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Copyright © 2016 Chris Given-Wilson

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Set in Baskerville by IDSUK (DataConnection) Ltd

Printed in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Given-Wilson, Chris.
Henry IV / Chris Given-Wilson.
pages cm
ISBN 978–0–300–15419–1 (cl : alk. paper)
1. Henry IV, King of England, 1367–1413. 2. Great Britain—Kings and rulers—
Biography. 3. Great Britain—History—Henry IV, 1399–1413. I. Title.
DA255.G58 2016
942.04′1092—dc23
[B]
2015023658

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
For Alice and all our family
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF PLATES
LIST OF MAPS AND TABLES

ACKNOWLEGEMENTS
ABBREVIATED REFERENCES

Introduction

Part One: The Great Duchy 1267–1399

1 The House of Lancaster and the Crown (1267–1367)
2 Father and Son I (1367–1382)
3 The Making of a Dissident (1382–1387)
4 Lords of the Field (1387–1389)
5 The Making of a Hero (1390–1393)
6 Family and Lands (1391–1394)
7 The Two Duchies and the Crown (1394–1396)
8 Richard Resurgent (1397–1398)
9 ‘A Manifest Miracle of God’ (1398–1399)
10 The Making of a King (1399)

Part Two: A King at War 1399–1405

11 ‘In This New World’ (1399–1400)
12 The Parliament of 1401
13 The Percy Ascendancy (1401–1402)
14 Piracy, Rumour and Riot (1401–1402)
15 From Humbleton Hill to Hateley Field (1403)
16 Louis of Orléans and Owain Glyn Dŵr (1403–1405)
17 An Empire in Crisis: Ireland and Guyenne (1399–1405)
18 The Death of an Archbishop (1404–1405)

Part Three: Recovery and Reform 1404–1410

19 The Search for Solvency (1404–1406)
20 Archbishop Arundel and the Council (1407–1409)
21 Between War and Peace (1405–1410)
22 Aliens, Merchants and Englishness
23 England, the Papacy and the Council of Pisa (1404–1409)
24 Heresy, Piety and Reform

Part Four: Lancastrian Kingship

25 The King and his Image
26 Council, Court and Household
27 The Royal Affinity and Parliamentary Politics
28 Nobles, Rebels and Traitors
29 War and Diplomacy

Part Five: The Pendulum Years 1409–1413

30 The Prince's Administration (1409–1411)
31 ‘The Greatest Uprisings’ (1409–1412)
32 Burgundians, Armagnacs and Guyenne (1411–1413)
33 Father and Son II (1412–1413)

Conclusion

EPILOGUE
APPENDIX: HENRY IV'S ITINERARY, 1399–1413
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX
 PLATES

1. Alabaster effigy of Henry IV on his tomb in Canterbury

Cathedral, commissioned by his widow, c.1425. Photo: author.
2. The ‘Coronation Portrait’ of Richard II, commissioned c.1395.
Westminster Abbey. Copyright © Dean and Chapter of
Westminster Abbey.
3. Opening of Psalm 1 from the Lichtenthal Psalter, Lichtenthal
Abbey, Baden-Baden, commissioned by Joan, countess of
Hereford, to celebrate Henry IV's marriage to Mary de Bohun in
February 1381. Copyright © Lichtenthal Abbey and Lucy
Freeman Sandler.
4. The remains of the Gascoigne Tower, Pontefract Castle, West
Yorkshire. Photo: author
5. The keep of Warkworth castle, Northumberland, built by the earl
of Northumberland at the end of the fourteenth century. Photo:
author.
6. Lancastrian livery collar of linked SS, silver, fifteenth century.
Copyright © Museum of London
7. Sycharth, Powys. Photo: Alice Curteis.
8. John Bradmore's description of his cure of the prince of Wales
after the battle of Shrewsbury in July 1403. British Library Ms
Sloane 2,272, fo. 137r. Copyright © The British Library Board.
9. a and b. (a) Statue of John of Gaunt, the Gatehouse, Lancaster
castle, Lancashire. Photo: author; (b) the gatehouse of
Lancaster castle, the construction of which was begun on Henry
IV's orders in 1399 and completed under Henry V. Photo: Alice
Curteis.
10. ‘Saint’ Richard Scrope, archbishop of York. York Minster Library,
The Bolton Hours, Ms Add. 2, fo. 202v. Copyright © The
Chapter of York.
11. King James I of Scotland (1406-37), sixteenth-century
anonymous oil painting on panel. Scottish National Portrait
Gallery. Copyright © National Galleries of Scotland.
12. Tomb effigy of Thomas, duke of Clarence (1387-–1421), second
son of Henry IV. Photo: author.
13. a and b. Second Great Seal of Henry IV (c.1406): (a) obverse;
(b) reverse. Courtesy of the Society of Antiquaries. Photos:
Michael Bennett.
14. Petitions to the king: from Robert Hallum, archdeacon of
Canterbury; Sir Matthew Gournay; and Garcius Arnald of Salins
in Guyenne. British Library Add. Ms. 19,398, fo. 23. Copyright ©
The British Library Board.
15. The Chapel in the Crag, Knaresborough, North Yorkshire, carved
by John the Mason in thanksgiving for his young son being
miraculously saved from falling rock. Henry IV granted
permission for the shrine in 1407. Photo: author
16. Thomas Arundel, archbishop of Canterbury, Lambeth Palace.
Nineteenth-century portrait. By permission of the Archbishop of
Canterbury and the Church Commissioners.
17. a and b. (a) Battlefield Chapel, near Shrewsbury, dedicated to St
Mary Magdalene and founded by Henry IV, c.1409, on the site
of the battle of Shrewsbury; (b) statue of Henry IV on the east
gable of the Chapel. Photos: author.
18. Illustration from Thomas Hoccleve, De Regimine Principum,
written in 1410–11. British Library Arundel Ms 38, fo. 37.
Copyright © The British Library Board.
19. From Henry IV's Great Bible. British Library Royal Ms 1 E IX, fo.
63v. Copyright © The British Library Board.
1 Henry IV, alabaster effigy on his tomb in Canterbury Cathedral, commissioned by
his widow in circa 1425. Joan of Navarre&s effigy was added after her death in
1437.
2 Richard II, the ‘Coronation Portrait’, Westminster Abbey, shows him in full regal
attire with crown orb, sceptre, robes and slippers. Although commissioned c.1395,
it presents a youthful Richard, perhaps intended to suggest his appearance at his
coronation in 1377.
3 The Lichtenthal Psalter, Lichtenthal Abbey, Baden-Baden, commissioned by
Henry&s mother-in-law Joan, countess of Hereford, to celebrate his marriage to
Mary de Bohun in February 1381. This is the opening to Psalm 1. The arms of
Lancaster and Bohun in the left margin are linked by tendrils to symbolize their
union.
4 Pontefract castle, West Yorkshire: the remains of the Gascoigne Tower, where
Richard II was imprisoned following his deposition in 1399, and where he died in
February 1400, probably on Henry&s orders.

5 Warkworth castle, Northumberland: the keep, built by the earl of

Northumberland at the end of the fourteenth century. Henry IV besieged it in July
1405, when ‘seven shots’ from the king&s cannon forced the captain to surrender
it.
6 Lancastrian livery collar of linked SS, silver, fifteenth century. The SS collar was
the chief livery badge of the Lancastrian dynasty, and hundreds were worn by its
supporters both before and after 1399.
7 Sycharth, Powys: the mound beyond the farmhouse was the site of Owain Glyn
Dwr&s moated mansion, ‘utterly destroyed’ in a raid led by Prince Henry in May
1403.

8 The royal surgeon John Bradmore&s description of his ‘cura domine principis
wallie’ (cure of the lord prince of Wales) and his drawing (centre right) of the
instrument he designed to extract from Prince Henry&s face an arrow-head which,
he said, had penetrated ‘the bone of the skull for the depth of six inches’ at the
battle of Shrewsbury in July 1403.

9a Lancaster castle: the gatehouse, statue of John of Gaunt flanked by shields of

the arms of Henry IV and Henry V as prince of Wales, erected by Henry IV as a
monument to Lancastrian dynastic power.
9b Lancaster castle: the gatehouse, construction of which was begun on Henry
IV&s orders in 1399 and completed under Henry V.
10 ‘Saint’ Richard Scrope, archbishop of York, executed by Henry for treason in
June 1405, holding the windmill under which he was beheaded. The popularity of
his martyr-cult obliged the king to forbid access to his tomb within a few months
of his death.
11 King James I of Scotland (1406–37), captured in the North Sea in March 1406,
remained a prisoner of the English until 1424. This sixteenth-century anonymous
oil painting on panel in the Scottish National Portrait Gallery is said to have been
based on a fifteenth-century original.
12 Thomas, duke of Clarence, second son of Henry IV, born 1387, died 1421, his
tomb effigy with SS collar in Canterbury cathedral. Next to him lay the effigy of his
wife, Margaret Holand, whom he married in 1412; on Margaret&s other side was
the effigy of her first husband, John Beaufort, earl of Somerset (d.1410).
13a and b Second Great Seal of Henry IV (c.1406), (a) obverse. ‘Iconographically
the finest great seal of the late middle ages in England’, it shows Henry in the
centre of a perpendicular screen flanked by SS Michael, George, Edward and
Edmund, and above him the Virgin and Child. It also incorporated the change in
the French arms from France Ancient to France Modern and Prince Henry&s arms
as prince of Wales, duke of Cornwall and earl of Chester.
(b) reverse: the king as warrior.
14 Petitions to the king from (top) Robert Hallum, archdeacon of Canterbury;
(middle) Sir Matthew Gournay; (bottom) Garcius Arnald of Salins in Guyenne. Each
one is endorsed at the top in Henry&s hand. On the petition from Hallum, he has
written ‘H. R. volons et avons grante toute ceste bille qil soit fet’ (‘We King Henry
wish and have granted this entire bill so that it be done’).
15 The Chapel in the Crag, Knaresborough, North Yorkshire, a wayside shrine
carved out of the cliff above the River Nidd by John the Mason in thanksgiving for
his young son being miraculously saved from falling rock. Henry IV granted
permission for the shrine in 1407.
16 Thomas Arundel, archbishop of Canterbury, Lambeth Palace. This nineteenth-
century portrait is said to be based on a fifteenth-century original, but is unlikely
to have pre-dated Holbein and may be even later. Arundel was vilified for his
‘heretic-burning’ during the Reformation, but this more sympathetic portrayal
suggests a revival of his reputation.
17a Battlefield Chapel, near Shrewsbury, dedicated to St Mary Magdalene and
founded by Henry IV c.1409 on the site of the battle of Shrewsbury as a house of
prayer for the souls of those who had died at the battle.
17b Statue of Henry IV on the east gable of the church.
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Cairo to Kisumu
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
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Title: Cairo to Kisumu

Egypt—The Sudan—Kenya Colony

Author: Frank G. Carpenter

Release date: September 14, 2023 [eBook #71651]

Language: English

Original publication: Garden City: Doubleday, Page & Company,

1923

Credits: Peter Becker and the Online Distributed Proofreading

Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced
from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CAIRO TO

KISUMU ***
 CARPENTER’S
WORLD TRAVELS

Familiar Talks About Countries

and Peoples

WITH THE AUTHOR ON THE SPOT AND

THE READER IN HIS HOME, BASED
ON THREE HUNDRED THOUSAND
MILES OF TRAVEL
OVER THE GLOBE

CAIRO TO KISUMU
EGYPT—THE SUDAN—KENYA COLONY
 ON THE GREAT ASWAN DAM

“The dam serves also as a bridge over the Nile. I crossed on a car, my motive
power being two Arab boys who trotted behind.”

CARPENTER’S WORLD TRAVELS

CAIRO TO KISUMU
Egypt—The Sudan—Kenya
Colony

BY
FRANK G. CARPENTER
LITT.D., F.R.G.S.

WITH 115 ILLUSTRATIONS

FROM ORIGINAL PHOTOGRAPHS
AND TWO MAPS IN COLOUR

GARDEN CITY NEW YORK

DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY
1923
 COPYRIGHT, 1923, BY
FRANK G. CARPENTER
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, INCLUDING THAT OF TRANSLATION
INTO FOREIGN LANGUAGES, INCLUDING THE SCANDINAVIAN
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES
AT
THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS, GARDEN CITY, N. Y.
First Edition
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In the publication of this book on Egypt, the Sudan, and Kenya
Colony, I wish to thank the Secretary of State for letters which have
given me the assistance of the official representatives of our
government in the countries visited. I thank also our Secretary of
Agriculture and our Secretary of Labour for appointing me an
Honorary Commissioner of their Departments in foreign lands. Their
credentials have been of the greatest value, making available
sources of information seldom open to the ordinary traveller. To the
British authorities in the regions covered by these travels I desire to
express my thanks for exceptional courtesies which have greatly
aided my investigations.
I would also thank Mr. Dudley Harmon, my editor, and Miss Ellen
McBryde Brown and Miss Josephine Lehmann for their assistance
and coöperation in the revision of the notes dictated or penned by
me on the ground.
While most of the illustrations are from my own negatives, these
have been supplemented by photographs from the Publishers’ Photo
Service and the American Geographic Society.
F. G. C.
 CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
I. Just a Word Before We Start 1
II. The Gateway to Egypt 3
III. King Cotton on the Nile 13
IV. Through Old Egypt to Cairo 22
V. Fellaheen on Their Farms 29
VI. The Prophet’s Birthday 41
VII. In the Bazaars of Cairo 49
VIII. Intimate Talks with Two Khedives 58
IX. El-Azhar and Its Ten Thousand Moslem
Students 70
X. Climbing the Great Pyramid 79
XI. The Pyramids Revisited 87
XII. Face to Face with the Pharaohs 96
XIII. The American College at Asyut 106
XIV. The Christian Copts 112
XV. Old Thebes and the Valley of the Kings 117
XVI. The Nile in Harness 128
XVII. Steaming through the Land of Cush 140
XVIII. From the Mediterranean to the Sudan 149
XIX. Across Africa by Air and Rail 160
XX. Khartum 167
XXI. Empire Building in the Sudan 175
XXII. Why General Gordon Had No Fear 181
XXIII. Omdurman, Stronghold of the Mahdi 187
XXIV. Gordon College and the Wellcome
Laboratories 200
XXV. Through the Suez Canal 208
XXVI. Down the Red Sea 218
 XXVII. Along the African Coast 224
XXVIII. Aden 229
XXIX. In Mombasa 236
XXX. The Uganda Railway 243
XXXI. The Capital of Kenya Colony 252
XXXII. John Bull in East Africa 261
XXXIII. With the Big-Game Hunters 269
XXXIV. Among the Kikuyus and the Nandi 277
XXXV. The Great Rift Valley and the Masai 285
XXXVI. Where Men Go Naked and Women Wear Tails 293
See the World with Carpenter 303
Bibliography 305
Index 309
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
On the great Aswan Dam Frontispiece
FACING PAGE
The bead sellers of Cairo 2
The veiled women 3
On the cotton docks of Alexandria 6
Nubian girls selling fruit 7
Woman making woollen yarn 14
Fresh-cut sugar cane 15
One of the mill bridges 18
The ancient sakieh 19
The native ox 19
Water peddlers at the river 22
Women burden bearers 23
Threshing wheat with norag 30
A corn field in the delta 30
The pigeon towers 31
In the sugar market 38
Flat roofs and mosque towers of Cairo 39
Tent of the sacred carpet 46
The Alabaster Mosque 47
“Buy my lemonade!” 54
A street in old Cairo 55
Gates of the Abdin Palace 62
The essential kavass 63
In the palace conservatory 66
The famous Shepheard’s Hotel 67
Learning the Koran 67
Approaching El-Azhar 70
In the porticos of El-Azhar 71
The Pyramids 78
Mr. Carpenter climbing the Pyramids 79
Standing on the Sphinx’s neck 82
Taking it easy at Helouan 83
View of the Pyramids 86
Uncovering tombs of ancient kings 87
The alabaster Sphinx 94
The great museum at Cairo 95
Students at Asyut College 102
American College at Asyut 103
Between classes at the college 103
In the bazaars 110
A native school in an illiterate land 111
The greatest egoist of Egypt 118
The temple tomb of Hatshepsut 119
Sacred lake before the temple 119
The avenue of sphinxes 126
The dam is over a mile long 127
Lifting water from level to level 134
Where the fellaheen live 135
A Nubian pilot guides our ship 142
Pharaoh’s Bed half submerged 143
An aged warrior of the Bisharin 150
A mud village on the Nile 151
Where the Bisharin live 151
A safe place for babies 158
Mother and child 159
A bad landing place for aviators 162
Over the native villages 162
The first king of free Egypt 163
Soldiers guard the mails 166
An American locomotive in the Sudan 167
Light railways still are used 167
Along the river in Khartum 174
Where the Blue and the White Nile meet 175
The modern city of Khartum 175
A white negro of the Sudan 178
Where worshippers stand barefooted for hours 179
Grain awaiting shipment down river 182
“Backsheesh!” is the cry of the children 182
Cotton culture in the Sudan 183
The Sirdar’s palace 183
The bride and her husband 190
Omdurman, city of mud 191
Huts of the natives 191
A Shilouk warrior 198
In Gordon College 199
Teaching the boys manual arts 206
View of Gordon College 207
On the docks at Port Said 207
Fresh water in the desert 210
The entrance to the Suez Canal 211
A street in dreary Suez 226
Ships passing in the canal 227
Pilgrims at Mecca 230
Camel market in Aden 231
Harbour of Mombasa 238
Where the Hindus sell cotton prints 239
The merchants are mostly East Indians 239
A Swahili beauty 242
Passengers on the Uganda Railroad 243
An American bridge in East Africa 246
Native workers on the railway 246
Why the natives steal telephone wire 247
In Nairobi 254
The hotel 255
Jinrikisha boys 255
A native servant 258
Naivasha 259
The court for white and black 259
Motor trucks are coming in 262
How the natives live 263
Native taste in dress goods 266
The Kikuyus 266
Wealth is measured in cattle 267
Zebras are frequently seen 270
Even the lions are protected 271
Giraffes are plentiful 271
Elephant tusks for the ivory market 278
How the mothers carry babies 279
Mr. Carpenter in the elephant grass 286
Nandi warriors 287
Woman wearing a tail 290
How they stretch their ears 291
The witch doctor 298
Home of an official 299
The mud huts of the Masai 299
MAPS
Africa 34
From Cairo to Kisumu 50
 CAIRO TO KISUMU
EGYPT—THE SUDAN—KENYA
COLONY
 CHAPTER I
JUST A WORD BEFORE WE START

This volume on Egypt, Nubia, the Sudan, and Kenya Colony is

based upon notes made during my several trips to this part of the
world. At times the notes are published just as they came hot from
my pen, taking you back, as it were, to the occasion on which they
were written. Again they are modified somewhat to accord with
present conditions.
For instance, I made my first visit to Egypt as a boy, when Arabi
Pasha was fomenting the rebellion that resulted in that country’s
being taken over by the British. I narrowly escaped being in the
bombardment of Alexandria and having a part in the wars of the
Mahdi, which came a short time thereafter. Again, I was in Egypt
when the British had brought order out of chaos, and put Tewfik
Pasha on the throne as Khedive. I had then the talk with Tewfik,
which I give from the notes I made when I returned from the palace,
and I follow it with a description of my audience with his son and
successor, Abbas Hilmi, sixteen years later. Now the British have
given Egypt a nominal independence, and the Khedive has the title
of King.
In the Sudan I learned much of the Mahdi through my interview
with Sir Francis Reginald Wingate, then the Governor General of the
Sudan and Sirdar of the British army at Khartum, and later gained an
insight into the relations of the British and the natives from Earl
Cromer, whom I met at Cairo. These talks enable one to understand
the Nationalist problems of the present and to appreciate some of
the changes now going on.
In Kenya Colony, which was known as British East Africa until after
the World War, I was given especial favours by the English officials,
and many of the plans that have since come to pass were spread out
before me. I then tramped over the ground where Theodore
Roosevelt made his hunting trips through the wilds, and went on into
Uganda and to the source of the Nile.
These travels have been made under all sorts of conditions, but
with pen and camera hourly in hand. The talks about the Pyramids
were written on the top and at the foot of old Cheops, those about
the Nile in harness on the great Aswan Dam, and those on the Suez
Canal either on that great waterway or on the Red Sea immediately
thereafter. The matter thus partakes of the old and the new, and of
the new based upon what I have seen of the old. If it be too personal
in character and at times seems egotistic, I can only beg pardon by
saying—the story is mine, and as such the speaker must hold his
place in the front of the stage.
 Beggars and street sellers alike believe that every foreigner visiting Egypt is not
only as rich as Crœsus but also a little touched in the head where spending is
concerned, and therefore fair game for their extravagant demands.
 Among the upper classes an ever-lighter face covering is being adopted. This is
indicative of the advance of the Egyptian woman toward greater freedom.