappuselle istumaan. Äsken niin

iloinen, toiminnanhaluinen lapsensielu oli sumennettu ja
sulkeutuneena mietti se arvoitusta: miksi en minä yhtähyvin kun
pojatkin…

*****

"Se on siis päätetty", sanoi isä tyytyväisesti. "Ja minä toivon

kaikesta sydämestäni, että menestyt lääkäriurallasi Kaarloseni! —
Mutta entäs Esko? On jo aika sinunkin vakiintua siitä, miksi aijot
maailmassa."

"Siitä olen jo kauvan ollut selvillä, isä. Kun poikasena kerran tein
huvihuoneen piirustukset, sanoit sinä että näyttää siltä kun Eskolla
olisi tulevaisuutta tällä alalla ja sitä minulla varmasti onkin! Saat
uskoa, isä, että minä kerran vien arkkitehtuuriamme loistavan
askeleen eteenpäin."

Isä hymyili. "Hyvä, olen siis selvillä ja tyytyväinen lasteni

tulevaisuudesta."

"Mutta minuthan sinä aivan syrjäytät, isä", muistutti Elli "vai eikö
sinua ollenkaan huvita tietää miksi minä aijon?

"Ah sinä! Noo — sinusta kaiketi tulee kunnianarvoisa pikku rouva,

kunhan ennättää — ellet juuri vanhaksi piiaksi aijo", nauroi isä.

Ellin raikkaat kasvot peittyivät synkkiin pilviin ja silmissään loukattu

ihmisarvo salamoi…

"Niin, tuomari Arvolahan on sinuun pahoin pikeytynyt. Ja,

luullakseni, on hänen kainalossaan tulevaisuutesi turvattu", täydensi
Kaarlo.

"Oi, kuinka te olette ilkeitä!" huudahti Elli. "Sekö se siis on tyttöjen

päämäärä ja siihenkö heillä vaan on lupa pyrkiä? 'Tulevaisuus
turvattu'… on se sekin yks' rääsyinen sana! Ikäänkuin meillä ei olisi
oikeutta, niinhyvin kuin velvollisuuttakin, itse, omintakeisesti turvata
tulevaisuuttamme!"

"Sillä tavallahan se asia kuitenkin tavallisesti tässä Jumalan

luomassa maailmassa menee —"
 "Tässä miesten muokkaamassa maailmassa — niin olemme
epäilemättä lähempänä totuutta. Vai luuletteko, uskallatteko luulla
Jumalasta jotain niin alhaista, äärimmäisen ilkeämielistä, että hän
olisi sysännyt naisen siihen alennustilaan, missä tämä vuosituhansia
on saanut värjötellä?"

"Elli, Elli — elä pidä noin suurta suuta. Ehkäpä ne vuosituhannet

juuri kumoavat väitteesi —"

"Mahdollisesti, jos naisasia olisi vieläkin siinä pisteessä, missä se

Aabrahamin aikoina oli — mutta Jumalan kiitos, ne samaiset
vuostuhannet ovat kuitenkin olleet kehityksen, vapautuksen aikoja ja
kieltämättä me olemme matkalla oikeutta, täydellistä tasa-arvoa
kohden, olkoonpa tämä matkamme viimeinen virstapylväs vielä
kuinka kaukana tahansa."

"Sinä olet oikea naisasian agitaattori, Elli!" pisti Kaarlo väliin,

hymyillen ainaista ylimielistä hymyänsä.

"Minulla on kunnia olla! Mutta elä sinä yhtään tuolla tavalla

hymyile… Kuuleppas, se aika on onneksi mennyt, jolloin naisasialle
voitiin vaan hymyillä ja etäällä, etäällä — vaikka tulevassa — on
sekin, jolloin sille enään vaan tarvitaan hymyillä. Nyt on toiminnan,
työn ja taistelun aika!"

"Kiitä Luojaa, lapseni, että elät ajassa, joka sallii sinun nauttia työsi
hedelmiä", lausui äiti. "Minun nuoruudessani saimme tyytyä — ah
emmehän kaikkea uskaltaneet uneksiakaan — mitä te nyt saatte
todellisuudessa omistaa ja nauttia…"

"Ja kuitenkaan, äiti, ei vielä meilläkään ole läheskään kaikkea,

mitä pitäisi olla! — No niin, isä, minä olen päättänyt lukea lääkäriksi
kuten Kaarlokin." —

"Vai päättänyt? Sehän kuuluu erittäin juhlalliselta… Mutta minulta

ei totisesti riitä rahoja siihen, — saan luvan ilmoittaa."

"Vai niin, isä rukka! Olet siis ikuisessa kiitollisuuden velassa

kohtalolle, joka salli kolmannen lapsesi syntyä tytöksi, säästääkseen
kukkaroasi ja estääkseen sen julmuuden tapahtumasta, mikä olisi
ollut välttämätön, jos se kolmaskin olisi ollut poika!"

Isä näytti harmistuneelta, eikä löytänyt pitkään aikaan sanoja

vastineeksi.

"Et sinä toki henno särkeä Ellin tulevaisuutta", sanoi viimein äiti
pyytävän hellästi niinkuin ainakin.

"Te naiset olette niin hiton itsepäisiä toisinaan…"

"Ei isä, kyllä sinulta pitää riittää rahoja Ellillekin, Kaarlon ja minun
on elettävä sitä myöten. Muuten minäkin olen aivan onneton",
lämpeni Esko. "Sehän olisi muuten samaa, kuin jos riistettäisiin Elliltä
vaatteet meille pojille — ja hän työnnettäisiin alastomana pakkaseen!
Se ei saa tapahtua, isä!" —

"Voi tuota Eskoa, sehän on itse olennoitu oikeus ja hyvyys!"

riemuitsi Elli. — "Enkös olekin aina sanonut, että Esko se on, joka
meidän kotimme piirissä edustaa tulevaisuuden herttaista, ylevää,
täydellistynyttä miestä. Tuollaisesta veljestä kannattaa ylpeilläkin!"

Mutta isä vääntelihe nyrpeänä tuolissaan. Hän muistutti suurta

mehiläistä, joka on lentänyt kärpäspaperille ja koettaa turhaan
irroittautua siitä…
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