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Textbook Higher Engineering Mathematics 8Th Edition John Bird Ebook All Chapter PDF
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Higher Engineering Mathematics
Now in its eighth edition, Higher Engineering Mathe- John Bird, BSc (Hons), CMath, CEng, CSci, FITE,
matics has helped thousands of students succeed in their FIMA, FCollT, is the former Head of Applied Electron-
exams. Theory is kept to a minimum, with the emphasis ics in the Faculty of Technology at Highbury College,
firmly placed on problem-solving skills, making this a Portsmouth, UK. More recently he has combined free-
thoroughly practical introduction to the advanced engi- lance lecturing and examining, and is the author of
neering mathematics that students need to master. The over 130 textbooks on engineering and mathemati-
extensive and thorough topic coverage makes this an cal subjects with worldwide sales of over one mil-
ideal text for upper-level vocational courses and for lion copies. He is currently lecturing at the Defence
undergraduate degree courses. It is also supported by School of Marine Engineering in the Defence Col-
a fully updated companion website with resources for lege of Technical Training at HMS Sultan, Gosport,
both students and lecturers. It has full solutions to all Hampshire, UK.
2,000 further questions contained in the 277 practice
exercises.
Mechanical engineers require mathematics to perform Industrial engineers require mathematics to design,
engineering duties in planning and designing tools, develop, test, and evaluate integrated systems for man-
engines, machines, and other mechanically functioning aging industrial production processes, including human
equipment; they oversee installation, operation, mainte- work factors, quality control, inventory control, logis-
nance, and repair of such equipment as centralised heat, tics and material flow, cost analysis, and production
gas, water, and steam systems. co-ordination.
Environmental engineers require mathematics to mathematical tools such as differential equations, tensor
design, plan, or perform engineering duties in the analysis, field theory, numerical methods and operations
prevention, control, and remediation of environmen- research.
tal health hazards, using various engineering disci- Knowledge of mathematics is therefore needed by each
plines; their work may include waste treatment, site of the engineering disciplines listed above.
remediation, or pollution control technology.
It is intended that this text – Higher Engineering Mathe-
Civil engineers require mathematics in all levels in matics – will provide a step-by-step approach to learning
civil engineering – structural engineering, hydraulics fundamental mathematics needed for your engineering
and geotechnical engineering are all fields that employ studies.
Higher Engineering Mathematics
Eighth Edition
John Bird
Eighth edition published 2017
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
The right of John Bird to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78
of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,
or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification
and explanation without intent to infringe.
Typeset in Times by
Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire
Preface xiii
Revision Test 1 49
Syllabus guidance xv
6 Arithmetic and geometric progressions 50
6.1 Arithmetic progressions 50
Section A Number and algebra 1 6.2 Worked problems on arithmetic progressions 51
6.3 Further worked problems on arithmetic
1 Algebra 3 progressions 52
1.1 Introduction 3 6.4 Geometric progressions 53
1.2 Revision of basic laws 3 6.5 Worked problems on geometric progressions 54
1.3 Revision of equations 5 6.6 Further worked problems on geometric
1.4 Polynomial division 8 progressions 55
1.5 The factor theorem 10
7 The binomial series 58
1.6 The remainder theorem 12
7.1 Pascal’s triangle 58
2 Partial fractions 15 7.2 The binomial series 60
2.1 Introduction to partial fractions 15 7.3 Worked problems on the binomial series 60
2.2 Worked problems on partial fractions with 7.4 Further worked problems on the binomial
linear factors 16 series 62
2.3 Worked problems on partial fractions with 7.5 Practical problems involving the binomial
repeated linear factors 18 theorem 64
2.4 Worked problems on partial fractions with
8 Maclaurin’s series 68
quadratic factors 20
8.1 Introduction 69
3 Logarithms 22 8.2 Derivation of Maclaurin’s theorem 69
3.1 Introduction to logarithms 22 8.3 Conditions of Maclaurin’s series 70
3.2 Laws of logarithms 24 8.4 Worked problems on Maclaurin’s series 70
3.3 Indicial equations 27 8.5 Numerical integration using Maclaurin’s
3.4 Graphs of logarithmic functions 28 series 73
8.6 Limiting values 75
4 Exponential functions 29
4.1 Introduction to exponential functions 29
4.2 The power series for ex 30 Revision Test 2 78
4.3 Graphs of exponential functions 32
4.4 Napierian logarithms 33 9 Solving equations by iterative methods 79
4.5 Laws of growth and decay 36 9.1 Introduction to iterative methods 79
4.6 Reduction of exponential laws to linear form 40 9.2 The bisection method 80
9.3 An algebraic method of successive
5 Inequalities 43 approximations 83
5.1 Introduction to inequalities 43 9.4 The Newton-Raphson method 86
5.2 Simple inequalities 44
10 Binary, octal and hexadecimal numbers 90
5.3 Inequalities involving a modulus 44
10.1 Introduction 90
5.4 Inequalities involving quotients 45
10.2 Binary numbers 91
5.5 Inequalities involving square functions 46
10.3 Octal numbers 94
5.6 Quadratic inequalities 47
10.4 Hexadecimal numbers 96
Contents vii
11 Boolean algebra and logic circuits 100 15.2 Angles of any magnitude 163
11.1 Boolean algebra and switching circuits 101 15.3 The production of a sine and cosine wave 166
11.2 Simplifying Boolean expressions 105 15.4 Sine and cosine curves 167
11.3 Laws and rules of Boolean algebra 105 15.5 Sinusoidal form A sin(ωt ±α) 171
11.4 De Morgan’s laws 107 15.6 Harmonic synthesis with complex
11.5 Karnaugh maps 108 waveforms 174
11.6 Logic circuits 112
16 Hyperbolic functions 180
11.7 Universal logic gates 116
16.1 Introduction to hyperbolic functions 180
16.2 Graphs of hyperbolic functions 182
Revision Test 3 119 16.3 Hyperbolic identities 184
16.4 Solving equations involving hyperbolic
functions 186
Section B Geometry and trigonometry 121 16.5 Series expansions for cosh x and sinh x 188
20.4 Continuous and discontinuous functions 227 25.2 Solution of simultaneous equations by
20.5 Even and odd functions 228 determinants 290
20.6 Inverse functions 229 25.3 Solution of simultaneous equations using
20.7 Asymptotes 231 Cramer’s rule 293
20.8 Brief guide to curve sketching 237 25.4 Solution of simultaneous equations using
20.9 Worked problems on curve sketching 238 the Gaussian elimination method 294
25.5 Eigenvalues and eigenvectors 296
21 Irregular areas, volumes and mean values of
waveforms 241 Revision Test 7 302
21.1 Areas of irregular figures 241
21.2 Volumes of irregular figures 244
21.3 The mean or average value of a waveform 245 Section F Vector geometry 303
43 Integration using trigonometric and hyperbolic 48 Double and triple integrals 515
substitutions 478 48.1 Double integrals 515
43.1 Introduction 478 48.2 Triple integrals 517
42.2 Worked problems on integration of sin2 x,
cos2 x, tan2 x and cot2 x 478 49 Numerical integration 520
43.3 Worked problems on integration of powers 49.1 Introduction 520
of sines and cosines 481 49.2 The trapezoidal rule 520
43.4 Worked problems on integration of 49.3 The mid-ordinate rule 523
products of sines and cosines 482 49.4 Simpson’s rule 524
43.5 Worked problems on integration using the 49.5 Accuracy of numerical integration 528
sin θ substitution 483
43.6 Worked problems on integration using the Revision Test 14 529
tan θ substitution 484
43.7 Worked problems on integration using the
sinh θ substitution 485 Section J Further differential equations 531
43.8 Worked problems on integration using the
cosh θ substitution 487
50 Homogeneous first order differential equations 533
44 Integration using partial fractions 489 50.1 Introduction 533
44.1 Introduction 489 50.2 Procedure to solve differential equations
44.2 Worked problems on integration using dy
of the form P =Q 533
partial fractions with linear factors 489 dx
44.3 Worked problems on integration using 50.3 Worked problems on homogeneous first
partial fractions with repeated linear factors 491 order differential equations 534
44.4 Worked problems on integration using 50.4 Further worked problems on homogeneous
partial fractions with quadratic factors 492 first order differential equations 535
51.3 Worked problems on linear first order 55 Power series methods of solving ordinary
differential equations 538 differential equations 577
51.4 Further worked problems on linear first 55.1 Introduction 577
order differential equations 539 55.2 Higher order differential coefficients as
series 578
52 Numerical methods for first order differential 55.3 Leibniz’s method 579
equations 542 55.4 Power series solution by the
52.1 Introduction 542 Leibniz-Maclaurin method 582
52.2 Euler’s method 543 55.5 Power series solution by the Frobenius
52.3 Worked problems on Euler’s method 544 method 584
52.4 The Euler–Cauchy method 548 55.6 Bessel’s equation and Bessel’s functions 591
52.5 The Runge-Kutta method 553 55.7 Legendre’s equation and Legendre
polynomials 596
Revision Test 15 559
56 An introduction to partial differential equations 601
56.1 Introduction 602
53 First order differential equations of the form 56.2 Partial integration 602
d2 y dy 56.3 Solution of partial differential equations
a 2 + b + cy = 0 560 by direct integration 602
dx dy
53.1 Introduction 560 56.4 Some important engineering partial
53.2 Procedure to solve differential equations differential equations 604
d2 y dy 56.5 Separating the variables 605
of the form a 2 + b + cy = 0 561 56.6 The wave equation 606
dx dx
53.3 Worked problems on differential equations 56.7 The heat conduction equation 610
d2 y dy 56.8 Laplace’s equation 612
of the form a 2 + b + cy = 0 561
dx dx
53.4 Further worked problems on practical
Revision Test 16 615
differential equations of the form
d2 y dy
a 2 +b + cy = 0 563
dx dx
Section K Statistics and probability 617
54 First order differential equations of the form
d2 y dy
a 2 + b + cy = f (x) 567 57 Presentation of statistical data 619
dx dx
57.1 Some statistical terminology 620
54.1 Complementary function and particular
57.2 Presentation of ungrouped data 621
integral 568
57.3 Presentation of grouped data 624
54.2 Procedure to solve differential equations
d2 y dy
of the form a 2 + b + cy = f (x) 569 58 Mean, median, mode and standard deviation 631
dx dx 58.1 Measures of central tendency 631
54.3 Worked problems on differential equations
58.2 Mean, median and mode for discrete data 632
d2 y dy
of the form a 2 + b + cy = f (x) 58.3 Mean, median and mode for grouped data 633
dx dx
where f(x) is a constant or polynomial 569 58.4 Standard deviation 634
54.4 Worked problems on differential equations 58.5 Quartiles, deciles and percentiles 636
d2 y dy
of the form a 2 + b + cy = f (x) 59 Probability 639
dx dx
where f(x) is an exponential function 570 59.1 Introduction to probability 640
54.5 Worked problems on differential equations 59.2 Laws of probability 640
d2 y dy 59.3 Worked problems on probability 641
of the form a 2 + b + cy = f (x) 59.4 Further worked problems on probability 642
dx dx
where f(x) is a sine or cosine function 572 59.5 Permutations and combinations 645
54.6 Worked problems on differential equations 59.6 Bayes’ theorem 646
d2 y dy
of the form a 2 + b + cy = f (x)
dx dx Revision Test 17 649
where f(x) is a sum or a product 574
xii Contents
60 The binomial and Poisson distributions 651 67.2 Definition of a Laplace transform 736
60.1 The binomial distribution 651 67.3 Linearity property of the Laplace transform 736
60.2 The Poisson distribution 654 67.4 Laplace transforms of elementary functions 736
67.5 Worked problems on standard Laplace
61 The normal distribution 658 transforms 738
61.1 Introduction to the normal distribution 658
61.2 Testing for a normal distribution 663 68 Properties of Laplace transforms 741
68.1 The Laplace transform of eat f (t) 741
62 Linear correlation 666
68.2 Laplace transforms of the form eat f (t) 741
62.1 Introduction to linear correlation 666
68.3 The Laplace transforms of derivatives 743
62.2 The Pearson product-moment formula for
determining the linear correlation 68.4 The initial and final value theorems 745
coefficient 666
69 Inverse Laplace transforms 747
62.3 The significance of a coefficient of
69.1 Definition of the inverse Laplace
correlation 667
transform 747
62.4 Worked problems on linear correlation 667
69.2 Inverse Laplace transforms of simple
63 Linear regression 671 functions 747
63.1 Introduction to linear regression 671 69.3 Inverse Laplace transforms using partial
63.2 The least-squares regression lines 671 fractions 750
63.3 Worked problems on linear regression 672 69.4 Poles and zeros 752
75 Even and odd functions and half-range Fourier Section N Z-transforms 823
series 788
75.1 Even and odd functions 788
75.2 Fourier cosine and Fourier sine series 788 79 An introduction to z-transforms 825
75.3 Half-range Fourier series 792 79.1 Sequences 826
79.2 Some properties of z-transforms 829
76 Fourier series over any range 795 79.3 Inverse z-transforms 832
76.1 Expansion of a periodic function of 79.4 Using z-transforms to solve difference
period L 795 equations 834
76.2 Half-range Fourier series for functions
defined over range L 799 Revision Test 21 838
77 A numerical method of harmonic analysis 801
77.1 Introduction 801 Essential formulae 839
77.2 Harmonic analysis on data given in tabular
Answers to Practice Exercises 856
or graphical form 801
77.3 Complex waveform considerations 805 Index 900
Preface
This eighth edition of Higher Engineering Mathemat- mechanical engineering, aeronautical engineering, elec-
ics covers essential mathematical material suitable for trical and electronic engineering, communications engi-
students studying Degrees, Foundation Degrees, and neering, systems engineering and all variants of control
Higher National Certificate and Diploma courses in engineering.
Engineering disciplines. In Higher Engineering Mathematics 8 t h Edi-
The text has been conveniently divided into the fol- tion,theory is introduced in each chapter by a full outline
lowing fourteen convenient categories: number and of essential definitions, formulae, laws, procedures, etc;
algebra, geometry and trigonometry, graphs, complex problem solving is extensively used to establish and
numbers, matrices and determinants, vector geometry, exemplify the theory. It is intended that readers will gain
introduction to calculus, further differential calculus, real understanding through seeing problems solved and
further integral calculus, further differential equations, then through solving similar problems themselves.
statistics and probability, Laplace transforms, Fourier Access to software packages such as Maple, Mathe-
series and z-transforms. matica and Derive, or a graphics calculator, will enhance
Increasingly, difficulty in understanding algebra understanding of some of the topics in this text.
is proving a problem for many students as they com- Each topic considered in the text is presented in a
mence studying engineering courses. Inevitably there way that assumes in the reader only knowledge attained
are a lot of formulae and calculations involved with in BTEC National Certificate/Diploma, or similar, in an
engineering studies that require a sound grasp of alge- Engineering discipline.
bra. On the website www.routledge.com/cw/bird/ is a Higher Engineering Mathematics 8th Edition pro-
document which offers a quick revision of the main vides a follow-up to Engineering Mathematics 8 t h
areas of algebra essential for further study, i.e. basic Edition.
algebra, simple equations, transposition of formulae, This textbook contains over 1050 worked prob-
simultaneous equations and quadratic equations. lems, followed by nearly 2000 further problems (with
In this new edition, all of the chapters of the pre- answers), arranged within 277 Practice Exercises.
vious edition are included, plus one extra, but the Some 552 line diagrams further enhance understand-
order of presenting some of the calculus chapters has ing.
been changed. New material has been added on the Worked solutions to all 2000 of the further
introduction to numbering systems, Bayes’ theorem in problems have been prepared and can be accessed
probability, the comparison of numerical methods and free by students and staff via the website
z-transforms. www.routledge.com/cw/bird/
The primary aim of the material in this text is to At the end of the text, a list of Essential Formulae
provide the fundamental analytical and underpinning is included for convenience of reference.
knowledge and techniques needed to successfully com- At intervals throughout the text are some 21 Revision
plete scientific and engineering principles modules of Tests to check understanding. For example, Revision
Degree, Foundation Degree and Higher National Engi- Test 1 covers the material in chapters 1 to 5, Revi-
neering programmes. The material has been designed sion Test 2 covers the material in chapters 6 to 8,
to enable students to use techniques learned for the Revision Test 3 covers the material in chapters 9 to
analysis, modelling and solution of realistic engineering 11, and so on. An Instructor’s Manual, containing
problems at Degree and Higher National level. It also full solutions to the Revision Tests, is available free to
aims to provide some of the more advanced knowl- lecturers/instructors via the website (see below).
edge required for those wishing to pursue careers in
Preface xv
This textbook is written for undergraduate engineering degree and foundation degree courses; however, it is
also most appropriate for BTEC levels 4 and 5 HNC/D studies in engineering and three syllabuses are covered.
The appropriate chapters for these three syllabuses are shown in the table below.
(Continued )
Syllabus Guidance xvii
Higher Engineering Mathematics. 978-1-138-67357-1, © 2017 John Bird. Published by Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved.
4 Higher Engineering Mathematics
√ √
Section A
b = 4 and c = 2
a 3 b2 c4 a 2 b + a 3b
= a 3−1 b2−1 c4−(−2) = a 2 bc6 7. Simplify
abc−2 a 2 b2
1 1 1 1
When a = 3, b = 8 and c = 2, (a 3 b 2 c− 2 )(ab) 3
8. Simplify √ √
( a 3 b c)
a 2 bc6 = (3)2 1 6 1
8 (2) = (9) 8 (64) = 72
Section A
Problem 7. Remove the brackets and simplify the Problem 10. Simplify
expression: (2a − 3) ÷4a + 5 × 6 −3a
2a − [3{2(4a − b) − 5(a + 2b)} + 4a]
(2a − 3) ÷4a + 5 × 6 − 3a
Removing the innermost brackets gives:
2a − 3
= + 5 × 6 − 3a
2a − [3{8a − 2b − 5a − 10b} + 4a] 4a
2a − 3
Collecting together similar terms gives: = + 30 − 3a
4a
2a − [3{3a − 12b} + 4a] 2a 3
= − + 30 − 3a
4a 4a
Removing the ‘curly’ brackets gives:
1 3 1 3
= − + 30 − 3a = 30 − − 3a
2a − [9a − 36b + 4a] 2 4a 2 4a
3 4 D f +p
Problem 13. Solve = Problem 17. Given that =
x − 2 3x + 4 d f −p
express p in terms of D, d and f.
By ‘cross-multiplying’: 3(3x + 4) = 4(x − 2)
Removing brackets gives: 9x + 12 = 4x − 8 f +p
D
Rearranging gives: =
Rearranging gives: 9x − 4x = −8 − 12 f −p d
i.e. 5x = −20 f + p D2
Squaring both sides gives: = 2
f −p d
−20
and x= ‘Cross-multiplying’ gives:
5
= −4 d 2 (f + p) = D 2 (f − p)
Removing brackets gives:
√
t +3 d 2 f + d 2 p = D2 f − D2 p
Problem 14. Solve √ =2
t Rearranging gives: d 2 p + D2 p = D2 f − d 2 f
√
√ √ Factorising gives: p(d 2 + D 2 ) = f (D 2 − d 2 )
t +3
t √ =2 t
t
f (D 2 − d2 )
√ √ and p=
i.e. t + 3= 2 t (d2 + D 2 )
√ √
and 3= 2 t − t
√
i.e. 3= t Now try the following Practice Exercise
and 9= t
Practice Exercise 3 Simple equations
and transposition of formulae (Answers
(c) Transposition of formulae on page 856)
Section A
l 4 − 8y = −20
6. Make l the subject of t = 2π from which, 4 + 20 = 8y and y = 3
g
µL
7. Transpose m = for L
L + rCR
8. Make r the subject of the formula (e) Quadratic equations
x 1 + r2
= Problem 20. Solve the following equations by
y 1 − r2
factorisation:
(a) 3x 2 − 11x − 4 = 0
(b) 4x 2 + 8x + 3 = 0
(d) Simultaneous equations
(a) The factors of 3x 2 are 3x and x and these are placed
Problem 18. Solve the simultaneous equations: in brackets thus:
7x − 2y = 26 (1) (3x )(x )
Now try the following Practice Exercise (2) 16 divided into 20 goes 1
(3) Put 1 above the zero
Practice Exercise 4 Simultaneous and (4) Multiply 16 by 1 giving 16
quadratic equations (Answers on page 856)
(5) Subtract 16 from 20 giving 4
In problems 1 to 3, solve the simultaneous equa- (6) Bring down the 8
tions
(7) 16 divided into 48 goes 3 times
1. 8x − 3y = 51
(8) Put the 3 above the 8
3x + 4y = 14
(9) 3 × 16 = 48
2. 5a = 1 − 3b (10) 48 − 48 = 0
2b + a + 4 = 0 208
Hence = 13 exactly
x 2y 49 16
3. + =
5 3 15 172
Similarly, is laid out as follows:
3x y 5 15
− + =0 11
7 2 7 ——–
4. Solve the following quadratic equations by 15 172
factorisation: 15
(a) x 2 + 4x − 32 = 0 22
15
(b) 8x 2 + 2x − 15 = 0 —
7
5. Determine the quadratic equation in x whose —
roots are 2 and −5 172 7 7
Hence = 11 remainder 7 or 11 + = 11
15 15 15
6. Solve the following quadratic equations, cor- Below are some examples of division in algebra, which
rect to 3 decimal places: in some respects is similar to long division with num-
(a) 2x 2 + 5x − 4 = 0 bers.
(Note that a polynomial is an expression of the form
(b) 4t 2 − 11t + 3 = 0
f (x) = a + bx + cx 2 + dx 3 + · · ·
Algebra 9
and polynomial division is sometimes required when (1) x into 3x 3 goes 3x 2 . Put 3x 2 above 3x 3
Section A
resolving into partial fractions – see Chapter 2.)
(2) 3x 2 (x + 1) = 3x 3 + 3x 2
(3) Subtract
Problem 23. Divide 2x 2 + x − 3 by x − 1
(4) x into −2x 2 goes −2x. Put −2x above the
2x 2 + x − 3 is called the dividend and x − 1 the divi- dividend
sor. The usual layout is shown below with the dividend (5) −2x(x + 1) = −2x 2 − 2x
and divisor both arranged in descending powers of the
symbols. (6) Subtract
(7) x into 5x goes 5. Put 5 above the dividend
2x + 3
——————–
x − 1 2x 2 + x − 3 (8) 5(x + 1) = 5x + 5
2x 2 − 2x (9) Subtract
3x − 3 3x 3 + x 2 + 3x + 5
Thus = 3x 2 − 2x + 5
3x − 3 x +1
———
· ·
——— x3 + y3
Problem 25. Simplify
x+y
Dividing the first term of the dividend by the first term
2x 2
of the divisor, i.e. gives 2x, which is put above (1) (4) (7)
x
the first term of the dividend as shown. The divisor x 2 − xy + y 2
—————————–
is then multiplied by 2x, i.e. 2x(x − 1) = 2x 2 − 2x, x + y x3 + 0 + 0 + y3
which is placed under the dividend as shown. Subtract- x3 + x2y
ing gives 3x − 3. The process is then repeated, i.e. the
first term of the divisor, x, is divided into 3x, giving − x 2y + y3
+3, which is placed above the dividend as shown. Then − x 2 y − xy 2
3(x − 1) =3x − 3, which is placed under the 3x − 3. The ———————
xy 2 + y 3
remainder, on subtraction, is zero, which completes the
process. xy 2 + y 3
———–
· ·
Thus (2x 2 + x − 3) ÷ (x − 1) = (2x + 3) ———–
[A check can be made on this answer by multiplying (1) x into x 3 goes x 2 . Put x 2 above x 3 of dividend
(2x + 3) by (x − 1) which equals 2x 2 + x − 3.] (2) x 2 (x + y) = x 3 + x 2 y
(3) Subtract
Problem 24. Divide 3x 3 + x 2 + 3x + 5 by x + 1
(4) x into −x 2 y goes −xy. Put −xy above dividend
(1) (4) (7) (5) −xy(x + y) = −x 2 y − xy 2
3x 2 − 2x + 5
—————————
(6) Subtract
x + 1 3x 3 + x 2 + 3x + 5
3x 3 + 3x 2 (7) x into xy 2 goes y 2 . Put y 2 above dividend
− 2x 2 + 3x + 5 (8) y 2 (x + y) = xy 2 + y 3
− 2x 2 − 2x
————– (9) Subtract
5x + 5
Thus
5x + 5
———
· · x3 + y3
= x 2 − xy + y 2
——— x+y
10 Higher Engineering Mathematics
The zeros shown in the dividend are not normally shown,
Section A
Title: Henkivakuutusherroja
Romaani
Language: Finnish
Romaani
Kirj.
VEIKKO KORHONEN
— Ai perhana!
— Ka, sinä lempoko siinä. Kun kulkee kuin lehmä kadulla, alkoi
Varsala purkaa sisuaan.
— Älä.
— Vai pääsi poika ylenemään. No, nythän sinä saat tuntea, miten
ihanaa on olla henkivakuutusherrana. Useimmiten toiset tekevät
työn, ja me saamme niittää sadon, ainakin mitä tantiemiin tulee.
Meidän on tosin pidettävä huoli kilpailusta ja siitä, että asiamiehet,
joille varsinainen työnteko kuuluu, eivät pääse laiskottelemaan,
mutta sehän tehtävä onkin kaikkein helpoimpia. Ja ajatteles, ethän
sinä enemmän kuin minäkään, tullessani Leimausyhtiön
palvelukseen ole suorittanut mitään tutkintoja tällä alalla, ainoastaan
ovelasti päättänyt muutamia tukkikauppoja maalaisten kanssa. Niistä
minut napattiin tähän toimeen. Huomasivat kai, että minussa on
liikeneroa ja että osaan olla ovela. Ja hyvin minä olen
menestynytkin, osaan herättää ihmisissä, varsinkin maalaisissa
luottamusta. Sen vaikuttaa ulkoasuni. Minä näes en komeile
vaatteilla. Olen sattunut usein toisten yhtiöitten samaan luokkaan
kuuluvien virkamiesten kanssa samaan aikaan hankinnalle ja tullut
huomaamaan, että kovin koreaa herrasmiestä katsellaan kansan
seassa hiukan sekavin tuntein. Minulla on siitä tuoreita esimerkkejä.
Viime viikolla yövyin erääseen taloon, jossa hieroin kymmenen
tuhannen vakuutusta, jota oli samana päivänä kärttänyt sinullekin
hyvin tunnettu Rientoyhtiön Keikaus. Kuulin miten isäntä arveli
emännälleen: — Tuo näyttää oikealta mieheltä! Se Keikaus oli niin
hieno mies ja isovatsainen. Taitaa syödä vakuutettaviensa varoja.
Mitäs, jos ottaisimmekin vakuutuksen Leimaus yhtiössä. Ja aamulla
se vakuutus päätettiin.
— Jospa se lienee niin kuin sanot. Mutta mitä muuta sanoisit vielä
ihmisiä piinatessa tarvittavan?
Varsala naurahti.
— Häh?
— Häh?
— Nousenhan minä.
— Ei ole.
— Kyllä.