Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Textbook Mimo Wireless Communications Over Generalized Fading Channels 1St Edition Brijesh Kumbhani Ebook All Chapter PDF
Textbook Mimo Wireless Communications Over Generalized Fading Channels 1St Edition Brijesh Kumbhani Ebook All Chapter PDF
https://textbookfull.com/product/guide-to-wireless-
communications-olenewa/
https://textbookfull.com/product/index-modulation-
for-5g-wireless-communications-1st-edition-miaowen-wen/
https://textbookfull.com/product/5g-mobile-and-wireless-
communications-technology-1st-edition-afif-osseiran/
https://textbookfull.com/product/propagation-engineering-in-
wireless-communications-2nd-edition-abdollah-ghasemi/
Microwave wireless communications : from transistor to
system level 1st Edition Crupi
https://textbookfull.com/product/microwave-wireless-
communications-from-transistor-to-system-level-1st-edition-crupi/
https://textbookfull.com/product/academic-press-library-in-
mobile-and-wireless-communications-transmission-techniques-for-
digital-communications-1st-edition-katie-wilson/
https://textbookfull.com/product/channel-coding-techniques-for-
wireless-communications-k-deergha-rao/
https://textbookfull.com/product/advanced-optical-and-wireless-
communications-systems-1st-edition-ivan-b-djordjevic-auth/
https://textbookfull.com/product/microwave-and-millimetre-wave-
design-for-wireless-communications-first-edition-
chongcheawchamnan/
MIMO Wireless
Communications
over Generalized
Fading Channels
MIMO Wireless
Communications
over Generalized
Fading Channels
Brijesh Kumbhani
Rakhesh Singh Kshetrimayum
MATLAB• is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks
does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion
of MATLAB• software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The
MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB• software.
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable
efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot
assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and
publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication
and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any
copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any
future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced,
transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access
www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.
(CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization
that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted
a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and
are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Brijesh Kumbhani would like to dedicate this book
to his elder brother
Late Chaturbhai Kumbhani.
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxi
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.2 Introduction to fading channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.2.1 Fast and slow fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.2.2 Frequency flat and frequency selective fading . . . . . 31
2.3 Commonly used fading distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.3.1 Rayleigh fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.3.2 Hoyt fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
vii
viii Contents
3 Spatial Multiplexing 63
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.2 Diversity multiplexing trade-off and the capacity of MIMO
systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.3 Spatial multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.3.1 Detection complexity of spatially multiplexed systems 69
3.4 Nakagami-m fading channel model for spatially multiplexed
systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.5 Spatial multiplexing over η − µ fading channels . . . . . . . . 75
3.6 Spatial multiplexing over κ − µ fading channels . . . . . . . 78
3.7 Spatial multiplexing over α − µ fading channels . . . . . . . 81
Contents ix
4 Spatial Modulation 87
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.2 SM transmission reception schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.3 Performance analysis of SM MIMO systems . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.3.1 Outage probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.3.2 Symbol error rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.3.3 Channel capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.4 Performance of SM systems over Nakagami-m fading channels 94
4.4.1 Outage probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.4.2 Symbol error rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.5 Error performance of SM systems over κ − µ fading channels 99
4.6 Error performance of SM systems over η − µ fading channels 103
4.7 Error performance of SM systems over α − µ fading channels 105
4.8 Generalized spatial modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
A Appendix 225
B.1 MATLAB scripts for plotting PDF of envelope and SNR of gen-
eralized fading channels and verification by generating channel
coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
B.1.1 Nakagami-m fading distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
B.1.2 κ − µ fading distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
B.1.3 η − µ fading distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
B.1.4 α − µ fading distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
B.2 MATLAB functions for generating channel coefficients of
generalized fading channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
B.2.1 Nakagami-m fading distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
B.2.2 κ − µ fading distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
B.2.3 η − µ fading distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
B.2.4 α − µ fading distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
B.3 MATLAB functions for evaluating MGF of received SNR after
MRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
B.3.1 Nakagami-m fading distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
B.3.2 κ − µ fading distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
B.3.3 η − µ fading distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
B.3.4 α − µ fading distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
B.4 MATLAB script for SER of spatially multiplexed MIMO
system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
xii Contents
References 253
Index 265
List of Figures
xiii
xiv MIMO wireless communications over generalized fading channels
1.1 SM mapping table for 3 bits/s/Hz with BPSK and QAM mod-
ulation schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.2 Comparison of spatial multiplexing, STBC and SM . . . . . 19
xvii
Preface
Generalized fading channels are rather recent channel models. The beauty of
the generalized fading distributions, viz. η − µ, κ − µ and α − µ, is that all the
previous fading distributions like Rayleigh, Rician, Weibull, etc. are partic-
ular cases of them. Muliple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless commu-
nications is one of the biggest advancements in the wireless communications.
MIMO systems can achieve rate and diversity gains over single-input single-
output (SISO) systems without penalty in bandwidth and signal power. There
has been a sizable number of research papers in MIMO wireless communica-
tions over generalized fading channels. This is the first book which discusses
in depth about the MIMO wireless communications over generalized fading
channels.
Chapter 1 gives a brief introduction to MIMO wireless communications.
In this, we will discuss about the evolution of MIMO systems from receiver
diversity combining schemes. After a short introduction to MIMO system and
channel models, a detailed discussion on open and closed loop MIMO systems
will be presented.
Chapter 2 describes about the generalized fading channels. After a brief
discussion on fading channels and classical fading channels, thorough analyses
on the probability density function (PDF), cumulative distribution function
(CDF) and moment generating function (MGF) of generalized fading distri-
butions like Nakagami-m, η −µ, κ−µ and α−µ fading channels are presented.
MIMO gives spatial multiplexing gain over SISO systems. It is the sub-
ject of focus in the third chapter. We will introduce the reader to diversity-
multiplexing trade-off for MIMO system design and analyze the spatially mul-
tiplexed MIMO systems over Nakagami-m, η − µ, κ − µ and α − µ fading
channels.
Spatial modulation, as the name suggests, does modulation over space.
It is a relatively new MIMO technique with multiple advantages. Chapter
4 provides performance analysis of spatial modulated MIMO systems over
Nakagami-m, η − µ, κ − µ and α − µ fading channels. A brief introduction to
generalized spatial modulation will also be given at the end of this chapter.
Antenna selection is widely explored in the MIMO literature. In Chapter 5,
after a brief discussion on antenna selection criteria, a thorough performance
analysis of transmit antenna selection (TAS) over Nakagami-m, η−µ, κ−µ and
α − µ fading channels will be provided. The performance metrics considered
are probability of error, channel capacity and outage probability.
xix
xx Preface
Chapter 6 will present about the space time block codes (STBC), which
give diversity gain over SISO systems. We will first discuss about the STBC
design criteria, generation and detection. Then we will provide the perfor-
mance of STBC over Nakagami-m, η − µ, κ − µ and α − µ fading channels.
MIMO is already employed in fourth generation (4G) mobile and it will
be fully utilized in fifth generation (5G) mobile. Chapter 7 will start with
the introduction of multiuser MIMO. Three big pillars of 5G, viz. massive
MIMO, millimeter wave (mmWave) and small cell networks, will be briefly
discussed. Next, device-to-device (D2D) communications for internet of things
(IoT) will be presented. Finally we will touch upon the basics of large scale
MIMO systems.
We hope that this book will be useful as a reference for MIMO wireless
researchers.
xxi
1
Introduction to MIMO Systems
CONTENTS
1.1 Evolution of MIMO systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.1 Higher order modulation schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.2 Diversity techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1.2.1 Selection diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.1.2.2 Equal gain combining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.1.2.3 Maximal ratio combining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2 MIMO system and channel models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 Open loop MIMO systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.1 Spatial multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3.2 Space time block codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3.3 Spatial modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.4 Closed loop MIMO systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.4.1 Power allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.4.2 Transmit antenna selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.4.2.1 Selection combining at the receiver . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.4.2.2 MRC at the receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.4.3 Transmit antenna selection based spatial modulation . . 27
1
2 MIMO wireless communications over generalized fading channels
tems, we define MIMO systems as those systems in which the transmitter and
the receiver terminals contain multiple antennas. In this chapter, we describe
the need to go for MIMO systems. The following sections will summarize how
the communication paradigm shifted from single antenna systems to MIMO
systems. It is aimed to make the readers familiar with different channel models
being used for the analysis of MIMO systems. And finally, various variants of
MIMO systems will be discussed in two broad categories, as open loop MIMO
systems and closed loop MIMO systems.
further improvements in the data rates and performance were no more pos-
sible with single antenna systems. Use of multiple antennas at the receivers
and different diversity combining schemes improved the BER performance.
MIMO systems have already been used in fourth generation (4G) technolo-
gies and WiMAX. In long term evolution (LTE), up to eight antennas have
been allowed at the transmitter and receiver. Researchers have moved into
large MIMO systems where transmitter and receivers are considered to have
100s and 1000s of antennas [19]. A brief insight to the benefits and shortcom-
ings of various modulation schemes and diversity techniques that motivated
to shift the paradigm toward MIMO systems is given further.
1.5
1
0.8
1
0.6
0.5 0.4
0.2
0 0
−0.2
−0.5 −0.4
−0.6
−1
−0.8
−1
−1.5
−1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
FIGURE 1.1
QAM constellation.
distance between constellation points must be made equal to that of the lower
order modulation scheme. It can be achieved by transmitting more energy per
symbol which results in degraded power efficiency of higher order modulation
scheme if the bit rate is kept the same.
[It is important to note here that many authors consider equal symbol en-
ergy for the comparison of distances among constellation points/power effi-
ciency and BER of various modulation schemes. However, considering equal
energy per transmitted bit is a more generic way to compare these metrics, as
bit is the basic unit of digital information and it remains the same for any
modulation scheme.]
From constellation diagrams for 4-QAM and 16-QAM, it can be observed
that the nearest constellation points are 2Eb apart for 4-QAM, while for 16-
QAM they are approximately 0.8Eb apart. This results in almost 4dB loss in
terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in 16-QAM as compared to 4-QAM as
observed in Figure 1.2.
By this time, it is clear that M-ary modulation schemes can
achieve better spectral efficiencies as the larger constellations are
selected. But it degrades BER performance. Thus, M-ary modula-
tion schemes introduce a trade-off between spectral efficiency and
BER performance of the system.
Degradation in BER with higher order modulation schemes is already ex-
plained. The other factor that is responsible for degradation in BER perfor-
mance is the environment. Multiple mobile and immobile obstacles in the path
between transmitter and receiver are responsible for multiple copies reaching
Introduction to MIMO Systems 5
FIGURE 1.2
BER comparison for 4-QAM and 16-QAM over additive white Gaussian noise
(AWGN) channels.
at the receiver with random strength and different phases. This results in
variation of received power in temporal as well as spatial domain. This phe-
nomenon is known as fading and the environment is referred to as scattering
environment.
Now, the problem of improvement in BER performance of wireless com-
munication systems opened up when the M-ary modulation schemes had been
implemented in the scattering environment. To deal with the problem without
increasing the transmitted power, various diversity techniques may be used.
Diversity techniques use the fact that the signals received from different paths
in the scattering environment may be of different strengths at different points
in space and/or time, i.e., receiving multiple copies of the same signal and
extracting the transmitted data stream from the strongest signal can help to
improve the BER performance without demanding extra power/energy at the
transmitter.
FIGURE 1.3
BER comparison for 4-QAM and 16-QAM over Rayleigh fading channels.
which spatial diversity techniques are the most commonly used and highly
studied diversity techniques. Spatial diversity techniques take advantage of
spatial variation in the signal strength due to multipath components and com-
bine them accordingly using multiple antennas at the receiver. Thus, diversity
systems can be categorized as single-input multiple-output (SIMO) systems.
Implementing a diversity system requires no extra frequency band (except
in frequency diversity), no added latency (except in time diversity), etc. The
commonly used spatial diversity combining schemes are: selection combin-
ing (SC), equal gain combining (EGC) and maximal ratio combining (MRC).
Each of these combining techniques is discussed in brief as follows.